FasciPedia - User contributions [en]

https://fascipedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MilleBracciaAlzate FasciPedia - User contributions [en] 2026-05-03T11:25:33Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.39.2 https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Dutch_Party_for_Freedom&diff=11837 Dutch Party for Freedom 2022-12-27T11:06:10Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Party for Freedom''' (''PVV''') is a [[Nationalism|nationalist]], populist political party in the Netherlands.<br /> <br /> Founded in 2006 as the successor to Geert Wilders one-man faction in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election making it the fifth-largest party in parliament. In the 2010 general election it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party. At that time the PVV agreed to support the minority government led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte without having PVV ministers in the cabinet. However, the PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts at the Catshuis.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120423035742/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1490908-dutch-elections-loom-as-budget-talks-collapse/|archive-date=23 April 2012|title=Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse</ref> In the following 2012 Dutch general election it won 15 seats, having lost 9 seats in the elections, still being the third-largest party. Following the elections, the party returned to the opposition and in the 2017 election, the Party for Freedom won 20 seats, making it the second-largest party in Parliament. It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning four out of 26 seats.<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/652748-cda-5-zetels-d66-en-pvv-4.html</ref><ref>http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031734/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij</ref><br /> <br /> The PVV calls for items like [[administrative detention]] and a strong [[Cultural assimilationist]] stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society, differing from the established parties in the Netherlands. The PVV has also proposed banning the [[Koran]] and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands. In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic and since early July 2012, according to the platform it presented prior to elections in September, it strongly advocates withdrawal from the [[European Union]].<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/390859-pvv-nederland-moet-uit-eu.html </ref><br /> <br /> Party for Freedom is an association with Geert Wilders as its sole member; thus the party is ineligible for Dutch government funding, and relies on donations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bolopion |first=Philippe |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/geert-wilders-Right-wing-party-suffers-donation-downturn/ |title=Geert Wilders' Right-wing party suffers donation downturn |publisher=Politico.eu |date=8 March 2017|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><br /> <br /> = References =<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political_parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Dutch_Party_for_Freedom&diff=11836 Dutch Party for Freedom 2022-12-27T11:05:41Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Party for Freedom''' (''PVV''') is a [[Nationalism|nationalist]], populist political party in the Netherlands.<br /> <br /> Founded in 2006 as the successor to Geert Wilders one-man faction in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election making it the fifth-largest party in parliament. In the 2010 general election it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party. At that time the PVV agreed to support the minority government led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte without having PVV ministers in the cabinet. However, the PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts at the Catshuis.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120423035742/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1490908-dutch-elections-loom-as-budget-talks-collapse/|archive-date=23 April 2012|title=Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse</ref> In the following 2012 Dutch general election it won 15 seats, having lost 9 seats in the elections, still being the third-largest party. Following the elections, the party returned to the opposition and in the 2017 election, the Party for Freedom won 20 seats, making it the second-largest party in Parliament. It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning four out of 26 seats.<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/652748-cda-5-zetels-d66-en-pvv-4.html</ref><ref>http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031734/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij</ref><br /> <br /> The PVV calls for items like [[administrative detention]] and a strong [[Cultural assimilationist]] stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society, differing from the established parties in the Netherlands. The PVV has also proposed banning the [[Koran]] and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands. In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic<ref>{{cite book |first=José M. |last=Magone |title=Comparative European Politics: An Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |page=17 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=g73UtvxJsFcC}}}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first1=Daniele |last1=Albertazzi |first2=Duncan |last2=McDonnell |title=Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |page=164 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=tCGIAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref> and since early July 2012, according to the platform it presented prior to elections in September, it strongly advocates withdrawal from the [[European Union]].<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/390859-pvv-nederland-moet-uit-eu.html </ref><br /> <br /> Party for Freedom is an association with Geert Wilders as its sole member; thus the party is ineligible for Dutch government funding, and relies on donations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bolopion |first=Philippe |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/geert-wilders-Right-wing-party-suffers-donation-downturn/ |title=Geert Wilders' Right-wing party suffers donation downturn |publisher=Politico.eu |date=8 March 2017|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><br /> <br /> = References =<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political_parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Dutch_Party_for_Freedom&diff=11835 Dutch Party for Freedom 2022-12-27T11:04:21Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Party for Freedom''' (''PVV''') is a [[Nationalism|nationalist]], populist political party in the Netherlands.