FasciPedia - User contributions [en]

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2025-12-22T08:47:40Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 uploaded a new version of File:DYK356.png

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2025-10-21T23:35:14Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 uploaded a new version of File:Fashconflogo.png

Main Page

2025-10-14T22:53:41Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{#seo:
|title=FasciPedia
|title_mode=replace
|keywords=fascism, culture
|description=Bypass the usual judeo-Marxist filters
|image=Volunteers1.png
|image_alt=Wiki Logo
}}

{{Founders}}<table style="vertical-align: top;"><tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">[[File:fashconflogo.png|195px|Frameless|center|link=https://fascismconference.com/|International conference form8ng now! Tap for a updates!]]
<br>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#def3fd" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#0000ff; font-size:140%;">'''Rͬeͤcͨoͦmͫmͫeͤndͩeͤdͩ'''</span>
<p>'''Our most informative'''
* '''[[Fascism]]'''
* '''[[Socialism]]'''
* '''[[Murder of Mussolini]]'''
* '''[[Nazi]]'''
* '''[[Ezra Pound]]'''
* '''[[Philippe Pétain]]''':
* '''[[The Holohoax]]'''
* '''[[Isabel Medina Peralta]]'''
* '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'''
* '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'''
* '''[[George Washington]]'''
* '''[[Imperialism]]'''
* '''[[WW2]]'''
* '''[[Alexander Dugin]]'''
* '''[[Liberal]]'''
* '''[[Third positionism]]'''
* '''[[Italian Socialist Party]]'''
* '''[[Parts of a fasces]]'''
* '''[[King George III]]'''
* '''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'''
* '''[[Imperial Japan]]'''
* '''[[Gaius Julius Caesar]]'''
* '''[[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]'''
* '''[[Cultural Marxism]]'''
* '''[[Ursula Haverbeck]]'''
<br>~</p></td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#ffeeee" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#ff0000; font-size:140%;">'''Liͥs͛ᴛⷮs͛ aͣndͩ Рⷬoͦrͬᴛⷮaͣls͛'''</span><p>'''Lists of stuff!'''
* List of '''[[False narratives]]'''
* List of '''[[Most wanted articles]]'''
* Most wanted '''[[List of groups]]'''
* Most wanted '''[[List of people]]'''
* '''[[Philosophy|The Philosophy Portal]]'''
* '''[[NatSoc:Main|The NatSoc Portal]]'''
* '''[[List of jewish child molesters]]'''
* '''[[FasciPedia:Newsletter]]'''
* '''[[Other Fascipedia Lists]]'''

{{portals}}
<br>~</p></td></tr></table>
</td>

<td style="vertical-align: top;">{{Didyouknow}}
<br>
<table>
<tr><td width="305" bgcolor="#f0defd" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#600082; font-size:120%;">'''Aͣвⷡoͦuͧᴛⷮ Faͣs͛cͨiͥРⷬeͤdͩiͥaͣ'''</span><p>'''Our purpose here at [[Fascipedia|FasciPedia]]'''
* Education on the [[history]] of Fascism, its actual intent, its actual [[politics]] and [[philosophy]], both good and bad.
* Analyzing and refuting [[Marxism]] and the anti-[[fascist]] movement;
* Documenting the full range of [[False Narratives|false narratives]];
* Explorations of [[Communism]] and [[Capitalism]], the two competing ideas;
* Analysis and criticism of how these subjects are handled in the media.
* We welcome contributors, and encourage those who politely disagree to register and engage in constructive dialogue.
'''SEE ALSO:'''
* '''[https://gab.com/groups/4502 The Largest Fascism Group on the Internet]'''
* '''[https://gab.com/ArchangeI Archangel on GAB]'''<br><br>~</p>
</td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="305" bgcolor="#defde0" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#3b8313; font-size:120%;">'''Oͦрⷬiͥniͥoͦn'''</span><p>'''Opinion pieces by [[Fascipedia|FasciPedia]] editors'''

* [[Opinion - 20th Century in a Nutshell]]
* [[Opinion - Fascism Isn’t What Americans Think it Is, and That’s Why Americans Are Losing the Fight Against Marxism]]
* [[Opinion - How to Organize a Fascist Event]]
* [[Opinion - Individuality]]
* [[Opinion - Julius Evola and His Beliefs: A Very Short Introduction]]
* [[Opinion - Justice]]
* [[Opinion - Pregnant jewish Mothers]]
* [[Opinion - Six Challenges to Forming a Fascist Group]]
* [[Opinion - The White Man's Enemy]]
* '''[[:Category:Francis "Moggy" Meyrick|Francis "Moggy" Meyrick's Pieces.]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Opinion|All Opinion Pieces]]'''
~</p>
</td></tr></table>
</td>

<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<table>
[[File:bookcomingsoon.png|195px|Frameless|center|link=15 Reasons America Needs to Embrace Fascism Download|]]
<br>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#fcf7de" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#994545; font-size:140%;">'''Aͣs͛s͛iͥs͛ᴛⷮaͣncͨeͤ'''</span><p>'''Where to go for help'''
*'''[[Help:Main]]''' is the best place to begin.

* Also read '''[[FasciPedia:Policy]]'''

* '''[[Help:Editing]]

*You can use the communication area on the navagation bar to the [[left]].

* Try the contact form

* '''[[Help:FAQ]]'''

* [[FasciPedia:Content]]

* [[FasciPedia:Fascist point of view]]

* [[FasciPedia:Not part of the encyclopedia]]

* [[FasciPedia:Life cycle]]

* [[FasciPedia:Proposals]]

* [[FasciPedia:FasciPedia has no drum circles]]

* Login trouble? Try [[Help:Reset password]].

* '''[[Help:Quick and dirty guide]]<br><br>~</p></td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#544545; font-size:140%;">'''Grͬeͤaͣᴛⷮ Aͣrͬᴛⷮiͥcͨleͤs͛'''</span><p>'''Winners of our "Great Article award!'''
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Ursula Haverbeck]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]
* [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]
* [[Philippe Pétain]]
~</p>
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr>
</table>
{{HtC}}
</td></tr></table>
__NOTOC__
__NOTITLE__
{{Charter}}{{Lockedindef}}{{Nominated}}
<center><sup>{{Fashtime}}</sup><br>{{purge|refresh}}</center>

[[Category:Charter Articles]]

Main Page

2025-10-14T22:50:55Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{#seo:
|title=FasciPedia
|title_mode=replace
|keywords=fascism, culture
|description=Bypass the usual judeo-Marxist filters
|image=Volunteers1.png
|image_alt=Wiki Logo
}}

{{Founders}}<table style="vertical-align: top;"><tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">[[File:fashconflogo.png|195px|Frameless|center|link=https://fascismconference.com/]]
<br>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#def3fd" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#0000ff; font-size:140%;">'''Rͬeͤcͨoͦmͫmͫeͤndͩeͤdͩ'''</span>
<p>'''Our most informative'''
* '''[[Fascism]]'''
* '''[[Socialism]]'''
* '''[[Murder of Mussolini]]'''
* '''[[Nazi]]'''
* '''[[Ezra Pound]]'''
* '''[[Philippe Pétain]]''':
* '''[[The Holohoax]]'''
* '''[[Isabel Medina Peralta]]'''
* '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'''
* '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'''
* '''[[George Washington]]'''
* '''[[Imperialism]]'''
* '''[[WW2]]'''
* '''[[Alexander Dugin]]'''
* '''[[Liberal]]'''
* '''[[Third positionism]]'''
* '''[[Italian Socialist Party]]'''
* '''[[Parts of a fasces]]'''
* '''[[King George III]]'''
* '''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'''
* '''[[Imperial Japan]]'''
* '''[[Gaius Julius Caesar]]'''
* '''[[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]'''
* '''[[Cultural Marxism]]'''
* '''[[Ursula Haverbeck]]'''
<br>~</p></td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#ffeeee" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#ff0000; font-size:140%;">'''Liͥs͛ᴛⷮs͛ aͣndͩ Рⷬoͦrͬᴛⷮaͣls͛'''</span><p>'''Lists of stuff!'''
* List of '''[[False narratives]]'''
* List of '''[[Most wanted articles]]'''
* Most wanted '''[[List of groups]]'''
* Most wanted '''[[List of people]]'''
* '''[[Philosophy|The Philosophy Portal]]'''
* '''[[NatSoc:Main|The NatSoc Portal]]'''
* '''[[List of jewish child molesters]]'''
* '''[[FasciPedia:Newsletter]]'''
* '''[[Other Fascipedia Lists]]'''

{{portals}}
<br>~</p></td></tr></table>
</td>

<td style="vertical-align: top;">{{Didyouknow}}
<br>
<table>
<tr><td width="305" bgcolor="#f0defd" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#600082; font-size:120%;">'''Aͣвⷡoͦuͧᴛⷮ Faͣs͛cͨiͥРⷬeͤdͩiͥaͣ'''</span><p>'''Our purpose here at [[Fascipedia|FasciPedia]]'''
* Education on the [[history]] of Fascism, its actual intent, its actual [[politics]] and [[philosophy]], both good and bad.
* Analyzing and refuting [[Marxism]] and the anti-[[fascist]] movement;
* Documenting the full range of [[False Narratives|false narratives]];
* Explorations of [[Communism]] and [[Capitalism]], the two competing ideas;
* Analysis and criticism of how these subjects are handled in the media.
* We welcome contributors, and encourage those who politely disagree to register and engage in constructive dialogue.
'''SEE ALSO:'''
* '''[https://gab.com/groups/4502 The Largest Fascism Group on the Internet]'''
* '''[https://gab.com/ArchangeI Archangel on GAB]'''<br><br>~</p>
</td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="305" bgcolor="#defde0" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#3b8313; font-size:120%;">'''Oͦрⷬiͥniͥoͦn'''</span><p>'''Opinion pieces by [[Fascipedia|FasciPedia]] editors'''

* [[Opinion - 20th Century in a Nutshell]]
* [[Opinion - Fascism Isn’t What Americans Think it Is, and That’s Why Americans Are Losing the Fight Against Marxism]]
* [[Opinion - How to Organize a Fascist Event]]
* [[Opinion - Individuality]]
* [[Opinion - Julius Evola and His Beliefs: A Very Short Introduction]]
* [[Opinion - Justice]]
* [[Opinion - Pregnant jewish Mothers]]
* [[Opinion - Six Challenges to Forming a Fascist Group]]
* [[Opinion - The White Man's Enemy]]
* '''[[:Category:Francis "Moggy" Meyrick|Francis "Moggy" Meyrick's Pieces.]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Opinion|All Opinion Pieces]]'''
~</p>
</td></tr></table>
</td>

<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<table>
[[File:bookcomingsoon.png|195px|Frameless|center|link=15 Reasons America Needs to Embrace Fascism Download|]]
<br>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#fcf7de" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#994545; font-size:140%;">'''Aͣs͛s͛iͥs͛ᴛⷮaͣncͨeͤ'''</span><p>'''Where to go for help'''
*'''[[Help:Main]]''' is the best place to begin.

* Also read '''[[FasciPedia:Policy]]'''

* '''[[Help:Editing]]

*You can use the communication area on the navagation bar to the [[left]].

* Try the contact form

* '''[[Help:FAQ]]'''

* [[FasciPedia:Content]]

* [[FasciPedia:Fascist point of view]]

* [[FasciPedia:Not part of the encyclopedia]]

* [[FasciPedia:Life cycle]]

* [[FasciPedia:Proposals]]

* [[FasciPedia:FasciPedia has no drum circles]]

* Login trouble? Try [[Help:Reset password]].

* '''[[Help:Quick and dirty guide]]<br><br>~</p></td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#544545; font-size:140%;">'''Grͬeͤaͣᴛⷮ Aͣrͬᴛⷮiͥcͨleͤs͛'''</span><p>'''Winners of our "Great Article award!'''
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Ursula Haverbeck]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]
* [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]
* [[Philippe Pétain]]
~</p>
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr>
</table>
{{HtC}}
</td></tr></table>
__NOTOC__
__NOTITLE__
{{Charter}}{{Lockedindef}}{{Nominated}}
<center><sup>{{Fashtime}}</sup><br>{{purge|refresh}}</center>

[[Category:Charter Articles]]

Main Page

2025-10-14T22:49:16Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{#seo:
|title=FasciPedia
|title_mode=replace
|keywords=fascism, culture
|description=Bypass the usual judeo-Marxist filters
|image=Volunteers1.png
|image_alt=Wiki Logo
}}

{{Founders}}<table style="vertical-align: top;"><tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">[[File:fashconflogo.png|195px|Frameless|center|link=https://fascismconference.com/]
<br>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#def3fd" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#0000ff; font-size:140%;">'''Rͬeͤcͨoͦmͫmͫeͤndͩeͤdͩ'''</span>
<p>'''Our most informative'''
* '''[[Fascism]]'''
* '''[[Socialism]]'''
* '''[[Murder of Mussolini]]'''
* '''[[Nazi]]'''
* '''[[Ezra Pound]]'''
* '''[[Philippe Pétain]]''':
* '''[[The Holohoax]]'''
* '''[[Isabel Medina Peralta]]'''
* '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'''
* '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'''
* '''[[George Washington]]'''
* '''[[Imperialism]]'''
* '''[[WW2]]'''
* '''[[Alexander Dugin]]'''
* '''[[Liberal]]'''
* '''[[Third positionism]]'''
* '''[[Italian Socialist Party]]'''
* '''[[Parts of a fasces]]'''
* '''[[King George III]]'''
* '''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'''
* '''[[Imperial Japan]]'''
* '''[[Gaius Julius Caesar]]'''
* '''[[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]'''
* '''[[Cultural Marxism]]'''
* '''[[Ursula Haverbeck]]'''
<br>~</p></td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#ffeeee" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#ff0000; font-size:140%;">'''Liͥs͛ᴛⷮs͛ aͣndͩ Рⷬoͦrͬᴛⷮaͣls͛'''</span><p>'''Lists of stuff!'''
* List of '''[[False narratives]]'''
* List of '''[[Most wanted articles]]'''
* Most wanted '''[[List of groups]]'''
* Most wanted '''[[List of people]]'''
* '''[[Philosophy|The Philosophy Portal]]'''
* '''[[NatSoc:Main|The NatSoc Portal]]'''
* '''[[List of jewish child molesters]]'''
* '''[[FasciPedia:Newsletter]]'''
* '''[[Other Fascipedia Lists]]'''

{{portals}}
<br>~</p></td></tr></table>
</td>

<td style="vertical-align: top;">{{Didyouknow}}
<br>
<table>
<tr><td width="305" bgcolor="#f0defd" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#600082; font-size:120%;">'''Aͣвⷡoͦuͧᴛⷮ Faͣs͛cͨiͥРⷬeͤdͩiͥaͣ'''</span><p>'''Our purpose here at [[Fascipedia|FasciPedia]]'''
* Education on the [[history]] of Fascism, its actual intent, its actual [[politics]] and [[philosophy]], both good and bad.
* Analyzing and refuting [[Marxism]] and the anti-[[fascist]] movement;
* Documenting the full range of [[False Narratives|false narratives]];
* Explorations of [[Communism]] and [[Capitalism]], the two competing ideas;
* Analysis and criticism of how these subjects are handled in the media.
* We welcome contributors, and encourage those who politely disagree to register and engage in constructive dialogue.
'''SEE ALSO:'''
* '''[https://gab.com/groups/4502 The Largest Fascism Group on the Internet]'''
* '''[https://gab.com/ArchangeI Archangel on GAB]'''<br><br>~</p>
</td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="305" bgcolor="#defde0" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#3b8313; font-size:120%;">'''Oͦрⷬiͥniͥoͦn'''</span><p>'''Opinion pieces by [[Fascipedia|FasciPedia]] editors'''

* [[Opinion - 20th Century in a Nutshell]]
* [[Opinion - Fascism Isn’t What Americans Think it Is, and That’s Why Americans Are Losing the Fight Against Marxism]]
* [[Opinion - How to Organize a Fascist Event]]
* [[Opinion - Individuality]]
* [[Opinion - Julius Evola and His Beliefs: A Very Short Introduction]]
* [[Opinion - Justice]]
* [[Opinion - Pregnant jewish Mothers]]
* [[Opinion - Six Challenges to Forming a Fascist Group]]
* [[Opinion - The White Man's Enemy]]
* '''[[:Category:Francis "Moggy" Meyrick|Francis "Moggy" Meyrick's Pieces.]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Opinion|All Opinion Pieces]]'''
~</p>
</td></tr></table>
</td>

<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<table>
[[File:bookcomingsoon.png|195px|Frameless|center|link=15 Reasons America Needs to Embrace Fascism Download|]]
<br>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#fcf7de" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#994545; font-size:140%;">'''Aͣs͛s͛iͥs͛ᴛⷮaͣncͨeͤ'''</span><p>'''Where to go for help'''
*'''[[Help:Main]]''' is the best place to begin.

* Also read '''[[FasciPedia:Policy]]'''

* '''[[Help:Editing]]

*You can use the communication area on the navagation bar to the [[left]].

* Try the contact form

* '''[[Help:FAQ]]'''

* [[FasciPedia:Content]]

* [[FasciPedia:Fascist point of view]]

* [[FasciPedia:Not part of the encyclopedia]]

* [[FasciPedia:Life cycle]]

* [[FasciPedia:Proposals]]

* [[FasciPedia:FasciPedia has no drum circles]]

* Login trouble? Try [[Help:Reset password]].

* '''[[Help:Quick and dirty guide]]<br><br>~</p></td></tr></table>
<table>
<tr><td width="210" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:black; border-radius: 3% 15%;">
<span style="color:#544545; font-size:140%;">'''Grͬeͤaͣᴛⷮ Aͣrͬᴛⷮiͥcͨleͤs͛'''</span><p>'''Winners of our "Great Article award!'''
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Ursula Haverbeck]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]
* [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]
* [[Philippe Pétain]]
~</p>
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr>
</table>
{{HtC}}
</td></tr></table>
__NOTOC__
__NOTITLE__
{{Charter}}{{Lockedindef}}{{Nominated}}
<center><sup>{{Fashtime}}</sup><br>{{purge|refresh}}</center>

[[Category:Charter Articles]]

File:Fashconflogo.png

2025-10-14T22:45:35Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

File:DYK201.png

2025-07-19T05:36:58Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Changed redirect target from File:DYKX034.png to File:DYKX Place Holder 1.png

#REDIRECT [[File:DYKX Place Holder 1.png]]

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2025-07-19T05:29:54Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Changed redirect target from File:DYKX0305.png to File:DYKX035.png

#REDIRECT [[File:DYKX035.png]]

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2025-07-19T05:24:53Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Changed redirect target from File:DYKX033.png to File:DYKX Place Holder 1.png

#REDIRECT [[File:DYKX Place Holder 1.png]]

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2025-07-12T05:33:31Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Removed redirect to File:DYKX027.png

##REDIRECT [[File:DYKX021.png]]

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2025-07-12T05:27:59Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Changed redirect target from File:DYKX021.png to File:DYKX027.png

#REDIRECT [[File:DYKX027.png]]

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2025-07-11T09:11:34Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Changed redirect target from File:DYKX024.png to File:DYKX Place Holder 3.png

#REDIRECT [[File:DYKX Place Holder 3.png]]

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2025-07-11T09:07:58Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Changed redirect target from File:DYKX Place Holder 3.png to File:DYKX024.png

#REDIRECT [[File:DYKX024.png]]

User talk:ASTROMAN

2025-07-08T00:01:38Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* hey bud */ new section -- ~~~~

== hey bud ==

I don't know how familiar you are with Wikis, so let me know if you need any guidance. Fascipedia has a special section for your rants/editorial content, but It takes a tiny bit of set-up, which I can do for you, just let me know. '''[[User_talk:𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 15:01, 7 July 2025 (AKST)

User:ASTROMAN

2025-07-07T23:55:46Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{User}}

[[Category:FasciPedia]]

User:ASTROMAN

2025-07-07T23:54:06Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

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2025-07-07T23:52:30Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

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2025-07-07T23:48:32Z

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2025-07-07T23:39:59Z

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2025-06-28T05:34:39Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

Fascist Manifesto

2025-05-29T22:49:16Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

"'''The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat'''" (''Italian: "Il manifesto dei fasci italiani di combattimento"''), commonly known as the '''Fascist Manifesto''', was the initial declaration of the political stance of the ''[[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento]]'' ("Italian Fasces of Combat") the movement founded in Milan by [[Benito Mussolini]] in 1919 and an early exponent of [[Italian Fascism]]. The Manifesto was authored by [[National syndicalism|national syndicalist]] [[Alceste De Ambris]] and the [[Futurism|futurist]] poet [[Filippo Marinetti]].

==Contents of the Fascist Manifesto==
The Manifesto (published in ''[[Il Popolo d'Italia]]'' on June 6, 1919) is divided into four sections, describing the movement's objectives in political, social, military and financial fields.<ref>{{cite web|title=Il manifesto dei fasci di combattimento|url=http://web.tiscalinet.it/regno76/testi/manifesti/Il%20manifesto%20dei%20fasci%20di%20combattimento.htm|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

Politically, the Manifesto calls for:
* Universal suffrage with a lowered voting age to 18 years, and voting and electoral office eligibility for all ages 25 and up;
* Proportional representation on a regional basis;
* Voting for women;
* Representation at government level of newly created national councils by economic sector;
* The abolition of the Italian Senate (at the time, the Senate, as the upper house of parliament, was by process elected by the wealthier citizens, but were in reality direct appointments by the king. It has been described as a sort of extended council of the crown);
* The formation of a national council of experts for labor, for industry, for transportation, for the public health, for communications, etc. Selections to be made of professionals or of tradesmen with legislative powers, and elected directly to a general commission with ministerial powers.

In labor and social policy, the Manifesto calls for:
* The quick enactment of a law of the state that sanctions an eight-hour workday for all workers;
* A [[minimum wage]];
* The participation of workers' representatives in the functions of industry commissions;
* To show the same confidence in the labor unions (that prove to be technically and morally worthy) as is given to industry executives or public servants;
* Reorganization of the railways and the public transport sector;
* Revision of the draft law on invalidity insurance;
* Reduction of the retirement age from 65 to 55.

In military affairs, the Manifesto advocates:
* Creation of a short-service national militia with specifically defensive responsibilities;
* Armaments factories are to be nationalized;
* A peaceful but competitive foreign policy.

In finance, the Manifesto advocates:
* A strong progressive tax on capital (envisaging a “partial expropriation” of concentrated wealth);
* The seizure of all the possessions of the religious congregations and the abolition of all the bishoprics, which constitute an enormous liability on the Nation and on the privileges of the poor;
* Revision of all contracts for military provisions;
* The revision of all military contracts and the seizure of 85 percent of the profits therein.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Papers]]

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2025-05-08T01:46:39Z

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2025-05-08T01:45:23Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

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2025-05-08T01:39:41Z

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Swastika

2025-05-03T21:04:38Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

[[File:Four-swastika collage (transparent).png|thumb|200px|The swastika is a symbol with many styles and meanings and can be found in many cultures. |In Hinduism, the right-facing symbol or clockwise ('''卐''') is called swastika, symbolizing surya ("sun"), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol or counter-clockwise ('''卍''') is called sauwastika, symbolising night or tantric aspects of Kali.]]
[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945) square version.png|thumb|200px|The glorification of the swastika by the [[National Socialist]]s and is the most recognizable modern use of the symbol on Earth.]]

The '''swastika''' (or '''Hakenkreuz''') is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various European, as well as other cultures, now also widely recognized for its glorification by the [[National Socialist]] Party of [[Germany]].

In [[Hinduism]], the right-facing symbol (clockwise) (卐) is called ''swastika'', symbolizing surya ("sun"), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (counter-clockwise) (卍) is called '''''sauwastika''''', symbolising tantric aspects of Kali. In Jain symbolism, it represents Suparshvanatha and the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours), while in Buddhist symbolism it represents the auspicious footprints of the Buddha.
<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mohan |last1=Pant |first2=Shūji |last2=Funo |title=Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC |date=2007 |publisher=National University of Singapore Press |isbn=978-9971-69-372-5 |page=231 with note 5}}</ref> In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolizes lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic [[Hinduism]], [[Zeus]] in [[ancient Greece]], Jupiter in [[ancient Rome]], and [[Thor]] in the ancient Germanic religion.<ref name="Greg">{{cite book |last1=Greg |first1=Robert Philips |title=On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika |url=https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog |date=1884 |publisher=Nichols and Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog/page/n11 6], 29}}</ref>

It continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in many religions, including [[Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and Jainism. It generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle. The word swastika comes from [[Sanskrit]], Romanized: svastika, meaning "conducive to well-being". In North American Indian symbolism, it is a sun symbol, just as it was in both ancient Europe and [[Ancient Egypt]] and Greece. In more modern Europe and in America, it is a symbol of luck. Nearly every culture on Earth, both ancient and modern, has had a place for this ancient and positive symbol.

The '''Swastika''' (卐) is an equilateral [[cross]] with its arms bent or curved in one direction. There are also several other names for the symbol. The symbol has an ancient history in [[Europe]], appearing on artifacts from [[Germania|pre-Christian European cultures]]. In antiquity, the swastika was used extensively by the [[Indo-Aryans]], [[Hittites]], [[Celts]] and [[Greeks]], among others. In particular, the swastika is a sacred symbol in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and Jainism — religions with over one billion adherents worldwide, making the swastika ubiquitous in both historical and contemporary society. The symbol was introduced to [[Southeast Asia]] by Hindu kings and remains an integral part of Balinese Hinduism to this day, and it is a common sight in [[Indonesia]]. [[Swastika vandalism]] may be [[hate speech]] / hate crimes, often faked (false flag operations).

== History ==
The swastika has an extensive history. In the ancient Indian language of [[Sanskrit]] (an [[Indo-European]] language), swastika means "well-being". The symbol has been used in India for millennia. Early Western travelers to Asia were inspired by its positive and ancient associations and started using it back home. By the beginning of the 20th Century the swastika was widely used as a benign good luck symbol. It was even used by some American and British military units before WWII.<ref name=campion/>

The big swastika '''卐''' was also an ancient ethnic symbol of nautical Liburnians in Adriatic Sea from 9th - 4th centuries BC; it was frequently added on their ships (Latin: ''naves Liburnae'', Greek: ''drakkophoroi)'' especially designed across sails, and minor ones also in war shields, ceramics, etc. This swastika symbolized their sea-ruling called ''Libyrnike Thalassokratia'', over the early Adriatic: see details in [[Liburnian Hakenkreuzer]].

Ancient usage was not limited to India. The swastika was used by the Ancient Greeks, Celts, and [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Some of the oldest examples have been found in Eastern Europe, from the Baltic to the [[Balkans]]. The symbol remained a popular embroidery motif in Eastern Europe and Russia until [[WWII]].<ref name=campion/>

The oldest known object with swastika-motifs is a bird figurine made from the tusk of a mammoth. It was found in a paleolithic settlement in [[Ukraine]] and dated to 15,000 years ago. The swastika may have been used as a fertility symbol. If making a cross-section on mammoth tusk ivory, then there is a natural meander pattern similar to the swastika-motifs. This has been suggested to be the origin of the swastika symbol, associating it with the huge mammoth, well-being, and fertility.<ref name=campion>Mukti Jain Campion: [http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591 How the world loved the swastika - until Hitler stole it] BBC 23 October 2014</ref>

German Archaeologist [[Heinrich Schliemann]] discovered the symbol in the site of ancient Troy in the late 19th century and connected it to the ancient migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans. He associated it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, linking Germanic, Greek and Persian cultures and theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote [European] ancestors". By the early 20th century Europeans worldwide regarded it as a symbol of good luck and success. The [[Freikorps]] used it, then the precursor of the NSDAP ([[Swastika armband]]). Consequently, the motif was used by National Socialism because it was a symbol of European ethnic identity and cultural heritage.

The swastika was used by [[National Socialist Germany]] as a symbol of [[Aryan]] identity and heritage. Following WWII, the symbol is now in many Western countries either completely outlawed (even in instances such as WWII computer games) or considered to be an expression of [[antisemitism]] and publicly displaying it may cause the user to be affected by various [[hate speech]] / [[hate crime]] laws.

===Fylfot===
Fylfot or fylfot cross is the [[English]] word for swastika, often used in [[Great Britain]]. Some heraldry texts, such as Friar and Woodcock & Robinson – the fylfot differs somewhat from the archetypal form of the swastika: always upright and typically with truncated limbs, as shown in the figure at right.

The most commonly cited [[etymology]] for this is that it comes from the notion common among nineteenth-century [[antiquarian]]s, but based on only a single 1500 manuscript, that it was used to ''fill'' empty space at the ''foot'' of [[stained glass|stained-glass]] [[window]]s in [[medieval]] [[Church (building)|churches]]. This etymology is often cited in modern dictionaries (such as the ''Collins English Dictionary'' and [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/fylfot Merriam-Webster OnLine]). However, Thomas Wilson, writing in 1896, cites other etymologies:

# "In Great Britain the common name given to the Swastika from Anglo-Saxon times ... was Fylfot, said to have been derived from the [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''fower fot'', meaning four-footed, or many-footed." <ref>quoting R.P. Greg, "Meaning and Origin of Fylfot and Swastika," ''Archaeologia'', Vol. XLVIII, 1885, part 2, 1885 (p. 298); Le Comte Goblet d'Alviella, ''La Migration des Symboles'', 1891 (p. 50)</ref>
# "The word [Fylfot] is Scandinavian and is compounded of [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''fiël'', equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon ''fela'', German ''viel'', "many", and ''fotr'', "foot", the many-footed figure." <ref>quoting from George Waring, ''Ceramic Art in Remote Ages''; John B. Day, London; 1874 (p.10).</ref> The Germanic root ''fele'' is cognate with English ''full'', which has the sense of "many". Both ''fele'' and ''full'' are in turn related to the Greek ''poly-'', all of which stem from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|proto-Indo-European]] root ''*ple-''. A ''fylfot'' is thus a "poly-foot", to wit, a "many-footed" sigil.

These etymologies are speculative and open to further consideration. Notably, the word ''fylfot'' is completely unknown in Scandinavian languages, though words like ''firfot'' ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]) and ''fyrfot'' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]) do translate to "four-foot"/"four-feet".

In more recent times, fylfot has gained greater currency within the areas of design history and collecting, where it is used to distinguish the swastika motif as used in designs and jewellery from that used in National Socialist paraphernalia. Even though the swastika does not derive from National Socialism, it has become associated with it, and fylfot functions as a more acceptable term for a "good" swastika.

===Tajikistan===
In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. President [[Emomali Rahmonov]] declared the swastika an [[Aryan]] symbol and 2006 to be "the year of Aryan culture," which would be a time to “study and popularize Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilization, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures.”

== Alternative names ==
*Cross cramponned, cramponnée, or cramponny, in heraldry, as each arm resembles a crampon, a z shape or double-hook symbol.
*Fylfot, chiefly in heraldry and architecture. According to some modern texts on heraldry, the fylfot is upright and typically with truncated limbs.
*Hakenkreuz (German)
*Tetragammadion or cross gammadion, as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (gamma). Commonly used in English before being replaced by the swastika in the 1870s.
*Tetraskelion, compare [[triskelion]]

==See also==
*[[Celtic Cross]]
*[[Prehistory]]
*[[Triskelion]]
*[[Valknut]]
*[[Fasces]]
* [[Swastika vandalism]]

==Further reading==
* Dr. med. Ludwig Wilser ("father of [[race cultivation]]"): [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001922303 ''Das Hakenkreuz nach Ursprung, Vorkommen und Bedeutung''], Zeitz 1918

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:European Prehistory]]
[[Category:Indo-European tradition]]
[[Category:Runes]]
[[Category:Swastika| ]]

Swastika

2025-05-03T21:03:06Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

[[File:Four-swastika collage (transparent).png|thumb|200px|The swastika is a symbol with many styles and meanings and can be found in many cultures.]]
[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945) square version.png|thumb|200px|The glorification of the swastika by the [[National Socialist]]s and is the most recognizable modern use of the symbol on Earth.]]

The '''swastika''' (or '''Hakenkreuz''') is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various European, as well as other cultures, now also widely recognized for its glorification by the [[National Socialist]] Party of [[Germany]].

In [[Hinduism]], the right-facing symbol (clockwise) (卐) is called ''swastika'', symbolizing surya ("sun"), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (counter-clockwise) (卍) is called '''''sauwastika''''', symbolising tantric aspects of Kali. In Jain symbolism, it represents Suparshvanatha and the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours), while in Buddhist symbolism it represents the auspicious footprints of the Buddha.
<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mohan |last1=Pant |first2=Shūji |last2=Funo |title=Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC |date=2007 |publisher=National University of Singapore Press |isbn=978-9971-69-372-5 |page=231 with note 5}}</ref> In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolizes lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic [[Hinduism]], [[Zeus]] in [[ancient Greece]], Jupiter in [[ancient Rome]], and [[Thor]] in the ancient Germanic religion.<ref name="Greg">{{cite book |last1=Greg |first1=Robert Philips |title=On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika |url=https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog |date=1884 |publisher=Nichols and Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog/page/n11 6], 29}}</ref>

It continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in many religions, including [[Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and Jainism. It generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle. The word swastika comes from [[Sanskrit]], Romanized: svastika, meaning "conducive to well-being". In North American Indian symbolism, it is a sun symbol, just as it was in both ancient Europe and [[Ancient Egypt]] and Greece. In more modern Europe and in America, it is a symbol of luck. Nearly every culture on Earth, both ancient and modern, has had a place for this ancient and positive symbol.

The '''Swastika''' (卐) is an equilateral [[cross]] with its arms bent or curved in one direction. There are also several other names for the symbol. The symbol has an ancient history in [[Europe]], appearing on artifacts from [[Germania|pre-Christian European cultures]]. In antiquity, the swastika was used extensively by the [[Indo-Aryans]], [[Hittites]], [[Celts]] and [[Greeks]], among others. In particular, the swastika is a sacred symbol in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and Jainism — religions with over one billion adherents worldwide, making the swastika ubiquitous in both historical and contemporary society. The symbol was introduced to [[Southeast Asia]] by Hindu kings and remains an integral part of Balinese Hinduism to this day, and it is a common sight in [[Indonesia]]. [[Swastika vandalism]] may be [[hate speech]] / hate crimes, often faked (false flag operations).

== History ==
[[File:Hakenkreuz-Lehrwandtafel von Wilhelm Scheuermann, 1933.png|right|260px]]
[[File:Swastika2.png|right|260px]]
[[File:Badge Sieg Heil.png|thumb|250px|Badge ''[[Sieg Heil]]'' with swastika]]
The swastika has an extensive history. In the ancient Indian language of [[Sanskrit]] (an [[Indo-European]] language), swastika means "well-being". The symbol has been used in India for millennia. Early Western travelers to Asia were inspired by its positive and ancient associations and started using it back home. By the beginning of the 20th Century the swastika was widely used as a benign good luck symbol. It was even used by some American and British military units before WWII.<ref name=campion/>

The big swastika '''卐''' was also an ancient ethnic symbol of nautical Liburnians in Adriatic Sea from 9th - 4th centuries BC; it was frequently added on their ships (Latin: ''naves Liburnae'', Greek: ''drakkophoroi)'' especially designed across sails, and minor ones also in war shields, ceramics, etc. This swastika symbolized their sea-ruling called ''Libyrnike Thalassokratia'', over the early Adriatic: see details in [[Liburnian Hakenkreuzer]].

Ancient usage was not limited to India. The swastika was used by the Ancient Greeks, Celts, and [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Some of the oldest examples have been found in Eastern Europe, from the Baltic to the [[Balkans]]. The symbol remained a popular embroidery motif in Eastern Europe and Russia until [[WWII]].<ref name=campion/>

The oldest known object with swastika-motifs is a bird figurine made from the tusk of a mammoth. It was found in a paleolithic settlement in [[Ukraine]] and dated to 15,000 years ago. The swastika may have been used as a fertility symbol. If making a cross-section on mammoth tusk ivory, then there is a natural meander pattern similar to the swastika-motifs. This has been suggested to be the origin of the swastika symbol, associating it with the huge mammoth, well-being, and fertility.<ref name=campion>Mukti Jain Campion: [http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591 How the world loved the swastika - until Hitler stole it] BBC 23 October 2014</ref>

German Archaeologist [[Heinrich Schliemann]] discovered the symbol in the site of ancient Troy in the late 19th century and connected it to the ancient migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans. He associated it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, linking Germanic, Greek and Persian cultures and theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote [European] ancestors". By the early 20th century Europeans worldwide regarded it as a symbol of good luck and success. The [[Freikorps]] used it, then the precursor of the NSDAP ([[Swastika armband]]). Consequently, the motif was used by National Socialism because it was a symbol of European ethnic identity and cultural heritage.

The swastika was used by [[National Socialist Germany]] as a symbol of [[Aryan]] identity and heritage. Following WWII, the symbol is now in many Western countries either completely outlawed (even in instances such as WWII computer games) or considered to be an expression of [[antisemitism]] and publicly displaying it may cause the user to be affected by various [[hate speech]] / [[hate crime]] laws.

===Fylfot===
Fylfot or fylfot cross is the [[English]] word for swastika, often used in [[Great Britain]]. Some heraldry texts, such as Friar and Woodcock & Robinson – the fylfot differs somewhat from the archetypal form of the swastika: always upright and typically with truncated limbs, as shown in the figure at right.

The most commonly cited [[etymology]] for this is that it comes from the notion common among nineteenth-century [[antiquarian]]s, but based on only a single 1500 manuscript, that it was used to ''fill'' empty space at the ''foot'' of [[stained glass|stained-glass]] [[window]]s in [[medieval]] [[Church (building)|churches]]. This etymology is often cited in modern dictionaries (such as the ''Collins English Dictionary'' and [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/fylfot Merriam-Webster OnLine]). However, Thomas Wilson, writing in 1896, cites other etymologies:

# "In Great Britain the common name given to the Swastika from Anglo-Saxon times ... was Fylfot, said to have been derived from the [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''fower fot'', meaning four-footed, or many-footed." <ref>quoting R.P. Greg, "Meaning and Origin of Fylfot and Swastika," ''Archaeologia'', Vol. XLVIII, 1885, part 2, 1885 (p. 298); Le Comte Goblet d'Alviella, ''La Migration des Symboles'', 1891 (p. 50)</ref>
# "The word [Fylfot] is Scandinavian and is compounded of [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''fiël'', equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon ''fela'', German ''viel'', "many", and ''fotr'', "foot", the many-footed figure." <ref>quoting from George Waring, ''Ceramic Art in Remote Ages''; John B. Day, London; 1874 (p.10).</ref> The Germanic root ''fele'' is cognate with English ''full'', which has the sense of "many". Both ''fele'' and ''full'' are in turn related to the Greek ''poly-'', all of which stem from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|proto-Indo-European]] root ''*ple-''. A ''fylfot'' is thus a "poly-foot", to wit, a "many-footed" sigil.

These etymologies are speculative and open to further consideration. Notably, the word ''fylfot'' is completely unknown in Scandinavian languages, though words like ''firfot'' ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]) and ''fyrfot'' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]) do translate to "four-foot"/"four-feet".

In more recent times, fylfot has gained greater currency within the areas of design history and collecting, where it is used to distinguish the swastika motif as used in designs and jewellery from that used in National Socialist paraphernalia. Even though the swastika does not derive from National Socialism, it has become associated with it, and fylfot functions as a more acceptable term for a "good" swastika.

===Tajikistan===
In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. President [[Emomali Rahmonov]] declared the swastika an [[Aryan]] symbol and 2006 to be "the year of Aryan culture," which would be a time to “study and popularize Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilization, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures.”

== Alternative names ==
*Cross cramponned, cramponnée, or cramponny, in heraldry, as each arm resembles a crampon, a z shape or double-hook symbol.
*Fylfot, chiefly in heraldry and architecture. According to some modern texts on heraldry, the fylfot is upright and typically with truncated limbs.
*Hakenkreuz (German)
*Tetragammadion or cross gammadion, as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (gamma). Commonly used in English before being replaced by the swastika in the 1870s.
*Tetraskelion, compare [[triskelion]]

==See also==
*[[Celtic Cross]]
*[[Prehistory]]
*[[Triskelion]]
*[[Valknut]]
*[[Fasces]]
* [[Swastika vandalism]]

==Further reading==
* Dr. med. Ludwig Wilser ("father of [[race cultivation]]"): [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001922303 ''Das Hakenkreuz nach Ursprung, Vorkommen und Bedeutung''], Zeitz 1918

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:European Prehistory]]
[[Category:Indo-European tradition]]
[[Category:Runes]]
[[Category:Swastika| ]]

Swastika

2025-05-03T21:00:25Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

[[File:Four-swastika collage (transparent).png|thumb|200px|The swastika is a symbol with many styles and meanings and can be found in many cultures.]]
[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945) square version.png|thumb|200px|The glorification of the swastika by the [[National Socialist]]s and is the most recognizable modern use of the symbol on Earth.]]

The '''swastika''' (or '''Hakenkreuz''') is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various European, as well as other cultures, now also widely recognized for its glorification by the [[National Socialist]] Party of [[Germany]].

In [[Hinduism]], the right-facing symbol (clockwise) (卐) is called ''swastika'', symbolizing surya ("sun"), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (counter-clockwise) (卍) is called '''''sauwastika''''', symbolising tantric aspects of Kali. In Jain symbolism, it represents Suparshvanatha and the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours), while in Buddhist symbolism it represents the auspicious footprints of the Buddha.
<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mohan |last1=Pant |first2=Shūji |last2=Funo |title=Stupa and Swastika: Historical Urban Planning Principles in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W-K5_Z8qsJEC |date=2007 |publisher=National University of Singapore Press |isbn=978-9971-69-372-5 |page=231 with note 5}}</ref> In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolizes lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic [[Hinduism]], [[Zeus]] in [[ancient Greece]], Jupiter in [[ancient Rome]], and [[Thor]] in the ancient Germanic religion.<ref name="Greg">{{cite book |last1=Greg |first1=Robert Philips |title=On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika |url=https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog |date=1884 |publisher=Nichols and Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onmeaningandori00londgoog/page/n11 6], 29}}</ref>

It continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in many religions, including [[Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and Jainism. It generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle. The word swastika comes from [[Sanskrit]], Romanized: svastika, meaning "conducive to well-being". In North American Indian symbolism, it is a sun symbol, just as it was in both ancient Europe and [[Ancient Egypt]] and Greece. In more modern Europe and in America, it is a symbol of luck. Nearly every culture on Earth, both ancient and modern, has had a place for this ancient and positive symbol.

The '''Swastika''' (卐) is an equilateral [[cross]] with its arms bent or curved in one direction. There are also several other names for the symbol. The symbol has an ancient history in [[Europe]], appearing on artifacts from [[Germania|pre-Christian European cultures]]. In antiquity, the swastika was used extensively by the [[Indo-Aryans]], [[Hittites]], [[Celts]] and [[Greeks]], among others. In particular, the swastika is a sacred symbol in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and Jainism — religions with over one billion adherents worldwide, making the swastika ubiquitous in both historical and contemporary society. The symbol was introduced to [[Southeast Asia]] by Hindu kings and remains an integral part of Balinese Hinduism to this day, and it is a common sight in [[Indonesia]]. [[Swastika vandalism]] may be [[hate speech]] / hate crimes, often faked (false flag operations).

== History ==
[[File:Four-swastika collage (transparent).png|thumb|250px|In Hinduism, the right-facing symbol or clockwise ('''卐''') is called swastika, symbolizing surya ("sun"), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol or counter-clockwise ('''卍''') is called sauwastika, symbolising night or tantric aspects of Kali.]]
[[File:Hakenkreuz-Lehrwandtafel von Wilhelm Scheuermann, 1933.png|right|260px]]
[[File:Swastika2.png|right|260px]]
[[File:Badge Sieg Heil.png|thumb|250px|Badge ''[[Sieg Heil]]'' with swastika]]
The swastika has an extensive history. In the ancient Indian language of [[Sanskrit]] (an [[Indo-European]] language), swastika means "well-being". The symbol has been used in India for millennia. Early Western travelers to Asia were inspired by its positive and ancient associations and started using it back home. By the beginning of the 20th Century the swastika was widely used as a benign good luck symbol. It was even used by some American and British military units before WWII.<ref name=campion/>

The big swastika '''卐''' was also an ancient ethnic symbol of nautical Liburnians in Adriatic Sea from 9th - 4th centuries BC; it was frequently added on their ships (Latin: ''naves Liburnae'', Greek: ''drakkophoroi)'' especially designed across sails, and minor ones also in war shields, ceramics, etc. This swastika symbolized their sea-ruling called ''Libyrnike Thalassokratia'', over the early Adriatic: see details in [[Liburnian Hakenkreuzer]].

Ancient usage was not limited to India. The swastika was used by the Ancient Greeks, Celts, and [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Some of the oldest examples have been found in Eastern Europe, from the Baltic to the [[Balkans]]. The symbol remained a popular embroidery motif in Eastern Europe and Russia until [[WWII]].<ref name=campion/>

The oldest known object with swastika-motifs is a bird figurine made from the tusk of a mammoth. It was found in a paleolithic settlement in [[Ukraine]] and dated to 15,000 years ago. The swastika may have been used as a fertility symbol. If making a cross-section on mammoth tusk ivory, then there is a natural meander pattern similar to the swastika-motifs. This has been suggested to be the origin of the swastika symbol, associating it with the huge mammoth, well-being, and fertility.<ref name=campion>Mukti Jain Campion: [http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29644591 How the world loved the swastika - until Hitler stole it] BBC 23 October 2014</ref>

German Archaeologist [[Heinrich Schliemann]] discovered the symbol in the site of ancient Troy in the late 19th century and connected it to the ancient migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans. He associated it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, linking Germanic, Greek and Persian cultures and theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote [European] ancestors". By the early 20th century Europeans worldwide regarded it as a symbol of good luck and success. The [[Freikorps]] used it, then the precursor of the NSDAP ([[Swastika armband]]). Consequently, the motif was used by National Socialism because it was a symbol of European ethnic identity and cultural heritage.

The swastika was used by [[National Socialist Germany]] as a symbol of [[Aryan]] identity and heritage. Following WWII, the symbol is now in many Western countries either completely outlawed (even in instances such as WWII computer games) or considered to be an expression of [[antisemitism]] and publicly displaying it may cause the user to be affected by various [[hate speech]] / [[hate crime]] laws.

===Fylfot===
Fylfot or fylfot cross is the [[English]] word for swastika, often used in [[Great Britain]]. Some heraldry texts, such as Friar and Woodcock & Robinson – the fylfot differs somewhat from the archetypal form of the swastika: always upright and typically with truncated limbs, as shown in the figure at right.

The most commonly cited [[etymology]] for this is that it comes from the notion common among nineteenth-century [[antiquarian]]s, but based on only a single 1500 manuscript, that it was used to ''fill'' empty space at the ''foot'' of [[stained glass|stained-glass]] [[window]]s in [[medieval]] [[Church (building)|churches]]. This etymology is often cited in modern dictionaries (such as the ''Collins English Dictionary'' and [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/fylfot Merriam-Webster OnLine]). However, Thomas Wilson, writing in 1896, cites other etymologies:

# "In Great Britain the common name given to the Swastika from Anglo-Saxon times ... was Fylfot, said to have been derived from the [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''fower fot'', meaning four-footed, or many-footed." <ref>quoting R.P. Greg, "Meaning and Origin of Fylfot and Swastika," ''Archaeologia'', Vol. XLVIII, 1885, part 2, 1885 (p. 298); Le Comte Goblet d'Alviella, ''La Migration des Symboles'', 1891 (p. 50)</ref>
# "The word [Fylfot] is Scandinavian and is compounded of [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''fiël'', equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon ''fela'', German ''viel'', "many", and ''fotr'', "foot", the many-footed figure." <ref>quoting from George Waring, ''Ceramic Art in Remote Ages''; John B. Day, London; 1874 (p.10).</ref> The Germanic root ''fele'' is cognate with English ''full'', which has the sense of "many". Both ''fele'' and ''full'' are in turn related to the Greek ''poly-'', all of which stem from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|proto-Indo-European]] root ''*ple-''. A ''fylfot'' is thus a "poly-foot", to wit, a "many-footed" sigil.

These etymologies are speculative and open to further consideration. Notably, the word ''fylfot'' is completely unknown in Scandinavian languages, though words like ''firfot'' ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]) and ''fyrfot'' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]) do translate to "four-foot"/"four-feet".

In more recent times, fylfot has gained greater currency within the areas of design history and collecting, where it is used to distinguish the swastika motif as used in designs and jewellery from that used in National Socialist paraphernalia. Even though the swastika does not derive from National Socialism, it has become associated with it, and fylfot functions as a more acceptable term for a "good" swastika.

===Tajikistan===
In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. President [[Emomali Rahmonov]] declared the swastika an [[Aryan]] symbol and 2006 to be "the year of Aryan culture," which would be a time to “study and popularize Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilization, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures.”

== Alternative names ==
*Cross cramponned, cramponnée, or cramponny, in heraldry, as each arm resembles a crampon, a z shape or double-hook symbol.
*Fylfot, chiefly in heraldry and architecture. According to some modern texts on heraldry, the fylfot is upright and typically with truncated limbs.
*Hakenkreuz (German)
*Tetragammadion or cross gammadion, as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (gamma). Commonly used in English before being replaced by the swastika in the 1870s.
*Tetraskelion, compare [[triskelion]]

==See also==
*[[Celtic Cross]]
*[[Prehistory]]
*[[Triskelion]]
*[[Valknut]]
*[[Fasces]]
* [[Swastika vandalism]]

==Further reading==
* Dr. med. Ludwig Wilser ("father of [[race cultivation]]"): [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001922303 ''Das Hakenkreuz nach Ursprung, Vorkommen und Bedeutung''], Zeitz 1918

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:European Prehistory]]
[[Category:Indo-European tradition]]
[[Category:Runes]]
[[Category:Swastika| ]]

Fascism (broad sense)

2025-05-03T20:53:18Z

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[[Category:Fascism]]
[[Category:Ideology]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]

Fascism (broad sense)

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[[Category:Fascism]]
[[Category:Ideology]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]

National Socialism

2025-05-03T20:46:13Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* See also */

[[File:Early campaign poster by Mjolnir, National Socialism–The Organized Will of the Nation.png|thumb|335px|Early campaign poster by ''Mjölnir'' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Schweitzer,_Hans_Herbert Hans Herbert Schweitzer]): "National Socialism – The Organized Will of the Nation"]]
'''National Socialism''' appeared first as the ideology of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (NSDAP) under the leadership of [[Adolf Hitler]] in [[Germany]] after [[World War I]].

: ''Since the postwar period a truthful and transparent approach to National Socialist ideology has always remained elusive. The most common approach is to pass off National Socialism as a movement without ideological substance, which merely reacted to events, took advantage of political upheavals and, in some mysterious way, hypnotised the masses with the hysterical rhapsody of anti-Semitism. Thus National Socialism has been stereotyped as a creed as baseless as it was incoherent. [...] Contrary to popular opinion, Hitler’s and the National Socialist ‘Worldview’ was not based on ‘anti-Semitism’ – the jewish question was at best a minor irritant to the Third Reich – it had nothing to do with ‘mysticism’ or the ‘occult’, and it certainly did not promote the idea that the people of Germany were a ‘Master Race’. The National Socialist Worldview was based on far deeper and timeless principles which existed long before the creation of the Third Reich, and which will remain long after mankind has ceased to exist. Seventy years of lies and simplifications must be left behind in order to understand the principles that underpinned National Socialist ideology.''<ref>Carlos Videla, in: ''National Socialism - Its Principles and Philosophy'', Sanctuary Press Ltd, 2020</ref>

==Ideology==
The original [[25 points]] was the party programme of the NSDAP. Later National Socialism became the state ideology of [[National Socialist Germany]]. Political parties in various other countries have described themselves as National Socialist; and the inter-war years notorious Czech party of Benes was the National Socialist Party. Such parties are prohibited in Germany itself after [[World War II]].

The contents of the ideology are extensively disputed with National Socialists (and others) often stating that the politically correct description is grossly incorrect in various aspects. Also, as for other ideologies, there are also ideological disputes between National Socialists. By necessity later National Socialists must to some degree adapt the original ideology to new circumstances. For example, the 25 points program sometimes refers to specific German post-[[World War I]] circumstances either no longer existing or no longer practical.

Important aspects of the ideology of the NSDAP and National Socialist Germany that many supporters and critics would probably agree on include [[race realism]]/[[racialism]], German [[nationalism]], community solidarity building among Germans, [[eugenics]], an intermediary position between extreme [[socialism]] and extreme [[capitalism]] regarding economic policy, opposition to [[liberal democracy]], anti-[[communism]], and opposition to [[jews|jewry]].

There has been considerable academic debate as to the National Socialists's position on the extreme '''socialism''' they first envisaged in 1919-20, and their later accommodation with capitalism, given their subsequent involvement with and support from industrialists<ref>Thyssen, Fritz, ''I Paid Hitler'', Hodder & Stourton, London, Nov.1941.</ref> and the abandonment of the bulk of their nationalisation policies.<ref>Tooze, Adam, ''The Wages of Destruction'' - The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy, Allen Lane, London, 2006, ISBN: 0-713-99566-1</ref> However, the British Ambassador in Berlin, Sir Horace Rumbold, seemed to think that Germany was very socialist already, writing on 28 June 1932:

:''The growth of anti-capitalist feeling in Germany is, of course, no new discovery, and it is not confined to the National Socialists. Under the old pre-war regime, contempt for finance, business and money was common to army officers and officials, and the old ideas survive amongst the crop of new ones. Now that the Government controls the banks and, in effect, steel and shipping interests, and foreign exchange, while the Prussian State owns huge forests and vast coal interests, the step to official State socialism is but a short one, and the change, if carried out by experienced and responsible people, might not be so noticeable.''<ref>Woodward, Prof. E.L, & Butler, Rohan, editors, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', Second series, vol.iii, HMSO, London, p.5.</ref>

==Reichstag==
Much has been said about the National Socialists in parliament. Here is what the British Ambassador had to say:
: ''I attended the opening of the [[Reichstag]] today. The prediction, which was shared, amongst others, by Dr.Meissner, Prussian Secretary of State, that there might be serious trouble, was not fulfilled. Nothing could have been more quiet than the proceedings. The 230 [[National Socialists]], in full strength, looking smart and well-groomed, were in uniform and occupied more that one third of the seating accommodation of the House. Punctually at 3 o'clock the aged [[Communist]] Deputy, Klara Zetkin<ref>Clara Zetkin was a German Marxist theorist. Until 1917, she was active in the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. She then joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) and its Far-left wing, the [[Spartacist League]]. This later became the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD), which she represented in the Reichstag during the Weimar Republic from 1920 until her death in 1933.</ref>, supported by two Communists, was assisted to the Presidential Chair, to which, as the oldest Deputy, she was entitled by the rites of procedure to open parliament. After she had taken her seat the Communist Party deputies rose as a body and gave three 'Red Front' cheers for her without provoking the slightest reaction. In a silence so complete as to be almost uncanny, Zetkin, though ill and struggling for breath, made a speech of a propagandist nature, in which she referred to the collapse of capitalism, the coming revolution, and abused the von Papen government. Her speech was like hot air. The National Socialists displayed complete unconcern, and the House, except for the perfunctory applause of the Communists, listened to Zetkin's speech in absolute silence....That their discipline on this occasion was excellent must be admitted. They behaved, in fact, as if they meant themselves to be take seriously. For the post of President of the Chamber the National Socialist candidate Captain [[Hermann Goering]], was elected with 367 votes over the Social Democratic candidate, Dr.Loebe, the former President, who obtained only 135 votes, and the Communist, Torgler, who obtained 80. Immediately the result was announced, Frau Zetkin gave up the presidential chair to Captain Goering.'' ~ Sir Horace Rumbold, British Ambassador in Berlin, 30 August '''1932'''.<ref>Woodward, Butler & Lambert, Second series, vol.iv, 1950, p.45-7.</ref>

==Philosophy==
===Political Nationalism===
{{Sourcetext
|Sourcetext=Ryan Mcgregor: [https://medium.com/@unauthorizedtimetravel/political-nationalism-c8a423b8118f ''Political Nationalism''], 11 December 2017 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220428221956/https://medium.com/@unauthorizedtimetravel/political-nationalism-c8a423b8118f archive])
|Text=
National Socialism is best viewed as the family structure applied to government. The family is connected by blood, by soil, and by love. Similarly, a National Socialist State is connected by blood (race), by soil (territory), and by love (comradeship, patriotism). Comparing the National Socialist folkish state with a family is a very basic way of looking at the way National Socialism is run politically. Like a family, the National Socialist state is only the vessel and the race is what it contains. The vessel can have a value only if it preserves and safeguards the contents. The value of one is inferior to the value of the whole, and if need be, the lesser must be sacrificed to protect the the greater. In a National Socialism state, one has rights and a proportionate amount of responsibilities. He has freedom and liberty to do what he will, as long as it is not at the detriment of anyone else or the racial nation itself.
{{template:National Socialist Germany revisionism}}
'''Elections'''

There are no popular elections in a National Socialist State, just as there are none in a family. Elections rarely produce a strong leader, rather, they produce politicians, and the very politicians who are most adept at lying and deceiving the populace are the ones who usually win. In a democratic system, the votes of two idiots count for more than that of one well informed man. In a National Socialist system will, character, and ability are the three main tenets of leadership, and leadership, and leaders are appointed to office by their superiors rather than elected. By way of this appointment, the leaders of a National Socialist state have absolute power to make decisions over their particular field. Some say that absolute power corrupts absolutely, but society must front up to three facts before being so hasty to throw this type of catch phrase around.

: '''First''' — Power must be given to somebody, else there is no more than anarchy.

: '''Second''' — It is essential to have responsibility for power, lest it be misused. Where one man is making the decisions, he alone is responsible for the outcome of those decisions. Where votes are taken in a parliament or senate, responsibility is so divided that effectively no one held accountable.

: '''Third''' — Given power’s tendency to corrupt, it makes more sense to entrust it to him who shows the best character, and is consequently more able to resist its corrupting influence.

If two men stand together, and one is to have power over the other, if it is natural that is should be the better man, the man with the stronger will, the better character, and the superior ability, that rules over his companion. This is the formula that has always stood throughout Man’s history, and is in fact the very basis of any structured and hierarchical society outside of human society. It is the strongest and most dominant lion who leads the pride — he is the one who is the most likely to make the best decisions most of the time. If he becomes too foolish or too old, there is always a younger and smarter lion waiting in the wings to take his place. The same is true in the Fascist folkish state.

'''Responsibilities'''

Under the democratic systems, responsibility is split up among numerous individuals, and ultimately lies with the general public that elects the electors. This leads to the undesirable situation of the electors or representatives having little to no responsibility for the way in which they use (or misuse) their power. The very worst that could happen is that they manage to fall out of favor with their electorate come the next elections and lose their seat in office. We can see, through the various hucksters and showboat politicans we have had leading our nations, that this little deterrent to wildly abusing political power.

In the national Socialist system however, ultimate responsibility lies in one man, the leader, to make ultimate decisions. Should those decisions turn out to be made in error, then he must accept responsibility for those errors and hand over his power to a more capable person.

Other leaders, subordinate to the leader, have dual responsibilities, not only to their decisions, but to carry out the decisions of their superiors. Should these duties be carried out to the satisfaction of their superiors, they are rewarded with more power; should they not, then their power is reduced or they are deposed.

'''Rights'''

Rights are not given to the individual by some spook in the sky. For one to give rights he must have a way of enforcing them, and an imaginary spirit in the sky can not and does not. Rights are granted by the more powerful to the less powerful, and they come with responsibilities. If the rights-granters and enforcers are corrupt or tyrannical, then the inferior must earn the right to become granters and enforcers themselves by demonstrating their superior character through revolution.

Under National Socialism rights are directly proportionate to one’s responsibility to the folkish state. There are people (subjects) who have very little responsibility, and consequently have very few rights. There are others (citizens) who have a normal responsibility and enjoy the same rights as most everyone else. There are those (leaders) who bear the burden of tremendous responsibility and have not only personal rights, but guarantee the rights of others (in other words, they hold political power).

'''Structure'''

The structure of a National Socialist government is, as I said, like that of a family. It is ruled from the top down, in a pyramid fashion, rather than the other way around, as the democracies. Every leader has council and advisers, but that council is there to advise that particular leader on a certain things, not to make decisions. The advice travels upward, the decisions travel downward. Committees may be held, but again, the purpose of these bodies is to advise those making the decisions, rather than make the decisions themselves.

Democracy, at its heart, is mob rule. Whoever is in favor with the mob is “right”, and whoever is not is “wrong”. A small minority may actually be right about something, yet drowned out by the large majority and the many voices of their misinformed argument. With the advent of mass media this tendency is strengthened, as the folks behind the amplifiers can more or less create “public opinion”. Indeed, so strong are the mass media that public opinion can be shaped and manipulated in such a way that the majority of people, never well informed ever, are firmly convinced they’re in the driver’s seat by the media-masters who really do exert the control. At the end of the day you have a society governed by the will of the masses, yes, but a will manipulated-created by the media moguls (who tend to be jewish). Under this democratic mob rule, with it’s glorification of the dunce’s opinion, a mob mentality quickly predominates, and its effects are vastly compounded by the media. The mob mentality by its very nature is an attempt to bring everyone into one line of thinking, with people trying to approximate the mean, and therefore become part of the majority. True aristocrats learn to dress, behave, live, down in an attempt to be men of the people. In a society where the majority is always right, who wants to be in the minority, which is by definition wrong? The standard that determines elections comes to determine quality and everything else. Racial and social destruction ensue, benefiting only the jews of the mass media, operating behind the scenes like the man behind the screen in “Wizard of Oz.”

'''Economic National Socialism'''

Many Reactionaries make the error of closely comparing National Socialism to Communism in terms of economical policy, when in fact the two stand wide apart from each other. It is also interesting to note that the Communist claim National Socialism at all, and is in fact the purest form of Capitalism. In reality, however, National Socialism is neither Capitalism nor [[Bolshevik]] communism, but takes natural and healthy elements from each one to form a more “centrist” style of government. Neither laissez-faire [[Capitalism]] nor Bolshevik communism have ever worked in practice, and neither of them will work because they are both two sides of the same coin. What we need, rather than one unhealthy extreme or the other, is a healthy median, a balance, between the two. The National Socialist state allows capitalistic principles, but not at the expense of the collective folk.

'''Economic Individualism'''

In a National Socialist society, unlike [[Communism]], there is certainly private ownership of property and land, and there is private ownership of possessions and capital. But unlike Capitalism, through, financial interests are curtailed and restricted at the point where they begin to have a negative effect on the folkish state. One example of this might be the charging of usurious interest rates on loans, which binds the working class into the slavery of an endless debt/ interest cycle. Interest rates for the public should never be raised past a fraction of a percent, and this should be set in place by the central nationalized bank and this rate controlled by the Minister of Finance through the President of the bank.

The charging of interest on loans by any organization or business or individual is strictly forbidden, for that is the acquisition of incoming for those not employed or making no effort which is also forbbidden.
[[File:Poster Workers of the Mind, of the Fist, Vote for the Front Soldier HITLER!.png|thumb|335px|Campaign poster: ''"Workers of the Mind, of the Fist, Vote for the Front Soldier [[HITLER]]!"'']]
'''Labor unions nationalized'''
[[File:NSDAP banner, Tod-dem-Marxismus.png|thumb|335px|''"Death to [[Marxism]]"'' (1920s)]]
To promote better understanding between workers and employers, all labor unions are nationalized into one monolithic body. This organization is headed by one individual known as the work leader who is, in turn, responsible to the leader. Any conflicts or disputes that do arise between employers and workers are resolved through mediation between representatives and the employer, by an organization setup for that purpose.

This organization shall take the form of a commission consisting in an equal proportion of representatives of various industries and representatives, who are representative of the workers of various said industries, and chaired by a representative of Economics Ministry. This organization shall have power to appoint a mediator or make recommendations and suggestions to the representative of the Economics Ministry who alone has the power to force a solution.

'''Philosophical National Socialism'''

Most every other philosophy, political nation, or religious belief stems from the absurd notion that human beings are somehow above nature, that for some strange reason, biological laws just don’t apply to humans. National Socialism is the only one that accepts the concrete fact that humans are indeed part of the Nature also.

It is National Socialism that is the ideology of Nature the living of one’s life based on Natural principles.

One can choose to live in a material fashion, pursuing wealth, short-term gratification, fornication, or other “feel good” goals. Or one can choose to live in a way that reflects accordance with Nature, in pursuit of an idealistic goal which may not be achieved for centuries, patiently waiting for love over simply fornication, and replacing the notion that money is king with that one that excellence is king.

There is more to life than material wealth.

National Socialist hold the premise that it is better for a society to be motivated toward a higher goal than simply “feeling good” in the present, and that in fact pursuing this short-term goal society is left worse off, just as the individual ends up feeling sorry for himself in the long term.

The basis for this “feel good” mentality is rather childish. A child does not plan for the future, he wants his gratification now, and that is all that matters to him.

'''Quality and quantity'''

National Socialism is any ideology of quality over quantity. National Scientists would rather have a better society than a large one; we would rather have fewer, better people than a great number of mediocre people.

'''The Individual and the collective'''

National Socialism recognizes the fact that men are born neither isolated individuals nor members of an ant colony.

We are born into the world as both an individual will and spirit and part of a family, the basic unity of society. [[Racial awareness|We are also born into a race]], which is merely an extension of the family — a larger family of distant relatives with whom we share a common bond. It is only sensible to recognize both of these realms rather than ignore one (as collectivist communism does) or the other (as individualist capitalism does).

'''Equality and inequality'''

I cover biological differences later on, but I am more concerned with the philosophical argument here.

One recurring argument of the egalitarians is that “we are all human,” “we are all self-conscious,” “we all bleed,” and therefore we are all the same. The same might be said of numerous animals, though. Degrees of differences are all important, and we see the fact reflected around us everywhere.

'''Morals'''

Morals are nothing but opinion, usually opinion, codified into a set of doctrines that are at their root, completely arbitrary. There is no universal morality. Opinions are neither right nor wrong, just facts, because only facts can be demonstrated so.

One man’s morality might be different from mine, and both may differ from Bobs next door. A hundred years ago homosexuality was immortal, but today the majority of the populace believes it’s perfectly moral (this however, does not mean over time, they are very fluid and plastic and can be influenced by factors.

'''Whose Superiority?'''

In the natural world, the strong dominate the weak. The higher evolved forms dominate and subjugate the lower evolved forms. In nature, might is the only right and extinction is the punishment for weakness.

This is true for humans when one looks at the way the higher races have dominated the lower for the last few millennia. There is nothing “wrong” with dominating those of an inferior kind; those who are not strong enough to preserve their independence are either absorbed or crushed.

'''Biological National Socialism'''

National Socialism has its roots in nature; it is merely natural principles (rule of one, natural selection, race as family, etc.) applied to the political and the general philosophical realms. In that sense it is Natural Socialism, it is neither extreme individualism nor extreme collectivism, for neither of these are natural and both of them assume men to be above nature. It is biology taken to its logical political and social conclusions.

'''Simple Biological Principles'''

Why is it that with the evidence in front of the eyes of every biologist in the world, only a minute percentage has the sense to advocate putting these solid evolutionary biological principles into social application? That they have not done so shows me that their cowardice overrides their intelligence.

The races are not equal. They did not evolve equally because the environments in which they evolved were different. It should be common sense, therefore, to conclude that the races cannot be considered equal in any way, shape, or form. They are distinct biological branches of the human species.

'''Socio-reproductive tends'''

Certainly they should evolve differently. In fact, if we are to accept evolution and modern biology at all they must evolve differently. One of the ways in which this difference is quite striking is in the socio-reproductive strategies of the races, and how they differ.

Of course, we cannot attibute all the racial differences to socio-reproductive behavior alone, as that itself is a racial trait, and the root of these always has and always will be Natural Selection. But we can observe that these same socio-reproductive tends that are evolved behavior can themselves influence the evolutionary development of a race, magnifying the effects of natural selection and increasing the difference races.

====Conclusion====
As we can see, the National Socialist ''Weltanschauung'' is considerably more than a political system like republicanism or democracy, or even an ideological economic system like communism or capitalism. It is something more, something else.

It is not a religion or something that is expected to be taken on grounds of faith, the principles I have outlined here are solidly rooted in fact and logic. There are no spooks in the sky here, or Utopian promises of universal equality. The very concept of National Socialism means simply a racial state -an extension of the family, the folk, the people.
}}

==Nazism==
Today, any form of support of White European interests combined with any criticisms of anything jewish or non-[[politically correct]] is likely to be labelled "[[Nazism]]", "[[Neo-Nazism]]" or Nazi sympathising. However, individuals or organizations may reject this label for reasons such as disagreeing with National Socialist Germany's treatment of jews (even if they are [[Holohoax revisionists]]), treatment of other groups, the economic system of National Socialist Germany, the political system of National Socialist Germany, alleged anti-Slavism of [[National Socialist Germany]] (which in fact long pre-dates the National Socialists), alleged imperialism and colonialism objectives of National Socialist Germany, and other reasons.

Also individuals or organizations describing themselves as National Socialists may be critical of some aspects of [[National Socialist Germany]] and/or some aspects of the ideology of the [[NSDAP]].

==See also==
*[[Nazi-Maoism]]
*[[Blood and Soil]]
*[[Fascism (broad sense)]]
*[[Hollywood Nazism]]
*[[Nazi]]
*[[National Socialism and occultism]]
*[[Swastika]]
*[[Munich Putsch]]

[[Category:Ideology]]
[[Category:National Socialism| ]]
[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Source texts]]

==Further reading==
* [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler, Adolf]]: ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (1925, various editions and reprints)
* Videla, Carlos: ''National Socialism – Its Principles and Philosophy''<ref> ''Since the postwar period a truthful and transparent approach to National Socialist ideology has always remained elusive. The most common approach is to pass off National Socialism as a movement without ideological substance, which merely reacted to events, took advantage of political upheavals and, in some mysterious way, hypnotised the masses with the hysterical rhapsody of anti-Semitism. Thus National Socialism has been stereotyped as a creed as baseless as it was incoherent. This book seeks to shed light on the principles and philosophy of National Socialism, and what it meant to the millions of Europeans who gave their lives to its ideals and creed. Contrary to popular opinion, Hitler’s and the National Socialist ‘Worldview’ was not based on ‘anti-Semitism’ – the jewish question was at best a minor irritant to the Third Reich – it had nothing to do with ‘mysticism’ or the ‘occult’, and it certainly did not promote the idea that the people of Germany were a ‘Master Race’. The National Socialist Worldview was based on far deeper and timeless principles which existed long before the creation of the Third Reich, and which will remain long after mankind has ceased to exist. Seventy years of lies and simplifications must be left behind in order to understand the principles that underpinned National Socialist ideology. This book is an invitation to those adventurous and nonconformist spirits who dare to examine pages censured by official historiography. Uncovering the ideological foundations of National Socialism, with a free spirit and an open mind, will be an enlightening and rewarding adventure.''</ref> Sanctuary Press Ltd, 2020, ISBN-13‎ 978-1912887651
* Zakal, Daniel: ''National Socialism – Our Struggle'',<ref> ''"Dive deep into the Ideology, philosophy, and worldview that changed the world in 1933 and still does to this day! Ask yourself this: Can you really trust the information that you are receiving from your Governments, Universities, or Influencers? Can you believe everything that your teacher or professors say is correct? Do you honestly trust your national news networks to tell the honest truth and even the brutal truth? If you said "No" or "Maybe" or even "I don't really know". How can you trust what you've been told in your History class? This book is a must-read for those wanting to gain a more thorough understanding of German National Socialism and the creator, leaders, and followers. This book is for everyone and anyone even those who hate us without having the real truth about us from us. Delve into the key people who forged National Socialist German Policy and understand the foundations of National Socialism and its ultimate understanding of the universe. Find the answers to many questions and myths people have about National Socialism and Adolf Hitler. You do not want to miss this opportunity to read our side of the story and have no distortion of the facts. The real truth about us and what we believe. The victors write the history books and you have been fooled."''</ref> Zakal Publishing, 2020, ISBN 978-0578790411

==External links==
:''See the article on [[National Socialist Germany]] regarding external links specifically on this topic
*[https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2018/12/15/biocentric-political-thought-in-the-third-reich-a-review-of-johann-chapoutots-the-law-of-blood/ Biocentric Political Thought in the Third Reich: A Review of Johann Chapoutot’s The Law of Blood]
*[http://codoh.com/library/document/2319/ The Occult Roots of Nazism]

==References and footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Ideology]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:National Socialism| ]]

File:Freeisabel.png

2025-04-26T22:54:10Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

Template:Founders

2025-04-26T22:49:38Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

Template:Founders

2025-04-26T22:46:45Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

Isabel Medina Peralta

2025-04-26T00:31:34Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{Charter}}{{Nominated}}
=Background=
[[File:Isabel-Peralta.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta]]
'''Isabel Medina Peralta''' (Born 2002) is a young Spanish woman who led the women's section of [[Manuel Andrino]]'s [[La Falange]] (a political group in which she no longer participates), one of the factions into which the [[Spanish Falange]] has been divided since the re-establishment of communism in Spain. Being herself a member of the Bastion Front group . She became known after giving the tribute speech to the fallen of the Blue Division in 2021.

The daughter of a former mayor, she studies History at the Complutense University of Madrid.
<ref>https://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/18-year-old-spanish-fascist.html 18 Year Old Spanish Fascist Receives German Nazi Scholarship 2022-03-19</ref>

==Tribute speech to the Blue Division==
On February 13, 2021, in memory of the 78th anniversary of the Battle of Krasny Bor, some 300 people gathered in Madrid in the act of homage to the 2,000 fallen Spanish soldiers. On that occasion Isabel expressed:

===Text===
[[File:IsaPeralta.png|thumb|left|Highly stylized image of Miss Peralta from the Spanish website.]]
They were brave; They knew that the greatest honor was to give their lives for the triumph of your dreams and they did so. Thus they died and those who survived Krasny Bor and the sky of the Russian steppe, went back to challenge providence in Berlin together with the Charlemagne Unit, together with the SS for defending the capital of what would be a thousand years of greatness, and of glory. And don't be fooled, they weren't fighting for Germany, not just for her. They also fought for France, for Italy, for Russia, and for England. They fought for Western Civilization. They fought for the whole of Europe, and for its ideal and for the joy of its peoples and its nations. Thus, they fought for Spain and thus they also fought for Kiel and when Hitler in the bunker called Ezquerra to decorate him with the highest degree and give him German nationality, he says grateful but proud: "thank you my Führer but as long as I live I will continue to be Spanish". Because like us, these soldiers who wore solar crosses on their blue shirts, were Spanish. And being Spanish is one of the few serious things that can be done in this life. We have in our, we have the blood of the most brilliant soldiers that history has seen. We are a people of warriors, a people of combatants, and better than any other people we know what it means to give our lives for an ideal. Because we and our ancestors already did. they have done it in Numancia, they have done it in Tolosa, they have done it in Flanders, they have done it in the Ebro, and they also did it in Krasny Bor. Léon Degrelle: Spaniard, son of God, go straight on your way! The century awaits you! Fiery souls can do absolutely anything! The Spanish, more than any other has the ability to save us all. The edge awaits us and the ardor of our blood and the genius of the Hispanic oblige us.

It is our supreme obligation to fight for Spain, and for a Europe that is now weak and liquidated by the enemy, the enemy that will always be the same, although with different masks: the jew . Because nothing is more accurate than this statement: the [[jews|jew]] is to blame.
<ref>Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, “The[[jews]]Is To Blame”: Young Neo-Fascists In Spain Spark Outrage , Center for the Analysis of the Radical Right, April 23, 2021.</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:IsaPeralta3.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta during a podcast.]]
As a result of this last paragraph, the Community of Madrid urged the Prosecutor's Office to investigate the facts to determine if anti-Semitic expressions were used during the speech. However, in an interview with La Razón she explains:

"I would never attack an entire people, but rather a certain stratum of the 'noble race' or 'the chosen ones', as they call themselves in Semitic texts such as the Talmud." <ref>Lluís Bou, [https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/wiesenthal-center-condemns-spanish-tv-network-interview-neo-nazi_672383_102_amp.html ''Wiesenthal Center says Spanish TV interview with neo-Nazi "will encourage admirers"''], elnacional.cat vom 19. November 2021.</ref>

And she added, in another interview to El Español:

"I am not referring to the poor man who goes to the synagogue to pray, I am referring to the international monetary system, the Federal Reserve system, the [[jews|Zionist]] leaders and organizations that subsidize and finance Black Lives Matter or postmodern feminism." <ref>[https://thecanadian.news/esteban-ibarra-makes-visible-the-dangers-of-the-words-of-the-falangist-isabel-peralta-in-lasexta/ ''Esteban Ibarra makes visible the dangers of the words of the Falangist Isabel Peralta in laSexta''], The Canadian News vom 20. November 2021.</ref>

Isabel has assumed that her ideology is going to bring her problems: "It is going to take me to jail", she assured the readers of El Español. "I'll end up in jail because I'm not going to shut up, I'm not going to apologize and I'm going to disappear." If that ever happened, she is clear about what she would do: "I will write a book about my ideology: [[fascism]]".
<ref>author=Marta Espartero |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/nacional/que-bastion-frontal-grupo-que-lidera-neonazi-detenido-que-encaro-iglesias-madrid_2022012561efd63d393752000189b96d.html |titel=¿Qué es Bastión Frontal, el grupo que lidera el neonazi detenido que se encaró con Iglesias en Madrid? |werk=lasexta.com |datum=2022-01-25 |abruf=2022-03-19</ref>
In Spain, according to Spiegel Online, she is considered the leading figure of the "Bastión Frontal", a group reviving [[Falangism]]. <ref name="SPON">author=mgb |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/frankfurt-polizei-verweigert-spanischer-rechtsextremistin-isabel-peralta-die-einreise-a-8b2927ae-3c3d-4496-b028-23b1e193219a |titel=Polizei verweigert spanischer Rechtsextremistin Isabel Peralta die Einreise |werk=[[Spiegel Online]] |datum=2022-03-17 |abruf=2022-03-19</ref>

==Life==
[[File:2Peraltas.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta and her mother in matching dresses (in Spanish National colors) for ''Fiesta Nacional de España'', a day of Spanish National Pride.]]
Isabel Medina Peralta is a history student, member of the [[Falange Española]] and belongs to the [[Bastión Frontal]]. Bastión Frontal was formed as a youth group in response to measures against the COVID-19 debacle in Spain in spring 2020. Peralta describes herself as a fascist and Falangist.
<ref>Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, [https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2021/04/23/the-jew-is-to-blame-young-neo-fascists-in-spain-spark-outrage/ ''“The[[jews]]Is To Blame”: Young Neo-Fascists In Spain Spark Outrage''], Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right vom 23. April 2021.</ref>

Peralta first came to public attention in February 2021 when she attended a tribute in Madrid to the [[Blue Division]], an infantry division made up of Spanish fascists who fought alongside the Wehrmacht against the [[Soviet Union]] in The World's War Against Communism. At the event, she gave a fiery speech and performed the Roman salute. She stated that it was her duty to fight for Spain, the enemy was always the same, the jews. The Blue Division stood for it. The speech was circulated on various forums around the world.

A few months later, at a rally, she referred to Moroccan immigrants as "invaders". Because of these statements on May 18, 2021 in front of the Moroccan embassy, politically motivated investigations into incitement to hatred and violence were initiated. <ref>Jihane Rahhou, [https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/11/345417/spanish-Right-wing-fascist-facing-charges-for-insulting-morocco ''Spanish Far-Right Fascist Facing Charges For Insulting Morocco''], Marocco World News vom 8. November 2021.</ref>

An interview with Peralta by Spanish broadcast company laSexta was criticized by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Embassy of Israel in November 2021. <ref>Lluís Bou, Wiesenthal Center says Spanish TV interview with neo-Nazi "will encourage admirers" , elnacional.cat of 19 November 2021.</ref>

In the interview, she stated that her speeches were not incitement to hatred. She also explained that [[Bastion Frontal]] members are required to practice contact martial arts based sports in order to respond to violence from [[Antifa]] on the street.

In autumn 2021 she traveled to Germany and met members of the "The 3rd Way" to learn more about communication techniques. <ref>[https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/jewish-group-slams-18-year-old-granted-nazi-scholarship-683304 ''jewish group slams 18-year-old granted Nazi scholarship''], Jerusalem Post vom 28. Oktober 2021.</ref>

During a second visit, an identity check at Frankfurt Airport in March 2022, police officers found (according to original official police report) a swastika flag, a copy of Mein Kampf, and a swastika keychain and a book from the Bund Deutscher Mädel series in her luggage. Peralta was denied entry. Three months after the incident, long after Miss Peralta left, the report was "corrected" to a Falange flag, a falange keychain, and no books. This combination of items, not being illegal in Germany, would have allowed her entry. It should be noted that it is standard proceedure, virtually everywhere in the world, to simply confiscate such small personal items and allow entry. Peralta was clearly politically targeted here.<ref>Police refuse Spanish right-wing extremist Isabel Peralta entry. In: Mirror Online . 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref> <ref>Federal police prevent Spanish right-wing extremists from entering the country. In: FAZ.net . 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref> <ref>Swastika flag in luggage - federal police prevent entry of Spanish right-wing extremist. In: presseportal.de. 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref>

==Prison Sentence==
Isabel was sentenced to one year in prison in April 2025 for 'hate speech".

The judges making the decision were all communists, one of them a jew.

The ridiculous sentencing stemmed from an anti-illegal immigration rally she led outside the Moroccan Embassy in Madrid FOUR years ago on May 18, 2021. During the protest, Peralta used a loudspeaker to deliver a speech that included slogans like "we are suffering unprecedented racial substitution," "deport the invaders," and "it’s not immigration, it’s an invasion."

These statements were deemed by the three commie judges in the Madrid Provincial Court to 'incite violence and hatred against Moroccan and Muslim immigrants" (illegal aliens, actually), supposedly violating fundamental rights., which of course is utter nonsense. She was also fined €1,080..

The lawful rally, which turned violent and led to five arrests of communist provocateurs, was in response to a 2021 migration crisis in Ceuta, where thousands of illegal aliens crossed from Morocco into Spain.

{{Quote|I fell in love with [[fascism]] at the age of 13. I'm going to give my life and fight for it to the last consequences.|—Isabel Peralta}}

==See also==
*[[Spanish Phalanx]]
*[[Blue Division]]
*[[Battle of Krasny Bor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political prisoners]]

Isabel Medina Peralta

2025-04-26T00:26:15Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* Prison Sentence */

{{Charter}}{{Nominated}}
=Background=
[[File:Isabel-Peralta.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta]]
'''Isabel Medina Peralta''' (Born 2002) is a young Spanish woman who led the women's section of [[Manuel Andrino]]'s [[La Falange]] (a political group in which she no longer participates), one of the factions into which the [[Spanish Falange]] has been divided since the re-establishment of communism in Spain. Being herself a member of the Bastion Front group . She became known after giving the tribute speech to the fallen of the Blue Division in 2021.