<br /> <br /> Founded in 2006 as the successor to Geert Wilders one-man faction in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election making it the fifth-largest party in parliament. In the 2010 general election it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party. At that time the PVV agreed to support the minority government led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte without having PVV ministers in the cabinet. However, the PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts at the Catshuis.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120423035742/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1490908-dutch-elections-loom-as-budget-talks-collapse/|archive-date=23 April 2012|title=Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse</ref> In the following 2012 Dutch general election it won 15 seats, having lost 9 seats in the elections, still being the third-largest party. Following the elections, the party returned to the opposition and in the 2017 election, the Party for Freedom won 20 seats, making it the second-largest party in Parliament. It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning four out of 26 seats.<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/652748-cda-5-zetels-d66-en-pvv-4.html</ref><ref>http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031734/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij</ref><br /> <br /> The PVV calls for items like [[administrative detention]] and a strong [[Cultural assimilationist]] stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society, differing from the established parties in the Netherlands. The PVV has also proposed banning the [[Koran]] and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands.<ref name=politico/><ref name=voa/> In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic<ref>{{cite book |first=José M. |last=Magone |title=Comparative European Politics: An Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |page=17 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=g73UtvxJsFcC}}}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first1=Daniele |last1=Albertazzi |first2=Duncan |last2=McDonnell |title=Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |page=164 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=tCGIAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref> and since early July 2012, according to the platform it presented prior to elections in September, it strongly advocates withdrawal from the [[European Union]].<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/390859-pvv-nederland-moet-uit-eu.html </ref><br /> <br /> Party for Freedom is an association with Geert Wilders as its sole member; thus the party is ineligible for Dutch government funding, and relies on donations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bolopion |first=Philippe |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/geert-wilders-Right-wing-party-suffers-donation-downturn/ |title=Geert Wilders' Right-wing party suffers donation downturn |publisher=Politico.eu |date=8 March 2017|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><br /> <br /> = References =<br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political_parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Dutch_Party_for_Freedom&diff=11834 Dutch Party for Freedom 2022-12-27T11:04:04Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Party for Freedom''' (''PVV''') is a [[Nationalism|nationalist]], populist political party in the Netherlands.<br /> <br /> Founded in 2006 as the successor to Geert Wilders one-man faction in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election making it the fifth-largest party in parliament. In the 2010 general election it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party. At that time the PVV agreed to support the minority government led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte without having PVV ministers in the cabinet. However, the PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts at the Catshuis.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120423035742/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1490908-dutch-elections-loom-as-budget-talks-collapse/|archive-date=23 April 2012|title=Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse</ref> In the following 2012 Dutch general election it won 15 seats, having lost 9 seats in the elections, still being the third-largest party. Following the elections, the party returned to the opposition and in the 2017 election, the Party for Freedom won 20 seats, making it the second-largest party in Parliament. It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning four out of 26 seats.<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/652748-cda-5-zetels-d66-en-pvv-4.html</ref><ref>http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031734/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/special/cda-met-vijf-zetels-grootste-partij</ref><br /> <br /> The PVV calls for items like [[administrative detention]] and a strong [[Cultural assimilationist]] stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society, differing from the established parties in the Netherlands. The PVV has also proposed banning the [[Koran]] and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands.<ref name=politico/><ref name=voa/> In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic<ref>{{cite book |first=José M. |last=Magone |title=Comparative European Politics: An Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |page=17 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=g73UtvxJsFcC}}}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first1=Daniele |last1=Albertazzi |first2=Duncan |last2=McDonnell |title=Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |page=164 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=tCGIAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref> and since early July 2012, according to the platform it presented prior to elections in September, it strongly advocates withdrawal from the [[European Union]].<ref>http://nos.nl/artikel/390859-pvv-nederland-moet-uit-eu.html </ref><br /> <br /> Party for Freedom is an association with Geert Wilders as its sole member; thus the party is ineligible for Dutch government funding, and relies on donations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bolopion |first=Philippe |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/geert-wilders-Right-wing-party-suffers-donation-downturn/ |title=Geert Wilders' Right-wing party suffers donation downturn |publisher=Politico.eu |date=8 March 2017|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political_parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=National_Alliance&diff=11475 National Alliance 2022-12-23T09:41:15Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Download-2.png|thumb|225px|Symbol of the National Alliance that was developed in 1974]]<br /> The '''National Alliance''' is an American, pro-white and [[National Socialist]] political organization that was founded by [[William Luther Pierce]] at Hillsboro, West Virginia in 1974. Membership in 2002 was estimated at around 2,500+ members with an annual income of around $1 million.