The daughter of a former mayor, she studies History at the Complutense University of Madrid.
<ref>https://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/18-year-old-spanish-fascist.html 18 Year Old Spanish Fascist Receives German Nazi Scholarship 2022-03-19</ref>

==Tribute speech to the Blue Division==
On February 13, 2021, in memory of the 78th anniversary of the Battle of Krasny Bor, some 300 people gathered in Madrid in the act of homage to the 2,000 fallen Spanish soldiers. On that occasion Isabel expressed:

===Text===
[[File:IsaPeralta.png|thumb|left|Highly stylized image of Miss Peralta from the Spanish website.]]
They were brave; They knew that the greatest honor was to give their lives for the triumph of your dreams and they did so. Thus they died and those who survived Krasny Bor and the sky of the Russian steppe, went back to challenge providence in Berlin together with the Charlemagne Unit, together with the SS for defending the capital of what would be a thousand years of greatness, and of glory. And don't be fooled, they weren't fighting for Germany, not just for her. They also fought for France, for Italy, for Russia, and for England. They fought for Western Civilization. They fought for the whole of Europe, and for its ideal and for the joy of its peoples and its nations. Thus, they fought for Spain and thus they also fought for Kiel and when Hitler in the bunker called Ezquerra to decorate him with the highest degree and give him German nationality, he says grateful but proud: "thank you my Führer but as long as I live I will continue to be Spanish". Because like us, these soldiers who wore solar crosses on their blue shirts, were Spanish. And being Spanish is one of the few serious things that can be done in this life. We have in our, we have the blood of the most brilliant soldiers that history has seen. We are a people of warriors, a people of combatants, and better than any other people we know what it means to give our lives for an ideal. Because we and our ancestors already did. they have done it in Numancia, they have done it in Tolosa, they have done it in Flanders, they have done it in the Ebro, and they also did it in Krasny Bor. Léon Degrelle: Spaniard, son of God, go straight on your way! The century awaits you! Fiery souls can do absolutely anything! The Spanish, more than any other has the ability to save us all. The edge awaits us and the ardor of our blood and the genius of the Hispanic oblige us.

It is our supreme obligation to fight for Spain, and for a Europe that is now weak and liquidated by the enemy, the enemy that will always be the same, although with different masks: the jew . Because nothing is more accurate than this statement: the [[jews|jew]] is to blame.
<ref>Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, “The[[jews]]Is To Blame”: Young Neo-Fascists In Spain Spark Outrage , Center for the Analysis of the Radical Right, April 23, 2021.</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:IsaPeralta3.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta during a podcast.]]
As a result of this last paragraph, the Community of Madrid urged the Prosecutor's Office to investigate the facts to determine if anti-Semitic expressions were used during the speech. However, in an interview with La Razón she explains:

"I would never attack an entire people, but rather a certain stratum of the 'noble race' or 'the chosen ones', as they call themselves in Semitic texts such as the Talmud." <ref>Lluís Bou, [https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/wiesenthal-center-condemns-spanish-tv-network-interview-neo-nazi_672383_102_amp.html ''Wiesenthal Center says Spanish TV interview with neo-Nazi "will encourage admirers"''], elnacional.cat vom 19. November 2021.</ref>

And she added, in another interview to El Español:

"I am not referring to the poor man who goes to the synagogue to pray, I am referring to the international monetary system, the Federal Reserve system, the [[jews|Zionist]] leaders and organizations that subsidize and finance Black Lives Matter or postmodern feminism." <ref>[https://thecanadian.news/esteban-ibarra-makes-visible-the-dangers-of-the-words-of-the-falangist-isabel-peralta-in-lasexta/ ''Esteban Ibarra makes visible the dangers of the words of the Falangist Isabel Peralta in laSexta''], The Canadian News vom 20. November 2021.</ref>

Isabel has assumed that her ideology is going to bring her problems: "It is going to take me to jail", she assured the readers of El Español. "I'll end up in jail because I'm not going to shut up, I'm not going to apologize and I'm going to disappear." If that ever happened, she is clear about what she would do: "I will write a book about my ideology: [[fascism]]".
<ref>author=Marta Espartero |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/nacional/que-bastion-frontal-grupo-que-lidera-neonazi-detenido-que-encaro-iglesias-madrid_2022012561efd63d393752000189b96d.html |titel=¿Qué es Bastión Frontal, el grupo que lidera el neonazi detenido que se encaró con Iglesias en Madrid? |werk=lasexta.com |datum=2022-01-25 |abruf=2022-03-19</ref>
In Spain, according to Spiegel Online, she is considered the leading figure of the "Bastión Frontal", a group reviving [[Falangism]]. <ref name="SPON">author=mgb |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/frankfurt-polizei-verweigert-spanischer-rechtsextremistin-isabel-peralta-die-einreise-a-8b2927ae-3c3d-4496-b028-23b1e193219a |titel=Polizei verweigert spanischer Rechtsextremistin Isabel Peralta die Einreise |werk=[[Spiegel Online]] |datum=2022-03-17 |abruf=2022-03-19</ref>

==Life==
[[File:2Peraltas.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta and her mother in matching dresses (in Spanish National colors) for ''Fiesta Nacional de España'', a day of Spanish National Pride.]]
Isabel Medina Peralta is a history student, member of the [[Falange Española]] and belongs to the [[Bastión Frontal]]. Bastión Frontal was formed as a youth group in response to measures against the COVID-19 debacle in Spain in spring 2020. Peralta describes herself as a fascist and Falangist.
<ref>Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, [https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2021/04/23/the-jew-is-to-blame-young-neo-fascists-in-spain-spark-outrage/ ''“The[[jews]]Is To Blame”: Young Neo-Fascists In Spain Spark Outrage''], Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right vom 23. April 2021.</ref>

Peralta first came to public attention in February 2021 when she attended a tribute in Madrid to the [[Blue Division]], an infantry division made up of Spanish fascists who fought alongside the Wehrmacht against the [[Soviet Union]] in The World's War Against Communism. At the event, she gave a fiery speech and performed the Roman salute. She stated that it was her duty to fight for Spain, the enemy was always the same, the jews. The Blue Division stood for it. The speech was circulated on various forums around the world.

A few months later, at a rally, she referred to Moroccan immigrants as "invaders". Because of these statements on May 18, 2021 in front of the Moroccan embassy, politically motivated investigations into incitement to hatred and violence were initiated. <ref>Jihane Rahhou, [https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/11/345417/spanish-Right-wing-fascist-facing-charges-for-insulting-morocco ''Spanish Far-Right Fascist Facing Charges For Insulting Morocco''], Marocco World News vom 8. November 2021.</ref>

An interview with Peralta by Spanish broadcast company laSexta was criticized by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Embassy of Israel in November 2021. <ref>Lluís Bou, Wiesenthal Center says Spanish TV interview with neo-Nazi "will encourage admirers" , elnacional.cat of 19 November 2021.</ref>

In the interview, she stated that her speeches were not incitement to hatred. She also explained that [[Bastion Frontal]] members are required to practice contact martial arts based sports in order to respond to violence from [[Antifa]] on the street.

In autumn 2021 she traveled to Germany and met members of the "The 3rd Way" to learn more about communication techniques. <ref>[https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/jewish-group-slams-18-year-old-granted-nazi-scholarship-683304 ''jewish group slams 18-year-old granted Nazi scholarship''], Jerusalem Post vom 28. Oktober 2021.</ref>

During a second visit, an identity check at Frankfurt Airport in March 2022, police officers found (according to original official police report) a swastika flag, a copy of Mein Kampf, and a swastika keychain and a book from the Bund Deutscher Mädel series in her luggage. Peralta was denied entry. Three months after the incident, long after Miss Peralta left, the report was "corrected" to a Falange flag, a falange keychain, and no books. This combination of items, not being illegal in Germany, would have allowed her entry. It should be noted that it is standard proceedure, virtually everywhere in the world, to simply confiscate such small personal items and allow entry. Peralta was clearly politically targeted here.<ref>Police refuse Spanish right-wing extremist Isabel Peralta entry. In: Mirror Online . 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref> <ref>Federal police prevent Spanish right-wing extremists from entering the country. In: FAZ.net . 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref> <ref>Swastika flag in luggage - federal police prevent entry of Spanish right-wing extremist. In: presseportal.de. 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref>
{{Quote|I fell in love with [[fascism]] at the age of 13. I'm going to give my life and fight for it to the last consequences.|—Isabel Peralta}}

==Prison Sentence==
Isabel was sentenced to one year in prison in April 2025 for 'hate speech".

The judges making the decision were all communists, one of them a jew.

The ridiculous sentencing stemmed from an anti-illegal immigration rally she led outside the Moroccan Embassy in Madrid FOUR years ago on May 18, 2021. During the protest, Peralta used a loudspeaker to deliver a speech that included slogans like "we are suffering unprecedented racial substitution," "deport the invaders," and "it’s not immigration, it’s an invasion."

These statements were deemed by the three commie judges in the Madrid Provincial Court to 'incite violence and hatred against Moroccan and Muslim immigrants" (illegal aliens, actually), supposedly violating fundamental rights., which of course is utter nonsense. She was also fined €1,080..

The lawful rally, which turned violent and led to five arrests of communist provocateurs, was in response to a 2021 migration crisis in Ceuta, where thousands of illegal aliens crossed from Morocco into Spain.

[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:People]]

==See also==
*[[Spanish Phalanx]]
*[[Blue Division]]
*[[Battle of Krasny Bor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:People]]

Isabel Medina Peralta

2025-04-26T00:24:58Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{Charter}}{{Nominated}}
=Background=
[[File:Isabel-Peralta.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta]]
'''Isabel Medina Peralta''' (Born 2002) is a young Spanish woman who led the women's section of [[Manuel Andrino]]'s [[La Falange]] (a political group in which she no longer participates), one of the factions into which the [[Spanish Falange]] has been divided since the re-establishment of communism in Spain. Being herself a member of the Bastion Front group . She became known after giving the tribute speech to the fallen of the Blue Division in 2021.

The daughter of a former mayor, she studies History at the Complutense University of Madrid.
<ref>https://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/18-year-old-spanish-fascist.html 18 Year Old Spanish Fascist Receives German Nazi Scholarship 2022-03-19</ref>

==Tribute speech to the Blue Division==
On February 13, 2021, in memory of the 78th anniversary of the Battle of Krasny Bor, some 300 people gathered in Madrid in the act of homage to the 2,000 fallen Spanish soldiers. On that occasion Isabel expressed:

===Text===
[[File:IsaPeralta.png|thumb|left|Highly stylized image of Miss Peralta from the Spanish website.]]
They were brave; They knew that the greatest honor was to give their lives for the triumph of your dreams and they did so. Thus they died and those who survived Krasny Bor and the sky of the Russian steppe, went back to challenge providence in Berlin together with the Charlemagne Unit, together with the SS for defending the capital of what would be a thousand years of greatness, and of glory. And don't be fooled, they weren't fighting for Germany, not just for her. They also fought for France, for Italy, for Russia, and for England. They fought for Western Civilization. They fought for the whole of Europe, and for its ideal and for the joy of its peoples and its nations. Thus, they fought for Spain and thus they also fought for Kiel and when Hitler in the bunker called Ezquerra to decorate him with the highest degree and give him German nationality, he says grateful but proud: "thank you my Führer but as long as I live I will continue to be Spanish". Because like us, these soldiers who wore solar crosses on their blue shirts, were Spanish. And being Spanish is one of the few serious things that can be done in this life. We have in our, we have the blood of the most brilliant soldiers that history has seen. We are a people of warriors, a people of combatants, and better than any other people we know what it means to give our lives for an ideal. Because we and our ancestors already did. they have done it in Numancia, they have done it in Tolosa, they have done it in Flanders, they have done it in the Ebro, and they also did it in Krasny Bor. Léon Degrelle: Spaniard, son of God, go straight on your way! The century awaits you! Fiery souls can do absolutely anything! The Spanish, more than any other has the ability to save us all. The edge awaits us and the ardor of our blood and the genius of the Hispanic oblige us.

It is our supreme obligation to fight for Spain, and for a Europe that is now weak and liquidated by the enemy, the enemy that will always be the same, although with different masks: the jew . Because nothing is more accurate than this statement: the [[jews|jew]] is to blame.
<ref>Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, “The[[jews]]Is To Blame”: Young Neo-Fascists In Spain Spark Outrage , Center for the Analysis of the Radical Right, April 23, 2021.</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:IsaPeralta3.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta during a podcast.]]
As a result of this last paragraph, the Community of Madrid urged the Prosecutor's Office to investigate the facts to determine if anti-Semitic expressions were used during the speech. However, in an interview with La Razón she explains:

"I would never attack an entire people, but rather a certain stratum of the 'noble race' or 'the chosen ones', as they call themselves in Semitic texts such as the Talmud." <ref>Lluís Bou, [https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/wiesenthal-center-condemns-spanish-tv-network-interview-neo-nazi_672383_102_amp.html ''Wiesenthal Center says Spanish TV interview with neo-Nazi "will encourage admirers"''], elnacional.cat vom 19. November 2021.</ref>

And she added, in another interview to El Español:

"I am not referring to the poor man who goes to the synagogue to pray, I am referring to the international monetary system, the Federal Reserve system, the [[jews|Zionist]] leaders and organizations that subsidize and finance Black Lives Matter or postmodern feminism." <ref>[https://thecanadian.news/esteban-ibarra-makes-visible-the-dangers-of-the-words-of-the-falangist-isabel-peralta-in-lasexta/ ''Esteban Ibarra makes visible the dangers of the words of the Falangist Isabel Peralta in laSexta''], The Canadian News vom 20. November 2021.</ref>

Isabel has assumed that her ideology is going to bring her problems: "It is going to take me to jail", she assured the readers of El Español. "I'll end up in jail because I'm not going to shut up, I'm not going to apologize and I'm going to disappear." If that ever happened, she is clear about what she would do: "I will write a book about my ideology: [[fascism]]".
<ref>author=Marta Espartero |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/nacional/que-bastion-frontal-grupo-que-lidera-neonazi-detenido-que-encaro-iglesias-madrid_2022012561efd63d393752000189b96d.html |titel=¿Qué es Bastión Frontal, el grupo que lidera el neonazi detenido que se encaró con Iglesias en Madrid? |werk=lasexta.com |datum=2022-01-25 |abruf=2022-03-19</ref>
In Spain, according to Spiegel Online, she is considered the leading figure of the "Bastión Frontal", a group reviving [[Falangism]]. <ref name="SPON">author=mgb |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/frankfurt-polizei-verweigert-spanischer-rechtsextremistin-isabel-peralta-die-einreise-a-8b2927ae-3c3d-4496-b028-23b1e193219a |titel=Polizei verweigert spanischer Rechtsextremistin Isabel Peralta die Einreise |werk=[[Spiegel Online]] |datum=2022-03-17 |abruf=2022-03-19</ref>

==Life==
[[File:2Peraltas.png|thumb|Isabel Peralta and her mother in matching dresses (in Spanish National colors) for ''Fiesta Nacional de España'', a day of Spanish National Pride.]]
Isabel Medina Peralta is a history student, member of the [[Falange Española]] and belongs to the [[Bastión Frontal]]. Bastión Frontal was formed as a youth group in response to measures against the COVID-19 debacle in Spain in spring 2020. Peralta describes herself as a fascist and Falangist.
<ref>Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, [https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2021/04/23/the-jew-is-to-blame-young-neo-fascists-in-spain-spark-outrage/ ''“The[[jews]]Is To Blame”: Young Neo-Fascists In Spain Spark Outrage''], Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right vom 23. April 2021.</ref>

Peralta first came to public attention in February 2021 when she attended a tribute in Madrid to the [[Blue Division]], an infantry division made up of Spanish fascists who fought alongside the Wehrmacht against the [[Soviet Union]] in The World's War Against Communism. At the event, she gave a fiery speech and performed the Roman salute. She stated that it was her duty to fight for Spain, the enemy was always the same, the jews. The Blue Division stood for it. The speech was circulated on various forums around the world.

A few months later, at a rally, she referred to Moroccan immigrants as "invaders". Because of these statements on May 18, 2021 in front of the Moroccan embassy, politically motivated investigations into incitement to hatred and violence were initiated. <ref>Jihane Rahhou, [https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/11/345417/spanish-Right-wing-fascist-facing-charges-for-insulting-morocco ''Spanish Far-Right Fascist Facing Charges For Insulting Morocco''], Marocco World News vom 8. November 2021.</ref>

An interview with Peralta by Spanish broadcast company laSexta was criticized by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Embassy of Israel in November 2021. <ref>Lluís Bou, Wiesenthal Center says Spanish TV interview with neo-Nazi "will encourage admirers" , elnacional.cat of 19 November 2021.</ref>

In the interview, she stated that her speeches were not incitement to hatred. She also explained that [[Bastion Frontal]] members are required to practice contact martial arts based sports in order to respond to violence from [[Antifa]] on the street.

In autumn 2021 she traveled to Germany and met members of the "The 3rd Way" to learn more about communication techniques. <ref>[https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/jewish-group-slams-18-year-old-granted-nazi-scholarship-683304 ''jewish group slams 18-year-old granted Nazi scholarship''], Jerusalem Post vom 28. Oktober 2021.</ref>

During a second visit, an identity check at Frankfurt Airport in March 2022, police officers found (according to original official police report) a swastika flag, a copy of Mein Kampf, and a swastika keychain and a book from the Bund Deutscher Mädel series in her luggage. Peralta was denied entry. Three months after the incident, long after Miss Peralta left, the report was "corrected" to a Falange flag, a falange keychain, and no books. This combination of items, not being illegal in Germany, would have allowed her entry. It should be noted that it is standard proceedure, virtually everywhere in the world, to simply confiscate such small personal items and allow entry. Peralta was clearly politically targeted here.<ref>Police refuse Spanish right-wing extremist Isabel Peralta entry. In: Mirror Online . 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref> <ref>Federal police prevent Spanish right-wing extremists from entering the country. In: FAZ.net . 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref> <ref>Swastika flag in luggage - federal police prevent entry of Spanish right-wing extremist. In: presseportal.de. 17 March 2022, retrieved 19 March 2022 .</ref>
{{Quote|I fell in love with [[fascism]] at the age of 13. I'm going to give my life and fight for it to the last consequences.|—Isabel Peralta}}

==Prison Sentence==
April 18,
By http://FasciPedia.org

Isabel was sentenced to one year in prison this month in April 2025 for 'hate speech".

The judges making the decision were all communists, one of them a jew.

The ridiculous sentencing stemmed from an anti-illegal immigration rally she led outside the Moroccan Embassy in Madrid FOUR years ago on May 18, 2021. During the protest, Peralta used a loudspeaker to deliver a speech that included slogans like "we are suffering unprecedented racial substitution," "deport the invaders," and "it’s not immigration, it’s an invasion."

These statements were deemed by the three commie judges in the Madrid Provincial Court to 'incite violence and hatred against Moroccan and Muslim immigrants" (illegal aliens, actually), supposedly violating fundamental rights., which of course is utter nonsense. She was also fined €1,080..

The lawful rally, which turned violent and led to five arrests of communist provocateurs, was in response to a 2021 migration crisis in Ceuta, where thousands of illegal aliens crossed from Morocco into Spain.

==See also==
*[[Spanish Phalanx]]
*[[Blue Division]]
*[[Battle of Krasny Bor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:People]]

Fascism

2025-03-25T23:28:36Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* Early America */

{{Greatarticle}} {{Charter}} {{Key|*Key Article*}}
{{horizontal TOC|align=center}}
[[File:Lictors.png|200px|thumb|left|A Roman Lictor and his fasces.]]'''Fascism''' is a term applied to a very diverse range of historical and existing [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[philosophies]], movements, and administrations. However the false narrative, in the form of [[propaganda]] spun by those who fear and hate fascism, would lead one to think that is evil, [[DANGEROUS|dangerous]], and at the same [[time]] ''blundering'' and stupid. Throughout all of [[history]], it is the greatest [[leaders]] who are able to [[fascify]] their [[people]].

In [[America]], fascism is sometimes demonized as a brand of [[Right-wing]] [[totalitarianism]], while simultaneously accusing it of being unpatriotic, anti-[[American]], big corporation, etc. Really, just whatever the speaker thinks the listener hates and fears the most.

=The Truth=
[[File:Aristotle.png|200px|thumb|right|Aristotle, the father of natural law.]]
Fascism is a [[philosophy]] of personal and national strength and spirit over the degeneration into material excess and decadence. Fascism recognizes that personal victory and pride is reflected in familial pride, community pride, and national pride. The healthy individual is a reflection of the state, and the state should be a reflection of a healthy individual.

Fascism recognizes the divine [[nature]] of man, as expressed through creative, vital, evolutionary, life-affirming pursuits. Thus, fascism instinctively recognizes and shuns the destructive, lethargic, degenerative, life-negating pastimes of [[materialist]] modernity. These principles are equally reflected in the individual, the family, local community, and the larger state.

Fascism’s highest goal is life and [[love]]. Love for [[nature]], love for kin, love for [[nation]], and love for health. Disease, greed, hatred, and [[self]]-destructive lifestyle choices are profoundly anti-fascist principles. Those refined disciplined actions and values that carry man closest to his idealized self, are in line with fascist principles. You will find the inversion of these noble values in contemporary hedonistic consumerist addict [[culture]].

Understanding that [[Natural]] Law is the highest example of divine [[truth]] on earth, fascists strive to recognize and emulate Natural Law in their own lives. Understanding the need for martial training to protect personal and national boundaries, recognizing that the healthy and vital are most likely to lead and improve the herd, and that the slowest and lame are not models for a healthy [[society]].

Fascists recognized the role of duty to self, family, community, and nation. That our duty is the price we pay to honour those that sacrificed for us, and those that will come after. That rampant [[individualism]] is a pathway towards disorder, chaos, [[hedonism]], and [[spiritual]] degeneration. Fascism is strength, life, and order. The opposite is laziness, death, and chaos.

==Fascist Characteristics:==
[[File:HungarianGuard.png|thumb|right|Members of the Hungarian National Guard Brigade of Nyiregyháza stand as they are blessed by a Roman Catholic priest, a Lutheran pastor, and a Hungarian Protestant minister.]]There are common threads that are shared in common.

These are:

*Respect for [[tradition]]
*Strong family
*Strong military
*Very patriotic
*Critical of faux-[[democracy]]
*Pro free market, anti-capitalist
*Anti Marxist
*Anti Communist, anti [[cultural Marxism]]
*A dedicated and patriotic leader
*Belief in a [[Natural Law]]
*Belief in duty to country [[File:Volunteers1.png|thumb|right|Fascists do more volunteer work than either Capitalists or Communists]]
*Belief in [[individual rights]] and responsibility
*Belief in strong unity
*Strong [[religious]]/spiritual beliefs
*[[Roman]]-[[style]] [[spectacle]]
*Belief that society is an extension of the family
*Strong foreign policy
*Anti-[[globalism]]
*Small Efficient [[Government]]

==History==
Fascism is most often attributed to [[Hitler]], [[MussolinI|Mussolini]], or [[Giovanni Gentile]], but none of them invented fascism. People may automatically think of Hitler, or believe they are intelligent and rattle off [[MussolinI|Mussolini]] or Gentile, but they would still be [[wrong]]. [[MussolinI|Mussolini]] may have [[coined the term]], but Fascism is actually thousands of years old, probably as old as civilization itself.

===Classic Fascism===
[[File:Plato.png|200px|thumb|left|Plato, pioneer of fascist philosophy.]]Classic fascism includes all pre-[[WW2]] fascism, and the Mussolini era up to the March on [[Rome]].

====The Spartans, ancient Greece, and Plato====
Sparta, also called [[Lacedæmon]], was the capital of the province of Laconia in southern Peloponnese and one of the leading cities of [[Greece]]. In the Homeric world, Laconia was the Kingdom of Menelaus, brother of [[Agamemnon]] (himself King of Argos, or of Mycenæ) and husband of Helen.

At the beginning of his Histories of the Persian Wars, [[Herodotus]], talking about the relationship between [[Croesus]], King of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century B. C., and Greece, presents [[Sparta]] and [[Athens]] as the two most powerful cities of Greece. With Sparta leading the Dorians, described as a migrant people, eventually settled in Peloponnese, and Athens the Ionian, presented as a people that always lived in the land (the autochtons as they liked to call themselves, that is, the ones born from the land itself).

In the time of [[Socrates]] and [[Plato]], Sparta enjoyed a rather unique [[constitution]] (it was a Republic, as are most fascist states) and way of life which fascinated, or at least intrigued, many Greeks, including Plato and above all [[Xenophon]]. This fascination, under various forms, lasted till our day. The origin of Sparta's constitution was ascribed to [[Lycurgus]], the first known fascist and legendary lawgiver who would have lived around the 10th century B.C. Lycurgus was supposed to have received the constitution of Sparta, a document called the [[Rhètra]], from [[Apollo]] himself at [[Delphi]] (most of what we know about Lycurgus comes from the Life of Lycurgus by [[Plutarch]]). But modern historians would rather ascribe the origin of the constitution that existed in Sparta in the 5th century to the second half of the 7th century B. C.

Plato grew up during the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431-404) and came of age around the time of Athens’ final defeat by Sparta and the [[political]] chaos that followed. He was educated in philosophy, [[poetry]] and gymnastics by distinguished Athenian teachers including the [[philosopher]] [[Cratylus]]. He admired his enemies, the Spartans, and wrote about them in depth. He was the first person known to put fascist ideas to paper, and wrote extensively about the responsibilities of society, the [[freedom]] and duties of its citizens, eugenics, nationalism, etc.

In "[[The Republic]]" Plato believed in the need for a "philosopher king" in an [[ideal]] state. Plato also believed the ideal state would be ruled by a capable and educated class of [[authoritarian]] rulers with broad powers, but not above law. Plato held Athenian democracy in contempt by saying: "The laws of democracy remain a dead letter, its freedom is anarchy, its [[equality]] the equality of unequals". As a fascist, Plato emphasized that individuals must adhere to laws and perform duties to society. Plato also felt that an ideal state would have state-run education so that every child would receive one, an [[idea]] he invented. Like many fascist ideologues, Plato advocated for a state-sponsored [[eugenics]] program to be carried out in order to improve the citizenry in his Republic through selective breeding.

He invented the word "[[Republic]]" to mean a happy society of individuals, organized to a single greater purpose, a system that today would be called fascism.

==== Ancient Rome ====
[[File:Romanfamily.png|300px|thumb|right|A typical Roman family at home. The family unit is the foundation of all fascism. Ancient Rome was fascist, and based its society largely on the philosophies of Plato.]]
[[Ancient Rome]] was mankind's most successful civilization. The Romans based their [[civilization]] largely on Plato's ideas. Plato wrote about fascism, but it was the Romans who put those ideas into practice.

Life in ancient Rome facilitated fascist ideals which included [[honor]], family, community, strength, power, and military readiness, as well as unity and [[loyalty]] to the nation-state, which some Romans deified itself. If Rome was itself a Deity, then all of its inhabitants were a part of that Deity. (This thinking is no different than [[Lycurgus]] receiving the Spartan Constitution from Apollo, or the American crafters of the US Constitution being inspired by God.)

While physical strength and athleticism were key components of a good Roman, a strong mentality, healthy family, and emotional stability were also important. Romans required a strong sense of [[family]], [[community]], [[statism]] and [[nationalism]], and regimented uniformity occurred naturally as desired.

Ancient Rome was a long-lived Civilization spanning 3000 years. There have been many leaders, many [[Caesar]]s, and ancient Roman fascism waxed and waned along with these men. In the end, the [[politics]], philosophies, and ideals of ancient Rome have been the blueprint for every fascist nation that has come after it.

====The Holy Roman Empire====
[[File:holyromanempire.png|thumb|250px|left|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire, a fascist state meant to revive fascist Rome.]]
The [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. It originated with the partition of the [[Frankish Empire]], following the Treaty of Verdun in 843. At its peak the Holy Roman [[Empire]] encompassed the territories of present-day [[Germany]], Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia, Belgium, and the Netherlands as well as large parts of modern [[Poland]], France and [[Italy]]. The Holy Roman Empire was created in 800 when [[Charlemagne]] was crowned by [[Pope Leo III]].

Charlemagne set out on an ambitious campaign to expand the territory. He brought a peaceful existence to areas that had been warring for generations. The people were finally happy. Because of this very fascist unification, Charlemagne is sometimes called the Father of Europe.

Over the centuries, the name Charlemagne became associated with [[Europe]]an unification. His very [[name]] invokes fascist feelings, and a sense of a great society. [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], declared in 1806: "Je suis Charlemagne"—"I am Charlemagne."

====The Enlightenment====
[[File:theenlightenment.png|300px|thumb|]]
There were a number of influences on fascism from the [[Renaissance]] era in Europe. [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] is known to have influenced [[Italian]] Fascism, with his warning about [[anarchy]] and divided people. Machiavelli rejected all existing traditional and [[metaphysical]] assumptions of the time, especially those associated with the [[Middle Ages]], and asserted as an Italian patriot that Italy needed a strong state led by a vigorous and virtuous leader who would unify Italy. Mussolini professed that Machiavelli's "pessimism about human [[nature]] was eternal in its acuity".

English political theorist [[Thomas Hobbes]] in his work created the [[ideology]] of [[absolutism]], and absolutism was an influence on fascism. Absolutism based its legitimacy on certain precedents of [[Roman law]]. However, fascism supports the power of the state, it also supports the power of the individual, and opposes the idea of absolute power being in the hands of a monarch.

During the [[Enlightenment]], a number of ideological influences arose that would shape the development of fascism. The development of the study of [[universal]] histories by [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] resulted in Herder's analysis of the development of nations. Herder developed the term [[Nationalismus]] ("nationalism") to describe this cultural phenomenon. Herder also developed the [[theory]] (now used by archeologists) that [[Europeans]] are the descendants of Indo-Aryan people, based on language studies.

Another major influence on fascism came from the political [[theories]] of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. Hegel wrote of Authority vs. Anarchy, and said "nothing short of the state is the actualization of freedom" and (echoing American founding fathers) that the "state is the march of God on earth".
The [[French Revolution]] and its political legacy had a major influence upon the development of fascism. Fascists view the [[French]] [[Revolution]] as a largely negative event that resulted in the entrenchment of liberal ideas such as [[liberal democracy]], [[liberalism]] itself, and [[scientific]] socialism.

====Early America====
[[File:Washingtonfascist.png|thumb|left|300px|George Washington as Cincinnatus.]]
[[George Washington]] modelled himself after the Roman [[Emperor]] Cincinnatus, and commssioned much art and sculpture to depict him in this manner. This is why he is called "[[George Washington|America's First Fascist]].
Centuries after Fascist Rome fell, the compendium of Roman classics served as an ideological guidebook for the American founders. Classical Roman concepts and figures exerted a formative influence on the founders’ governmental theories and principles of [[virtue]]. The founders considered [[Ancient Rome]] to be a blueprint for their new nation. Roman heroes and villains became common references in American political rhetoric. Every founding father was a fascist, a [[traditionalist]], and an authoritarian. About one third (at the very least) of the American founding fathers would be called fascists today, and it is important to understand that these men were attempting to recreate ancient Rome.

[[John Adams]] was inspired by the writings of Polybius on Roman "[[mixed government]]", a system that today would be called fascism. [[George Washington]] modeled his sense of courage and purpose on the characters of [[Cincinnatus]] and [[Cato the Younger]]. Cato was a Roman politician whose [[moral]] integrity inspired all of the founders. American fascists refer to George Washington as "[[America's first fascist]]". [[Alexander Hamilton]] adopted the pen-name “Tully” (a popular nickname for [[Cicero]]) for a series of essays condemning the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Hamilton’s fascist reproach of the Whiskey rebels emulated Cicero’s.

The founders used classical symbols in their rhetoric to implicitly compare themselves to Roman leaders. By associating themselves with these classical symbols, the founders imbued the wisdom and virtue of Roman fascists into their own messages and built a foundation rooted in historical fascism for the fledgling American nation.

[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Key Articles]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

====Italian Fascism====
By the early 1920s, popular support for the Fascist movement's fight against [[Bolshevism]] (Communism) numbered some 250,000 people. In 1921, the Fascists achieved political legitimacy when [[Mussolini]] was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies]] in 1922. Although the Liberal Party retained power, the governing prime ministries proved ephemeral and incompetent, especially that of the fifth Prime Minister [[Luigi Facta]], whose government proved vacillating.

To depose the weak minister, Deputy Mussolini launched ''the March on Rome'' to restore fascist pride, and send a strong message to the King. On October 28, whilst the march occurred, [[King Victor Emmanuel III]] withdrew his support of Prime Minister Facta and appointed [[Benito Mussolini]] as the sixth Prime Minister of Italy.

The [[March on Rome]] became a victory parade; the Fascist success was both revolutionary and traditionalist.

===World War 2 Fascism===
After Italy, the movement diversified and spread across Europe, eventually becoming prominent in administrations such as [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[NatSoc Germany]] and [[Francisco Franco]]'s [[Spain]]. There were also significant fascist movements in many other places as well, including fascist revivals in the United States, such as the [[Silver Legion of America]] and the [[German]] American Bund. In Europe there was [[Oswald Mosley]]'s [[British Union of Fascists]], [[Codreanu]]'s Legionaires, and many [[others]].

===Post War Fascism===
====Estado Novo====
[[António de Oliveira Salazar]], of [[Portugal]] and the inventor of the fascist ideology of Estado Novo (New State), was influenced by two ideologic ideals:
*[Action Française]], lead by [[Charles Maurras]], who was a French fascist, Catholic and fascist.
*Mussolini Fascism. He admired Mussolini (he had a picture of Benito Mussolini on his desk, at his office, even after WW2).

Portugal was deeply Catholic, conservative, fascist, and had lots of support for the restoration of the [[monarchy]]. [[Estado Novo]] (Salazarism) is part of the Populist branch of Fascism,
And it should be noted that Estado Novo was a mix of the older [[Christian]] beliefs and Fascism. One famous quote of his is:
“Para Angola, rapidamente e em força" which translates to “To Angola, quickly and with force".

====Pinochet====
[[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in Chile following a United States enforced fair election on September 1973 that overthrew the corrupt socialist [[Unidad Popular]] government of murderous Communist [[Salvador Allende]] and ended years of rigged elections, torture, and criminal government. The support of the [[United States]] was crucial to enforcing the election results.

The ousted [[communists]] have put forth many lurid accusations, without proof, of outlandish and cartoonish atrocities that they claim were performed by [[Pinochet]]. These include "[[Helicopter rides]]", where his enemies were supposedly thrown from helicopters at great expense, and performing mass executions on soccer fields filled with victims.

Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the [[Chilean Army]] by Allende on August 23, 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. But Pinochet had been using a strategy. He had been quietly replacing key officers with anti-communists. He knew that if successful he would free [[Chile]], but if he failed, he knew he was a dead man. Immediately he challenged Allende to a fair election, and won that election only a month later.

In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet President of the nation by joint decree. Following his success, Pinochet removed 1200-3200 corrupt leftists, communists, [[marxists]], and other criminals from public offices. Operation Condor was founded at the behest of the Pinochet government in late November 1975, his 60st birthday.

Pinochet's peaceful Fascist government implemented economic liberalization, including currency stabilization, removed tariff protections for local industry, banned trade unions and privatized [[social security]] and other state-owned enterprises. These policies produced high economic growth, and were universally acclaimed by economists around the world. For most of the 1990s, Chile was the best-performing economy in [[Latin]] America, and the legacy of Pinochet's reforms are not in dispute.

Pinochet's 17-year administration was given a legal framework through the public drafted 1980 [[plebiscite]], which approved a new constitution drafted by a civilian commission. In a 1988 plebiscite, 56% voted against Pinochet's continuing as president, but Pinochet survived the election due to electoral votes. [[Fair elections]] for the Presidency and Congress continued to be a hallmark of the new Fascist government. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until March 10, 1998, when he retired and became a [[senator-for-life]], as all Chilean Presidents do under the 1980 Constitution, until the time of his death on December 10, 2006,

===Fascism Today===
====The Internet====
Fascism has survived on the internet in places that respect the human right of free speech. Many places are quickly shut down by anti-fascists via underhanded means, other places survive, even thrive. These include:

* [[Main Page|fascipedia.org]] (Right here!)
* [[Fascist senate of GAB]], a Gab group
* [https://gab.com/groups/4502 Fascism 2], Gab's Largest fascism group
* [[Places of Fascism]] is an internet catalogue of over 1400 fascist monuments across Italy.

====Golden Dawn====
Golden Dawnism, or Michaloliakosism, is a [[Greek]] fascist, and fascist ideology representing the views of the Golden Dawn and its founder [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]].
It believes in the ideals of the former [[Byzantine Empire]], a concept known as the [[Megali Idea]].

Taking ideas from [[National Socialism]], [[Populism]], as well as the former Greek [[Metaxism|Metaxist]] administration, it supports [[Economic Nationalism]], immigration stays, and [[national unity]].

====Nordic Resistance Front====
(NRF) is a fascist, economically center-[[left]], statist, strongly patriotic, culturally centrist and somewhat militaristic group, which supports the combination of [[social]] economic policies, such as a [[capitalist]] market economy heavily regulated in favour of the working class, an abundance of social programs and public ownership of systems such as education and healthcare, with the belief that a strong military capability, "predominance of the armed forces in the administration of the state" and respect for the military is needed in an ideal society and that the nation should be prepared to use military force in order to defend or promote its national interests.

====Casa Pound====
'''[[CasaPound Italia]]''' is an Italian fascist movement and formerly a [[political party]] born as a network of social centres arising from the occupation of a state-owned building by liberators in the neighborhood of Esquilino in Rome on December 26 2003. Subsequently, [[Casapound|CasaPound]] spread with other demonstrations and various initiatives, becoming a political movement.

As such, in June 2008, [[Casapound|CasaPound]] therefore constituted an association of social promotion, and assumed its current name [[Casapound|CasaPound]] Italia – CPI; the party's [[symbol]] is the Arrowed Turtle. On June 26 2019, CasaPound's leader [[Gianluca Iannone]] announced [[CasaPound Italia]]'s existence as a political party was finished, going back to its original status of social movement.

[[Casa Pound]] is most well known for providing shelter to the homeless, food for the hungry, and other services such as daycare, and transportation for the less fortunate.

====Jackson's Legion====
Jackson's [[legion]] are members of [[Patriot Front]], which is an American fascist, fascist and highly traditionalist [[activist]] group. they split off from [[Vanguard America]] during the aftermath of the [[Unite the Right]] rally in 2017. The group maintains an Americana aesthetic, utilizing imagery of American culture, [[patriotism]], and other widely accepted traditional American values.

Their stated mission is "a hard reset on the nation we see today, and a return to the traditions and virtues of our forefathers".

====Victor Orban====
[[Viktor Orban]] successfully converted hard democracy and turned Hungry into a near fascist nation. Viktor Orban is a fascist, fascist, anti-[[globalist]], anti [[LGBT]]+, non-immigrationist, and hard anti-Communist. He has stated that "the left is destroying Europe", and that he "fights liberalism and the errors of the [[Soviet Union]] which are present in the [[European]] Union".

====Rodrigo Duterte====
"That's right, call me a fascist. I am proud to be a fascist. I love my people, what else can I be?"
~ Rodrigo [[Duterte]]

The most popular leader in the history of the Philippines, Duterte is a hard fascist, populist, pro-law administrator who is hard on crime.

Duterte's rise from the legal ranks to politician began when he was named special counsel at the City Prosecution Office of Davao City in 1977. He became assistant city prosecutor two years later, and in 1986 he was elected vice mayor of [[Davao City]].

That same year, President Ferdinand Marcos was ousted in the [[People Power Revolution]], fueling an increase in crime that was particularly rampant in Davao City. Elected mayor in 1988, Duterte sought to crack down on criminal activity by imposing a strict curfew and drinking laws.

Nicknamed the "Punisher" for his controversial methods, Duterte nevertheless was successful in reducing crime.

The political positions of Rodrigo Duterte, President of the Philippines, have been difficult to define coherently into what some analysts have attempted to package as "Dutertism" due to numerous policy shifts over his career. Because he is a fascist, he is all over the place on the [[left-right political scale]], he has even courted with communism at times. He has referred to himself as a [[socialist]] but stresses very strongly that he is not a communist.

====Silvio Berlusconi====
"During WW2, fascism was the only force standing between us and communism...Mussolini was absolutely right."
~ Silvio Berlusconi

[[Silvio Berlusconi]] is the former Prime Minister of Italy who owns the largest broadcasting company in that country, Mediaset. Berlusconi is a controversial figure in modern Italian politics, mostly because his tenure as Prime Minister was racked with bogus legal assaults from his Marxist opponents, despite his good [[judgement]] decision-making, and extreme popularity.

He entered politics due to the [[Mani Pulite investigations]], which were led by communist prosecutors who wanted to establish a soviet-style government in Italy.

He formed the [[Forza Italia]] for the sole [[reason]] of breaking [[corruption]], and in a popular landslide, defeated the five entrenched liberal/Marxist governing parties, [[Christian Democracy]] (Democrazia Cristiana), the [[Italian Socialist Party]], the [[Italian Social-Democratic Party]], the [[Italian Republican Party]] and the [[Italian Liberal Party]] overwhelmingly, and they lost much of their electoral strength almost overnight.

====Alessandra Mussolini====
[[Alessandra Mussolini]] is the granddaughter of Benito Mussolini who served as a Member of [[the European]] Parliament for [[Forza Italia]]. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013 and the Italian Senate from 2013 to 2014, she was elected under [[The People of Freedom]]. She was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in 2014. She was the founder and leader of the national conservative political party [[Social Action]]; from 2004 until 2008, Mussolini is an outspoken advocate of her grandfather [[Benito Mussolini]] and agrees with many of his ideas.

====[[Isabel Peralta]]====
[[Isabel Medina Peralta]] is a Spanish [[fascist]] and political activist. She became known after giving a speech in Madrid in 2021 in honour of [[Blue Division]], a Spanish unit of volunteers who fought alongside [[National Socialist Germany]] on the [[Eastern Front (The World's War Against Communism)|Eastern Front]] during [[The World's War Against Communism]].

{{Rquote|right|''"It is our supreme duty to fight for Spain and for Europe, now weakened and destroyed by the enemy. An enemy who will always be the same albeit with different masks: the jew. Because nothing is more certain than this, the [[jew]] is the guilty one. The [[jew]] is guilty and the Blue Division fought against them. The [[jew]] is behind Communism, a [[jew]] invention destined to divide workers and destroy nations."''|Isabel Peralta|Madrid, 13 February 2021<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20210216/isabel-peralta-falangista-denigro-judios-11525216 Así es Isabel Peralta, la falangista que denigró a los judíos en el homenaje a la División Azul]</ref>}}

=Fascism by style=

==Italian Fascism==
{{Rquote|right|Mussolini signed the Convention with the Church and welcomed the bishops who blessed the Fascist pennants. Mussolini always cited the name of God in his speeches, and did not mind being called the Man of Providence.|Umberto Eco, ''Ur-fascism'' (1995)<ref>https://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/eco_ur-fascism.pdf</ref>}}

Italy, since 1922 under Mussolini, is commonly (Though very wrongly, thanks to ongoing propaganda) considered the first fascist administration, and his methods became a very strong influence on [[Adolf]] Hitler.<ref>[[Ian Kershaw]]. Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris. New York; [[London]]: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. p. 182.</ref> [[Fascist Italy]] is mostly characterized by its focus on [[Italian nationalism]] (particularly on the historical Roman Empire <ref>[https://commons.trincoll.edu/historyblog/2012/11/07/mussolinis/ Mussolini’s Battle For The Roman Past: The Ancient Redesigned]</ref>), Mussolini's take on fascism is probably the version best defined by the phrase "[[third positionism]]".

Fascist Italy was also a colonial power in [[North Africa]]. Much of Mussolini's influences took direct inspiration from Ancient Rome; he explicitly wanted to recreate a new Roman Empire and believed a return to Roman fascism would bring about a "Third" Rome (after the original ancient Rome and the Holy Roman Empire afterwards). His speeches explicitly echoed the ''[[Risorgimento]]'' (Italian resurgence or reunification) with his talk of a "Third Rome." <ref>Martin Clark, Mussolini: Profiles in Power (London: Pearson Longman, 2005), 136</ref> ''Terza Roma'' (Third Rome) was also a name for Mussolini's plan to restore a devastated society, hopefully to greatness.<ref>Discorso pronunciato in Campidoglio per l'insediamento del primo Governatore di Roma il 31 dicembre 1925, [[Internet Archive]] copy of a page with a Mussolini speech.</ref>

==National Socialism==
The [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] was lawfully elected into power in Germany and Hitler was named chancellor in 1933. From there, the administration returned prosperity to a devasted German populace.

The population demanded a return to traditional values and an end to open decadence. The Reichtag, (Germany's Senate) produced the [[Nuremberg Laws]], which Hitler signed. Which criminalized sodomy, pedophilia, and made a host of other changes the people demanded of their representatives. Another of Germany's cornerstone ideals was the concept of [[lebensraum]], which was the idea that Germany should colonize [[Africa]] and other parts of the World just as so many other nations had done. This idea was vastly popular with the German people.

==Shōwa Statism (Japan)==
[[Shōwa]], although not based on ancient Rome, is a fascist doctrine. [[Japan]] has been more or less fascist throughout its history. If a person were to keep score, Japan would tick off all or most of the traits of fascism. Though not based on ancient Roman ideas, the [[Japanese]] culture is quite fascist in almost every way. Japan is still this way today.

[[Imperial Japan]] from the 1920s onwards became dominated by the ''[[Kōdōha]]'' (or "Imperial Way") which established an Administration based on [[eastern fascism]] until its forcible dissolution in 1936.

[[Imperial Way Faction]] This ideology, whilst distinctly Japanese, holds many parallels to Fascism, from the adherence to tradition and ancestors, to a respect to those who perform great duties to society. Although it lost power, the Imperial Way Faction's followers retained great influence over Japanese politics during WW2.

Japan during this time was expansionist, and it became mired in a war with [[China]] in 1937. <ref>[https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/japans-territorial-expansion-1931-1942 Japan's Territorial Expansion 1931-1942] ''Stratfor''</ref> The Japanese people had long resented the Western [[imperialist]] powers running roughshod over Asia, and sought to establish their own empire as an Asian counterweight.

==India==
Fascism in [[India]] is deeply based on their [[religion]] and culture, and quickly becomes very complex, especially to the westerner. Those who are interested should click to more detailed articles. These short clips do not do [[justice]] to Indian Fascism and nationalism.

To this day, many [[Hindu]] Fascists in India admire [[Der Fuhrer]], [[Il Duce]], and especially [[Plato]], and their famous works [[Mein Kampf]], [[Doctrine of Fascism]], and [[The Republic]] remain widely popular, especially among the young.

===Savitri Devi===

[[Maximiani Portas]] on September 30, 1905, in Lyons, [[France]], of a Greek father and an English mother. The passionate iconoclasm that would mark so much of her life began early: At age eleven, during the [[First World War]], she chalked anti-[[Entente]] slogans on the Lyons railway station (“Down with the Allies, Long Live Germany”) as a protest against the illegal Allied invasion of neutral Greece.

A true polymath, Portas earned degrees in chemistry and philosophy, wrote her doctoral thesis on the philosophy of [[science]], and would eventually master at least seven languages, including Bengali and Hindi.

In 1932 she traveled to India. On the subcontinent she sought:

"[[gods]] and rites akin to those of [[ancient Greece]], of ancient Rome, of ancient Britain and ancient Germany, that people of our [[race]] carried there, with the cult of the Sun, six thousand years ago."

Her exemplar was [[Julian the Apostate]], the fourth-century emperor who briefly restored [[paganism]] and the cult of the Sun to the Roman Empire.

Portas took up residence in Calcutta and quickly immersed herself in the Hindu fascist movements, lineal ancestors of the modern BJP, that were then waging a two-front political campaign against [[Islam]] and British [[colonialism]]. She worked as a traveling lecturer for the [[Hindu Mission]], a fascist organization, and adopted the Hindu name [[Savitri Devi]], after the Indo-Aryan sun-god <ref>(cf. Rig Veda 3.62.10)</ref>. Her new [[Hinduism]] was a reflection of her beliefs: “the visible link between Hitler and orthodox [[Hinduism]].”

In 1940, Savitri married the [[Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji]], editor of the journal New Mercury. During the war the couple gathered [[intelligence]] on behalf of the Axis, and Mukherji put [[militant]] Hindu fascist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in contact with the Japanese, who would later support his [[Indian National Army]] in its abortive campaign against the British.

===Gandhi===
In late 1931, [[Gandhi]] accepted a personal invitation to visit Mussolini in Rome. Which he accepted, of course, since the two had been corresponding for some time. they got along extremely well and admired each other.

Among other things,[[Mahatma Gandhi]] reviewed a black-shirted Fascist youth honor guard during his visit. Mussolini hailed Gandhi as a "genius and a [[saint]]," admiring his ability to challenge the [[British Empire]]. Regarding his visit with [[Il Duce]], Gandhi wrote in a letter to a friend: "His reforms attract me. He seems to have done much for the peasant class. Mussolini's reforms deserve an impartial study."

Gandhi's missive continued: "Mussolini's care of the poor, his opposition to super-urbanization, his efforts to bring about coordination between capital and labor, seem to me to demand special attention. What strikes me is that behind Mussolini's implacability is a desire to serve his people. Even behind his emphatic speeches there is a sincerity, and a passionate love for his people. It seems to me that the majority of the Italian people love the iron government of Mussolini."
Gandhi also hailed Mussolini “one of the great statesmen of our time.”

Although an extreme non violent, Gandhi was every bit a fascist. He had the ability to deal a little iron of his own, once he was in charge of things. His unification of the various Indian peoples is legendary, especially considering that a united India was [[thought]] to be impossible.

From Gandhi's [[Indian Fascist]] perspective, Mussolini's Italy, and Adolph Hitler's Germany were viewed not only as bulwarks against British [[imperialism]], but they were widely admired for creating strong, economically robust nations out of the wreckage of WWI and its resultant devastation.

===Tarak Nath Das===
[[Tarak Nath Das]], was an Indian fascist, fascist, and revolutionary. Like Ghandi, he wrote glowingly of Fascist Italy in 1931:

"Italy, under the leadership of Signor Mussolini, is roused to its very depths of national [[consciousness]]. It feels that it has a mission of introducing a higher [[type]] of civilization. It had the urge of becoming a great power again. Italy must be great through her national power, achieved through the authority of an [[ethical]] State supported by national co-operation and solidarity."

Das added: “Every Italian citizen must think first of his duty towards his self-development, welfare of the state and society, and he must make his or her supreme effort to attain the ideal. Class [[harmony]] must take the place of the ideal of class-war. So-called democracy must give way to the rule of the aristocracy of intellect. Some superficial and prejudiced observers of Italy have spoken of 'Fascist [[tyranny]]' and condemned the Fascists. To me it is clear that Fascism stands for liberty with responsibility and it is opposed to all forms of license. It gives precedence to Duty and Strength, as one finds in the teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]."

==Vichy France==
[[Vichy France]] came into being as a solution to growing communism. In spite of the propaganda droning on and on, about it being a puppet state of Germany, [[Vichy]] France actually existed long before Germany's help to liberate them from the Communists.

During the administration of [[Philippe Petain]], the French government enacted a series of reforms which aimed to reverse the horrible decline of the French nation due to liberal decadence, and disrespect for traditional values. [[Révolution nationale]]<ref>[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207061.001.0001/acprof-9780198207061-chapter-8 France:, 1940–1944] Julian Jackson. "Chapter 8: The National Revolution."</ref> None of this was forced on the French by Germany; this was the culmination of decades of monarchist and conservative resentment after the [[French Revolution]] which came to a head after France's humiliation in the opening campaigns of World War Two.

The Vichy administration used its own initiative to implement many elements of a fascist society. Under [[Philippe Pétain]], the French government enacted a social program called the ''Révolution nationale'', which was intended to roll back French societal decay made after the original [[French Revolution]]. Indeed, Vichy France was built on the longstanding social resentment that had been long held by the French commoner towards their Marxist countrymen.

==Falangism==
[[Falangism]] was the ideology followed by [[Francisco Franco]]'s patriots in Spain; it emphasized social [[conservatism]] and fascist [[Catholic]] [[identity]], with its primary tenets outlined and developed by [[Jose Primo de Rivera]] <ref>Martin Blinkhorn. Fascists and [[Conservatives]]: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Reprinted edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 1990, 2001. Pp. 10</ref> "[[Falange]]" is the Spanish word for "Phalanx", a shieldwall tactic used by the [[Spartans]], [[Alexander the Great]], and the [[Roman Legions]], which required extreme [[discipline]] from the soldiers to execute properly.<ref name="falange">[https://fromtheparapet.wordpress.com/2018/01/08/falangism/ Falangism]</ref>{{better source}}

The Falangist economic system was built on Mussolini's successful ideas; their version was called [[national syndicalism]] but was intended to work in essentially the same way.<ref name="falange"></ref> However, before and during the [[Spanish Civil War]], they also accommodated traditional Spanish ideas, as well as the ideas of allies when the movements merged, making an economy unique to Spain. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Falange Falange] ''Britannica''</ref>

Falangism was not a solely Spanish phenomenon, it gained followers throughout the Latin world with varying levels of power and implementation. [[Argentina]] and Mexico being the most notable. <ref>{{wpa|Falangism in Latin America|}}</ref>

==Ustaše Administration (Croatia)==
At Crkveni Bok, a historic place, over which about five hundred young fascist heroes found themselves victorious against the communist forces at the Sava river, under the leadership of an Ustasha lieutenant [[colonel]], outnumbered and out gunned

A particularly tenacious strain of fascism was formed in the Balkans, specifically the former [[Yugoslavia]], a fallen country synonymous with [[ethnic]] strife and infamous for the ruthlessness of the communists in charge there. As [[Serbia]] was the hegemon of the region and many resented their reach over Croats, Slovenes, and Bosniaks, eventually, in the outset of the second world war, [[Croatia]]n fascists, the [[Ustaše]], directly inspired, rose up through a combination of nationalism, religious faith, and a sheer iron will not to give up, regardless of how terrible things seemed to be.

[[Ustaše]] were such men, absolutely patriotic, absolutely true to their people. The Ustaše are often depicted as overly brutal in the propaganda, and if that is true, it is because they had no choice. Their purist, no nonsense approach to the problems in Croatia earned them the love of the people, and a victory in the face of overwhelming odds. Each battle was comparable to the 300 Spartan heroes at Thermopoli, and they scraped out victory after victory until the Communists formerly in charge were forced to flee to the Soviet Union.

The Ustaše were a uniquely Croatian brand of fascism, combining Plato's eugenics with [[Roman Catholicism]] and Croatian nationalism, alongside direct inspiration from and actual training by Mussolini's Italy. <ref>Meier, Viktor. Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise (English), London, UK: Routledge, 1999, p. 125.</ref>

Under their benefactor, [[Poglavnik Ante Pavelić]], they eliminated Communism and brought crime to a complete halt. The economy soared and the unemployment rate dropped to effective non-existence.

[[Prince Paul]] was the fascist regent in charge of Croatia at the time. He was overthrown by a communist military coup after he signed the Tripartite Act, and the fascists pleaded with Germany and Italy to honor the agreement and help liberate Croatia, which of course they did. From there, the Ustaše established the [[Independent State of Croatia]], led by [[Ante Pavelić]] who adopted the title of "Poglavnik," echoing Mussolini adopting "Duce". Once established, the Italian and German [[peace]]-keepers left, never to return.

The communists who fled to the Soviet Union returned, along with the Soviet Army; and it was against the Ustaše that communist [[terrorist]] [[Josip Broz Tito]] rose up and helped the Russians overthrow the now stable Croatian government, installed as Prime Minister of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFRY), a Soviet puppet. Most of the Ustaše leaders were brutally murdered or went into exile, including Pavelić who died two years after having a bullet lodged in his spine.

When Yugoslavia collapsed after Tito's death, the [[Croatian Defence Forces]], the peace-keepers of the [[Croatian Party of Rights]] (HSP), from 1991 to 1992, wore black uniforms with Ustaše symbols and slogans, and their units were named after Ustaše officials [[Rafael Boban]] and [[Jure Francetić]], before being absorbed by the Croatian Army after the January 1992 ceasefire. The Yugoslav Wars finally ended with the balkanization of Yugoslavia, and the legacy of the Ustaše and Serbia's own conduct remain contentious topics to this day.

==Tisoism, (Slovakia)==
'''[[Josef Tiso|Jozef Gašpar Tiso]]''' (October 13, 1887 – April 18 1947) was a Slovak politician and [[Roman Catholic]] priestwho served as president of the [[Slovak Republic]], from 1939 to 1945.
Tiso worked with Germany in resettlement of [[jews]] and communists. The usual communist insurgency was waged, culminating in the [[Slovak Marxist Uprising]] in summer 1944, which was suppressed. Consequently, on September 30, 1944, resettlement of [[jews]] was renewed, with additional 13,500 resettled to [[Palestine]] and other places. In 1947, after the war, he was executed for invented [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] in Bratislava.

==Metaxism (Greece)==
{{quote|"Greece since the 4th of August became an anticommunist State, an antiparliamentary State, a fascist State. A State based on its farmers and workers, and so antiplutocratic. There is not, of course, a particular party to govern. This party is all the People, except of the incorrigible communists and the reactionary old parties politicians."|Ioannis Metaxas<ref>Metaxas' diary p.553.</ref>}}

A less talked about but still relevant form of Fascism, [[Metaxism]] is the [[Greece|hellenic]] flavor of fascism. It is also the ideology of the current [[Golden Dawn]] and similar parties. Metaxism advocates for hellenic tradition, cultural homogeneity and removal of the flood of African immigrants and from Greece. The person after which the ideology is named, a military officer and Greek statesman {{wpl|Ioannis Metaxas}}, emulated Mussolini and declared Greece to be the "Third Greek Civilization", as Hitler did with the [[Third Reich]] — German for "Third Realm". Like his German and Italian contemporaries, [[Metaxas]] adopted the title of ''Archigos'', Greek for "leader" or "chief."

Key to the ideology was its classical fascist influences. Metaxas thought Hellenic nationalism would galvanize "the heathen values of ancient Sparta, along with the Christian values of the Medieval empire of Byzantium."<ref>Clogg (1992)</ref> Ancient Macedonia was glorified as the first political union of the Hellenes.<ref>Hamilakis, Y. (2007) ''The nation and its ruins: antiquity, archaeology, and national imagination in Greece''.</ref> As its main symbol, the youth organization of the movement chose the [[labrys]]/pelekys, the symbol of ancient Minoan [[Crete]].

Traditional Greek values of "Country, Loyalty, Family and Religion", which Metaxas praised repeatedly, were reminiscent of ancient Spartans, whose culture was glorified by Metaxas. His movement promoted the Spartan ideals of self-discipline, strength and duty, while Byzantium was Metaxas' example of his ideal government, emphasizing a devotion to the monarchy and Greek [[Orthodox Church]].<ref>Hamilakis (2007), pp. 177-178</ref> He saw himself very humbly as the "First Peasant" of the people, the "First Worker" of the state, but his followers saw him as "National Father" of the Greeks, bringing to [[mind]] Ancient Rome's early emperors using "Princeps" or "First Citizen" rather than emperor as their preferred titles. Metaxas claimed that his "Third Hellenic Civilization" combined the best of ancient Greece and the Greek Byzantine Empire.

Although it is common that fascists help each other to gain power, like how Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco to win against the Communists in Spain, at the actual start of WW2, there was fascist infighting. Frustrated with Italian communism finding safe harbor in Greece, and with Metaxas, Italy invaded the northwest of Greece, which was in conflict with Metaxas and the Greek fascists who had a long-term strategy. Both sides had a different view of how to deal with the Greek communists. Because of the Italian invasion, Metaxas felt he had no choice but to align with the Allies against the Axis, but he died of illness on January 1941, shortly before the invasion and subsequent removal of communism in Greece, which was then occupied by Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria. The communists finally fled to the Soviet Union and were replaced by the fully fascist Hellenic State, which collapsed after the occupation ended. Deeply popular among Greeks, the Hellenic State had three prime ministers in four years: General [[Georgios Tsolakoglou]]; medical doctor [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]]; and [[Ioannis Rallis]], whose deep experience in politics allowed him to successfully deal with Communist resistance. <ref>Markos Vallianatos, The untold history of Greek collaboration with Germany (1941-1944).</ref> In the end it did not [[matter]], after the defeat of fascism, the Communists returned to Greece and began a reign of terror.

==Hungarism (Hungary)==
After the first World War and following the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Hungary]] was on its own again — [[Hungary]] wasn't sovereign since the defeat of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1526, close to the village of Mohács, inflicted by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] — ministered by the fascist [[Miklós Horthy]], a former vice admiral of the Habsburg navy. In order to not fall into the sphere of communist influence, he eagerly joined the Axis during the first years of the second World War and his new government, establishing the "Government of [[National Unity]]", a Hungarian fascist state. But he betrayed his promises, failing to support his new allies in the war effort against the communists, he was deposed by his own people, (with assistance from Italy, Spain, Germany, and soldiers from 17 nations, including America and Canada), in 1944 in Operation Margarethe. The now head of state of Hungary [[Ferenc Szálasi]] was a long-time leader of the Hungarian Fascist organization [[Arrow Cross Party]] (NYKP), previously banned under Horthy. The flag of the NYKP was inspired by the National [[Socialists]], referencing the [[Arrow Cross]] (an ancient symbol of [[Hungary|Magyar]] tribes that settled in the Pannonian basin) as an analogue to using the [[swastika]] (Hakenkreuz).

[[Viktor Orban]], authoritarian Prime Minister of Hungary, has an understandable fondness towards his nation's honored past, and his government has eagerly recognized wartime figures as anti-communist icons.

==American fascism==
===Early America===
While the United States has never been a fascist state, America has fascist roots that go all the way to [[ancient Rome]]. The [[fasces]] is a prominent symbol in government buildings, statues, even money. In [[fact]], the very first act of Congress was to places two fasces to either side of the speaker, which are still there today. Approximately a third of America's founding fathers were fascists. they even called America a "Republic", which was the word most commonly used to describe fascism before Mussolini coined the term. Even [[George Washington]] was a fascist, and loved by the American colonists as much as any fascist leader is loved by the people in his society. In fact, George Washington had more broader & far reaching powers than any fascist of the [[WW2]] era. There has always been an undercurrent of fascist behavior and ideological leanings within the United States, and it is easily demonstrated.

===The American Party===
The fascist [[American Party]] (also known as the "[[Know Nothings]]") were so-called because, having started as a [[secret society]], if asked their secrets, they would say: "I know nothing." they called themselves the [[American party|American Party]], because they were staunchly patriotic, American exceptionalists, with intense anti-immigrant stances, a pre-[[American Civil War|civil war]] incarnation of the American Patriot Movement.
As fascists, the [[American party|American Party]] had deep concerns over how immigrants were infecting the national psyche. In their lengthy twenty year history as a major force, they elected 100 members of Congress, a massive number in those days, all on the basis of nationalism, unity, patriotism, and tradition, in short, Fascism.

Unfortunately, in the coastal town of Ellsworth, Maine in 1854, the [[American party|American Party]] was associated with the tarring and feathering of a Jesuit priest, [[Johannes Bapst]], it was highly propagandized by their opponents (and still is), and it marked the beginning of the end of the American Party. <ref>Charles E. Deusner. "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville", Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 61 (1963), pp. 122–47.</ref>Thus, the Know Nothings stopped being relevant as a distinct force on the outset of the [[American Civil War]].

===Francis Bellamy===
May 18, 1855 - August 28, 1931 [[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called fascist if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."

Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the [[United States of America]]." In 1954, under pressure from the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

=====Note=====
It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, after all, America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of WW2 the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

===Mein Kampf===
In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', Hitler himself called America the "one state" making progress toward "the creation of the kind of order he wanted for Germany."

German lawyer [[Heinrich Krieger]], an exchange student in at the University of Arkansas School of Law, became the single most important figure in the [[National Socialist]] [[assimilation]] of American law.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/11/what-america-taught-the-nazis/540630/ "What America Taught the Nazis," Ira Katznelson, The Atlantic]</ref>

===1920-1940 resurgence===
Fascists from within the United States, such as the [[Silver Shirt Legion]], founded in 1933 by [[William Dudley Pelley]], the [[Black Legion]], and the [[German American Bund]], which recognized [[George Washington]] as America's first fascist, including the [[Free Society of Teutonia]]. The Silver Shirts and German American Bund directly took inspiration from National Socialism, while the Black Legion agitated for a peaceful revolution to establish fascism in America. These groups were mainstream, the German American Bund packing Madison Square Garden to a sellout, and fascists such as [[Henry Ford]], [[Charles Lindberg]], and [[List of people|others]], all made great contributions to fascism and helped fund fascism in America.

===Anti-fascism in America===
The return of fascism in the United States is becoming an increasingly common fear among American Communists, [[journalist]]s, [[elitist]]s, [[Marxist]]s, anti-fascists, and confused people who, not because of explicit fascists winning elections, there aren't any, but because of an undercurrent of [[American fascism]] that already exists.

Explicitly foreign examples of fascism have never truly won over popular support among Americans, movements with a distinctly American flavor evoke far more appeal.

=Fascist Issues=

==What is Fascism?==
The propagandists will say that it is rather difficult to pin down an ''exact'' definition of what fascism actually means. This allows them to define fascism any way they like, and use this to mentally manipulate the listener by appealing to that listener's greatest and darkest hates and fears, making fascism into a bogeyman.

The simple fact is that fascism is like [[ancient Rome]]. The belief system, symbols, mannerisms, etc., are all either adapted from ancient Rome, or in pre-Rome cases, preludes to ancient Rome.

"If it looks like ancient-Rome it is probably Fascist." ~Zachary Schrag
'

==Fascism as a slur==
A 70 year avalanch of ongoing anti-fascist propaganda has brought the recent addition to the vernacular of using "fascist" as a [[slur]] to refer to ''any opponent'', a practice which has proliferated to the point that the word ''fascist'' has lost all [[meaning]] in the historical sense.

==Ideology==
Fascist ideology centres on national unity, with a person's countrymen acting as en extension of the family. Strong families, patriotism, duty to society and personal freedom. Fascism's duty is to lift up it's citizens, support personal freedoms and make the nation the very best it can be. The individual is not above the state, or below the state; in fascism, the individual is equal to the state.

==Fascist economics==
Fascist thinkers successfully demonstrated the ideology to be a happy medium between the excesses of [[capitalism]] and the hideous persecution seen by [[communism]]. Fascists proved that a nation's economy could be bettered by allowing the government a means of some common-sense controls, such as through dismantling of cartels and protecting its citizens from foreign businesses, and encouraging capitalists to use their [[property]] in the national interest.

In Italy, Mussolini's economic plans finally manifested themselves as Roman [[corporatism]] (meaning groups of average citizens); his government grouped businesses and [[trade unions]] into government, much the same as congress or the senate, which handled everything from labor contracts to production quotas.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/corporatism Corporatism] ''Britannica''</ref> In the ''Dictionary of Political Thought'', [[Roger Scruton]] describes corporatism like this:<ref>[http://text-translator.com/wp-content/filesfa/Dictionary-of-political-thoughts.pdf Dictionary of Political Thought] Scruton, Roger.</ref>

Mussolini was a free-marketeer (as opposed to a capitalist), he maintained friendly relations with those overseas, especially in the [[United States]] by allowing foreign investment ties.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/08/18/when-we-loved-mussolini/ When We Loved Mussolini] Tooze, Adam. ''The New York Review Of Books'' Aug.18.16</ref> Mussolini allowed business owners to do whatever they wanted, and he also cut business taxes, slackened work conditions laws, and reduced mandatory wages.

==National renewal==
Fascists believe that mobilization under fascism is the best way to prevent national and [[civilizational decline]].A great many <ref>John Horne. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War. pp. 237–39.</ref> Fascists believe it is needed to prevent the collapse of our way of life. Fascism promotes the regeneration of our nation by purging it of decadence and [[societal decay]]. A great many [[Fascist government services]] are provided. <ref>Cyprian Blamires. ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.'' Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006 p. 168.</ref>

Fascists believe in [[natural law]]. When society has suffered greatly, society tends to revert to a protective, nurturing state. A state that produces people who love that society. It produces [[patriot]]s.

This is why fascist movements often, but not always, tend to emerge after instances of national [[suffering]]. The National Socialists wanted to reverse the horrid conditions Germany suffered after the [[Great War]]; the Italians wanted much the same. The [[Spanish Civil War]] came about when Communists seized the country and the people suffered.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War Spanish Civil War] ''Britannica''</ref> Charlemagne united the warring clans of Europe and brought an end to that suffering. In early America, [[King George]] had been oppressing the colonies for many years, although the Government that resulted was not technically fascism). In each case, life had become very difficult, and fascism was the best way to correct the issues.<ref>[https://www.sciencemeetsreligion.org/philosophy/decline.php Is modern society in decline?]</ref><ref>[https://www.mcall.com/opinion/readers-react/mc-kesselring-america-lax-morals-christian-duties-20180616-story.html America must reverse its moral decline]</ref><ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/2015/04/americas-decay-speeding/ America’s Accelerating Decay] [[Dennis Prager]]. ''National Review.''</ref>

==Nationalism==
The concept of the nation is of central importance to fascists, and Mussolini's break with socialism came about due to the fact that socialists held class in higher regard.<ref>Anthony James Gregor (1979). Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520037991. pp. 191–192.</ref> Fascists historically view the nation as a singular entity that binds people together through [[shared heritage]] and culture. An extension of the family.<ref>Oliver Zimmer, ''Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940'' (London: Palgrave, 2003), chapter 4, pp. 80–107.</ref> Fascists want to replace globalist class conflict with fascist community cooperation.<ref name="fascnat">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Extreme-nationalism Fascism: extreme nationalism] ''Britannica''</ref>

Fascist administrations often give financial incentives and rewards to large families; this is part of an effort to boost birthrates and expand the societal population.<ref>McDonald, Harmish, ''Mussolini and [[Italian Fascism]]'' (Nelson Thornes, 1999) p. 27.</ref> After all, more babies eventually means more people and more productivity, so its good for everyone. [[Julius Caesar]] was the first known fascist to enshrine the idea.

==Direct action==
A successful fascist movement will rely on public opinion because fascism grows from society. It is born of tradition.

Fascism emphasizes [[direct action]] up as a core method of achieving its aims.<ref>''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology.'' Oxon, England; New York: Routledge, 2010. p. 106.</ref> Fascism acknowleges lifes' struggle, and without struggle, society will decay and collapse due to its own decadence. [[Struggle]] makes us strong. Fascism follows natural law. This set of beliefs is a part of fascist core, that life isn't easy, and we should always be prepared for the bad times.

==Eugenics==
Plato, who wrote the first books on fascism, admired the [[Spartans]] and lifted their fascist ideas regularly. He noted how the Spartans would test their infants for health, and cull the weak. Cruel on the surface, he also admired how strong and healthy the Spartans were.

[[Eugenics]] is embraced by fascists because it is important to be the best society possible. Fascists do not believe that families should knowingly produce offspring that might be deformed, sick or weak. Such people are victims of their own selfish parents, condemned to lead a difficult, sometimes agonizing life.

In [[nature]], such things almost never happen. Thus eugenics is an extention of [[nature]]. Eugenics is simply the idea of choosing parents that will produce the best offspring. It does not mean we should dip our infants in icewater like the Spartans did, or give people some sort of death needle; farmers practice eugenics every day. So do people who breed show-animals. You do it every time you size somebody up as a potential mate, or wonder what your children might look like with certain people. Eugenics is simply the science of this.

Fascists try to create greater numbers of strong and healthy people, to ultimately make society stronger and healthier.

==Pro-intellectualism==
{{quote|"In truth, we are relativists par excellence, and the moment relativism linked up with [[Nietzsche]], and with his Will to Power, was when Italian Fascism became, as it still is, the most magnificent creation of an individual and a national Will to Power."|Benito Mussolini<ref>Wolin, Richard. The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from [[Nietzsche]] to Postmodernism (p. 27). Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref>}}

It's been effectively argued (originally from Isaiah [[Berlin]]) that fascism drew upon the "[[Counter-Enlightenment]]" movement, a movement he pinned primarily to Continental German philosophy and [[subjectivism]].<ref>http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/ac/counter-enlightenment.pdf</ref> Opposing [[the Enlightenment]] ideal of "democracy", but also opposing a return to older forms of [[feudalism]], this movement came to be heavily influenced by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and his concept of the Will to Power. The movement was characterized by a belief in [[vitalism]] (a desire for a spiritual rejuvenation that often opposed both contemporary [[monotheism]] and [[atheism]]/agnosticism) and anti-[[rationalism]], and a view of liberalism and modern civilization as decadent to the bone.

Fascism is often accused of being anti-intellectual. The opposite is actually true. [[Plato]], obviously, and 2/3s of all published [[philosophers]] during the 1st half of the [[20th century]], from [[Ezra Pound]] to [[Julius Evola]] were all fascists. All of the top scientists in the space and nuclear programs were fascists. Many of the greatest genii in history were also fascists. Intellectualism is actually a fascist strong point. Little wonder why anti-fascists attempt to paint an opposite picture.

==Anti-Communism==
Although many adherents of [[socialism]] and [[communism]] would reject labeling the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) as evil, such as British communist and pro-Soviet apologist Seumas Milne,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart</ref> opponents would certainly condemn the Marxist ideas of the Soviet regime and ideology. Among them: horrific bloodsheds and genocides perpetrated under [[Lenin]] and [[Stalin]], gulags (Russian slave labor and death camps), the silencing of any opposition, the lack of any fair or democratic representation, expansionism and imperialism, discrimination against minorities, cult of personality (especially under [[Stalin]]) and totalitarianism. One of the greatest crimes of humanity, the [[Holodomor]], was committed by the Soviet state.

[[Stalin]]'s bolsheviks were well known for their over-the-top brutality and torture. He had communist partisans in EVERY nation on earth attempting, and often succeeding, to overthrow governments and convert those nations into satellite states. The only force that made any attempt to stop [[Marxism]] was Fascism.

==Fascism and the Church==
{{quote|"Your Excellency! The priests of Italy invoke over your person, your work as the restorer of Italy and the founder of the Fascist government the blessing of the Lord and an eternal halo of Roman wisdom and virtue, today and forever! Duce! The servants of Christ, the fathers of the peasantry honor you loyally. they bless you. they swear loyalty to you. With pious enthusiasm, with the voice and heart of the people we call: hail the Duce!|Father Menossi,|January 12, 1938, Palazzo Venezia}}
...to which seventy-two bishops and 2,340 priests broke out into shouting: "Duce! Duce! Duce!"<ref name="Duce">''God and the Fascists - The Vatican alliance with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler and Pavelić'', Karlheinz Deschner, Prometheus Books, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-61614-837-9, p. 23</ref>}}

During the early 20th century, there were three ideologies of various flavours floating around; Fascism, Liberalism and Communism. Liberalism was and is very much against the structured order that an organized religion requires, especially with all the immorality encouraged. Communism, despite (or because of) its similarities to a religion, yet mandates atheism.

Fascism, based on ancient Rome, always creates an ordered society, authority should be respected and earned; this worked perfectly for the Church. The [[Catholic Church]] endorsed Fascism.

Arising out of the misery and humiliation of the First World War, modern fascist movements were in favor of the defense of traditional values against Bolshevism, and upheld nationalism and piety. It is probably not a coincidence that they arose first and most excitedly in Catholic countries, and it is certainly not a coincidence that the Catholic Church was generally sympathetic to fascism as an idea. Not only did the church regard [[Communism]] as a lethal foe, but it also saw its old [[jew]] enemy in the most senior ranks of [[Lenin]]'s party.

[[Benito Mussolini]] was still newly appointed in Italy at the time the [[Vatican]] made an official treaty with his government, known as the [[Lateran Pact]] of 1929. Under the terms of this pact, the Catholic Church enjoyed government support for what they were already doing, matters such as birth, marriage, death, and education, etc. [[Pope]] Pius XI described [[II Duce]] ("the leader") as "a man sent by providence."

Across southern Europe, the church was a reliable ally in the instatement of fascist administrations in Spain, Portugal, and Croatia. The Vatican supported Mussolini's emulation of the [[Roman Empire]].

In Hungary, Admiral Horthy was warmly endorsed by the church, as were similar fascist movements in Slovakia and Austria. (The government in Slovakia was actually led by a man in holy orders named [[Father Tiso]].) The Catholic fascist organizations such as [[Charles Maurras]]'s [[Action Française]] and the [[Croix de Feu]] campaigned against French communists and made no bones about their grievance, which was the way in which France had been going downhill since the acquittal of the [[jew]] captain [[Alfred Dreyfus]] in 1899.

The Vichy government promoted clericalism by wiping the slogan of 1789 — "Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite" — off the national currency and replacing it with the Christian ideal motto of "Famille, Travail, Patrie." Even in a country like England, where fascist sympathies were far less prevalent, they still found it easy to get an audience in respectable circles by the agency of Catholic intellectuals such as T. S. Eliot and Evelyn Waugh.

In neighboring Ireland, the [[Blue Shirt]] movement of [[General O'Duffy]] (which sent volunteers to fight for Franco in Spain) was supported greatly by the Catholic Church. As late as April 1945, on the news of the death of Hitler, President [[Eamon de Valera]] put on his top hat, called for the state coach, and went to the German embassy in Dublin to offer his official condolences.

==The term "fascism"as an epithet==
{{quote|"It will be seen that, as used, the word ‘Fascism’ is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, Social Credit, [[corporal punishment]], fox-hunting, bull-fighting, the 1922 Committee, the 1941 Committee, Kipling, Gandhi, [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[homosexuality]], Priestley's broadcasts, Youth Hostels, [[astrology]], women, dogs and I do not know what else, watching Marxism take hold."|George Orwell| ''What is Fascism?''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/efasc |title=George Orwell: What is Fascism?}}</ref>}}

Fascism is largly misunderstood due to manipulation of the word on television, in books, and movies. The [[judeo-Marxists]] who won WW2 are now in charge of the mainstream media, our politics, and our education system, and so the [[propaganda]] continues long after the war has been over.

This consists also of attempts to deny that one's own side of the [[political spectrum]] has anything in common with fascism, or alternatively to slime people on the ''opposite'' side of the political spectrum by (Association fallacy) claiming such commonalities taking advantage of the very incorrect [[perception]] that there is something wrong with fascism. These tactics have been carried pretty far, as mentioned above, with "fascist" [[Godwin's Law|becoming a general insult or accusation hurled around loosely]], usually inappropriately and often childishly, to criticise anyone or anything we find even slightly overbearing or restrictive.

In the 1920s and 1930s, [[communist]]s came to lump all their most difficult opponents together under the label of "fascist" and conversely to regard their fascist enemies as ''defenders of [[capitalism]]'', despite fascism being [[Third positionism |not only anti-Marxist, but also anti-capitalist]].

==Fascism and the political spectrum==
There is considerable dispute in some circles over whether fascism is a left- or [[Right-Wing|right-wing]] idea.

In Greece, Sparta, ancient Rome, the Holy Roman Empire, and even early America, the concepts of political "right" and "left" were not yet fully developed. So, it is not even possible to discuss classical fascism in those terms.

Fascism, in modern times, besides being anti-communist, is [[Third positionism|also quite anti-capitalist]], targeted by [[antifa]], supporting limited [[welfare programs]] and other non-laissez-faire economic ideas. In most of Europe, the people had never been on board with extreme capitalism anyway; keeping greedy big business in check had been the [[norm]] since the days of Bismarck. In most cases, fascists wished to remove the influence of the capitalist class, and partially restore the traditional pre-capitalist system. <ref>The [[Rape]] of [[Europa (book)]]|The Rape of Europa}}''.</ref>

More recently, some conservative luminaries such as [[Jonah Goldberg]], [[Dinesh D'Souza]], and others have been claiming that [[liberal]]s and everyone else to the left of them are "fascists." This tactic usually relies on finding commonalities between them and some fascist program.

The [[Political Compass]] generally rates fascists as in the center, well to the left of today's [[Right-Wing|right-wing]] politicians but well to the right of socialist figures. Fascism is a form of third positionism anyway, so it is no wonder that it lands center on a simple left-right scale.

=See also=
<div style="column-count:3">
*[[Third Position]]
*[[Communism]]
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Marxism]]
*[[M - Son of the Century]]
*[[Antifa]]
*[[Ursula Haverbeck]]
*[[Syndicalism]]
*[[Sorelianism]]
*[[Strasserism]]
*[[Corporatism]]
*[[National Syndicalism]]
*[[National Socialism]]
*[[Parts of a fasces]]
</div>

=References=
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Key Articles]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Fascism

2025-03-25T23:23:26Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{Greatarticle}} {{Charter}} {{Key|*Key Article*}}
{{horizontal TOC|align=center}}
[[File:Lictors.png|200px|thumb|left|A Roman Lictor and his fasces.]]'''Fascism''' is a term applied to a very diverse range of historical and existing [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[philosophies]], movements, and administrations. However the false narrative, in the form of [[propaganda]] spun by those who fear and hate fascism, would lead one to think that is evil, [[DANGEROUS|dangerous]], and at the same [[time]] ''blundering'' and stupid. Throughout all of [[history]], it is the greatest [[leaders]] who are able to [[fascify]] their [[people]].

In [[America]], fascism is sometimes demonized as a brand of [[Right-wing]] [[totalitarianism]], while simultaneously accusing it of being unpatriotic, anti-[[American]], big corporation, etc. Really, just whatever the speaker thinks the listener hates and fears the most.

=The Truth=
[[File:Aristotle.png|200px|thumb|right|Aristotle, the father of natural law.]]
Fascism is a [[philosophy]] of personal and national strength and spirit over the degeneration into material excess and decadence. Fascism recognizes that personal victory and pride is reflected in familial pride, community pride, and national pride. The healthy individual is a reflection of the state, and the state should be a reflection of a healthy individual.

Fascism recognizes the divine [[nature]] of man, as expressed through creative, vital, evolutionary, life-affirming pursuits. Thus, fascism instinctively recognizes and shuns the destructive, lethargic, degenerative, life-negating pastimes of [[materialist]] modernity. These principles are equally reflected in the individual, the family, local community, and the larger state.

Fascism’s highest goal is life and [[love]]. Love for [[nature]], love for kin, love for [[nation]], and love for health. Disease, greed, hatred, and [[self]]-destructive lifestyle choices are profoundly anti-fascist principles. Those refined disciplined actions and values that carry man closest to his idealized self, are in line with fascist principles. You will find the inversion of these noble values in contemporary hedonistic consumerist addict [[culture]].

Understanding that [[Natural]] Law is the highest example of divine [[truth]] on earth, fascists strive to recognize and emulate Natural Law in their own lives. Understanding the need for martial training to protect personal and national boundaries, recognizing that the healthy and vital are most likely to lead and improve the herd, and that the slowest and lame are not models for a healthy [[society]].

Fascists recognized the role of duty to self, family, community, and nation. That our duty is the price we pay to honour those that sacrificed for us, and those that will come after. That rampant [[individualism]] is a pathway towards disorder, chaos, [[hedonism]], and [[spiritual]] degeneration. Fascism is strength, life, and order. The opposite is laziness, death, and chaos.

==Fascist Characteristics:==
[[File:HungarianGuard.png|thumb|right|Members of the Hungarian National Guard Brigade of Nyiregyháza stand as they are blessed by a Roman Catholic priest, a Lutheran pastor, and a Hungarian Protestant minister.]]There are common threads that are shared in common.

These are:

*Respect for [[tradition]]
*Strong family
*Strong military
*Very patriotic
*Critical of faux-[[democracy]]
*Pro free market, anti-capitalist
*Anti Marxist
*Anti Communist, anti [[cultural Marxism]]
*A dedicated and patriotic leader
*Belief in a [[Natural Law]]
*Belief in duty to country [[File:Volunteers1.png|thumb|right|Fascists do more volunteer work than either Capitalists or Communists]]
*Belief in [[individual rights]] and responsibility
*Belief in strong unity
*Strong [[religious]]/spiritual beliefs
*[[Roman]]-[[style]] [[spectacle]]
*Belief that society is an extension of the family
*Strong foreign policy
*Anti-[[globalism]]
*Small Efficient [[Government]]

==History==
Fascism is most often attributed to [[Hitler]], [[MussolinI|Mussolini]], or [[Giovanni Gentile]], but none of them invented fascism. People may automatically think of Hitler, or believe they are intelligent and rattle off [[MussolinI|Mussolini]] or Gentile, but they would still be [[wrong]]. [[MussolinI|Mussolini]] may have [[coined the term]], but Fascism is actually thousands of years old, probably as old as civilization itself.

===Classic Fascism===
[[File:Plato.png|200px|thumb|left|Plato, pioneer of fascist philosophy.]]Classic fascism includes all pre-[[WW2]] fascism, and the Mussolini era up to the March on [[Rome]].

====The Spartans, ancient Greece, and Plato====
Sparta, also called [[Lacedæmon]], was the capital of the province of Laconia in southern Peloponnese and one of the leading cities of [[Greece]]. In the Homeric world, Laconia was the Kingdom of Menelaus, brother of [[Agamemnon]] (himself King of Argos, or of Mycenæ) and husband of Helen.

At the beginning of his Histories of the Persian Wars, [[Herodotus]], talking about the relationship between [[Croesus]], King of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century B. C., and Greece, presents [[Sparta]] and [[Athens]] as the two most powerful cities of Greece. With Sparta leading the Dorians, described as a migrant people, eventually settled in Peloponnese, and Athens the Ionian, presented as a people that always lived in the land (the autochtons as they liked to call themselves, that is, the ones born from the land itself).

In the time of [[Socrates]] and [[Plato]], Sparta enjoyed a rather unique [[constitution]] (it was a Republic, as are most fascist states) and way of life which fascinated, or at least intrigued, many Greeks, including Plato and above all [[Xenophon]]. This fascination, under various forms, lasted till our day. The origin of Sparta's constitution was ascribed to [[Lycurgus]], the first known fascist and legendary lawgiver who would have lived around the 10th century B.C. Lycurgus was supposed to have received the constitution of Sparta, a document called the [[Rhètra]], from [[Apollo]] himself at [[Delphi]] (most of what we know about Lycurgus comes from the Life of Lycurgus by [[Plutarch]]). But modern historians would rather ascribe the origin of the constitution that existed in Sparta in the 5th century to the second half of the 7th century B. C.

Plato grew up during the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431-404) and came of age around the time of Athens’ final defeat by Sparta and the [[political]] chaos that followed. He was educated in philosophy, [[poetry]] and gymnastics by distinguished Athenian teachers including the [[philosopher]] [[Cratylus]]. He admired his enemies, the Spartans, and wrote about them in depth. He was the first person known to put fascist ideas to paper, and wrote extensively about the responsibilities of society, the [[freedom]] and duties of its citizens, eugenics, nationalism, etc.

In "[[The Republic]]" Plato believed in the need for a "philosopher king" in an [[ideal]] state. Plato also believed the ideal state would be ruled by a capable and educated class of [[authoritarian]] rulers with broad powers, but not above law. Plato held Athenian democracy in contempt by saying: "The laws of democracy remain a dead letter, its freedom is anarchy, its [[equality]] the equality of unequals". As a fascist, Plato emphasized that individuals must adhere to laws and perform duties to society. Plato also felt that an ideal state would have state-run education so that every child would receive one, an [[idea]] he invented. Like many fascist ideologues, Plato advocated for a state-sponsored [[eugenics]] program to be carried out in order to improve the citizenry in his Republic through selective breeding.

He invented the word "[[Republic]]" to mean a happy society of individuals, organized to a single greater purpose, a system that today would be called fascism.

==== Ancient Rome ====
[[File:Romanfamily.png|300px|thumb|right|A typical Roman family at home. The family unit is the foundation of all fascism. Ancient Rome was fascist, and based its society largely on the philosophies of Plato.]]
[[Ancient Rome]] was mankind's most successful civilization. The Romans based their [[civilization]] largely on Plato's ideas. Plato wrote about fascism, but it was the Romans who put those ideas into practice.

Life in ancient Rome facilitated fascist ideals which included [[honor]], family, community, strength, power, and military readiness, as well as unity and [[loyalty]] to the nation-state, which some Romans deified itself. If Rome was itself a Deity, then all of its inhabitants were a part of that Deity. (This thinking is no different than [[Lycurgus]] receiving the Spartan Constitution from Apollo, or the American crafters of the US Constitution being inspired by God.)

While physical strength and athleticism were key components of a good Roman, a strong mentality, healthy family, and emotional stability were also important. Romans required a strong sense of [[family]], [[community]], [[statism]] and [[nationalism]], and regimented uniformity occurred naturally as desired.

Ancient Rome was a long-lived Civilization spanning 3000 years. There have been many leaders, many [[Caesar]]s, and ancient Roman fascism waxed and waned along with these men. In the end, the [[politics]], philosophies, and ideals of ancient Rome have been the blueprint for every fascist nation that has come after it.

====The Holy Roman Empire====
[[File:holyromanempire.png|thumb|250px|left|Flag of the Holy Roman Empire, a fascist state meant to revive fascist Rome.]]
The [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. It originated with the partition of the [[Frankish Empire]], following the Treaty of Verdun in 843. At its peak the Holy Roman [[Empire]] encompassed the territories of present-day [[Germany]], Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia, Belgium, and the Netherlands as well as large parts of modern [[Poland]], France and [[Italy]]. The Holy Roman Empire was created in 800 when [[Charlemagne]] was crowned by [[Pope Leo III]].

Charlemagne set out on an ambitious campaign to expand the territory. He brought a peaceful existence to areas that had been warring for generations. The people were finally happy. Because of this very fascist unification, Charlemagne is sometimes called the Father of Europe.

Over the centuries, the name Charlemagne became associated with [[Europe]]an unification. His very [[name]] invokes fascist feelings, and a sense of a great society. [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], declared in 1806: "Je suis Charlemagne"—"I am Charlemagne."

====The Enlightenment====
[[File:theenlightenment.png|300px|thumb|]]
There were a number of influences on fascism from the [[Renaissance]] era in Europe. [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] is known to have influenced [[Italian]] Fascism, with his warning about [[anarchy]] and divided people. Machiavelli rejected all existing traditional and [[metaphysical]] assumptions of the time, especially those associated with the [[Middle Ages]], and asserted as an Italian patriot that Italy needed a strong state led by a vigorous and virtuous leader who would unify Italy. Mussolini professed that Machiavelli's "pessimism about human [[nature]] was eternal in its acuity".

English political theorist [[Thomas Hobbes]] in his work created the [[ideology]] of [[absolutism]], and absolutism was an influence on fascism. Absolutism based its legitimacy on certain precedents of [[Roman law]]. However, fascism supports the power of the state, it also supports the power of the individual, and opposes the idea of absolute power being in the hands of a monarch.

During the [[Enlightenment]], a number of ideological influences arose that would shape the development of fascism. The development of the study of [[universal]] histories by [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] resulted in Herder's analysis of the development of nations. Herder developed the term [[Nationalismus]] ("nationalism") to describe this cultural phenomenon. Herder also developed the [[theory]] (now used by archeologists) that [[Europeans]] are the descendants of Indo-Aryan people, based on language studies.

Another major influence on fascism came from the political [[theories]] of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. Hegel wrote of Authority vs. Anarchy, and said "nothing short of the state is the actualization of freedom" and (echoing American founding fathers) that the "state is the march of God on earth".
The [[French Revolution]] and its political legacy had a major influence upon the development of fascism. Fascists view the [[French]] [[Revolution]] as a largely negative event that resulted in the entrenchment of liberal ideas such as [[liberal democracy]], [[liberalism]] itself, and [[scientific]] socialism.

====Early America====
[[File:Washingtonfascist.png|thumb|left|300px|[[George Washington]] modelled himself after the Roman [[Emperor]] Cincinnatus, and commssioned much art and sculpture to depict him in this manner. This is why he is called "[[George Washington|Americas First Fascist]]
Centuries after Fascist Rome fell, the compendium of Roman classics served as an ideological guidebook for the American founders. Classical Roman concepts and figures exerted a formative influence on the founders’ governmental theories and principles of [[virtue]]. The founders considered [[Ancient Rome]] to be a blueprint for their new nation. Roman heroes and villains became common references in American political rhetoric. Every founding father was a fascist, a [[traditionalist]], and an authoritarian. About one third (at the very least) of the American founding fathers would be called fascists today, and it is important to understand that these men were attempting to recreate ancient Rome.

[[John Adams]] was inspired by the writings of Polybius on Roman "[[mixed government]]", a system that today would be called fascism. [[George Washington]] modeled his sense of courage and purpose on the characters of [[Cincinnatus]] and [[Cato the Younger]]. Cato was a Roman politician whose [[moral]] integrity inspired all of the founders. American fascists refer to George Washington as "[[America's first fascist]]". [[Alexander Hamilton]] adopted the pen-name “Tully” (a popular nickname for [[Cicero]]) for a series of essays condemning the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Hamilton’s fascist reproach of the Whiskey rebels emulated Cicero’s.

The founders used classical symbols in their rhetoric to implicitly compare themselves to Roman leaders. By associating themselves with these classical symbols, the founders imbued the wisdom and virtue of Roman fascists into their own messages and built a foundation rooted in historical fascism for the fledgling American nation.

====Italian Fascism====
By the early 1920s, popular support for the Fascist movement's fight against [[Bolshevism]] (Communism) numbered some 250,000 people. In 1921, the Fascists achieved political legitimacy when [[Mussolini]] was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies]] in 1922. Although the Liberal Party retained power, the governing prime ministries proved ephemeral and incompetent, especially that of the fifth Prime Minister [[Luigi Facta]], whose government proved vacillating.

To depose the weak minister, Deputy Mussolini launched ''the March on Rome'' to restore fascist pride, and send a strong message to the King. On October 28, whilst the march occurred, [[King Victor Emmanuel III]] withdrew his support of Prime Minister Facta and appointed [[Benito Mussolini]] as the sixth Prime Minister of Italy.

The [[March on Rome]] became a victory parade; the Fascist success was both revolutionary and traditionalist.

===World War 2 Fascism===
After Italy, the movement diversified and spread across Europe, eventually becoming prominent in administrations such as [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[NatSoc Germany]] and [[Francisco Franco]]'s [[Spain]]. There were also significant fascist movements in many other places as well, including fascist revivals in the United States, such as the [[Silver Legion of America]] and the [[German]] American Bund. In Europe there was [[Oswald Mosley]]'s [[British Union of Fascists]], [[Codreanu]]'s Legionaires, and many [[others]].

===Post War Fascism===
====Estado Novo====
[[António de Oliveira Salazar]], of [[Portugal]] and the inventor of the fascist ideology of Estado Novo (New State), was influenced by two ideologic ideals:
*[Action Française]], lead by [[Charles Maurras]], who was a French fascist, Catholic and fascist.
*Mussolini Fascism. He admired Mussolini (he had a picture of Benito Mussolini on his desk, at his office, even after WW2).

Portugal was deeply Catholic, conservative, fascist, and had lots of support for the restoration of the [[monarchy]]. [[Estado Novo]] (Salazarism) is part of the Populist branch of Fascism,
And it should be noted that Estado Novo was a mix of the older [[Christian]] beliefs and Fascism. One famous quote of his is:
“Para Angola, rapidamente e em força" which translates to “To Angola, quickly and with force".

====Pinochet====
[[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in Chile following a United States enforced fair election on September 1973 that overthrew the corrupt socialist [[Unidad Popular]] government of murderous Communist [[Salvador Allende]] and ended years of rigged elections, torture, and criminal government. The support of the [[United States]] was crucial to enforcing the election results.

The ousted [[communists]] have put forth many lurid accusations, without proof, of outlandish and cartoonish atrocities that they claim were performed by [[Pinochet]]. These include "[[Helicopter rides]]", where his enemies were supposedly thrown from helicopters at great expense, and performing mass executions on soccer fields filled with victims.

Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the [[Chilean Army]] by Allende on August 23, 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. But Pinochet had been using a strategy. He had been quietly replacing key officers with anti-communists. He knew that if successful he would free [[Chile]], but if he failed, he knew he was a dead man. Immediately he challenged Allende to a fair election, and won that election only a month later.

In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet President of the nation by joint decree. Following his success, Pinochet removed 1200-3200 corrupt leftists, communists, [[marxists]], and other criminals from public offices. Operation Condor was founded at the behest of the Pinochet government in late November 1975, his 60st birthday.

Pinochet's peaceful Fascist government implemented economic liberalization, including currency stabilization, removed tariff protections for local industry, banned trade unions and privatized [[social security]] and other state-owned enterprises. These policies produced high economic growth, and were universally acclaimed by economists around the world. For most of the 1990s, Chile was the best-performing economy in [[Latin]] America, and the legacy of Pinochet's reforms are not in dispute.

Pinochet's 17-year administration was given a legal framework through the public drafted 1980 [[plebiscite]], which approved a new constitution drafted by a civilian commission. In a 1988 plebiscite, 56% voted against Pinochet's continuing as president, but Pinochet survived the election due to electoral votes. [[Fair elections]] for the Presidency and Congress continued to be a hallmark of the new Fascist government. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until March 10, 1998, when he retired and became a [[senator-for-life]], as all Chilean Presidents do under the 1980 Constitution, until the time of his death on December 10, 2006,

===Fascism Today===
====The Internet====
Fascism has survived on the internet in places that respect the human right of free speech. Many places are quickly shut down by anti-fascists via underhanded means, other places survive, even thrive. These include:

* [[Main Page|fascipedia.org]] (Right here!)
* [[Fascist senate of GAB]], a Gab group
* [https://gab.com/groups/4502 Fascism 2], Gab's Largest fascism group
* [[Places of Fascism]] is an internet catalogue of over 1400 fascist monuments across Italy.

====Golden Dawn====
Golden Dawnism, or Michaloliakosism, is a [[Greek]] fascist, and fascist ideology representing the views of the Golden Dawn and its founder [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]].
It believes in the ideals of the former [[Byzantine Empire]], a concept known as the [[Megali Idea]].

Taking ideas from [[National Socialism]], [[Populism]], as well as the former Greek [[Metaxism|Metaxist]] administration, it supports [[Economic Nationalism]], immigration stays, and [[national unity]].

====Nordic Resistance Front====
(NRF) is a fascist, economically center-[[left]], statist, strongly patriotic, culturally centrist and somewhat militaristic group, which supports the combination of [[social]] economic policies, such as a [[capitalist]] market economy heavily regulated in favour of the working class, an abundance of social programs and public ownership of systems such as education and healthcare, with the belief that a strong military capability, "predominance of the armed forces in the administration of the state" and respect for the military is needed in an ideal society and that the nation should be prepared to use military force in order to defend or promote its national interests.

====Casa Pound====
'''[[CasaPound Italia]]''' is an Italian fascist movement and formerly a [[political party]] born as a network of social centres arising from the occupation of a state-owned building by liberators in the neighborhood of Esquilino in Rome on December 26 2003. Subsequently, [[Casapound|CasaPound]] spread with other demonstrations and various initiatives, becoming a political movement.

As such, in June 2008, [[Casapound|CasaPound]] therefore constituted an association of social promotion, and assumed its current name [[Casapound|CasaPound]] Italia – CPI; the party's [[symbol]] is the Arrowed Turtle. On June 26 2019, CasaPound's leader [[Gianluca Iannone]] announced [[CasaPound Italia]]'s existence as a political party was finished, going back to its original status of social movement.

[[Casa Pound]] is most well known for providing shelter to the homeless, food for the hungry, and other services such as daycare, and transportation for the less fortunate.

====Jackson's Legion====
Jackson's [[legion]] are members of [[Patriot Front]], which is an American fascist, fascist and highly traditionalist [[activist]] group. they split off from [[Vanguard America]] during the aftermath of the [[Unite the Right]] rally in 2017. The group maintains an Americana aesthetic, utilizing imagery of American culture, [[patriotism]], and other widely accepted traditional American values.

Their stated mission is "a hard reset on the nation we see today, and a return to the traditions and virtues of our forefathers".

====Victor Orban====
[[Viktor Orban]] successfully converted hard democracy and turned Hungry into a near fascist nation. Viktor Orban is a fascist, fascist, anti-[[globalist]], anti [[LGBT]]+, non-immigrationist, and hard anti-Communist. He has stated that "the left is destroying Europe", and that he "fights liberalism and the errors of the [[Soviet Union]] which are present in the [[European]] Union".

====Rodrigo Duterte====
"That's right, call me a fascist. I am proud to be a fascist. I love my people, what else can I be?"
~ Rodrigo [[Duterte]]

The most popular leader in the history of the Philippines, Duterte is a hard fascist, populist, pro-law administrator who is hard on crime.

Duterte's rise from the legal ranks to politician began when he was named special counsel at the City Prosecution Office of Davao City in 1977. He became assistant city prosecutor two years later, and in 1986 he was elected vice mayor of [[Davao City]].

That same year, President Ferdinand Marcos was ousted in the [[People Power Revolution]], fueling an increase in crime that was particularly rampant in Davao City. Elected mayor in 1988, Duterte sought to crack down on criminal activity by imposing a strict curfew and drinking laws.

Nicknamed the "Punisher" for his controversial methods, Duterte nevertheless was successful in reducing crime.

The political positions of Rodrigo Duterte, President of the Philippines, have been difficult to define coherently into what some analysts have attempted to package as "Dutertism" due to numerous policy shifts over his career. Because he is a fascist, he is all over the place on the [[left-right political scale]], he has even courted with communism at times. He has referred to himself as a [[socialist]] but stresses very strongly that he is not a communist.

====Silvio Berlusconi====
"During WW2, fascism was the only force standing between us and communism...Mussolini was absolutely right."
~ Silvio Berlusconi

[[Silvio Berlusconi]] is the former Prime Minister of Italy who owns the largest broadcasting company in that country, Mediaset. Berlusconi is a controversial figure in modern Italian politics, mostly because his tenure as Prime Minister was racked with bogus legal assaults from his Marxist opponents, despite his good [[judgement]] decision-making, and extreme popularity.

He entered politics due to the [[Mani Pulite investigations]], which were led by communist prosecutors who wanted to establish a soviet-style government in Italy.

He formed the [[Forza Italia]] for the sole [[reason]] of breaking [[corruption]], and in a popular landslide, defeated the five entrenched liberal/Marxist governing parties, [[Christian Democracy]] (Democrazia Cristiana), the [[Italian Socialist Party]], the [[Italian Social-Democratic Party]], the [[Italian Republican Party]] and the [[Italian Liberal Party]] overwhelmingly, and they lost much of their electoral strength almost overnight.

====Alessandra Mussolini====
[[Alessandra Mussolini]] is the granddaughter of Benito Mussolini who served as a Member of [[the European]] Parliament for [[Forza Italia]]. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013 and the Italian Senate from 2013 to 2014, she was elected under [[The People of Freedom]]. She was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in 2014. She was the founder and leader of the national conservative political party [[Social Action]]; from 2004 until 2008, Mussolini is an outspoken advocate of her grandfather [[Benito Mussolini]] and agrees with many of his ideas.

====[[Isabel Peralta]]====
[[Isabel Medina Peralta]] is a Spanish [[fascist]] and political activist. She became known after giving a speech in Madrid in 2021 in honour of [[Blue Division]], a Spanish unit of volunteers who fought alongside [[National Socialist Germany]] on the [[Eastern Front (The World's War Against Communism)|Eastern Front]] during [[The World's War Against Communism]].

{{Rquote|right|''"It is our supreme duty to fight for Spain and for Europe, now weakened and destroyed by the enemy. An enemy who will always be the same albeit with different masks: the jew. Because nothing is more certain than this, the [[jew]] is the guilty one. The [[jew]] is guilty and the Blue Division fought against them. The [[jew]] is behind Communism, a [[jew]] invention destined to divide workers and destroy nations."''|Isabel Peralta|Madrid, 13 February 2021<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20210216/isabel-peralta-falangista-denigro-judios-11525216 Así es Isabel Peralta, la falangista que denigró a los judíos en el homenaje a la División Azul]</ref>}}

=Fascism by style=

==Italian Fascism==
{{Rquote|right|Mussolini signed the Convention with the Church and welcomed the bishops who blessed the Fascist pennants. Mussolini always cited the name of God in his speeches, and did not mind being called the Man of Providence.|Umberto Eco, ''Ur-fascism'' (1995)<ref>https://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/eco_ur-fascism.pdf</ref>}}

Italy, since 1922 under Mussolini, is commonly (Though very wrongly, thanks to ongoing propaganda) considered the first fascist administration, and his methods became a very strong influence on [[Adolf]] Hitler.<ref>[[Ian Kershaw]]. Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris. New York; [[London]]: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. p. 182.</ref> [[Fascist Italy]] is mostly characterized by its focus on [[Italian nationalism]] (particularly on the historical Roman Empire <ref>[https://commons.trincoll.edu/historyblog/2012/11/07/mussolinis/ Mussolini’s Battle For The Roman Past: The Ancient Redesigned]</ref>), Mussolini's take on fascism is probably the version best defined by the phrase "[[third positionism]]".

Fascist Italy was also a colonial power in [[North Africa]]. Much of Mussolini's influences took direct inspiration from Ancient Rome; he explicitly wanted to recreate a new Roman Empire and believed a return to Roman fascism would bring about a "Third" Rome (after the original ancient Rome and the Holy Roman Empire afterwards). His speeches explicitly echoed the ''[[Risorgimento]]'' (Italian resurgence or reunification) with his talk of a "Third Rome." <ref>Martin Clark, Mussolini: Profiles in Power (London: Pearson Longman, 2005), 136</ref> ''Terza Roma'' (Third Rome) was also a name for Mussolini's plan to restore a devastated society, hopefully to greatness.<ref>Discorso pronunciato in Campidoglio per l'insediamento del primo Governatore di Roma il 31 dicembre 1925, [[Internet Archive]] copy of a page with a Mussolini speech.</ref>

==National Socialism==
The [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] was lawfully elected into power in Germany and Hitler was named chancellor in 1933. From there, the administration returned prosperity to a devasted German populace.

The population demanded a return to traditional values and an end to open decadence. The Reichtag, (Germany's Senate) produced the [[Nuremberg Laws]], which Hitler signed. Which criminalized sodomy, pedophilia, and made a host of other changes the people demanded of their representatives. Another of Germany's cornerstone ideals was the concept of [[lebensraum]], which was the idea that Germany should colonize [[Africa]] and other parts of the World just as so many other nations had done. This idea was vastly popular with the German people.

==Shōwa Statism (Japan)==
[[Shōwa]], although not based on ancient Rome, is a fascist doctrine. [[Japan]] has been more or less fascist throughout its history. If a person were to keep score, Japan would tick off all or most of the traits of fascism. Though not based on ancient Roman ideas, the [[Japanese]] culture is quite fascist in almost every way. Japan is still this way today.

[[Imperial Japan]] from the 1920s onwards became dominated by the ''[[Kōdōha]]'' (or "Imperial Way") which established an Administration based on [[eastern fascism]] until its forcible dissolution in 1936.

[[Imperial Way Faction]] This ideology, whilst distinctly Japanese, holds many parallels to Fascism, from the adherence to tradition and ancestors, to a respect to those who perform great duties to society. Although it lost power, the Imperial Way Faction's followers retained great influence over Japanese politics during WW2.

Japan during this time was expansionist, and it became mired in a war with [[China]] in 1937. <ref>[https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/japans-territorial-expansion-1931-1942 Japan's Territorial Expansion 1931-1942] ''Stratfor''</ref> The Japanese people had long resented the Western [[imperialist]] powers running roughshod over Asia, and sought to establish their own empire as an Asian counterweight.

==India==
Fascism in [[India]] is deeply based on their [[religion]] and culture, and quickly becomes very complex, especially to the westerner. Those who are interested should click to more detailed articles. These short clips do not do [[justice]] to Indian Fascism and nationalism.

To this day, many [[Hindu]] Fascists in India admire [[Der Fuhrer]], [[Il Duce]], and especially [[Plato]], and their famous works [[Mein Kampf]], [[Doctrine of Fascism]], and [[The Republic]] remain widely popular, especially among the young.

===Savitri Devi===

[[Maximiani Portas]] on September 30, 1905, in Lyons, [[France]], of a Greek father and an English mother. The passionate iconoclasm that would mark so much of her life began early: At age eleven, during the [[First World War]], she chalked anti-[[Entente]] slogans on the Lyons railway station (“Down with the Allies, Long Live Germany”) as a protest against the illegal Allied invasion of neutral Greece.

A true polymath, Portas earned degrees in chemistry and philosophy, wrote her doctoral thesis on the philosophy of [[science]], and would eventually master at least seven languages, including Bengali and Hindi.

In 1932 she traveled to India. On the subcontinent she sought:

"[[gods]] and rites akin to those of [[ancient Greece]], of ancient Rome, of ancient Britain and ancient Germany, that people of our [[race]] carried there, with the cult of the Sun, six thousand years ago."

Her exemplar was [[Julian the Apostate]], the fourth-century emperor who briefly restored [[paganism]] and the cult of the Sun to the Roman Empire.

Portas took up residence in Calcutta and quickly immersed herself in the Hindu fascist movements, lineal ancestors of the modern BJP, that were then waging a two-front political campaign against [[Islam]] and British [[colonialism]]. She worked as a traveling lecturer for the [[Hindu Mission]], a fascist organization, and adopted the Hindu name [[Savitri Devi]], after the Indo-Aryan sun-god <ref>(cf. Rig Veda 3.62.10)</ref>. Her new [[Hinduism]] was a reflection of her beliefs: “the visible link between Hitler and orthodox [[Hinduism]].”

In 1940, Savitri married the [[Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji]], editor of the journal New Mercury. During the war the couple gathered [[intelligence]] on behalf of the Axis, and Mukherji put [[militant]] Hindu fascist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in contact with the Japanese, who would later support his [[Indian National Army]] in its abortive campaign against the British.

===Gandhi===
In late 1931, [[Gandhi]] accepted a personal invitation to visit Mussolini in Rome. Which he accepted, of course, since the two had been corresponding for some time. they got along extremely well and admired each other.

Among other things,[[Mahatma Gandhi]] reviewed a black-shirted Fascist youth honor guard during his visit. Mussolini hailed Gandhi as a "genius and a [[saint]]," admiring his ability to challenge the [[British Empire]]. Regarding his visit with [[Il Duce]], Gandhi wrote in a letter to a friend: "His reforms attract me. He seems to have done much for the peasant class. Mussolini's reforms deserve an impartial study."

Gandhi's missive continued: "Mussolini's care of the poor, his opposition to super-urbanization, his efforts to bring about coordination between capital and labor, seem to me to demand special attention. What strikes me is that behind Mussolini's implacability is a desire to serve his people. Even behind his emphatic speeches there is a sincerity, and a passionate love for his people. It seems to me that the majority of the Italian people love the iron government of Mussolini."
Gandhi also hailed Mussolini “one of the great statesmen of our time.”

Although an extreme non violent, Gandhi was every bit a fascist. He had the ability to deal a little iron of his own, once he was in charge of things. His unification of the various Indian peoples is legendary, especially considering that a united India was [[thought]] to be impossible.

From Gandhi's [[Indian Fascist]] perspective, Mussolini's Italy, and Adolph Hitler's Germany were viewed not only as bulwarks against British [[imperialism]], but they were widely admired for creating strong, economically robust nations out of the wreckage of WWI and its resultant devastation.

===Tarak Nath Das===
[[Tarak Nath Das]], was an Indian fascist, fascist, and revolutionary. Like Ghandi, he wrote glowingly of Fascist Italy in 1931:

"Italy, under the leadership of Signor Mussolini, is roused to its very depths of national [[consciousness]]. It feels that it has a mission of introducing a higher [[type]] of civilization. It had the urge of becoming a great power again. Italy must be great through her national power, achieved through the authority of an [[ethical]] State supported by national co-operation and solidarity."

Das added: “Every Italian citizen must think first of his duty towards his self-development, welfare of the state and society, and he must make his or her supreme effort to attain the ideal. Class [[harmony]] must take the place of the ideal of class-war. So-called democracy must give way to the rule of the aristocracy of intellect. Some superficial and prejudiced observers of Italy have spoken of 'Fascist [[tyranny]]' and condemned the Fascists. To me it is clear that Fascism stands for liberty with responsibility and it is opposed to all forms of license. It gives precedence to Duty and Strength, as one finds in the teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]."

==Vichy France==
[[Vichy France]] came into being as a solution to growing communism. In spite of the propaganda droning on and on, about it being a puppet state of Germany, [[Vichy]] France actually existed long before Germany's help to liberate them from the Communists.

During the administration of [[Philippe Petain]], the French government enacted a series of reforms which aimed to reverse the horrible decline of the French nation due to liberal decadence, and disrespect for traditional values. [[Révolution nationale]]<ref>[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207061.001.0001/acprof-9780198207061-chapter-8 France:, 1940–1944] Julian Jackson. "Chapter 8: The National Revolution."</ref> None of this was forced on the French by Germany; this was the culmination of decades of monarchist and conservative resentment after the [[French Revolution]] which came to a head after France's humiliation in the opening campaigns of World War Two.

The Vichy administration used its own initiative to implement many elements of a fascist society. Under [[Philippe Pétain]], the French government enacted a social program called the ''Révolution nationale'', which was intended to roll back French societal decay made after the original [[French Revolution]]. Indeed, Vichy France was built on the longstanding social resentment that had been long held by the French commoner towards their Marxist countrymen.

==Falangism==
[[Falangism]] was the ideology followed by [[Francisco Franco]]'s patriots in Spain; it emphasized social [[conservatism]] and fascist [[Catholic]] [[identity]], with its primary tenets outlined and developed by [[Jose Primo de Rivera]] <ref>Martin Blinkhorn. Fascists and [[Conservatives]]: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Reprinted edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 1990, 2001. Pp. 10</ref> "[[Falange]]" is the Spanish word for "Phalanx", a shieldwall tactic used by the [[Spartans]], [[Alexander the Great]], and the [[Roman Legions]], which required extreme [[discipline]] from the soldiers to execute properly.<ref name="falange">[https://fromtheparapet.wordpress.com/2018/01/08/falangism/ Falangism]</ref>{{better source}}

The Falangist economic system was built on Mussolini's successful ideas; their version was called [[national syndicalism]] but was intended to work in essentially the same way.<ref name="falange"></ref> However, before and during the [[Spanish Civil War]], they also accommodated traditional Spanish ideas, as well as the ideas of allies when the movements merged, making an economy unique to Spain. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Falange Falange] ''Britannica''</ref>

Falangism was not a solely Spanish phenomenon, it gained followers throughout the Latin world with varying levels of power and implementation. [[Argentina]] and Mexico being the most notable. <ref>{{wpa|Falangism in Latin America|}}</ref>

==Ustaše Administration (Croatia)==
At Crkveni Bok, a historic place, over which about five hundred young fascist heroes found themselves victorious against the communist forces at the Sava river, under the leadership of an Ustasha lieutenant [[colonel]], outnumbered and out gunned

A particularly tenacious strain of fascism was formed in the Balkans, specifically the former [[Yugoslavia]], a fallen country synonymous with [[ethnic]] strife and infamous for the ruthlessness of the communists in charge there. As [[Serbia]] was the hegemon of the region and many resented their reach over Croats, Slovenes, and Bosniaks, eventually, in the outset of the second world war, [[Croatia]]n fascists, the [[Ustaše]], directly inspired, rose up through a combination of nationalism, religious faith, and a sheer iron will not to give up, regardless of how terrible things seemed to be.

[[Ustaše]] were such men, absolutely patriotic, absolutely true to their people. The Ustaše are often depicted as overly brutal in the propaganda, and if that is true, it is because they had no choice. Their purist, no nonsense approach to the problems in Croatia earned them the love of the people, and a victory in the face of overwhelming odds. Each battle was comparable to the 300 Spartan heroes at Thermopoli, and they scraped out victory after victory until the Communists formerly in charge were forced to flee to the Soviet Union.

The Ustaše were a uniquely Croatian brand of fascism, combining Plato's eugenics with [[Roman Catholicism]] and Croatian nationalism, alongside direct inspiration from and actual training by Mussolini's Italy. <ref>Meier, Viktor. Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise (English), London, UK: Routledge, 1999, p. 125.</ref>

Under their benefactor, [[Poglavnik Ante Pavelić]], they eliminated Communism and brought crime to a complete halt. The economy soared and the unemployment rate dropped to effective non-existence.

[[Prince Paul]] was the fascist regent in charge of Croatia at the time. He was overthrown by a communist military coup after he signed the Tripartite Act, and the fascists pleaded with Germany and Italy to honor the agreement and help liberate Croatia, which of course they did. From there, the Ustaše established the [[Independent State of Croatia]], led by [[Ante Pavelić]] who adopted the title of "Poglavnik," echoing Mussolini adopting "Duce". Once established, the Italian and German [[peace]]-keepers left, never to return.

The communists who fled to the Soviet Union returned, along with the Soviet Army; and it was against the Ustaše that communist [[terrorist]] [[Josip Broz Tito]] rose up and helped the Russians overthrow the now stable Croatian government, installed as Prime Minister of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFRY), a Soviet puppet. Most of the Ustaše leaders were brutally murdered or went into exile, including Pavelić who died two years after having a bullet lodged in his spine.

When Yugoslavia collapsed after Tito's death, the [[Croatian Defence Forces]], the peace-keepers of the [[Croatian Party of Rights]] (HSP), from 1991 to 1992, wore black uniforms with Ustaše symbols and slogans, and their units were named after Ustaše officials [[Rafael Boban]] and [[Jure Francetić]], before being absorbed by the Croatian Army after the January 1992 ceasefire. The Yugoslav Wars finally ended with the balkanization of Yugoslavia, and the legacy of the Ustaše and Serbia's own conduct remain contentious topics to this day.

==Tisoism, (Slovakia)==
'''[[Josef Tiso|Jozef Gašpar Tiso]]''' (October 13, 1887 – April 18 1947) was a Slovak politician and [[Roman Catholic]] priestwho served as president of the [[Slovak Republic]], from 1939 to 1945.
Tiso worked with Germany in resettlement of [[jews]] and communists. The usual communist insurgency was waged, culminating in the [[Slovak Marxist Uprising]] in summer 1944, which was suppressed. Consequently, on September 30, 1944, resettlement of [[jews]] was renewed, with additional 13,500 resettled to [[Palestine]] and other places. In 1947, after the war, he was executed for invented [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] in Bratislava.

==Metaxism (Greece)==
{{quote|"Greece since the 4th of August became an anticommunist State, an antiparliamentary State, a fascist State. A State based on its farmers and workers, and so antiplutocratic. There is not, of course, a particular party to govern. This party is all the People, except of the incorrigible communists and the reactionary old parties politicians."|Ioannis Metaxas<ref>Metaxas' diary p.553.</ref>}}

A less talked about but still relevant form of Fascism, [[Metaxism]] is the [[Greece|hellenic]] flavor of fascism. It is also the ideology of the current [[Golden Dawn]] and similar parties. Metaxism advocates for hellenic tradition, cultural homogeneity and removal of the flood of African immigrants and from Greece. The person after which the ideology is named, a military officer and Greek statesman {{wpl|Ioannis Metaxas}}, emulated Mussolini and declared Greece to be the "Third Greek Civilization", as Hitler did with the [[Third Reich]] — German for "Third Realm". Like his German and Italian contemporaries, [[Metaxas]] adopted the title of ''Archigos'', Greek for "leader" or "chief."

Key to the ideology was its classical fascist influences. Metaxas thought Hellenic nationalism would galvanize "the heathen values of ancient Sparta, along with the Christian values of the Medieval empire of Byzantium."<ref>Clogg (1992)</ref> Ancient Macedonia was glorified as the first political union of the Hellenes.<ref>Hamilakis, Y. (2007) ''The nation and its ruins: antiquity, archaeology, and national imagination in Greece''.</ref> As its main symbol, the youth organization of the movement chose the [[labrys]]/pelekys, the symbol of ancient Minoan [[Crete]].

Traditional Greek values of "Country, Loyalty, Family and Religion", which Metaxas praised repeatedly, were reminiscent of ancient Spartans, whose culture was glorified by Metaxas. His movement promoted the Spartan ideals of self-discipline, strength and duty, while Byzantium was Metaxas' example of his ideal government, emphasizing a devotion to the monarchy and Greek [[Orthodox Church]].<ref>Hamilakis (2007), pp. 177-178</ref> He saw himself very humbly as the "First Peasant" of the people, the "First Worker" of the state, but his followers saw him as "National Father" of the Greeks, bringing to [[mind]] Ancient Rome's early emperors using "Princeps" or "First Citizen" rather than emperor as their preferred titles. Metaxas claimed that his "Third Hellenic Civilization" combined the best of ancient Greece and the Greek Byzantine Empire.

Although it is common that fascists help each other to gain power, like how Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco to win against the Communists in Spain, at the actual start of WW2, there was fascist infighting. Frustrated with Italian communism finding safe harbor in Greece, and with Metaxas, Italy invaded the northwest of Greece, which was in conflict with Metaxas and the Greek fascists who had a long-term strategy. Both sides had a different view of how to deal with the Greek communists. Because of the Italian invasion, Metaxas felt he had no choice but to align with the Allies against the Axis, but he died of illness on January 1941, shortly before the invasion and subsequent removal of communism in Greece, which was then occupied by Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria. The communists finally fled to the Soviet Union and were replaced by the fully fascist Hellenic State, which collapsed after the occupation ended. Deeply popular among Greeks, the Hellenic State had three prime ministers in four years: General [[Georgios Tsolakoglou]]; medical doctor [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]]; and [[Ioannis Rallis]], whose deep experience in politics allowed him to successfully deal with Communist resistance. <ref>Markos Vallianatos, The untold history of Greek collaboration with Germany (1941-1944).</ref> In the end it did not [[matter]], after the defeat of fascism, the Communists returned to Greece and began a reign of terror.

==Hungarism (Hungary)==
After the first World War and following the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Hungary]] was on its own again — [[Hungary]] wasn't sovereign since the defeat of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1526, close to the village of Mohács, inflicted by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] — ministered by the fascist [[Miklós Horthy]], a former vice admiral of the Habsburg navy. In order to not fall into the sphere of communist influence, he eagerly joined the Axis during the first years of the second World War and his new government, establishing the "Government of [[National Unity]]", a Hungarian fascist state. But he betrayed his promises, failing to support his new allies in the war effort against the communists, he was deposed by his own people, (with assistance from Italy, Spain, Germany, and soldiers from 17 nations, including America and Canada), in 1944 in Operation Margarethe. The now head of state of Hungary [[Ferenc Szálasi]] was a long-time leader of the Hungarian Fascist organization [[Arrow Cross Party]] (NYKP), previously banned under Horthy. The flag of the NYKP was inspired by the National [[Socialists]], referencing the [[Arrow Cross]] (an ancient symbol of [[Hungary|Magyar]] tribes that settled in the Pannonian basin) as an analogue to using the [[swastika]] (Hakenkreuz).

[[Viktor Orban]], authoritarian Prime Minister of Hungary, has an understandable fondness towards his nation's honored past, and his government has eagerly recognized wartime figures as anti-communist icons.

==American fascism==
===Early America===
While the United States has never been a fascist state, America has fascist roots that go all the way to [[ancient Rome]]. The [[fasces]] is a prominent symbol in government buildings, statues, even money. In [[fact]], the very first act of Congress was to places two fasces to either side of the speaker, which are still there today. Approximately a third of America's founding fathers were fascists. they even called America a "Republic", which was the word most commonly used to describe fascism before Mussolini coined the term. Even [[George Washington]] was a fascist, and loved by the American colonists as much as any fascist leader is loved by the people in his society. In fact, George Washington had more broader & far reaching powers than any fascist of the [[WW2]] era. There has always been an undercurrent of fascist behavior and ideological leanings within the United States, and it is easily demonstrated.

===The American Party===
The fascist [[American Party]] (also known as the "[[Know Nothings]]") were so-called because, having started as a [[secret society]], if asked their secrets, they would say: "I know nothing." they called themselves the [[American party|American Party]], because they were staunchly patriotic, American exceptionalists, with intense anti-immigrant stances, a pre-[[American Civil War|civil war]] incarnation of the American Patriot Movement.
As fascists, the [[American party|American Party]] had deep concerns over how immigrants were infecting the national psyche. In their lengthy twenty year history as a major force, they elected 100 members of Congress, a massive number in those days, all on the basis of nationalism, unity, patriotism, and tradition, in short, Fascism.

Unfortunately, in the coastal town of Ellsworth, Maine in 1854, the [[American party|American Party]] was associated with the tarring and feathering of a Jesuit priest, [[Johannes Bapst]], it was highly propagandized by their opponents (and still is), and it marked the beginning of the end of the American Party. <ref>Charles E. Deusner. "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville", Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 61 (1963), pp. 122–47.</ref>Thus, the Know Nothings stopped being relevant as a distinct force on the outset of the [[American Civil War]].

===Francis Bellamy===
May 18, 1855 - August 28, 1931 [[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called fascist if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."

Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the [[United States of America]]." In 1954, under pressure from the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

=====Note=====
It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, after all, America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of WW2 the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

===Mein Kampf===
In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', Hitler himself called America the "one state" making progress toward "the creation of the kind of order he wanted for Germany."

German lawyer [[Heinrich Krieger]], an exchange student in at the University of Arkansas School of Law, became the single most important figure in the [[National Socialist]] [[assimilation]] of American law.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/11/what-america-taught-the-nazis/540630/ "What America Taught the Nazis," Ira Katznelson, The Atlantic]</ref>

===1920-1940 resurgence===
Fascists from within the United States, such as the [[Silver Shirt Legion]], founded in 1933 by [[William Dudley Pelley]], the [[Black Legion]], and the [[German American Bund]], which recognized [[George Washington]] as America's first fascist, including the [[Free Society of Teutonia]]. The Silver Shirts and German American Bund directly took inspiration from National Socialism, while the Black Legion agitated for a peaceful revolution to establish fascism in America. These groups were mainstream, the German American Bund packing Madison Square Garden to a sellout, and fascists such as [[Henry Ford]], [[Charles Lindberg]], and [[List of people|others]], all made great contributions to fascism and helped fund fascism in America.

===Anti-fascism in America===
The return of fascism in the United States is becoming an increasingly common fear among American Communists, [[journalist]]s, [[elitist]]s, [[Marxist]]s, anti-fascists, and confused people who, not because of explicit fascists winning elections, there aren't any, but because of an undercurrent of [[American fascism]] that already exists.

Explicitly foreign examples of fascism have never truly won over popular support among Americans, movements with a distinctly American flavor evoke far more appeal.

=Fascist Issues=

==What is Fascism?==
The propagandists will say that it is rather difficult to pin down an ''exact'' definition of what fascism actually means. This allows them to define fascism any way they like, and use this to mentally manipulate the listener by appealing to that listener's greatest and darkest hates and fears, making fascism into a bogeyman.

The simple fact is that fascism is like [[ancient Rome]]. The belief system, symbols, mannerisms, etc., are all either adapted from ancient Rome, or in pre-Rome cases, preludes to ancient Rome.

"If it looks like ancient-Rome it is probably Fascist." ~Zachary Schrag
'

==Fascism as a slur==
A 70 year avalanch of ongoing anti-fascist propaganda has brought the recent addition to the vernacular of using "fascist" as a [[slur]] to refer to ''any opponent'', a practice which has proliferated to the point that the word ''fascist'' has lost all [[meaning]] in the historical sense.

==Ideology==
Fascist ideology centres on national unity, with a person's countrymen acting as en extension of the family. Strong families, patriotism, duty to society and personal freedom. Fascism's duty is to lift up it's citizens, support personal freedoms and make the nation the very best it can be. The individual is not above the state, or below the state; in fascism, the individual is equal to the state.

==Fascist economics==
Fascist thinkers successfully demonstrated the ideology to be a happy medium between the excesses of [[capitalism]] and the hideous persecution seen by [[communism]]. Fascists proved that a nation's economy could be bettered by allowing the government a means of some common-sense controls, such as through dismantling of cartels and protecting its citizens from foreign businesses, and encouraging capitalists to use their [[property]] in the national interest.

In Italy, Mussolini's economic plans finally manifested themselves as Roman [[corporatism]] (meaning groups of average citizens); his government grouped businesses and [[trade unions]] into government, much the same as congress or the senate, which handled everything from labor contracts to production quotas.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/corporatism Corporatism] ''Britannica''</ref> In the ''Dictionary of Political Thought'', [[Roger Scruton]] describes corporatism like this:<ref>[http://text-translator.com/wp-content/filesfa/Dictionary-of-political-thoughts.pdf Dictionary of Political Thought] Scruton, Roger.</ref>

Mussolini was a free-marketeer (as opposed to a capitalist), he maintained friendly relations with those overseas, especially in the [[United States]] by allowing foreign investment ties.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/08/18/when-we-loved-mussolini/ When We Loved Mussolini] Tooze, Adam. ''The New York Review Of Books'' Aug.18.16</ref> Mussolini allowed business owners to do whatever they wanted, and he also cut business taxes, slackened work conditions laws, and reduced mandatory wages.

==National renewal==
Fascists believe that mobilization under fascism is the best way to prevent national and [[civilizational decline]].A great many <ref>John Horne. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War. pp. 237–39.</ref> Fascists believe it is needed to prevent the collapse of our way of life. Fascism promotes the regeneration of our nation by purging it of decadence and [[societal decay]]. A great many [[Fascist government services]] are provided. <ref>Cyprian Blamires. ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.'' Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006 p. 168.</ref>

Fascists believe in [[natural law]]. When society has suffered greatly, society tends to revert to a protective, nurturing state. A state that produces people who love that society. It produces [[patriot]]s.

This is why fascist movements often, but not always, tend to emerge after instances of national [[suffering]]. The National Socialists wanted to reverse the horrid conditions Germany suffered after the [[Great War]]; the Italians wanted much the same. The [[Spanish Civil War]] came about when Communists seized the country and the people suffered.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War Spanish Civil War] ''Britannica''</ref> Charlemagne united the warring clans of Europe and brought an end to that suffering. In early America, [[King George]] had been oppressing the colonies for many years, although the Government that resulted was not technically fascism). In each case, life had become very difficult, and fascism was the best way to correct the issues.<ref>[https://www.sciencemeetsreligion.org/philosophy/decline.php Is modern society in decline?]</ref><ref>[https://www.mcall.com/opinion/readers-react/mc-kesselring-america-lax-morals-christian-duties-20180616-story.html America must reverse its moral decline]</ref><ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/2015/04/americas-decay-speeding/ America’s Accelerating Decay] [[Dennis Prager]]. ''National Review.''</ref>

==Nationalism==
The concept of the nation is of central importance to fascists, and Mussolini's break with socialism came about due to the fact that socialists held class in higher regard.<ref>Anthony James Gregor (1979). Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520037991. pp. 191–192.</ref> Fascists historically view the nation as a singular entity that binds people together through [[shared heritage]] and culture. An extension of the family.<ref>Oliver Zimmer, ''Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940'' (London: Palgrave, 2003), chapter 4, pp. 80–107.</ref> Fascists want to replace globalist class conflict with fascist community cooperation.<ref name="fascnat">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Extreme-nationalism Fascism: extreme nationalism] ''Britannica''</ref>

Fascist administrations often give financial incentives and rewards to large families; this is part of an effort to boost birthrates and expand the societal population.<ref>McDonald, Harmish, ''Mussolini and [[Italian Fascism]]'' (Nelson Thornes, 1999) p. 27.</ref> After all, more babies eventually means more people and more productivity, so its good for everyone. [[Julius Caesar]] was the first known fascist to enshrine the idea.

==Direct action==
A successful fascist movement will rely on public opinion because fascism grows from society. It is born of tradition.

Fascism emphasizes [[direct action]] up as a core method of achieving its aims.<ref>''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology.'' Oxon, England; New York: Routledge, 2010. p. 106.</ref> Fascism acknowleges lifes' struggle, and without struggle, society will decay and collapse due to its own decadence. [[Struggle]] makes us strong. Fascism follows natural law. This set of beliefs is a part of fascist core, that life isn't easy, and we should always be prepared for the bad times.

==Eugenics==
Plato, who wrote the first books on fascism, admired the [[Spartans]] and lifted their fascist ideas regularly. He noted how the Spartans would test their infants for health, and cull the weak. Cruel on the surface, he also admired how strong and healthy the Spartans were.

[[Eugenics]] is embraced by fascists because it is important to be the best society possible. Fascists do not believe that families should knowingly produce offspring that might be deformed, sick or weak. Such people are victims of their own selfish parents, condemned to lead a difficult, sometimes agonizing life.

In [[nature]], such things almost never happen. Thus eugenics is an extention of [[nature]]. Eugenics is simply the idea of choosing parents that will produce the best offspring. It does not mean we should dip our infants in icewater like the Spartans did, or give people some sort of death needle; farmers practice eugenics every day. So do people who breed show-animals. You do it every time you size somebody up as a potential mate, or wonder what your children might look like with certain people. Eugenics is simply the science of this.

Fascists try to create greater numbers of strong and healthy people, to ultimately make society stronger and healthier.

==Pro-intellectualism==
{{quote|"In truth, we are relativists par excellence, and the moment relativism linked up with [[Nietzsche]], and with his Will to Power, was when Italian Fascism became, as it still is, the most magnificent creation of an individual and a national Will to Power."|Benito Mussolini<ref>Wolin, Richard. The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from [[Nietzsche]] to Postmodernism (p. 27). Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref>}}

It's been effectively argued (originally from Isaiah [[Berlin]]) that fascism drew upon the "[[Counter-Enlightenment]]" movement, a movement he pinned primarily to Continental German philosophy and [[subjectivism]].<ref>http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/ac/counter-enlightenment.pdf</ref> Opposing [[the Enlightenment]] ideal of "democracy", but also opposing a return to older forms of [[feudalism]], this movement came to be heavily influenced by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and his concept of the Will to Power. The movement was characterized by a belief in [[vitalism]] (a desire for a spiritual rejuvenation that often opposed both contemporary [[monotheism]] and [[atheism]]/agnosticism) and anti-[[rationalism]], and a view of liberalism and modern civilization as decadent to the bone.

Fascism is often accused of being anti-intellectual. The opposite is actually true. [[Plato]], obviously, and 2/3s of all published [[philosophers]] during the 1st half of the [[20th century]], from [[Ezra Pound]] to [[Julius Evola]] were all fascists. All of the top scientists in the space and nuclear programs were fascists. Many of the greatest genii in history were also fascists. Intellectualism is actually a fascist strong point. Little wonder why anti-fascists attempt to paint an opposite picture.

==Anti-Communism==
Although many adherents of [[socialism]] and [[communism]] would reject labeling the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) as evil, such as British communist and pro-Soviet apologist Seumas Milne,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart</ref> opponents would certainly condemn the Marxist ideas of the Soviet regime and ideology. Among them: horrific bloodsheds and genocides perpetrated under [[Lenin]] and [[Stalin]], gulags (Russian slave labor and death camps), the silencing of any opposition, the lack of any fair or democratic representation, expansionism and imperialism, discrimination against minorities, cult of personality (especially under [[Stalin]]) and totalitarianism. One of the greatest crimes of humanity, the [[Holodomor]], was committed by the Soviet state.

[[Stalin]]'s bolsheviks were well known for their over-the-top brutality and torture. He had communist partisans in EVERY nation on earth attempting, and often succeeding, to overthrow governments and convert those nations into satellite states. The only force that made any attempt to stop [[Marxism]] was Fascism.

==Fascism and the Church==
{{quote|"Your Excellency! The priests of Italy invoke over your person, your work as the restorer of Italy and the founder of the Fascist government the blessing of the Lord and an eternal halo of Roman wisdom and virtue, today and forever! Duce! The servants of Christ, the fathers of the peasantry honor you loyally. they bless you. they swear loyalty to you. With pious enthusiasm, with the voice and heart of the people we call: hail the Duce!|Father Menossi,|January 12, 1938, Palazzo Venezia}}
...to which seventy-two bishops and 2,340 priests broke out into shouting: "Duce! Duce! Duce!"<ref name="Duce">''God and the Fascists - The Vatican alliance with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler and Pavelić'', Karlheinz Deschner, Prometheus Books, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-61614-837-9, p. 23</ref>}}

During the early 20th century, there were three ideologies of various flavours floating around; Fascism, Liberalism and Communism. Liberalism was and is very much against the structured order that an organized religion requires, especially with all the immorality encouraged. Communism, despite (or because of) its similarities to a religion, yet mandates atheism.

Fascism, based on ancient Rome, always creates an ordered society, authority should be respected and earned; this worked perfectly for the Church. The [[Catholic Church]] endorsed Fascism.

Arising out of the misery and humiliation of the First World War, modern fascist movements were in favor of the defense of traditional values against Bolshevism, and upheld nationalism and piety. It is probably not a coincidence that they arose first and most excitedly in Catholic countries, and it is certainly not a coincidence that the Catholic Church was generally sympathetic to fascism as an idea. Not only did the church regard [[Communism]] as a lethal foe, but it also saw its old [[jew]] enemy in the most senior ranks of [[Lenin]]'s party.

[[Benito Mussolini]] was still newly appointed in Italy at the time the [[Vatican]] made an official treaty with his government, known as the [[Lateran Pact]] of 1929. Under the terms of this pact, the Catholic Church enjoyed government support for what they were already doing, matters such as birth, marriage, death, and education, etc. [[Pope]] Pius XI described [[II Duce]] ("the leader") as "a man sent by providence."

Across southern Europe, the church was a reliable ally in the instatement of fascist administrations in Spain, Portugal, and Croatia. The Vatican supported Mussolini's emulation of the [[Roman Empire]].

In Hungary, Admiral Horthy was warmly endorsed by the church, as were similar fascist movements in Slovakia and Austria. (The government in Slovakia was actually led by a man in holy orders named [[Father Tiso]].) The Catholic fascist organizations such as [[Charles Maurras]]'s [[Action Française]] and the [[Croix de Feu]] campaigned against French communists and made no bones about their grievance, which was the way in which France had been going downhill since the acquittal of the [[jew]] captain [[Alfred Dreyfus]] in 1899.

The Vichy government promoted clericalism by wiping the slogan of 1789 — "Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite" — off the national currency and replacing it with the Christian ideal motto of "Famille, Travail, Patrie." Even in a country like England, where fascist sympathies were far less prevalent, they still found it easy to get an audience in respectable circles by the agency of Catholic intellectuals such as T. S. Eliot and Evelyn Waugh.

In neighboring Ireland, the [[Blue Shirt]] movement of [[General O'Duffy]] (which sent volunteers to fight for Franco in Spain) was supported greatly by the Catholic Church. As late as April 1945, on the news of the death of Hitler, President [[Eamon de Valera]] put on his top hat, called for the state coach, and went to the German embassy in Dublin to offer his official condolences.

==The term "fascism"as an epithet==
{{quote|"It will be seen that, as used, the word ‘Fascism’ is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, Social Credit, [[corporal punishment]], fox-hunting, bull-fighting, the 1922 Committee, the 1941 Committee, Kipling, Gandhi, [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[homosexuality]], Priestley's broadcasts, Youth Hostels, [[astrology]], women, dogs and I do not know what else, watching Marxism take hold."|George Orwell| ''What is Fascism?''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/efasc |title=George Orwell: What is Fascism?}}</ref>}}

Fascism is largly misunderstood due to manipulation of the word on television, in books, and movies. The [[judeo-Marxists]] who won WW2 are now in charge of the mainstream media, our politics, and our education system, and so the [[propaganda]] continues long after the war has been over.

This consists also of attempts to deny that one's own side of the [[political spectrum]] has anything in common with fascism, or alternatively to slime people on the ''opposite'' side of the political spectrum by (Association fallacy) claiming such commonalities taking advantage of the very incorrect [[perception]] that there is something wrong with fascism. These tactics have been carried pretty far, as mentioned above, with "fascist" [[Godwin's Law|becoming a general insult or accusation hurled around loosely]], usually inappropriately and often childishly, to criticise anyone or anything we find even slightly overbearing or restrictive.

In the 1920s and 1930s, [[communist]]s came to lump all their most difficult opponents together under the label of "fascist" and conversely to regard their fascist enemies as ''defenders of [[capitalism]]'', despite fascism being [[Third positionism |not only anti-Marxist, but also anti-capitalist]].

==Fascism and the political spectrum==
There is considerable dispute in some circles over whether fascism is a left- or [[Right-Wing|right-wing]] idea.

In Greece, Sparta, ancient Rome, the Holy Roman Empire, and even early America, the concepts of political "right" and "left" were not yet fully developed. So, it is not even possible to discuss classical fascism in those terms.

Fascism, in modern times, besides being anti-communist, is [[Third positionism|also quite anti-capitalist]], targeted by [[antifa]], supporting limited [[welfare programs]] and other non-laissez-faire economic ideas. In most of Europe, the people had never been on board with extreme capitalism anyway; keeping greedy big business in check had been the [[norm]] since the days of Bismarck. In most cases, fascists wished to remove the influence of the capitalist class, and partially restore the traditional pre-capitalist system. <ref>The [[Rape]] of [[Europa (book)]]|The Rape of Europa}}''.</ref>

More recently, some conservative luminaries such as [[Jonah Goldberg]], [[Dinesh D'Souza]], and others have been claiming that [[liberal]]s and everyone else to the left of them are "fascists." This tactic usually relies on finding commonalities between them and some fascist program.

The [[Political Compass]] generally rates fascists as in the center, well to the left of today's [[Right-Wing|right-wing]] politicians but well to the right of socialist figures. Fascism is a form of third positionism anyway, so it is no wonder that it lands center on a simple left-right scale.

=See also=
<div style="column-count:3">
*[[Third Position]]
*[[Communism]]
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Marxism]]
*[[M - Son of the Century]]
*[[Antifa]]
*[[Ursula Haverbeck]]
*[[Syndicalism]]
*[[Sorelianism]]
*[[Strasserism]]
*[[Corporatism]]
*[[National Syndicalism]]
*[[National Socialism]]
*[[Parts of a fasces]]
</div>

=References=
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Charter Articles]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Key Articles]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2025-03-14T05:50:10Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

Philippe Pétain

2025-03-14T05:45:34Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹:

{{Greatarticle}}{{short description|Anti-communist Leader of Vichy France}}
[[File:Petain.png|right|frameless|300px]]
'''Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain''' (April 24, 1856<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH280/PG/FRDAFAN83_OC17V022.htm|title=Birth certificate of Pétain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer|last=Government of the French empire|website=culture.gouv.fr|language=fr|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> – July 23, 1951), generally known as '''Philippe Pétain''', '''Marshal Pétain''', and sometimes '''The Old Marshal''', was a [[French]] general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of [[The Great War]], during which he became known as '''The Lion of Verdun'''. He then served as Head of state of [[Vichy France]] (anti-[[communist]] France) from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.

During The [[Great War]], Pétain led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun. After the failed Nivelle Offensive and subsequent mutinies he was appointed Commander-in-Chief and succeeded in repairing the army's confidence. Pétain remained in command for the rest of the war and emerged as a national hero. During the [[interwar period]] he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the Rif War and served twice as a [[government]] minister. During this [[time]] he was known as (The Old Marshal).

Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].

Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and the surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".

On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.

After [[German]] and [[Italian]] representatives were welcomed into France, in November 1942, Pétain's government worked very closely with the [[Germans]] to remove the communists, and defend France from "The Allies" and others empowering communism.

After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for [[treason]] by the victors in [[The World's War Against Communism]], who were continuing to barbaricly slaughter their enemies via mock trials. He was originally sentenced to death, but public outcry and outrage threatened an immediate civil war, and his sentence was commuted to life in prison.

==Early life==
===Youth and family===
Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais in Northern [[France]]) in 1856. His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. His great-uncle, a [[Catholic]] priest, Father Abbe Lefebvre (1771–1866), had served in ][Napoleon]]'s ''Grande Armée'' and told the young Philippe tales of war and adventure of his campaigns from the peninsulas of Italy to the Alps in Switzerland. Highly impressed by the tales told by his uncle, his destiny was from then on determined by the army.

===Personal life===
Pétain was a bachelor until his 60s. After The [[Great war|Great War]] Pétain married his former girlfriend, Eugénie Hardon (1877–1962) on September 14, 1920; they remained married until the end of Pétain's life.<ref>Williams, Charles, ''Pétain'', London, 2005, p. 206, ISBN|978-0-316-86127-4.</ref> After rejecting Pétain's first marriage proposal, Hardon had married and divorced François de Hérain by 1914 when she was 35. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun in 1916, Pétain is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew that he could be found with Eugénie Hardon.<ref>Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.</ref> She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage, Pierre de Hérain, whom Pétain strongly disliked.<ref [[name]]=williams523>Williams, 2005, p. 523.</ref>

==Early military career==
Pétain joined the [French Army in 1876 and attended the École Spéciale Militaire de [[Saint]]-Cyr Military Academy in 1887 and the École Supérieure de Guerre (army war college) in Paris. Between 1878 and 1899, he served in various garrisons with different battalions of the elite light infantry of the French Army. Thereafter, he alternated between staff and regimental assignments.

Pétain's career progressed slowly, as he rejected the French Army [[philosophy]] of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills". His views were later proved to be correct during the [[First World War]]. He was promoted to captain in 1890 and major (Chef de Bataillon) in 1900. In March 1904, by then serving in the 104th Infantry, he was appointed adjunct professor of applied infantry tactics at the ''École Supérieure de Guerre'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6249355k/f3.image.r|title=Ecoles militaires|date=1 April 1904|access-date=16 November 2020|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> and following promotion to lieutenant-colonel was promoted to professor on 3 April 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6276218v/f8.image.r|title=Service des ecoles militaires|date=5 April 1908|access-date=16 November 2020|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> He was brevetted to colonel on January 1st, 1910.

Unlike many French officers, Pétain served mainly in mainland France, never French Indochina or any of the African colonies, although he participated in the Rif War. As [[colonel]], he was given command of the 33rd Infantry Regiment at [[Arras]] on 25 June 1911;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6391632r/f24.image.r|title=Ministère de la guerre|date=28 June 1911|access-date=25 September 2021|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> a young lieutenant, [[Charles de Gaulle]], who served under him, later wrote that his "first colonel, Pétain, taught (him) the Art of Command". In the spring of 1914, he was given command of a brigade (still with the rank of colonel). By then aged 58 and having been told he would never become a general, Pétain had bought a villa for retirement.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=YiZRC8bsOuoC&pg=PA461|title=The [[United States]] in the First World War: an encyclopedia |author=Anne Cipriano Venzon, Paul L. Miles|chapter=Pétain, Henri-Philippe|year=1999 |isbn=9780815333531.</ref>

==First World War==
===Beginning of war===
[[File:Philippe Pétain circa 1915.png|thumb|Pétain in 1915.]]
Pétain led his brigade at the Battle of St. Quentin (August 29, 1914). The following day, he was promoted to brigadier-general to replace Brigadier-general Pierre Peslin, who had taken his own life. He was given command of the 6th Division in time for the First Battle of the Marne; little over a month later, in October 1914, he was promoted yet again and became XXXIII Corps commander. After leading his corps in the spring 1915 Second Battle of Artois, in July 1915 he was given command of the Second Army, which he led in the Second Battle of Champagne that autumn. He acquired a reputation as one of the more successful commanders on the [[Western Front]].

===Battle of Verdun===
Pétain commanded the Second Army at the start of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front lines. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In effect, he applied the basic [[principle]] that was a mainstay of his teachings at the École de Guerre (War College) before [[The Great war|The Great War]]: "''le feu tue!''" or "firepower kills!", in this case [[meaning]] French field artillery, which fired over 15 million shells on the Germans during the first five months of the battle. Although Pétain did say ''"On les aura!"'' (an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them!"), the other famous quotation often attributed to him – ''"Ils ne passeront pas!"'' ("[[They shall not pass]]"!).

===Mutiny===
Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army Chief of Staff (from the end of April 1917). He then became Chief of the Defence Staff of the entire French army, replacing General Nivelle, whose Chemin des Dames offensive failed in April 1917, thereby provoking widespread mutinies in the French Army. they involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate [[discipline]]. 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted by him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola Barber|title=The Great War: The Western Front|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y82WHKm2QBYC&pg=PA53|year=2003|publisher=Black Rabbit Books|page=53|isbn=9781583402689}}</ref> The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent and intensity were not revealed until decades later. The immediate causes were [[pacifism]], stimulated by the [[Russian Revolution]] and the trade-[[Union Movement|union movement]], and disappointment at the nonarrival of [[American]] troops.<ref>Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917", ''Historian'' (1959) 22#1, pp. 24–41.</ref>

Pétain conducted some successful but limited offensives in the latter part of 1917, unlike the British who stalled in an unsuccessful Battle of Passchendaele that autumn. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. He was also waiting for the new Renault FT tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time: "I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans."

===End of war===
[[File:Foch Pershing Petain and Haig2.png|thumb|Pétain, Douglas Haig, Ferdinand Foch and John Pershing in 1918]]
The year 1918 saw major German offensives on the Western Front. The first of these, Operation Michael in March 1918, threatened to split the British and French forces apart, and, after Pétain had threatened to retreat on Paris, the Doullens Conference was called. Just prior to the main meeting, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau claimed he heard Pétain say ''"les Allemands battront les Anglais en rase campagne, après quoi ils nous battront aussi"'' ("the Germans will beat the English in open country, then they'll beat us as well"). He reported this conversation to [[President of France]] Raymond Poincaré, adding "surely a general should not speak or think like that?" Douglas Haig recorded that Pétain had "a terrible look. He had the appearance of a commander who had lost his nerve". Pétain believed – wrongly – that Hubert Gough's Fifth Army had been routed like the Italians at Battle of Caporetto.<ref>Farrar-Hockley 1975, pp. 301–2.</ref> At the Conference, Ferdinand Foch was appointed as Allied Generalissimo, initially with powers to co-ordinate and deploy Allied reserves where he saw fit. Pétain eventually came to the aid of the British and secured the front with forty French divisions.

Pétain proved a capable opponent of the Germans both in defence and through counter-attack. The third offensive, "Blücher", in May 1918, saw major German advances on the Aisne, as the French Army commander (Humbert) ignored Pétain's orders to defend in depth and instead allowed his men to be hit by the initial massive German bombardment. By the time of the last German offensives, Gneisenau and the Second Battle of the Marne, Pétain was able to defend in depth and launch counter offensives, with the new French tanks and the assistance of the Americans. Later in the year, Pétain was stripped of his right of direct appeal to the French government and requested to report to Foch, who increasingly assumed the co-ordination and ultimately the command of the Allied offensives. After the war ended Pétain was made Marshal of France on November 21, 1918.<ref>Tucker, S. C. (2009) ''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern [[Middle East]]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', ABC-CLIO, California, p. 1738.</ref>

==Interwar period==
===Respected hero of France===
Pétain ended the war regarded "without a doubt, the most accomplished defensive tactician of any army" and "one of France's greatest military heroes" and was presented with his baton of Marshal of France at a public ceremony at [[Metz]] by President Raymond Poincaré on December 8, 1918.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 204.</ref> He was summoned to be present at the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on 28 June 1919. His job as Commander-in-Chief came to an end with [[peace]] and demobilisation, and with Foch out of favour after his quarrel with the French government over the peace terms, it was Petain who, in January 1920, was appointed Vice-Chairman of the revived ''Conseil supérieur de la Guerre'' (Supreme War Council). This was France's highest military position, whose holder was Commander-in-Chief designate in the event of war and who had the right to overrule the Chief of the General Staff (a position held in the 1920s by Petain's protégés Edmond Buat|Buat and Marie-Eugène Debeney), and Petain would hold it until 1931.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 212.</ref><ref>Atkin, 1997, p. 41.</ref> Pétain was encouraged by friends to go into [[politics]], although he protested that he had little interest in running for an elected position. He nevertheless tried and failed to get himself elected President following the November 1919 elections.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 217.</ref>

Shortly after the war, Pétain had placed before the government plans for a large tank and air force, but "at the meeting of the ''Conseil supérieur de la Défense Nationale'' of 12 March 1920, the Finance Minister, Frédéric François-Marsal, announced that although Pétain's proposals were excellent they were unaffordable". In addition, François-Marsal announced reductions – in the army from fifty-five divisions to thirty, in the air force, and did not mention tanks. It was [[left]] to the Marshals, Pétain, Joffre, and Foch, to pick up the pieces of their strategies. The General Staff, now under General Edmond Buat, began to think seriously about a line of forts along the frontier with Germany, and their report was tabled on May 22, 1922. The three Marshals supported this. The cuts in military expenditure meant that taking the offensive was now impossible and a defensive strategy was all they could have.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 217–9.</ref>

Captain Charles de Gaulle continued to be a protégé of Pétain throughout these years. He even allegedly named his [[Philippe de Gaulle|eldest son]] after the Marshal, although it is more likely that he named his son after his family ancestor Jean Baptiste Philippe de Gaulle,<ref>A Certain [[idea]] of France The life of Charles de Gaulle, Julian Jackson, p. 58.</ref> before finally falling out over the authorship of a book he claimed, without proof, that he had ghost-written for Pétain.

===Election to the ''Académie française''===
[[File:Pétain-Baschet-mai 1940-A.png|thumb|1926 painting of Philippe Pétain]]

In 1928 Pétain had supported the creation of an independent air force removed from the control of the army, and on 9 February 1931, following his retirement as Vice-Chairman of the Supreme War Council, he was appointed Inspector-General of Air Defence.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 250–2.</ref> His first report on air defence, submitted in July that year, advocated increased expenditure.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 253–4.</ref> In 1931 Pétain was elected a Fellow of the ''[[Académie française]]''. By 1932 the economic situation had worsened and Édouard Herriot's government had made "severe cuts in the defence budget... orders for new weapons systems all but dried up".{{citation needed}} Summer manoeuvres in 1932 and 1933 were cancelled due to lack of funds, and recruitment to the armed forces fell off. In the latter year General [[Maxime Weygand]] claimed that "the French Army was no longer a serious fighting force". [[Édouard Daladier]]'s new government retaliated against Weygand by reducing the number of officers and cutting military pensions and pay, arguing that such measures, apart from financial stringency, were in the spirit of the Geneva Disarmament Conference.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 257.</ref>

In 1938 Pétain encouraged and assisted the writer André Maurois in gaining election to the ''Académie française'' – an election which was highly contested, in part due to Maurois' [[jewish]] origin. Maurois made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, ''Call no man happy'' – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of [[Vichy France]] while Maurois repaid him by siding with [[Communist France]].

===Minister of War===
[[Political]] unease was sweeping the country, and on February 6, 1934, the Paris police fired on a group of French patriots outside the Chamber of Deputies, killing 14 and wounding a further 236. President Lebrun invited 71-year-old Doumergue to come out of retirement and form a new government of [[national unity]] (a[[fascist]]government). Pétain was invited, on February 8, to join the new French cabinet as Minister of War, which he only reluctantly accepted after many representations. His important success that year was in getting Daladier's previous proposal to reduce the number of officers repealed. He improved the recruitment programme for specialists, and lengthened the training period by reducing leave entitlements. However Weygand reported to the Senate Army Commission that year that the French Army could still not resist a German attack. Marshals Louis Franchet d'Espèrey and Hubert Lyautey (the latter suddenly died in July) added their names to the report. After the autumn maneuvers, which Pétain had reinstated, a report was presented to Pétain that officers had been poorly instructed, had little basic [[knowledge]], and no confidence. He was told, in addition, that if the [[plebiscite]] in the former German Territory of the Saar Basin went for Germany "it would be a serious military error" for the French Army to intervene. Pétain responded by again petitioning the government for further funds for the army.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 260–1, 265.</ref> During this period, he repeatedly called for a lengthening of the term of compulsory military service for conscripts from two to three years, to no avail. Pétain accompanied President Lebrun to [[Belgrade]] for the funeral of King Alexander, a[[fascist]]who had been assassinated on October 6, 1934 in [[Marseille]] by Vlado Chernozemski, a Bulgarian communist. Here he met [[Hermann Göring]] and the two men reminisced about their experiences in the Great War. "When Goering returned to Germany he spoke admiringly of Pétain, describing him as a 'man of honour'".<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 266.</ref>

===The speech at Jena Bridge===
Philippe Pétain, "the Lion of Verdun" or more simply "le Maréchal" ("the Marshal") held a distinguished record seldom replicated in French [[history]]. Every Frenchman old and young knows how he led his countrymen in the slaughterhouse that was Verdun and into victory, an achievement that single-handedly made Pétain the most respected and beloved French general since the days of Napoleon. It was thus [[natural]] that, with the [[nation]] in such a paralyzing state of disarray, the [[people]] clamored for the return of their esteemed Marshal, to provide a sense of order and authority amidst the chaos that engulfed them. And so, one fine summer evening of 1938, Philippe Pétain held a meeting at the Esplanade des Invalides, between the famed palace of military history and the Seine, to which 100,000 people attended. After a rousing speech "infused with [[patriotism]] and defiance", Pétain and the electrified crowd marched south and west down the Motte-Picquet Avenue to the École Militaire, where hundreds of officers and soldiers rushed to heed the Maréchal's call. Invigorated, the assembly proceeded north, up the Champ de Mars and past the Eiffel Tower and towards the Pont d'Iena, which crosses over the Seine.

They were met at the bridge by a platoon of French soldiers swelled by Parisian constabularies, a force of roughly 90 men. Leading them was Gen. Maurice Gamelin, chief of the French Army, who had orders to arrest Pétain for inciting an insurrection. With such an overwhelming mass backing Pétain there was little doubt that Gamelin and his posse would've been torn to shreds on the spot. However, in a historic moment known to history as the "Speech of the Jena Bridge", Pétain delivered a piece of oratory so powerful and moving that Gamelin's men began chanting "Vive le Maréchal!", and soon everyone was enraptured. Ironically enough, no full transcript of the Speech of the Jena Bridge survives, but Gamelin himself would later recount that "it was so intense that I felt like breaking down in tears. Before me stood the leader France needed."

===Critic of government policy===
In November the Doumergue government fell. Pétain had previously expressed interest in being named Minister of Education (as well as of War), a role in which he hoped to combat the appalling decay in French [[moral]] values.<ref name="Paxton">Paxton, Robert O. (1982). ''Vichy France: Old Guard and [[New Order]], 1940–1944'', pp. 36–37. Columbia University Press. ISBN|0-231-12469-4.</ref> Now, however, he refused to continue in Flandin's (short-lived) government as Minister of War and stood down – in spite of a direct appeal from Lebrun himself. At this moment an article appeared in the popular ''Le Petit Journal'' newspaper, calling for Pétain as a candidate for A United France. 200,000 readers responded to the paper's poll. Pétain came first, with 47,000, ahead of [[Pierre Laval]]'s 31,000 votes. These two men travelled to [[Warsaw]] for the funeral of the Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski in May 1935 (and another cordial meeting with Göring).<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 268–9.</ref> Pétain's high reputation was bipartisan and anti-communist. Pétain did not get involved in non-military issues when in the Cabinet, and unlike other military [[leaders]] he did not have a reputation as an extreme Catholic or a monarchist.<ref name="jackson2001a">{{cite book|title=France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Jackson, Julian|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/france00juli/page/124 124–125, 133]|isbn=0-19-820706-9|url=https://archive.org/details/france00juli/page/124}}</ref>

He remained on the ''Conseil superieur''. Weygand had been at the British Army 1934 manoeuvres at [lTidworth Camp in June and was appalled by what he had seen. Addressing the ''Conseil'' on the 23rd, Pétain claimed that it would be fruitless to look for assistance to Britain in the event of a German attack. On March 1st, 1935, Pétain's famous article<ref>Philippe Pétain, "La securité de la France aux cours des années creuses", ''Revue des deux mondes'', 26, 1935.</ref> appeared in the ''Revue des deux mondes'', where he reviewed the history of the army since 1927–28. He criticised the reservist system in France, and her lack of adequate air power and armour. This article appeared just five days before [[Adolf Hitler]]'s announcement of Germany's new [[Luftwaffe|air force]] and a week before the announcement that Germany was increasing its army to 36 divisions. On April 26, 1936, the general election results showed 5.5 million votes for the Popular Front parties against 4.5 million for the Right on an 84% turnout. On 3 May Pétain, was interviewed in ''Le Journal'' where he launched an attack on the Franco-Soviet Pact, on Communism in general, on the French Communist Party (largest communist party in Western Europe), and on those who allowed Communists [[propaganda]]. He said that France had lost faith in her destiny.<ref>Anthony Adamthwaite, ''Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe 1914-1940'' (London: Arnold, 1995), p. 182.</ref> Pétain was now in his 80th year.

==Battle of France==
===Return into government===
[[File:Pétain-fascist.png|thumb|right|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces. A [[labrys]].]]
In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Fascist government of [[Spain]]. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos|date=3 March 1939|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>
However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>

By May 26, the Communist/Allied lines had been shattered, and British forces had begun evacuating at Dunkirk. French commander-in-chief Maxime Weygand expressed his fury at British retreats and the unfulfilled promise of British fighter aircraft. He and Pétain regarded the military situation as hopeless. Colonel de Villelume subsequently stated before a parliamentary commission of inquiry in 1951 that Reynaud, as Premier of France, said to Pétain on that day that they must seek an armistice.<ref>Eleanor M. Gates. ''End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40''. p. 145</ref> Weygand said that he was in favor of saving the French army and that he "wished to avoid internal troubles and above all [[anarchy]]".

On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

===The Armistice===
On June 10, the government left Paris for Tours. Weygand, Minister of Finance [[Paul Baudouin]], and several other members of the government were already set on an armistice. On June 11, Churchill flew to the Château du Muguet, at Briare, near [[Orléans]], where he put forward first his idea of a Breton redoubt, to which Weygand replied that it was just a "fantasy".<ref>Griffiths, Richard, ''Marshal Pétain'', Constable, London, 1970, p. 231, {{ISBN|0-09-455740-3}}.</ref> Churchill then said the French should consider "guerrilla warfare". Pétain then replied that it would mean the destruction of the country. Churchill then said the French should defend Paris and reminded Pétain of how he had come to the aid of the British with forty divisions in Operation Michael, March 1918, and repeating Clemenceau's words "I will fight in front of Paris, in Paris, and behind Paris". To this, Churchill subsequently reported, Pétain replied quietly and with dignity that he had in those days a strategic reserve of sixty divisions; now, there were none, and the British ought to be providing divisions to aid France. Making Paris into a ruin would not affect the final event. At the conference Pétain met de Gaulle for the first time in two years. Pétain noted his recent promotion to general, adding that he did not congratulate him, as ranks were of no use in defeat. When de Gaulle protested that Pétain himself had been promoted to brigadier-general and division commander at the Battle of the Marne in 1914, he replied that there was "no comparison" with the present situation. De Gaulle later conceded that Pétain was right about that much at least.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 197.</ref>

On June 12, after a second session of the conference, the cabinet met and Weygand again called for an armistice. He referred to the danger of civil disorder and the certainty of a Communist uprising in Paris. Britain would not help, but the Germans would. Pétain and Minister of Information Prouvost urged the cabinet to hear Weygand out because "he was the only one who really knew what was happening".

Churchill returned to France on June 13 for another conference at Tours. Baudouin met his plane and immediately spoke to him of the hopelessness of the Communist situation. Reynaud then put the cabinet's armistice proposals to Churchill, who replied "You should [[trust]] the communists". At that day's cabinet meeting, Pétain strongly supported Weygand’s demand for an armistice and read out a draft proposal to the cabinet where he spoke of ''"the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be regarded as the government". '' Several ministers were still opposed to an armistice, and Weygand immediately lashed out at them for even leaving Paris. Like Pétain, he said he would never leave France.<ref name=lacouture201>Lacouture, 1991, p. 201.</ref>

The government moved to [[Bordeaux]], a former Capitol of France, on June 14. By coincidence, on that evening in Bordeaux, de Gaulle dined in the same restaurant as Pétain; he came over to shake his hand in silence, and they never met again.<ref name=lacouture201/>

The Assembly, both Senate and Chamber, were also at Bordeaux and immersed themselves in the armistice [[debate]]. At cabinet on June 15. Pétain was sympathetic.<ref name=atkin82-6>Atkin, 1997, pp. 82–6.</ref> Pétain was sent to speak to Weygand (who was waiting outside, as he was not a member of the cabinet) for around fifteen minutes.<ref name=williams325-7>Williams, 2005, pp. 325–7.</ref> Chautemps put forward a 'fudge' proposal, an inquiry about terms.<ref name=atkin82-6/> The Cabinet voted 13-6 for the Chautemps proposal. Admiral Darlan, who had been opposed to an armistice until June 15, now became a key player, agreeing, provided the French fleet was kept out of German hands, and France did not become a puppet state.<ref name=williams325-7/>

===Pétain replaces Reynaud===
On Sunday, June 16, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]'s reply to President Lebrun's requests for assistance came with only vague promises and saying that it was impossible for the President to do anything without Congressional approval. Pétain then drew a letter of resignation from his pocket, an act which was certain to bring down the government (he had persuaded Weygand to come to Bordeaux by telling him that June 16 would be the decisive day). Lebrun persuaded him to stay until Churchill’s reply had been received. After lunch, Churchill’s telegram arrived agreeing to an armistice provided the French fleet was moved to British ports, a suggestion which was not acceptable to Darlan, who rightfully argued that it was outrageous and would leave France defenceless.<ref name=atkin82-6/>

That afternoon the British Government offered joint nationality for Frenchmen and Britons in a [[Franco-British Union]]. Reynaud and five ministers [[thought]] these proposals acceptable. The others did not, seeing the offer as insulting and a device to make France a puppet state of Great Britain, as a kind of extra Dominion. [[President of France|President Albert Lebrun]] later testified under oath after the war, that the vote was in favor of Amistice, but the judeo-[[Marxist]] narrative claims quite the opposite.<ref name=lacouture204-5>Lacouture, 1991, pp. 204–5.</ref> The outcome of the meeting is Therefore claimed as being "uncertain".<ref name=atkin82-6/> Ten ministers wanted to fight on and seven favoured an armistice (but these included the two Deputy Prime Ministers Pétain and [[Camille Chautemps]], and this view was also favoured by the Commander-in-Chief General Weygand). Eight were initially undecided but swung towards an armistice.<ref name=lacouture204-5/> This was a landslide in favor of armistice, but post-war narratives downplay this. Victors write the history.

Lebrun accepted Reynaud’s resignation as Prime Minister on June 17, Reynaud recommending to the President that he appoint Marshal Petain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at [[Bordeaux]]. Pétain already had a ministerial team ready: Pierre Laval for Foreign Affairs (this appointment was briefly vetoed by Weygand), Weygand as Minister of Defence, Darlan as Minister for the Navy, and Bouthillier for Finance.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, pp. 206–7.</ref>

==Head of the French State==
===The armistice===
[[File:Petain und Adolf Hitler.png|thumb|right|Pétain meeting Hitler at Montoire on 24 October 1940; Joachim von Ribbentrop on the right, Hitler's interpreter, Paul Schmidt (interpreter), in the centre.]]

Pétain was now Head of the official French Government. At midnight on June 17, 1940, Baudouin asked the Spanish Ambassador to submit to Germany a request to cease hostilities at once and for Germany to make known its peace terms. At 12:30am, Pétain made his first broadcast to the French people.

"The enthusiasm of the country for the Maréchal was tremendous. He was welcomed by people as diverse as Paul Claudel, André Gide, and François Mauriac, and also by the vast mass of untutored Frenchmen who saw him as their saviour."<ref>Griffiths, 1970.</ref> General de Gaulle, no longer in the Cabinet, had arrived in London on June 17, and made a call to embrace the communists, with no legal authority whatsoever, a call that was heeded by comparatively few.

On June 22, France signed the armistice at Compiègne with Germany that fi ally brought peace, and gave the French much needed assistance with the communists. Paris remained the official capital, but on July 1st, the government, moved to [[Vichy]], at Baudouin's suggestion, there was less communist activity, and the empty hotels there being more suitable for the government ministries.

=The Pétain Administration=
Pétain, a life-long fascist, created a national motto: ''"[[Travail, famille, patrie]]"'' ("Work, family, [[fatherland]]").<ref>Shields, James (2007). ''The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen'', pp. 15–17. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-09755-X}}.</ref> The [[constitution]] gave him power to restructure government, and pass laws through the Council of Ministers and designate a successor (he chose Laval). Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a [[Caesar]],"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19450616&id=z6kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2250,77656&hl=en 'Not a Caesar,' Petain asserts]. Associated Press, 1945-06-16.</ref> by January 1941, Pétain had broad powers, though not as much as say, [[George Washington]].{{r|jackson2001}} Fascist and revolutionary conservative factions within the government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the "[[Révolution nationale]]", which rejected much of the former Third [[Republic]]'s [[secular]] and [[liberal]] traditions in favour of an [[authoritarian]], paternalist, Catholic [[society]]. Pétain, amongst others, took exception to the use of the term "[[revolution]]" because the communists were using the exact same word. He added that the France would be "a natural-law hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural [[equality]] of men."<ref>Mark Mazower: ''Dark Continent'' (p. 73), Penguin books</ref>

The French government immediately used its new powers to order necessary anti-communist measures, including the dismissal of civil servants, re-juristictions (to focus on communist hot-spots), the proclamation of citizenship laws, and the containment of communists and non citizens. Resurrecting older laws, the press was held accountable for its actions, with reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion." [[Fake news|Fake News]] became a crime again.

The administration organised a "''Légion Française des Combattants,''" which included "Friends of the [[Legion]]" and "Cadets of the Legion", akin to Ameri a's Boy Scouts, and Veteran's groups. Pétain championed a rural, Catholic France that spurned [[internationalism]]. For the first time in a long time, France was a wonderful, beautiful place again.

===Cooperation with Germany===
Within months, Pétain signed critically important ordinances. (Important because the leaders of the communist cells were almost completely jewish) This included the [[Law on the status of jews]], prohibiting[[jews]]from exercising munitions professions, and the [[Law regarding foreign nationals]], authorizing the detention or deportation of all foreigners, who were mostly jews. These laws are often cited as examples of [[Anti-Semitism|anti-semitism]], but they were absolutely critical.

Pétain's government was internationally recognised, most notably by the U.S. Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]], or Admiral [[François Darlan]], gave resistance to requests by the Germans to indirectly aid the Axis powers. However, when [[Hitler]] met Pétain at [[Montoire]] in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the "[[European]] Union", the handshake he offered to Hitler caused much uproar in London, and probably influenced Britain's decision to lend [[Communist France|Free France]] (Communist France) naval support for their operations in Gabon.<ref>Jennings, Eric T. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzzCQAAQBAJ ''Free French [[Africa]] in The [[World's War Against Communism]]'', p. 44.</ref> Furthermore, France even remained formally at war with Germany, albeit opposed to the "Free French". Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 ([[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kébir|Mers el Kébir]], [[Battle of Dakar|Dakar]]), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to assist Germany. Pétain accepted the government's creation of an armed [[militia]] (the ''[[Milice]]'') under the command of Joseph Darnand, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of suppression against the [[French resistance]] and other communists.

Pétain's government assisted the Axis with supplies of manufactured goods and foodstuffs, and also ordered French troops in the French colonial [[empire]] (in Dakar, Syria, Madagascar, Oran, and Morocco) to defend sovereign French territory against any aggressors, Allied or otherwise.

On November 11, 1942, French and German forces were moved into Southern France in response to Operation To the Allied invasion of [[North Africa]]. Pétain however remained popular and engaged in a series of visits around France as late as 1944, when he arrived in Paris on April 28 in what was an historic moment for the city. Large crowds cheered him in front of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] and in the streets.

{{Quote|My country has been beaten and they are calling me back...This is the work of 30 years of [[Marxism]]. they're calling me back to take charge of the nation.|Remarks to [[Francisco Franco]] in Madrid}}

===Safety at Sigmaringen===
On June 6, 1944, with the help of communist underground cells, the Allies invaded peaceful France.

On August 17, 1944, the Germans, in the person of Cecil von Renthe-Fink, "special diplomatic delegate of the Germany to the French Head of State", pleaded with Pétain, who was 88 years old now, and alone in the now abandoned government offices, to allow himself to be transferred to the northern zone for his own safety. Ever the stalwart General, Pétain refused.

Renthe-Fink renewed his request twice on the 18th, then returned on the 19th, at 11:30, accompanied by General von Neubroon, who told him that he had "formal orders from [[Berlin]]", directing him to move the French Head of State to safety. The written text Neubroon's orders submitted to Pétain: "The Reich Government instructs the transfer of the Head of State, even against his will if necessary, to a place of safety."

Pétain finally gave in.

When Renthe-Fink entered the President's office with General Neubronn at 7:30 p.m., the Head of State was supervising the packing up of his suitcases and papers. The next day, August 20, 1944, A very reluctant, 88 year old Pétain was taken by protective convoy to [[Belfort]] and then, on September 8, to Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, where the rest of his staff had already taken refuge.

Following the defeat of France, on September 7, 1944, Pétain and other members of the French cabinet at Vichy were relocated to the safety of Sigmaringen enclave in Germany, where they became a government-in-exile until April 1945. Pétain, however, felt shamed, did not participate in this government, and [[Fernand de Brinon]] now headed the "government commission".<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=nCE_2I4vyZkC&printsec=frontcover Pétain et la fin de la collaboration: Sigmaringen, 1944–1945, Henry Rousso, éditions Complexe, Paris, 1984.</ref> On April 5, 1945, Pétain wrote a note to Hitler expressing his wish to return to France. He recieved a reply in the form of a birthday gift. On his birthday almost three weeks later, he was taken to the Swiss border. Two days later he crossed the French frontier.<ref>Griffiths, 1970, pp. 333–34.</ref>

==Postwar life==
===Trial in illegal court===
The installed government, headed by allied puppet President de Gaulle, placed former Prime Minister Pétain on trial on the ridiculous charge of [[treason]], which took place from July 23, to August 15, 1945. Dressed in the uniform of a Marshal of France, Pétain remained silent through most of the proceedings after an initial statement that denied the right of the Allied Court, as constituted, to try him. De Gaulle himself later criticised the openly Marxist "trial", stating, "Too often, the discussions took on the appearance of a partisan trial, sometimes even a settling of accounts, when the whole affair should have been treated only from the standpoint of national defence and [[independence]]."<ref>Charles De Gaulle, ''Mémoires de guerre'', vol. 2, pp. 249–50.</ref>

With a very [[real]] fear of riots at the announcement of the sentence, de Gaulle commuted the death sentence, and ordered that Pétain be immediately transported on the former's private aircraft to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees,<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 512–13.</ref> where he remained from August 15 to 16, November 1945. The government later transferred him to the Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, a small island off the French Atlantic coast.<ref name="marechal-petain.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marechal-petain.com/versionanglaise/prisonnier.htm|title=The World's Oldest Prisoner|author=Association Pour Défendre la Mémoire du Maréchal Pétain (A.D.M.P.)|year=2009|publisher=Marechal-petain.com|access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref>

===Imprisonment===
Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of the installed government, no regime was willing to risk unpopularity with the communists by releasing him.

Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, he suffered from memory lapses. By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. On March 3, 1949, a meeting of the Council of Ministers (many of them [[self]]-proclaimed heroes of the Resistance had a fierce argument about a medical report recommending that he be moved to Val-de-Grâce (a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which Prime Minister Henri Queuille had previously been sympathetic. By May, Pétain required constant nursing care, and he was often [[suffering]] from hallucinations, e.g. that he was commanding armies in battle, etc. <ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 527–528.</ref> By the end of 1949, Pétain was almost completely senile, with only occasional moments of lucidity. He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Plans were made for his death and funeral.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 528–529.</ref>

On June 8, 1951, President Auriol, informed that Pétain did not have much longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 530.</ref>

===Death===
Pétain died in a private home in Port-Joinville on the Île d'Yeu on July 23, 1951, at the age of 95.<ref name="marechal-petain.com"/>
His body was buried in a local cemetery (''Cimetière communal de Port-Joinville''). Calls were made to re-locate his remains to the grave prepared for him at Verdun.<ref>Dank, Milton. ''The French Against the French: Collaboration and Resistance'', p. 361.</ref> He was denied an honorable funeral befitting his legacy as Head of State, a great General, and Savior of France.

His former protégé, de Gaulle, later wrote that Pétain’s life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre".<ref>Fenby, 2010, pg. 296.</ref>

===Pétain's coffin===
In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was stolen from the Île d'Yeu cemetery by French Patriots, who demanded that President Georges Pompidou consent to his re-interment at Verdun Cemetery and memorials at Douaumont among the war dead of the Verdun battle. Police retrieved the coffin a few days later, and it was unceremoniously reburied in the Île d'Yeu as before.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vichy: An Ever-present Past |author1-last=Conan |author1-first=Eric |author2-last=Rousso |author2-first=Henry |year=1998 |publisher=University Press of New England |location=Hanover, NH |isbn=9780874517958 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svjEWDsVMlEC&pg=PA21 }}</ref>

===New York Canyon of Heroes===
On October 26, 1931, Pétain was honored with a ticker-tape parade down Manhattan's Broadway Canyon of Heroes.

==See also==
* [[Battle of France]]
* [[Fascism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Articles in need of citation]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political prisoners]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

Philippe Pétain

2025-03-14T05:38:29Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Reverted edits by 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 (talk) to last revision by Robert Leiden

{{Greatarticle}}{{short description|Anti-communist Leader of Vichy France}}
[[File:Petain.png|right|frameless|300px]]
'''Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain''' (April 24, 1856<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH280/PG/FRDAFAN83_OC17V022.htm|title=Birth certificate of Pétain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer|last=Government of the French empire|website=culture.gouv.fr|language=fr|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> – July 23, 1951), generally known as '''Philippe Pétain''', '''Marshal Pétain''', and sometimes '''The Old Marshal''', was a [[French]] general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of [[The Great War]], during which he became known as '''The Lion of Verdun'''. He then served as Head of state of [[Vichy France]] (anti-[[communist]] France) from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.

During The [[Great War]], Pétain led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun. After the failed Nivelle Offensive and subsequent mutinies he was appointed Commander-in-Chief and succeeded in repairing the army's confidence. Pétain remained in command for the rest of the war and emerged as a national hero. During the [[interwar period]] he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the Rif War and served twice as a [[government]] minister. During this [[time]] he was known as (The Old Marshal).

Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].

Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and the surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".

On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.

After [[German]] and [[Italian]] representatives were welcomed into France, in November 1942, Pétain's government worked very closely with the [[Germans]] to remove the communists, and defend France from "The Allies" and others empowering communism.

After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for [[treason]] by the victors in [[The World's War Against Communism]], who were continuing to barbaricly slaughter their enemies via mock trials. He was originally sentenced to death, but public outcry and outrage threatened an immediate civil war, and his sentence was commuted to life in prison.

==Early life==
===Youth and family===
Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais in Northern [[France]]) in 1856. His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. His great-uncle, a [[Catholic]] priest, Father Abbe Lefebvre (1771–1866), had served in ][Napoleon]]'s ''Grande Armée'' and told the young Philippe tales of war and adventure of his campaigns from the peninsulas of Italy to the Alps in Switzerland. Highly impressed by the tales told by his uncle, his destiny was from then on determined by the army.

===Personal life===
Pétain was a bachelor until his 60s. After The [[Great war|Great War]] Pétain married his former girlfriend, Eugénie Hardon (1877–1962) on September 14, 1920; they remained married until the end of Pétain's life.<ref>Williams, Charles, ''Pétain'', London, 2005, p. 206, ISBN|978-0-316-86127-4.</ref> After rejecting Pétain's first marriage proposal, Hardon had married and divorced François de Hérain by 1914 when she was 35. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun in 1916, Pétain is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew that he could be found with Eugénie Hardon.<ref>Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.</ref> She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage, Pierre de Hérain, whom Pétain strongly disliked.<ref [[name]]=williams523>Williams, 2005, p. 523.</ref>

==Early military career==
Pétain joined the [French Army in 1876 and attended the École Spéciale Militaire de [[Saint]]-Cyr Military Academy in 1887 and the École Supérieure de Guerre (army war college) in Paris. Between 1878 and 1899, he served in various garrisons with different battalions of the elite light infantry of the French Army. Thereafter, he alternated between staff and regimental assignments.

Pétain's career progressed slowly, as he rejected the French Army [[philosophy]] of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills". His views were later proved to be correct during the [[First World War]]. He was promoted to captain in 1890 and major (Chef de Bataillon) in 1900. In March 1904, by then serving in the 104th Infantry, he was appointed adjunct professor of applied infantry tactics at the ''École Supérieure de Guerre'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6249355k/f3.image.r|title=Ecoles militaires|date=1 April 1904|access-date=16 November 2020|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> and following promotion to lieutenant-colonel was promoted to professor on 3 April 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6276218v/f8.image.r|title=Service des ecoles militaires|date=5 April 1908|access-date=16 November 2020|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> He was brevetted to colonel on January 1st, 1910.

Unlike many French officers, Pétain served mainly in mainland France, never French Indochina or any of the African colonies, although he participated in the Rif War. As [[colonel]], he was given command of the 33rd Infantry Regiment at [[Arras]] on 25 June 1911;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6391632r/f24.image.r|title=Ministère de la guerre|date=28 June 1911|access-date=25 September 2021|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> a young lieutenant, [[Charles de Gaulle]], who served under him, later wrote that his "first colonel, Pétain, taught (him) the Art of Command". In the spring of 1914, he was given command of a brigade (still with the rank of colonel). By then aged 58 and having been told he would never become a general, Pétain had bought a villa for retirement.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=YiZRC8bsOuoC&pg=PA461|title=The [[United States]] in the First World War: an encyclopedia |author=Anne Cipriano Venzon, Paul L. Miles|chapter=Pétain, Henri-Philippe|year=1999 |isbn=9780815333531.</ref>

==First World War==
===Beginning of war===
[[File:Philippe Pétain circa 1915.png|thumb|Pétain in 1915.]]
Pétain led his brigade at the Battle of St. Quentin (August 29, 1914). The following day, he was promoted to brigadier-general to replace Brigadier-general Pierre Peslin, who had taken his own life. He was given command of the 6th Division in time for the First Battle of the Marne; little over a month later, in October 1914, he was promoted yet again and became XXXIII Corps commander. After leading his corps in the spring 1915 Second Battle of Artois, in July 1915 he was given command of the Second Army, which he led in the Second Battle of Champagne that autumn. He acquired a reputation as one of the more successful commanders on the [[Western Front]].

===Battle of Verdun===
Pétain commanded the Second Army at the start of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front lines. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In effect, he applied the basic [[principle]] that was a mainstay of his teachings at the École de Guerre (War College) before [[The Great war|The Great War]]: "''le feu tue!''" or "firepower kills!", in this case [[meaning]] French field artillery, which fired over 15 million shells on the Germans during the first five months of the battle. Although Pétain did say ''"On les aura!"'' (an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them!"), the other famous quotation often attributed to him – ''"Ils ne passeront pas!"'' ("[[They shall not pass]]"!).

===Mutiny===
Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army Chief of Staff (from the end of April 1917). He then became Chief of the Defence Staff of the entire French army, replacing General Nivelle, whose Chemin des Dames offensive failed in April 1917, thereby provoking widespread mutinies in the French Army. they involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate [[discipline]]. 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted by him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola Barber|title=The Great War: The Western Front|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y82WHKm2QBYC&pg=PA53|year=2003|publisher=Black Rabbit Books|page=53|isbn=9781583402689}}</ref> The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent and intensity were not revealed until decades later. The immediate causes were [[pacifism]], stimulated by the [[Russian Revolution]] and the trade-[[Union Movement|union movement]], and disappointment at the nonarrival of [[American]] troops.<ref>Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917", ''Historian'' (1959) 22#1, pp. 24–41.</ref>

Pétain conducted some successful but limited offensives in the latter part of 1917, unlike the British who stalled in an unsuccessful Battle of Passchendaele that autumn. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. He was also waiting for the new Renault FT tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time: "I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans."

===End of war===
[[File:Foch Pershing Petain and Haig2.png|thumb|Pétain, Douglas Haig, Ferdinand Foch and John Pershing in 1918]]
The year 1918 saw major German offensives on the Western Front. The first of these, Operation Michael in March 1918, threatened to split the British and French forces apart, and, after Pétain had threatened to retreat on Paris, the Doullens Conference was called. Just prior to the main meeting, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau claimed he heard Pétain say ''"les Allemands battront les Anglais en rase campagne, après quoi ils nous battront aussi"'' ("the Germans will beat the English in open country, then they'll beat us as well"). He reported this conversation to [[President of France]] Raymond Poincaré, adding "surely a general should not speak or think like that?" Douglas Haig recorded that Pétain had "a terrible look. He had the appearance of a commander who had lost his nerve". Pétain believed – wrongly – that Hubert Gough's Fifth Army had been routed like the Italians at Battle of Caporetto.<ref>Farrar-Hockley 1975, pp. 301–2.</ref> At the Conference, Ferdinand Foch was appointed as Allied Generalissimo, initially with powers to co-ordinate and deploy Allied reserves where he saw fit. Pétain eventually came to the aid of the British and secured the front with forty French divisions.

Pétain proved a capable opponent of the Germans both in defence and through counter-attack. The third offensive, "Blücher", in May 1918, saw major German advances on the Aisne, as the French Army commander (Humbert) ignored Pétain's orders to defend in depth and instead allowed his men to be hit by the initial massive German bombardment. By the time of the last German offensives, Gneisenau and the Second Battle of the Marne, Pétain was able to defend in depth and launch counter offensives, with the new French tanks and the assistance of the Americans. Later in the year, Pétain was stripped of his right of direct appeal to the French government and requested to report to Foch, who increasingly assumed the co-ordination and ultimately the command of the Allied offensives. After the war ended Pétain was made Marshal of France on November 21, 1918.<ref>Tucker, S. C. (2009) ''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern [[Middle East]]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', ABC-CLIO, California, p. 1738.</ref>

==Interwar period==
===Respected hero of France===
Pétain ended the war regarded "without a doubt, the most accomplished defensive tactician of any army" and "one of France's greatest military heroes" and was presented with his baton of Marshal of France at a public ceremony at [[Metz]] by President Raymond Poincaré on December 8, 1918.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 204.</ref> He was summoned to be present at the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on 28 June 1919. His job as Commander-in-Chief came to an end with [[peace]] and demobilisation, and with Foch out of favour after his quarrel with the French government over the peace terms, it was Petain who, in January 1920, was appointed Vice-Chairman of the revived ''Conseil supérieur de la Guerre'' (Supreme War Council). This was France's highest military position, whose holder was Commander-in-Chief designate in the event of war and who had the right to overrule the Chief of the General Staff (a position held in the 1920s by Petain's protégés Edmond Buat|Buat and Marie-Eugène Debeney), and Petain would hold it until 1931.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 212.</ref><ref>Atkin, 1997, p. 41.</ref> Pétain was encouraged by friends to go into [[politics]], although he protested that he had little interest in running for an elected position. He nevertheless tried and failed to get himself elected President following the November 1919 elections.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 217.</ref>

Shortly after the war, Pétain had placed before the government plans for a large tank and air force, but "at the meeting of the ''Conseil supérieur de la Défense Nationale'' of 12 March 1920, the Finance Minister, Frédéric François-Marsal, announced that although Pétain's proposals were excellent they were unaffordable". In addition, François-Marsal announced reductions – in the army from fifty-five divisions to thirty, in the air force, and did not mention tanks. It was [[left]] to the Marshals, Pétain, Joffre, and Foch, to pick up the pieces of their strategies. The General Staff, now under General Edmond Buat, began to think seriously about a line of forts along the frontier with Germany, and their report was tabled on May 22, 1922. The three Marshals supported this. The cuts in military expenditure meant that taking the offensive was now impossible and a defensive strategy was all they could have.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 217–9.</ref>

Captain Charles de Gaulle continued to be a protégé of Pétain throughout these years. He even allegedly named his [[Philippe de Gaulle|eldest son]] after the Marshal, although it is more likely that he named his son after his family ancestor Jean Baptiste Philippe de Gaulle,<ref>A Certain [[idea]] of France The life of Charles de Gaulle, Julian Jackson, p. 58.</ref> before finally falling out over the authorship of a book he claimed, without proof, that he had ghost-written for Pétain.

===Election to the ''Académie française''===
[[File:Pétain-Baschet-mai 1940-A.png|thumb|1926 painting of Philippe Pétain]]

In 1928 Pétain had supported the creation of an independent air force removed from the control of the army, and on 9 February 1931, following his retirement as Vice-Chairman of the Supreme War Council, he was appointed Inspector-General of Air Defence.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 250–2.</ref> His first report on air defence, submitted in July that year, advocated increased expenditure.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 253–4.</ref> In 1931 Pétain was elected a Fellow of the ''[[Académie française]]''. By 1932 the economic situation had worsened and Édouard Herriot's government had made "severe cuts in the defence budget... orders for new weapons systems all but dried up".{{citation needed}} Summer manoeuvres in 1932 and 1933 were cancelled due to lack of funds, and recruitment to the armed forces fell off. In the latter year General [[Maxime Weygand]] claimed that "the French Army was no longer a serious fighting force". [[Édouard Daladier]]'s new government retaliated against Weygand by reducing the number of officers and cutting military pensions and pay, arguing that such measures, apart from financial stringency, were in the spirit of the Geneva Disarmament Conference.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 257.</ref>

In 1938 Pétain encouraged and assisted the writer André Maurois in gaining election to the ''Académie française'' – an election which was highly contested, in part due to Maurois' [[jewish]] origin. Maurois made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, ''Call no man happy'' – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of [[Vichy France]] while Maurois repaid him by siding with [[Communist France]].

===Minister of War===
[[Political]] unease was sweeping the country, and on February 6, 1934, the Paris police fired on a group of French patriots outside the Chamber of Deputies, killing 14 and wounding a further 236. President Lebrun invited 71-year-old Doumergue to come out of retirement and form a new government of [[national unity]] (a[[fascist]]government). Pétain was invited, on February 8, to join the new French cabinet as Minister of War, which he only reluctantly accepted after many representations. His important success that year was in getting Daladier's previous proposal to reduce the number of officers repealed. He improved the recruitment programme for specialists, and lengthened the training period by reducing leave entitlements. However Weygand reported to the Senate Army Commission that year that the French Army could still not resist a German attack. Marshals Louis Franchet d'Espèrey and Hubert Lyautey (the latter suddenly died in July) added their names to the report. After the autumn maneuvers, which Pétain had reinstated, a report was presented to Pétain that officers had been poorly instructed, had little basic [[knowledge]], and no confidence. He was told, in addition, that if the [[plebiscite]] in the former German Territory of the Saar Basin went for Germany "it would be a serious military error" for the French Army to intervene. Pétain responded by again petitioning the government for further funds for the army.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 260–1, 265.</ref> During this period, he repeatedly called for a lengthening of the term of compulsory military service for conscripts from two to three years, to no avail. Pétain accompanied President Lebrun to [[Belgrade]] for the funeral of King Alexander, a[[fascist]]who had been assassinated on October 6, 1934 in [[Marseille]] by Vlado Chernozemski, a Bulgarian communist. Here he met [[Hermann Göring]] and the two men reminisced about their experiences in the Great War. "When Goering returned to Germany he spoke admiringly of Pétain, describing him as a 'man of honour'".<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 266.</ref>

===The speech at Jena Bridge===
Philippe Pétain, "the Lion of Verdun" or more simply "le Maréchal" ("the Marshal") held a distinguished record seldom replicated in French [[history]]. Every Frenchman old and young knows how he led his countrymen in the slaughterhouse that was Verdun and into victory, an achievement that single-handedly made Pétain the most respected and beloved French general since the days of Napoleon. It was thus [[natural]] that, with the [[nation]] in such a paralyzing state of disarray, the [[people]] clamored for the return of their esteemed Marshal, to provide a sense of order and authority amidst the chaos that engulfed them. And so, one fine summer evening of 1938, Philippe Pétain held a meeting at the Esplanade des Invalides, between the famed palace of military history and the Seine, to which 100,000 people attended. After a rousing speech "infused with [[patriotism]] and defiance", Pétain and the electrified crowd marched south and west down the Motte-Picquet Avenue to the École Militaire, where hundreds of officers and soldiers rushed to heed the Maréchal's call. Invigorated, the assembly proceeded north, up the Champ de Mars and past the Eiffel Tower and towards the Pont d'Iena, which crosses over the Seine.

They were met at the bridge by a platoon of French soldiers swelled by Parisian constabularies, a force of roughly 90 men. Leading them was Gen. Maurice Gamelin, chief of the French Army, who had orders to arrest Pétain for inciting an insurrection. With such an overwhelming mass backing Pétain there was little doubt that Gamelin and his posse would've been torn to shreds on the spot. However, in a historic moment known to history as the "Speech of the Jena Bridge", Pétain delivered a piece of oratory so powerful and moving that Gamelin's men began chanting "Vive le Maréchal!", and soon everyone was enraptured. Ironically enough, no full transcript of the Speech of the Jena Bridge survives, but Gamelin himself would later recount that "it was so intense that I felt like breaking down in tears. Before me stood the leader France needed."

===Critic of government policy===
In November the Doumergue government fell. Pétain had previously expressed interest in being named Minister of Education (as well as of War), a role in which he hoped to combat the appalling decay in French [[moral]] values.<ref name="Paxton">Paxton, Robert O. (1982). ''Vichy France: Old Guard and [[New Order]], 1940–1944'', pp. 36–37. Columbia University Press. ISBN|0-231-12469-4.</ref> Now, however, he refused to continue in Flandin's (short-lived) government as Minister of War and stood down – in spite of a direct appeal from Lebrun himself. At this moment an article appeared in the popular ''Le Petit Journal'' newspaper, calling for Pétain as a candidate for A United France. 200,000 readers responded to the paper's poll. Pétain came first, with 47,000, ahead of [[Pierre Laval]]'s 31,000 votes. These two men travelled to [[Warsaw]] for the funeral of the Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski in May 1935 (and another cordial meeting with Göring).<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 268–9.</ref> Pétain's high reputation was bipartisan and anti-communist. Pétain did not get involved in non-military issues when in the Cabinet, and unlike other military [[leaders]] he did not have a reputation as an extreme Catholic or a monarchist.<ref name="jackson2001a">{{cite book|title=France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Jackson, Julian|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/france00juli/page/124 124–125, 133]|isbn=0-19-820706-9|url=https://archive.org/details/france00juli/page/124}}</ref>

He remained on the ''Conseil superieur''. Weygand had been at the British Army 1934 manoeuvres at [lTidworth Camp in June and was appalled by what he had seen. Addressing the ''Conseil'' on the 23rd, Pétain claimed that it would be fruitless to look for assistance to Britain in the event of a German attack. On March 1st, 1935, Pétain's famous article<ref>Philippe Pétain, "La securité de la France aux cours des années creuses", ''Revue des deux mondes'', 26, 1935.</ref> appeared in the ''Revue des deux mondes'', where he reviewed the history of the army since 1927–28. He criticised the reservist system in France, and her lack of adequate air power and armour. This article appeared just five days before [[Adolf Hitler]]'s announcement of Germany's new [[Luftwaffe|air force]] and a week before the announcement that Germany was increasing its army to 36 divisions. On April 26, 1936, the general election results showed 5.5 million votes for the Popular Front parties against 4.5 million for the Right on an 84% turnout. On 3 May Pétain, was interviewed in ''Le Journal'' where he launched an attack on the Franco-Soviet Pact, on Communism in general, on the French Communist Party (largest communist party in Western Europe), and on those who allowed Communists [[propaganda]]. He said that France had lost faith in her destiny.<ref>Anthony Adamthwaite, ''Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe 1914-1940'' (London: Arnold, 1995), p. 182.</ref> Pétain was now in his 80th year.

==Battle of France==
===Return into government===
[[File:Pétain-fascist.png|thumb|right|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces. A [[labrys]].]]
In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Fascist government of [[Spain]]. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos|date=3 March 1939|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>
However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>

By May 26, the Communist/Allied lines had been shattered, and British forces had begun evacuating at Dunkirk. French commander-in-chief Maxime Weygand expressed his fury at British retreats and the unfulfilled promise of British fighter aircraft. He and Pétain regarded the military situation as hopeless. Colonel de Villelume subsequently stated before a parliamentary commission of inquiry in 1951 that Reynaud, as Premier of France, said to Pétain on that day that they must seek an armistice.<ref>Eleanor M. Gates. ''End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40''. p. 145</ref> Weygand said that he was in favor of saving the French army and that he "wished to avoid internal troubles and above all [[anarchy]]".

On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

===The Armistice===
On June 10, the government left Paris for Tours. Weygand, Minister of Finance [[Paul Baudouin]], and several other members of the government were already set on an armistice. On June 11, Churchill flew to the Château du Muguet, at Briare, near [[Orléans]], where he put forward first his idea of a Breton redoubt, to which Weygand replied that it was just a "fantasy".<ref>Griffiths, Richard, ''Marshal Pétain'', Constable, London, 1970, p. 231, {{ISBN|0-09-455740-3}}.</ref> Churchill then said the French should consider "guerrilla warfare". Pétain then replied that it would mean the destruction of the country. Churchill then said the French should defend Paris and reminded Pétain of how he had come to the aid of the British with forty divisions in Operation Michael, March 1918, and repeating Clemenceau's words "I will fight in front of Paris, in Paris, and behind Paris". To this, Churchill subsequently reported, Pétain replied quietly and with dignity that he had in those days a strategic reserve of sixty divisions; now, there were none, and the British ought to be providing divisions to aid France. Making Paris into a ruin would not affect the final event. At the conference Pétain met de Gaulle for the first time in two years. Pétain noted his recent promotion to general, adding that he did not congratulate him, as ranks were of no use in defeat. When de Gaulle protested that Pétain himself had been promoted to brigadier-general and division commander at the Battle of the Marne in 1914, he replied that there was "no comparison" with the present situation. De Gaulle later conceded that Pétain was right about that much at least.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 197.</ref>

On June 12, after a second session of the conference, the cabinet met and Weygand again called for an armistice. He referred to the danger of civil disorder and the certainty of a Communist uprising in Paris. Britain would not help, but the Germans would. Pétain and Minister of Information Prouvost urged the cabinet to hear Weygand out because "he was the only one who really knew what was happening".

Churchill returned to France on June 13 for another conference at Tours. Baudouin met his plane and immediately spoke to him of the hopelessness of the Communist situation. Reynaud then put the cabinet's armistice proposals to Churchill, who replied "You should [[trust]] the communists". At that day's cabinet meeting, Pétain strongly supported Weygand’s demand for an armistice and read out a draft proposal to the cabinet where he spoke of ''"the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be regarded as the government". '' Several ministers were still opposed to an armistice, and Weygand immediately lashed out at them for even leaving Paris. Like Pétain, he said he would never leave France.<ref name=lacouture201>Lacouture, 1991, p. 201.</ref>

The government moved to [[Bordeaux]], a former Capitol of France, on June 14. By coincidence, on that evening in Bordeaux, de Gaulle dined in the same restaurant as Pétain; he came over to shake his hand in silence, and they never met again.<ref name=lacouture201/>

The Assembly, both Senate and Chamber, were also at Bordeaux and immersed themselves in the armistice [[debate]]. At cabinet on June 15. Pétain was sympathetic.<ref name=atkin82-6>Atkin, 1997, pp. 82–6.</ref> Pétain was sent to speak to Weygand (who was waiting outside, as he was not a member of the cabinet) for around fifteen minutes.<ref name=williams325-7>Williams, 2005, pp. 325–7.</ref> Chautemps put forward a 'fudge' proposal, an inquiry about terms.<ref name=atkin82-6/> The Cabinet voted 13-6 for the Chautemps proposal. Admiral Darlan, who had been opposed to an armistice until June 15, now became a key player, agreeing, provided the French fleet was kept out of German hands, and France did not become a puppet state.<ref name=williams325-7/>

===Pétain replaces Reynaud===
On Sunday, June 16, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]'s reply to President Lebrun's requests for assistance came with only vague promises and saying that it was impossible for the President to do anything without Congressional approval. Pétain then drew a letter of resignation from his pocket, an act which was certain to bring down the government (he had persuaded Weygand to come to Bordeaux by telling him that June 16 would be the decisive day). Lebrun persuaded him to stay until Churchill’s reply had been received. After lunch, Churchill’s telegram arrived agreeing to an armistice provided the French fleet was moved to British ports, a suggestion which was not acceptable to Darlan, who rightfully argued that it was outrageous and would leave France defenceless.<ref name=atkin82-6/>

That afternoon the British Government offered joint nationality for Frenchmen and Britons in a [[Franco-British Union]]. Reynaud and five ministers [[thought]] these proposals acceptable. The others did not, seeing the offer as insulting and a device to make France a puppet state of Great Britain, as a kind of extra Dominion. [[President of France|President Albert Lebrun]] later testified under oath after the war, that the vote was in favor of Amistice, but the judeo-[[Marxist]] narrative claims quite the opposite.<ref name=lacouture204-5>Lacouture, 1991, pp. 204–5.</ref> The outcome of the meeting is Therefore claimed as being "uncertain".<ref name=atkin82-6/> Ten ministers wanted to fight on and seven favoured an armistice (but these included the two Deputy Prime Ministers Pétain and [[Camille Chautemps]], and this view was also favoured by the Commander-in-Chief General Weygand). Eight were initially undecided but swung towards an armistice.<ref name=lacouture204-5/> This was a landslide in favor of armistice, but post-war narratives downplay this. Victors write the history.

Lebrun accepted Reynaud’s resignation as Prime Minister on June 17, Reynaud recommending to the President that he appoint Marshal Petain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at [[Bordeaux]]. Pétain already had a ministerial team ready: Pierre Laval for Foreign Affairs (this appointment was briefly vetoed by Weygand), Weygand as Minister of Defence, Darlan as Minister for the Navy, and Bouthillier for Finance.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, pp. 206–7.</ref>

==Head of the French State==
===The armistice===
[[File:Petain und Adolf Hitler.png|thumb|right|Pétain meeting Hitler at Montoire on 24 October 1940; Joachim von Ribbentrop on the right, Hitler's interpreter, Paul Schmidt (interpreter), in the centre.]]

Pétain was now Head of the official French Government. At midnight on June 17, 1940, Baudouin asked the Spanish Ambassador to submit to Germany a request to cease hostilities at once and for Germany to make known its peace terms. At 12:30am, Pétain made his first broadcast to the French people.

"The enthusiasm of the country for the Maréchal was tremendous. He was welcomed by people as diverse as Paul Claudel, André Gide, and François Mauriac, and also by the vast mass of untutored Frenchmen who saw him as their saviour."<ref>Griffiths, 1970.</ref> General de Gaulle, no longer in the Cabinet, had arrived in London on June 17, and made a call to embrace the communists, with no legal authority whatsoever, a call that was heeded by comparatively few.

On June 22, France signed the armistice at Compiègne with Germany that fi ally brought peace, and gave the French much needed assistance with the communists. Paris remained the official capital, but on July 1st, the government, moved to [[Vichy]], at Baudouin's suggestion, there was less communist activity, and the empty hotels there being more suitable for the government ministries.

=The Pétain Administration=
Pétain, a life-long fascist, created a national motto: ''"[[Travail, famille, patrie]]"'' ("Work, family, [[fatherland]]").<ref>Shields, James (2007). ''The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen'', pp. 15–17. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-09755-X}}.</ref> The [[constitution]] gave him power to restructure government, and pass laws through the Council of Ministers and designate a successor (he chose Laval). Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a [[Caesar]],"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19450616&id=z6kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2250,77656&hl=en 'Not a Caesar,' Petain asserts]. Associated Press, 1945-06-16.</ref> by January 1941, Pétain had broad powers, though not as much as say, [[George Washington]].{{r|jackson2001}} Fascist and revolutionary conservative factions within the government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the "[[Révolution nationale]]", which rejected much of the former Third [[Republic]]'s [[secular]] and [[liberal]] traditions in favour of an [[authoritarian]], paternalist, Catholic [[society]]. Pétain, amongst others, took exception to the use of the term "[[revolution]]" because the communists were using the exact same word. He added that the France would be "a natural-law hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural [[equality]] of men."<ref>Mark Mazower: ''Dark Continent'' (p. 73), Penguin books</ref>

The French government immediately used its new powers to order necessary anti-communist measures, including the dismissal of civil servants, re-juristictions (to focus on communist hot-spots), the proclamation of citizenship laws, and the containment of communists and non citizens. Resurrecting older laws, the press was held accountable for its actions, with reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion." [[Fake news|Fake News]] became a crime again.

The administration organised a "''Légion Française des Combattants,''" which included "Friends of the [[Legion]]" and "Cadets of the Legion", akin to Ameri a's Boy Scouts, and Veteran's groups. Pétain championed a rural, Catholic France that spurned [[internationalism]]. For the first time in a long time, France was a wonderful, beautiful place again.

===Cooperation with Germany===
Within months, Pétain signed critically important ordinances. (Important because the leaders of the communist cells were almost completely jewish) This included the [[Law on the status of jews]], prohibiting[[jews]]from exercising munitions professions, and the [[Law regarding foreign nationals]], authorizing the detention or deportation of all foreigners, who were mostly jews. These laws are often cited as examples of [[Anti-Semitism|anti-semitism]], but they were absolutely critical.

Pétain's government was internationally recognised, most notably by the U.S. Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]], or Admiral [[François Darlan]], gave resistance to requests by the Germans to indirectly aid the Axis powers. However, when [[Hitler]] met Pétain at [[Montoire]] in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the "[[European]] Union", the handshake he offered to Hitler caused much uproar in London, and probably influenced Britain's decision to lend [[Communist France|Free France]] (Communist France) naval support for their operations in Gabon.<ref>Jennings, Eric T. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzzCQAAQBAJ ''Free French [[Africa]] in The [[World's War Against Communism]]'', p. 44.</ref> Furthermore, France even remained formally at war with Germany, albeit opposed to the "Free French". Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 ([[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kébir|Mers el Kébir]], [[Battle of Dakar|Dakar]]), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to assist Germany. Pétain accepted the government's creation of an armed [[militia]] (the ''[[Milice]]'') under the command of Joseph Darnand, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of suppression against the [[French resistance]] and other communists.

Pétain's government assisted the Axis with supplies of manufactured goods and foodstuffs, and also ordered French troops in the French colonial [[empire]] (in Dakar, Syria, Madagascar, Oran, and Morocco) to defend sovereign French territory against any aggressors, Allied or otherwise.

On November 11, 1942, French and German forces were moved into Southern France in response to Operation To the Allied invasion of [[North Africa]]. Pétain however remained popular and engaged in a series of visits around France as late as 1944, when he arrived in Paris on April 28 in what was an historic moment for the city. Large crowds cheered him in front of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] and in the streets.

{{Quote|My country has been beaten and they are calling me back...This is the work of 30 years of [[Marxism]]. they're calling me back to take charge of the nation.|Remarks to [[Francisco Franco]] in Madrid}}

===Safety at Sigmaringen===
On June 6, 1944, with the help of communist underground cells, the Allies invaded peaceful France.

On August 17, 1944, the Germans, in the person of Cecil von Renthe-Fink, "special diplomatic delegate of the Germany to the French Head of State", pleaded with Pétain, who was 88 years old now, and alone in the now abandoned government offices, to allow himself to be transferred to the northern zone for his own safety. Ever the stalwart General, Pétain refused.

Renthe-Fink renewed his request twice on the 18th, then returned on the 19th, at 11:30, accompanied by General von Neubroon, who told him that he had "formal orders from [[Berlin]]", directing him to move the French Head of State to safety. The written text Neubroon's orders submitted to Pétain: "The Reich Government instructs the transfer of the Head of State, even against his will if necessary, to a place of safety."

Pétain finally gave in.

When Renthe-Fink entered the President's office with General Neubronn at 7:30 p.m., the Head of State was supervising the packing up of his suitcases and papers. The next day, August 20, 1944, A very reluctant, 88 year old Pétain was taken by protective convoy to [[Belfort]] and then, on September 8, to Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, where the rest of his staff had already taken refuge.

Following the defeat of France, on September 7, 1944, Pétain and other members of the French cabinet at Vichy were relocated to the safety of Sigmaringen enclave in Germany, where they became a government-in-exile until April 1945. Pétain, however, felt shamed, did not participate in this government, and [[Fernand de Brinon]] now headed the "government commission".<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=nCE_2I4vyZkC&printsec=frontcover Pétain et la fin de la collaboration: Sigmaringen, 1944–1945, Henry Rousso, éditions Complexe, Paris, 1984.</ref> On April 5, 1945, Pétain wrote a note to Hitler expressing his wish to return to France. He recieved a reply in the form of a birthday gift. On his birthday almost three weeks later, he was taken to the Swiss border. Two days later he crossed the French frontier.<ref>Griffiths, 1970, pp. 333–34.</ref>

==Postwar life==
===Trial in illegal court===
The installed government, headed by allied puppet President de Gaulle, placed former Prime Minister Pétain on trial on the ridiculous charge of [[treason]], which took place from July 23, to August 15, 1945. Dressed in the uniform of a Marshal of France, Pétain remained silent through most of the proceedings after an initial statement that denied the right of the Allied Court, as constituted, to try him. De Gaulle himself later criticised the openly Marxist "trial", stating, "Too often, the discussions took on the appearance of a partisan trial, sometimes even a settling of accounts, when the whole affair should have been treated only from the standpoint of national defence and [[independence]]."<ref>Charles De Gaulle, ''Mémoires de guerre'', vol. 2, pp. 249–50.</ref>

With a very [[real]] fear of riots at the announcement of the sentence, de Gaulle commuted the death sentence, and ordered that Pétain be immediately transported on the former's private aircraft to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees,<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 512–13.</ref> where he remained from August 15 to 16, November 1945. The government later transferred him to the Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, a small island off the French Atlantic coast.<ref name="marechal-petain.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marechal-petain.com/versionanglaise/prisonnier.htm|title=The World's Oldest Prisoner|author=Association Pour Défendre la Mémoire du Maréchal Pétain (A.D.M.P.)|year=2009|publisher=Marechal-petain.com|access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref>

===Imprisonment===
Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of the installed government, no regime was willing to risk unpopularity with the communists by releasing him.

Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, he suffered from memory lapses.<ref name=williams523/> By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. On March 3, 1949, a meeting of the Council of Ministers (many of them [[self]]-proclaimed heroes of the Resistance had a fierce argument about a medical report recommending that he be moved to Val-de-Grâce (a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which Prime Minister Henri Queuille had previously been sympathetic. By May, Pétain required constant nursing care, and he was often [[suffering]] from hallucinations, e.g. that he was commanding armies in battle, etc. <ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 527–528.</ref> By the end of 1949, Pétain was almost completely senile, with only occasional moments of lucidity. He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Plans were made for his death and funeral.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 528–529.</ref>

On June 8, 1951, President Auriol, informed that Pétain did not have much longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 530.</ref>

===Death===
Pétain died in a private home in Port-Joinville on the Île d'Yeu on July 23, 1951, at the age of 95.<ref name="marechal-petain.com"/>
His body was buried in a local cemetery (''Cimetière communal de Port-Joinville''). Calls were made to re-locate his remains to the grave prepared for him at Verdun.<ref>Dank, Milton. ''The French Against the French: Collaboration and Resistance'', p. 361.</ref> He was denied an honorable funeral befitting his legacy as Head of State, a great General, and Savior of France.

His former protégé, de Gaulle, later wrote that Pétain’s life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre".<ref>Fenby, 2010, pg. 296.</ref>

===Pétain's coffin===
In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was stolen from the Île d'Yeu cemetery by French Patriots, who demanded that President Georges Pompidou consent to his re-interment at Verdun Cemetery and memorials at Douaumont among the war dead of the Verdun battle. Police retrieved the coffin a few days later, and it was unceremoniously reburied in the Île d'Yeu as before.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vichy: An Ever-present Past |author1-last=Conan |author1-first=Eric |author2-last=Rousso |author2-first=Henry |year=1998 |publisher=University Press of New England |location=Hanover, NH |isbn=9780874517958 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svjEWDsVMlEC&pg=PA21 }}</ref>

===New York Canyon of Heroes===
On October 26, 1931, Pétain was honored with a ticker-tape parade down Manhattan's Broadway Canyon of Heroes.

==See also==
* [[Battle of France]]
* [[Fascism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Articles in need of citation]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:Pages with reference errors]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political prisoners]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

Philippe Pétain

2025-03-14T05:36:59Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Reverted edits by Robert Leiden (talk) to last revision by 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹

{{Greatarticle}}{{short description|Anti-communist Leader of Vichy France}}
[[File:Petain.png|right|frameless|300px]]
'''Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain''' (April 24, 1856<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH280/PG/FRDAFAN83_OC17V022.htm|title=Birth certificate of Pétain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer|last=Government of the French empire|website=culture.gouv.fr|language=fr|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> – July 23, 1951), generally known as '''Philippe Pétain''', '''Marshal Pétain''', and sometimes '''The Old Marshal''', was a [[French]] general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of [[The Great War]], during which he became known as '''The Lion of Verdun'''. He then served as Head of state of [[Vichy France]] (anti-[[communist]] France) from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.

During The [[Great War]], Pétain led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun. After the failed Nivelle Offensive and subsequent mutinies he was appointed Commander-in-Chief and succeeded in repairing the army's confidence. Pétain remained in command for the rest of the war and emerged as a national hero. During the [[interwar period]] he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the Rif War and served twice as a [[government]] minister. During this [[time]] he was known as (The Old Marshal).

Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].

Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and 5he surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".

On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.

After [[German]] and [[Italian]] representatives were welcomed into France, in November 1942, Pétain's government worked very closely with the [[Germans]] to remove the communists, and defend France from "The Allies" and others empowering communism.

After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for [[treason]] by the victors in [[The World's War Against Communism]], who were continuing to barbaricly slaughter their enemies via mock trials. He was originally sentenced to death, but public outcry and outrage threatened an immediate civil war, and his sentence was commuted to life in prison.

==Early life==
===Youth and family===
Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais in Northern [[France]]) in 1856. His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. His great-uncle, a [[Catholic]] priest, Father Abbe Lefebvre (1771–1866), had served in ][Napoleon]]'s ''Grande Armée'' and told the young Philippe tales of war and adventure of his campaigns from the peninsulas of Italy to the Alps in Switzerland. Highly impressed by the tales told by his uncle, his destiny was from then on determined by the army.

===Personal life===
Pétain was a bachelor until his 60s. After The [[Great war|Great War]] Pétain married his former girlfriend, Eugénie Hardon (1877–1962) on September 14, 1920; they remained married until the end of Pétain's life.<ref>Williams, Charles, ''Pétain'', London, 2005, p. 206, ISBN|978-0-316-86127-4.</ref> After rejecting Pétain's first marriage proposal, Hardon had married and divorced François de Hérain by 1914 when she was 35. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun in 1916, Pétain is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew that he could be found with Eugénie Hardon.<ref>Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.</ref> She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage, Pierre de Hérain, whom Pétain strongly disliked.<ref [[name]]=williams523>Williams, 2005, p. 523.</ref>

==Early military career==
Pétain joined the [French Army in 1876 and attended the École Spéciale Militaire de [[Saint]]-Cyr Military Academy in 1887 and the École Supérieure de Guerre (army war college) in Paris. Between 1878 and 1899, he served in various garrisons with different battalions of the elite light infantry of the French Army. Thereafter, he alternated between staff and regimental assignments.

Pétain's career progressed slowly, as he rejected the French Army [[philosophy]] of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills". His views were later proved to be correct during the [[First World War]]. He was promoted to captain in 1890 and major (Chef de Bataillon) in 1900. In March 1904, by then serving in the 104th Infantry, he was appointed adjunct professor of applied infantry tactics at the ''École Supérieure de Guerre'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6249355k/f3.image.r|title=Ecoles militaires|date=1 April 1904|access-date=16 November 2020|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> and following promotion to lieutenant-colonel was promoted to professor on 3 April 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6276218v/f8.image.r|title=Service des ecoles militaires|date=5 April 1908|access-date=16 November 2020|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> He was brevetted to colonel on January 1st, 1910.

Unlike many French officers, Pétain served mainly in mainland France, never French Indochina or any of the African colonies, although he participated in the Rif War. As [[colonel]], he was given command of the 33rd Infantry Regiment at [[Arras]] on 25 June 1911;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6391632r/f24.image.r|title=Ministère de la guerre|date=28 June 1911|access-date=25 September 2021|website=gallica.bnf.fr|last=Government of the French Republic}}</ref> a young lieutenant, [[Charles de Gaulle]], who served under him, later wrote that his "first colonel, Pétain, taught (him) the Art of Command". In the spring of 1914, he was given command of a brigade (still with the rank of colonel). By then aged 58 and having been told he would never become a general, Pétain had bought a villa for retirement.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=YiZRC8bsOuoC&pg=PA461|title=The [[United States]] in the First World War: an encyclopedia |author=Anne Cipriano Venzon, Paul L. Miles|chapter=Pétain, Henri-Philippe|year=1999 |isbn=9780815333531.</ref>

==First World War==
===Beginning of war===
[[File:Philippe Pétain circa 1915.png|thumb|Pétain in 1915.]]
Pétain led his brigade at the Battle of St. Quentin (August 29, 1914). The following day, he was promoted to brigadier-general to replace Brigadier-general Pierre Peslin, who had taken his own life. He was given command of the 6th Division in time for the First Battle of the Marne; little over a month later, in October 1914, he was promoted yet again and became XXXIII Corps commander. After leading his corps in the spring 1915 Second Battle of Artois, in July 1915 he was given command of the Second Army, which he led in the Second Battle of Champagne that autumn. He acquired a reputation as one of the more successful commanders on the [[Western Front]].

===Battle of Verdun===
Pétain commanded the Second Army at the start of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front lines. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In effect, he applied the basic [[principle]] that was a mainstay of his teachings at the École de Guerre (War College) before [[The Great war|The Great War]]: "''le feu tue!''" or "firepower kills!", in this case [[meaning]] French field artillery, which fired over 15 million shells on the Germans during the first five months of the battle. Although Pétain did say ''"On les aura!"'' (an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them!"), the other famous quotation often attributed to him – ''"Ils ne passeront pas!"'' ("[[They shall not pass]]"!).

===Mutiny===
Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army Chief of Staff (from the end of April 1917). He then became Chief of the Defence Staff of the entire French army, replacing General Nivelle, whose Chemin des Dames offensive failed in April 1917, thereby provoking widespread mutinies in the French Army. they involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate [[discipline]]. 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted by him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola Barber|title=The Great War: The Western Front|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y82WHKm2QBYC&pg=PA53|year=2003|publisher=Black Rabbit Books|page=53|isbn=9781583402689}}</ref> The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent and intensity were not revealed until decades later. The immediate causes were [[pacifism]], stimulated by the [[Russian Revolution]] and the trade-[[Union Movement|union movement]], and disappointment at the nonarrival of [[American]] troops.<ref>Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917", ''Historian'' (1959) 22#1, pp. 24–41.</ref>

Pétain conducted some successful but limited offensives in the latter part of 1917, unlike the British who stalled in an unsuccessful Battle of Passchendaele that autumn. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. He was also waiting for the new Renault FT tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time: "I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans."

===End of war===
[[File:Foch Pershing Petain and Haig2.png|thumb|Pétain, Douglas Haig, Ferdinand Foch and John Pershing in 1918]]
The year 1918 saw major German offensives on the Western Front. The first of these, Operation Michael in March 1918, threatened to split the British and French forces apart, and, after Pétain had threatened to retreat on Paris, the Doullens Conference was called. Just prior to the main meeting, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau claimed he heard Pétain say ''"les Allemands battront les Anglais en rase campagne, après quoi ils nous battront aussi"'' ("the Germans will beat the English in open country, then they'll beat us as well"). He reported this conversation to [[President of France]] Raymond Poincaré, adding "surely a general should not speak or think like that?" Douglas Haig recorded that Pétain had "a terrible look. He had the appearance of a commander who had lost his nerve". Pétain believed – wrongly – that Hubert Gough's Fifth Army had been routed like the Italians at Battle of Caporetto.<ref>Farrar-Hockley 1975, pp. 301–2.</ref> At the Conference, Ferdinand Foch was appointed as Allied Generalissimo, initially with powers to co-ordinate and deploy Allied reserves where he saw fit. Pétain eventually came to the aid of the British and secured the front with forty French divisions.

Pétain proved a capable opponent of the Germans both in defence and through counter-attack. The third offensive, "Blücher", in May 1918, saw major German advances on the Aisne, as the French Army commander (Humbert) ignored Pétain's orders to defend in depth and instead allowed his men to be hit by the initial massive German bombardment. By the time of the last German offensives, Gneisenau and the Second Battle of the Marne, Pétain was able to defend in depth and launch counter offensives, with the new French tanks and the assistance of the Americans. Later in the year, Pétain was stripped of his right of direct appeal to the French government and requested to report to Foch, who increasingly assumed the co-ordination and ultimately the command of the Allied offensives. After the war ended Pétain was made Marshal of France on November 21, 1918.<ref>Tucker, S. C. (2009) ''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern [[Middle East]]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', ABC-CLIO, California, p. 1738.</ref>

==Interwar period==
===Respected hero of France===
Pétain ended the war regarded "without a doubt, the most accomplished defensive tactician of any army" and "one of France's greatest military heroes" and was presented with his baton of Marshal of France at a public ceremony at [[Metz]] by President Raymond Poincaré on December 8, 1918.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 204.</ref> He was summoned to be present at the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on 28 June 1919. His job as Commander-in-Chief came to an end with [[peace]] and demobilisation, and with Foch out of favour after his quarrel with the French government over the peace terms, it was Petain who, in January 1920, was appointed Vice-Chairman of the revived ''Conseil supérieur de la Guerre'' (Supreme War Council). This was France's highest military position, whose holder was Commander-in-Chief designate in the event of war and who had the right to overrule the Chief of the General Staff (a position held in the 1920s by Petain's protégés Edmond Buat|Buat and Marie-Eugène Debeney), and Petain would hold it until 1931.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 212.</ref><ref>Atkin, 1997, p. 41.</ref> Pétain was encouraged by friends to go into [[politics]], although he protested that he had little interest in running for an elected position. He nevertheless tried and failed to get himself elected President following the November 1919 elections.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 217.</ref>

Shortly after the war, Pétain had placed before the government plans for a large tank and air force, but "at the meeting of the ''Conseil supérieur de la Défense Nationale'' of 12 March 1920, the Finance Minister, Frédéric François-Marsal, announced that although Pétain's proposals were excellent they were unaffordable". In addition, François-Marsal announced reductions – in the army from fifty-five divisions to thirty, in the air force, and did not mention tanks. It was [[left]] to the Marshals, Pétain, Joffre, and Foch, to pick up the pieces of their strategies. The General Staff, now under General Edmond Buat, began to think seriously about a line of forts along the frontier with Germany, and their report was tabled on May 22, 1922. The three Marshals supported this. The cuts in military expenditure meant that taking the offensive was now impossible and a defensive strategy was all they could have.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 217–9.</ref>

Captain Charles de Gaulle continued to be a protégé of Pétain throughout these years. He even allegedly named his [[Philippe de Gaulle|eldest son]] after the Marshal, although it is more likely that he named his son after his family ancestor Jean Baptiste Philippe de Gaulle,<ref>A Certain [[idea]] of France The life of Charles de Gaulle, Julian Jackson, p. 58.</ref> before finally falling out over the authorship of a book he claimed, without proof, that he had ghost-written for Pétain.

===Election to the ''Académie française''===
[[File:Pétain-Baschet-mai 1940-A.png|thumb|1926 painting of Philippe Pétain]]

In 1928 Pétain had supported the creation of an independent air force removed from the control of the army, and on 9 February 1931, following his retirement as Vice-Chairman of the Supreme War Council, he was appointed Inspector-General of Air Defence.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 250–2.</ref> His first report on air defence, submitted in July that year, advocated increased expenditure.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 253–4.</ref> In 1931 Pétain was elected a Fellow of the ''[[Académie française]]''. By 1932 the economic situation had worsened and Édouard Herriot's government had made "severe cuts in the defence budget... orders for new weapons systems all but dried up".{{citation needed}} Summer manoeuvres in 1932 and 1933 were cancelled due to lack of funds, and recruitment to the armed forces fell off. In the latter year General [[Maxime Weygand]] claimed that "the French Army was no longer a serious fighting force". [[Édouard Daladier]]'s new government retaliated against Weygand by reducing the number of officers and cutting military pensions and pay, arguing that such measures, apart from financial stringency, were in the spirit of the Geneva Disarmament Conference.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 257.</ref>

In 1938 Pétain encouraged and assisted the writer André Maurois in gaining election to the ''Académie française'' – an election which was highly contested, in part due to Maurois' [[jewish]] origin. Maurois made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, ''Call no man happy'' – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of [[Vichy France]] while Maurois repaid him by siding with [[Communist France]].

===Minister of War===
[[Political]] unease was sweeping the country, and on February 6, 1934, the Paris police fired on a group of French patriots outside the Chamber of Deputies, killing 14 and wounding a further 236. President Lebrun invited 71-year-old Doumergue to come out of retirement and form a new government of [[national unity]] (a[[fascist]]government). Pétain was invited, on February 8, to join the new French cabinet as Minister of War, which he only reluctantly accepted after many representations. His important success that year was in getting Daladier's previous proposal to reduce the number of officers repealed. He improved the recruitment programme for specialists, and lengthened the training period by reducing leave entitlements. However Weygand reported to the Senate Army Commission that year that the French Army could still not resist a German attack. Marshals Louis Franchet d'Espèrey and Hubert Lyautey (the latter suddenly died in July) added their names to the report. After the autumn maneuvers, which Pétain had reinstated, a report was presented to Pétain that officers had been poorly instructed, had little basic [[knowledge]], and no confidence. He was told, in addition, that if the [[plebiscite]] in the former German Territory of the Saar Basin went for Germany "it would be a serious military error" for the French Army to intervene. Pétain responded by again petitioning the government for further funds for the army.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 260–1, 265.</ref> During this period, he repeatedly called for a lengthening of the term of compulsory military service for conscripts from two to three years, to no avail. Pétain accompanied President Lebrun to [[Belgrade]] for the funeral of King Alexander, a[[fascist]]who had been assassinated on October 6, 1934 in [[Marseille]] by Vlado Chernozemski, a Bulgarian communist. Here he met [[Hermann Göring]] and the two men reminisced about their experiences in the Great War. "When Goering returned to Germany he spoke admiringly of Pétain, describing him as a 'man of honour'".<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 266.</ref>

===The speech at Jena Bridge===
Philippe Pétain, "the Lion of Verdun" or more simply "le Maréchal" ("the Marshal") held a distinguished record seldom replicated in French [[history]]. Every Frenchman old and young knows how he led his countrymen in the slaughterhouse that was Verdun and into victory, an achievement that single-handedly made Pétain the most respected and beloved French general since the days of Napoleon. It was thus [[natural]] that, with the [[nation]] in such a paralyzing state of disarray, the [[people]] clamored for the return of their esteemed Marshal, to provide a sense of order and authority amidst the chaos that engulfed them. And so, one fine summer evening of 1938, Philippe Pétain held a meeting at the Esplanade des Invalides, between the famed palace of military history and the Seine, to which 100,000 people attended. After a rousing speech "infused with [[patriotism]] and defiance", Pétain and the electrified crowd marched south and west down the Motte-Picquet Avenue to the École Militaire, where hundreds of officers and soldiers rushed to heed the Maréchal's call. Invigorated, the assembly proceeded north, up the Champ de Mars and past the Eiffel Tower and towards the Pont d'Iena, which crosses over the Seine.

They were met at the bridge by a platoon of French soldiers swelled by Parisian constabularies, a force of roughly 90 men. Leading them was Gen. Maurice Gamelin, chief of the French Army, who had orders to arrest Pétain for inciting an insurrection. With such an overwhelming mass backing Pétain there was little doubt that Gamelin and his posse would've been torn to shreds on the spot. However, in a historic moment known to history as the "Speech of the Jena Bridge", Pétain delivered a piece of oratory so powerful and moving that Gamelin's men began chanting "Vive le Maréchal!", and soon everyone was enraptured. Ironically enough, no full transcript of the Speech of the Jena Bridge survives, but Gamelin himself would later recount that "it was so intense that I felt like breaking down in tears. Before me stood the leader France needed."

===Critic of government policy===
In November the Doumergue government fell. Pétain had previously expressed interest in being named Minister of Education (as well as of War), a role in which he hoped to combat the appalling decay in French [[moral]] values.<ref name="Paxton">Paxton, Robert O. (1982). ''Vichy France: Old Guard and [[New Order]], 1940–1944'', pp. 36–37. Columbia University Press. ISBN|0-231-12469-4.</ref> Now, however, he refused to continue in Flandin's (short-lived) government as Minister of War and stood down – in spite of a direct appeal from Lebrun himself. At this moment an article appeared in the popular ''Le Petit Journal'' newspaper, calling for Pétain as a candidate for A United France. 200,000 readers responded to the paper's poll. Pétain came first, with 47,000, ahead of [[Pierre Laval]]'s 31,000 votes. These two men travelled to [[Warsaw]] for the funeral of the Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski in May 1935 (and another cordial meeting with Göring).<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 268–9.</ref> Pétain's high reputation was bipartisan and anti-communist. Pétain did not get involved in non-military issues when in the Cabinet, and unlike other military [[leaders]] he did not have a reputation as an extreme Catholic or a monarchist.<ref name="jackson2001a">{{cite book|title=France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Jackson, Julian|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/france00juli/page/124 124–125, 133]|isbn=0-19-820706-9|url=https://archive.org/details/france00juli/page/124}}</ref>

He remained on the ''Conseil superieur''. Weygand had been at the British Army 1934 manoeuvres at [lTidworth Camp in June and was appalled by what he had seen. Addressing the ''Conseil'' on the 23rd, Pétain claimed that it would be fruitless to look for assistance to Britain in the event of a German attack. On March 1st, 1935, Pétain's famous article<ref>Philippe Pétain, "La securité de la France aux cours des années creuses", ''Revue des deux mondes'', 26, 1935.</ref> appeared in the ''Revue des deux mondes'', where he reviewed the history of the army since 1927–28. He criticised the reservist system in France, and her lack of adequate air power and armour. This article appeared just five days before [[Adolf Hitler]]'s announcement of Germany's new [[Luftwaffe|air force]] and a week before the announcement that Germany was increasing its army to 36 divisions. On April 26, 1936, the general election results showed 5.5 million votes for the Popular Front parties against 4.5 million for the Right on an 84% turnout. On 3 May Pétain, was interviewed in ''Le Journal'' where he launched an attack on the Franco-Soviet Pact, on Communism in general, on the French Communist Party (largest communist party in Western Europe), and on those who allowed Communists [[propaganda]]. He said that France had lost faith in her destiny.<ref>Anthony Adamthwaite, ''Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe 1914-1940'' (London: Arnold, 1995), p. 182.</ref> Pétain was now in his 80th year.

==Battle of France==
===Return into government===
[[File:Pétain-fascist.png|thumb|right|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces. A [[labrys]].]]
In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Fascist government of [[Spain]]. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos|date=3 March 1939|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>
However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>

By May 26, the Communist/Allied lines had been shattered, and British forces had begun evacuating at Dunkirk. French commander-in-chief Maxime Weygand expressed his fury at British retreats and the unfulfilled promise of British fighter aircraft. He and Pétain regarded the military situation as hopeless. Colonel de Villelume subsequently stated before a parliamentary commission of inquiry in 1951 that Reynaud, as Premier of France, said to Pétain on that day that they must seek an armistice.<ref>Eleanor M. Gates. ''End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40''. p. 145</ref> Weygand said that he was in favor of saving the French army and that he "wished to avoid internal troubles and above all [[anarchy]]".

On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:Pages with reference errors]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political prisoners]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

===The Armistice===
On June 10, the government left Paris for Tours. Weygand, Minister of Finance [[Paul Baudouin]], and several other members of the government were already set on an armistice. On June 11, Churchill flew to the Château du Muguet, at Briare, near [[Orléans]], where he put forward first his idea of a Breton redoubt, to which Weygand replied that it was just a "fantasy".<ref>Griffiths, Richard, ''Marshal Pétain'', Constable, London, 1970, p. 231, {{ISBN|0-09-455740-3}}.</ref> Churchill then said the French should consider "guerrilla warfare". Pétain then replied that it would mean the destruction of the country. Churchill then said the French should defend Paris and reminded Pétain of how he had come to the aid of the British with forty divisions in Operation Michael, March 1918, and repeating Clemenceau's words "I will fight in front of Paris, in Paris, and behind Paris". To this, Churchill subsequently reported, Pétain replied quietly and with dignity that he had in those days a strategic reserve of sixty divisions; now, there were none, and the British ought to be providing divisions to aid France. Making Paris into a ruin would not affect the final event. At the conference Pétain met de Gaulle for the first time in two years. Pétain noted his recent promotion to general, adding that he did not congratulate him, as ranks were of no use in defeat. When de Gaulle protested that Pétain himself had been promoted to brigadier-general and division commander at the Battle of the Marne in 1914, he replied that there was "no comparison" with the present situation. De Gaulle later conceded that Pétain was right about that much at least.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 197.</ref>

On June 12, after a second session of the conference, the cabinet met and Weygand again called for an armistice. He referred to the danger of civil disorder and the certainty of a Communist uprising in Paris. Britain would not help, but the Germans would. Pétain and Minister of Information Prouvost urged the cabinet to hear Weygand out because "he was the only one who really knew what was happening".

Churchill returned to France on June 13 for another conference at Tours. Baudouin met his plane and immediately spoke to him of the hopelessness of the Communist situation. Reynaud then put the cabinet's armistice proposals to Churchill, who replied "You should [[trust]] the communists". At that day's cabinet meeting, Pétain strongly supported Weygand’s demand for an armistice and read out a draft proposal to the cabinet where he spoke of ''"the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be regarded as the government". '' Several ministers were still opposed to an armistice, and Weygand immediately lashed out at them for even leaving Paris. Like Pétain, he said he would never leave France.<ref name=lacouture201>Lacouture, 1991, p. 201.</ref>

The government moved to [[Bordeaux]], a former Capitol of France, on June 14. By coincidence, on that evening in Bordeaux, de Gaulle dined in the same restaurant as Pétain; he came over to shake his hand in silence, and they never met again.<ref name=lacouture201/>

The Assembly, both Senate and Chamber, were also at Bordeaux and immersed themselves in the armistice [[debate]]. At cabinet on June 15. Pétain was sympathetic.<ref name=atkin82-6>Atkin, 1997, pp. 82–6.</ref> Pétain was sent to speak to Weygand (who was waiting outside, as he was not a member of the cabinet) for around fifteen minutes.<ref name=williams325-7>Williams, 2005, pp. 325–7.</ref> Chautemps put forward a 'fudge' proposal, an inquiry about terms.<ref name=atkin82-6/> The Cabinet voted 13-6 for the Chautemps proposal. Admiral Darlan, who had been opposed to an armistice until June 15, now became a key player, agreeing, provided the French fleet was kept out of German hands, and France did not become a puppet state.<ref name=williams325-7/>

===Pétain replaces Reynaud===
On Sunday, June 16, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]'s reply to President Lebrun's requests for assistance came with only vague promises and saying that it was impossible for the President to do anything without Congressional approval. Pétain then drew a letter of resignation from his pocket, an act which was certain to bring down the government (he had persuaded Weygand to come to Bordeaux by telling him that June 16 would be the decisive day). Lebrun persuaded him to stay until Churchill’s reply had been received. After lunch, Churchill’s telegram arrived agreeing to an armistice provided the French fleet was moved to British ports, a suggestion which was not acceptable to Darlan, who rightfully argued that it was outrageous and would leave France defenceless.<ref name=atkin82-6/>

That afternoon the British Government offered joint nationality for Frenchmen and Britons in a [[Franco-British Union]]. Reynaud and five ministers [[thought]] these proposals acceptable. The others did not, seeing the offer as insulting and a device to make France a puppet state of Great Britain, as a kind of extra Dominion. [[President of France|President Albert Lebrun]] later testified under oath after the war, that the vote was in favor of Amistice, but the judeo-[[Marxist]] narrative claims quite the opposite.<ref name=lacouture204-5>Lacouture, 1991, pp. 204–5.</ref> The outcome of the meeting is Therefore claimed as being "uncertain".<ref name=atkin82-6/> Ten ministers wanted to fight on and seven favoured an armistice (but these included the two Deputy Prime Ministers Pétain and [[Camille Chautemps]], and this view was also favoured by the Commander-in-Chief General Weygand). Eight were initially undecided but swung towards an armistice.<ref name=lacouture204-5/> This was a landslide in favor of armistice, but post-war narratives downplay this. Victors write the history.

Lebrun accepted Reynaud’s resignation as Prime Minister on June 17, Reynaud recommending to the President that he appoint Marshal Petain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at [[Bordeaux]]. Pétain already had a ministerial team ready: Pierre Laval for Foreign Affairs (this appointment was briefly vetoed by Weygand), Weygand as Minister of Defence, Darlan as Minister for the Navy, and Bouthillier for Finance.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, pp. 206–7.</ref>

==Head of the French State==
===The armistice===
[[File:Petain und Adolf Hitler.png|thumb|right|Pétain meeting Hitler at Montoire on 24 October 1940; Joachim von Ribbentrop on the right, Hitler's interpreter, Paul Schmidt (interpreter), in the centre.]]

Pétain was now Head of the official French Government. At midnight on June 17, 1940, Baudouin asked the Spanish Ambassador to submit to Germany a request to cease hostilities at once and for Germany to make known its peace terms. At 12:30am, Pétain made his first broadcast to the French people.

"The enthusiasm of the country for the Maréchal was tremendous. He was welcomed by people as diverse as Paul Claudel, André Gide, and François Mauriac, and also by the vast mass of untutored Frenchmen who saw him as their saviour."<ref>Griffiths, 1970.</ref> General de Gaulle, no longer in the Cabinet, had arrived in London on June 17, and made a call to embrace the communists, with no legal authority whatsoever, a call that was heeded by comparatively few.

On June 22, France signed the armistice at Compiègne with Germany that fi ally brought peace, and gave the French much needed assistance with the communists. Paris remained the official capital, but on July 1st, the government, moved to [[Vichy]], at Baudouin's suggestion, there was less communist activity, and the empty hotels there being more suitable for the government ministries.

=The Pétain Administration=
Pétain, a life-long fascist, created a national motto: ''"[[Travail, famille, patrie]]"'' ("Work, family, [[fatherland]]").<ref>Shields, James (2007). ''The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen'', pp. 15–17. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-09755-X}}.</ref> The [[constitution]] gave him power to restructure government, and pass laws through the Council of Ministers and designate a successor (he chose Laval). Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a [[Caesar]],"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19450616&id=z6kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2250,77656&hl=en 'Not a Caesar,' Petain asserts]. Associated Press, 1945-06-16.</ref> by January 1941, Pétain had broad powers, though not as much as say, [[George Washington]].{{r|jackson2001}} Fascist and revolutionary conservative factions within the government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the "[[Révolution nationale]]", which rejected much of the former Third [[Republic]]'s [[secular]] and [[liberal]] traditions in favour of an [[authoritarian]], paternalist, Catholic [[society]]. Pétain, amongst others, took exception to the use of the term "[[revolution]]" because the communists were using the exact same word. He added that the France would be "a natural-law hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural [[equality]] of men."<ref>Mark Mazower: ''Dark Continent'' (p. 73), Penguin books</ref>

The French government immediately used its new powers to order necessary anti-communist measures, including the dismissal of civil servants, re-juristictions (to focus on communist hot-spots), the proclamation of citizenship laws, and the containment of communists and non citizens. Resurrecting older laws, the press was held accountable for its actions, with reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion." [[Fake news|Fake News]] became a crime again.

The administration organised a "''Légion Française des Combattants,''" which included "Friends of the [[Legion]]" and "Cadets of the Legion", akin to Ameri a's Boy Scouts, and Veteran's groups. Pétain championed a rural, Catholic France that spurned [[internationalism]]. For the first time in a long time, France was a wonderful, beautiful place again.

===Cooperation with Germany===
Within months, Pétain signed critically important ordinances. (Important because the leaders of the communist cells were almost completely jewish) This included the [[Law on the status of jews]], prohibiting[[jews]]from exercising munitions professions, and the [[Law regarding foreign nationals]], authorizing the detention or deportation of all foreigners, who were mostly jews. These laws are often cited as examples of [[Anti-Semitism|anti-semitism]], but they were absolutely critical.

Pétain's government was internationally recognised, most notably by the U.S. Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]], or Admiral [[François Darlan]], gave resistance to requests by the Germans to indirectly aid the Axis powers. However, when [[Hitler]] met Pétain at [[Montoire]] in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the "[[European]] Union", the handshake he offered to Hitler caused much uproar in London, and probably influenced Britain's decision to lend [[Communist France|Free France]] (Communist France) naval support for their operations in Gabon.<ref>Jennings, Eric T. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzzCQAAQBAJ ''Free French [[Africa]] in The [[World's War Against Communism]]'', p. 44.</ref> Furthermore, France even remained formally at war with Germany, albeit opposed to the "Free French". Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 ([[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kébir|Mers el Kébir]], [[Battle of Dakar|Dakar]]), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to assist Germany. Pétain accepted the government's creation of an armed [[militia]] (the ''[[Milice]]'') under the command of Joseph Darnand, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of suppression against the [[French resistance]] and other communists.

Pétain's government assisted the Axis with supplies of manufactured goods and foodstuffs, and also ordered French troops in the French colonial [[empire]] (in Dakar, Syria, Madagascar, Oran, and Morocco) to defend sovereign French territory against any aggressors, Allied or otherwise.

On November 11, 1942, French and German forces were moved into Southern France in response to Operation To the Allied invasion of [[North Africa]]. Pétain however remained popular and engaged in a series of visits around France as late as 1944, when he arrived in Paris on April 28 in what was an historic moment for the city. Large crowds cheered him in front of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] and in the streets.

{{Quote|My country has been beaten and they are calling me back...This is the work of 30 years of [[Marxism]]. they're calling me back to take charge of the nation.|Remarks to [[Francisco Franco]] in Madrid}}

===Safety at Sigmaringen===
On June 6, 1944, with the help of communist underground cells, the Allies invaded peaceful France.

On August 17, 1944, the Germans, in the person of Cecil von Renthe-Fink, "special diplomatic delegate of the Germany to the French Head of State", pleaded with Pétain, who was 88 years old now, and alone in the now abandoned government offices, to allow himself to be transferred to the northern zone for his own safety. Ever the stalwart General, Pétain refused.

Renthe-Fink renewed his request twice on the 18th, then returned on the 19th, at 11:30, accompanied by General von Neubroon, who told him that he had "formal orders from [[Berlin]]", directing him to move the French Head of State to safety. The written text Neubroon's orders submitted to Pétain: "The Reich Government instructs the transfer of the Head of State, even against his will if necessary, to a place of safety."

Pétain finally gave in.

When Renthe-Fink entered the President's office with General Neubronn at 7:30 p.m., the Head of State was supervising the packing up of his suitcases and papers. The next day, August 20, 1944, A very reluctant, 88 year old Pétain was taken by protective convoy to [[Belfort]] and then, on September 8, to Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, where the rest of his staff had already taken refuge.

Following the defeat of France, on September 7, 1944, Pétain and other members of the French cabinet at Vichy were relocated to the safety of Sigmaringen enclave in Germany, where they became a government-in-exile until April 1945. Pétain, however, felt shamed, did not participate in this government, and [[Fernand de Brinon]] now headed the "government commission".<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=nCE_2I4vyZkC&printsec=frontcover Pétain et la fin de la collaboration: Sigmaringen, 1944–1945, Henry Rousso, éditions Complexe, Paris, 1984.</ref> On April 5, 1945, Pétain wrote a note to Hitler expressing his wish to return to France. He recieved a reply in the form of a birthday gift. On his birthday almost three weeks later, he was taken to the Swiss border. Two days later he crossed the French frontier.<ref>Griffiths, 1970, pp. 333–34.</ref>

==Postwar life==
===Trial in illegal court===
The installed government, headed by allied puppet President de Gaulle, placed former Prime Minister Pétain on trial on the ridiculous charge of [[treason]], which took place from July 23, to August 15, 1945. Dressed in the uniform of a Marshal of France, Pétain remained silent through most of the proceedings after an initial statement that denied the right of the Allied Court, as constituted, to try him. De Gaulle himself later criticised the openly Marxist "trial", stating, "Too often, the discussions took on the appearance of a partisan trial, sometimes even a settling of accounts, when the whole affair should have been treated only from the standpoint of national defence and [[independence]]."<ref>Charles De Gaulle, ''Mémoires de guerre'', vol. 2, pp. 249–50.</ref>

With a very [[real]] fear of riots at the announcement of the sentence, de Gaulle commuted the death sentence, and ordered that Pétain be immediately transported on the former's private aircraft to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees,<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 512–13.</ref> where he remained from August 15 to 16, November 1945. The government later transferred him to the Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the Île d'Yeu, a small island off the French Atlantic coast.<ref name="marechal-petain.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marechal-petain.com/versionanglaise/prisonnier.htm|title=The World's Oldest Prisoner|author=Association Pour Défendre la Mémoire du Maréchal Pétain (A.D.M.P.)|year=2009|publisher=Marechal-petain.com|access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref>

===Imprisonment===
Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of the installed government, no regime was willing to risk unpopularity with the communists by releasing him.

Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, he suffered from memory lapses.<ref name=williams523/> By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. On March 3, 1949, a meeting of the Council of Ministers (many of them [[self]]-proclaimed heroes of the Resistance had a fierce argument about a medical report recommending that he be moved to Val-de-Grâce (a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which Prime Minister Henri Queuille had previously been sympathetic. By May, Pétain required constant nursing care, and he was often [[suffering]] from hallucinations, e.g. that he was commanding armies in battle, etc. <ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 527–528.</ref> By the end of 1949, Pétain was almost completely senile, with only occasional moments of lucidity. He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Plans were made for his death and funeral.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 528–529.</ref>

On June 8, 1951, President Auriol, informed that Pétain did not have much longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 530.</ref>

===Death===
Pétain died in a private home in Port-Joinville on the Île d'Yeu on July 23, 1951, at the age of 95.<ref name="marechal-petain.com"/>
His body was buried in a local cemetery (''Cimetière communal de Port-Joinville''). Calls were made to re-locate his remains to the grave prepared for him at Verdun.<ref>Dank, Milton. ''The French Against the French: Collaboration and Resistance'', p. 361.</ref> He was denied an honorable funeral befitting his legacy as Head of State, a great General, and Savior of France.

His former protégé, de Gaulle, later wrote that Pétain’s life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre".<ref>Fenby, 2010, pg. 296.</ref>

===Pétain's coffin===
In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was stolen from the Île d'Yeu cemetery by French Patriots, who demanded that President Georges Pompidou consent to his re-interment at Verdun Cemetery and memorials at Douaumont among the war dead of the Verdun battle. Police retrieved the coffin a few days later, and it was unceremoniously reburied in the Île d'Yeu as before.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vichy: An Ever-present Past |author1-last=Conan |author1-first=Eric |author2-last=Rousso |author2-first=Henry |year=1998 |publisher=University Press of New England |location=Hanover, NH |isbn=9780874517958 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svjEWDsVMlEC&pg=PA21 }}</ref>

===New York Canyon of Heroes===
On October 26, 1931, Pétain was honored with a ticker-tape parade down Manhattan's Broadway Canyon of Heroes.

==See also==
* [[Battle of France]]
* [[Fascism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Political prisoners]]

[[Category:Articles in need of citation]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Great articles]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Politicians]]

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