<br /> <br /> The National Alliance was reorganized from an earlier group called the [[National Youth Alliance]] (NYA), which was formed out from the remains of the youth wing of Governor [[George Wallace]]'s 1968 presidential campaign. The NYA broke into factions as a result of infighting and William Luther Pierce, a former physics associate-professor and author of the pro-white novels [[The Turner Diaries]] and [[Hunter]], gained control of the largest remnant and relaunched it as the National Alliance in 1974. Following Pierce's death from cancer in 2002, the Alliance's board of directors appointed [[Erich Gliebe]] to succeed him as chairman of the organization. A series of power struggles began almost immediately, with high-ranking members either resigning or being fired. A boycott of the National Alliance's [[Resistance Records]] label resulted in a steep drop-off in generated funds.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Owen_Shroyer&diff=11374 Owen Shroyer 2022-12-22T11:20:49Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> '''Owen Shroyer''' (born 1989<ref>Owen Shroyer|url=https://famousdirectory.net/owen-shroyer/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Famous Directory|language=en-US</ref>) is an anchor at [[InfoWars]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=The faces of America's young alt-Right pack|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/from-milo-yiannopoulos-to-tomi-lahren-meet-the-faces-of-americas-young-altright-pack-a3415301.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> =Career=<br /> Shroyer previously worked as an AM radio host in St. Louis on KXFN and later KFNS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bernhard|first=Blythe|title=Radio host protests 'police state' in Ferguson|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/radio-host-protests-police-state-in-ferguson/article_3bcf8feb-8e2e-5f9e-abad-36f3de24425e.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=STLtoday.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Caesar|first=Dan|title=Media Views: No kidding — comedy is key in new KFNS lineup|url=https://www.stltoday.com/sports/other/media-views-no-kidding-comedy-is-key-in-new-kfns-lineup/article_e3e22388-3166-5ea7-a2ed-93b5191c82e3.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=STLtoday.com|language=en}}</ref> He began hosting a podcast and posting YouTube videos of his views. Shroyer has been quoted as supporting little-known information about the Clinton family.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weigel|first=David|title=Analysis {{!}} In one corner of the Internet, the 2016 Democratic primary never ended|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/08/29/in-one-corner-of-the-internet-the-2016-democratic-primary-never-ended/|access-date=2020-12-08|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><br /> <br /> =History=<br /> Shroyer gained national attention on December 9, 2019 for interrupting the House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler during the second attempted impeachment hearing of President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Levenson|first=Michael|date=2019-12-09|title=Infowars Host Disrupts House Impeachment Hearing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/09/us/politics/owen-shroyer-infowars.html|access-date=2020-12-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br /> <br /> Shroyer was banned from Twitter on April 17, 2020 for using it's live video subsidiary Periscope to promote a rally against Texas's stay-at-home order during COVID-19, because freedom of speech, news, and all that.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hayes|first=Dade|last2=Hayes|first2=Dade|date=2020-04-17|title=Twitter Bans InfoWars Personality For Promotions Of Rally Against COVID-19 Limits|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/twitter-bans-infowars-personality-for-promotions-of-rally-against-covid-19-limits-1202911184/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref><br /> <br /> Shroyer has previously come under fire after calling for Barack Obama to be lynched.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=InfoWars host Owen Shroyer calls for Barack Obama to be lynched: "Find the tallest tree and a rope"|url=https://www.newsweek.com/infowars-host-owen-shroyer-calls-barack-obama-lynched-find-tallest-tree-rope-1444987|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> = Political views =<br /> <br /> <br /> =References=<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> [[Category:Activists]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=The_Third_Way&diff=11242 The Third Way 2022-12-20T17:43:53Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}} {{Nopic}}<br /> '''The III. Path''' or '''The Third Path''' is a National Socialist political party in Germany that was found on September 28, 2013 by former NPD officials and activists from the banned ''[[Free Network South]]'' and is lead by [[Klaus Armstroff]]<ref name=":0">https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-germanys-extreme-right-group-the-third-path/a-59620861</ref>.<br /> <br /> They have had ties with Assad's government in Syria, [[The National Corps]], [[Misanthropic Division]] , [[Right Sector]] and [[Svoboda]] in Ukraine, and the [[Nordic Resistance Movement]] in the Nordic countries; they cooperate with numerous other parties and organizations as well, such as with [[CasaPound Italia|CasaPound]] in Italy. The party mostly operates in Thuringia, Bavaria and Brandenburg.<br /> <br /> There were a group of people in the movement that marched in March of 2016 as well as back on May 1, 2019 bearing "Der Dritte Weg" flags that marched through a town the day before the Kikes remembrance of the [[Holohoax]], carrying a banner saying "Social justice instead of criminal foreigners". The party stood in the 2019 European elections as well as in the German Federal elections, at times causing scandals (such as with their "Hangt die Grunen!", ''Hang the Greens'', electoral slogans)<ref name=":0" />.<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=The_Third_Way&diff=11241 The Third Way 2022-12-20T17:43:28Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>'''The III. Path''' or '''The Third Path''' is a National Socialist political party in Germany that was found on September 28, 2013 by former NPD officials and activists from the banned ''[[Free Network South]]'' and is lead by [[Klaus Armstroff]]<ref name=":0">https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-germanys-extreme-right-group-the-third-path/a-59620861</ref>.<br /> <br /> They have had ties with Assad's government in Syria, [[The National Corps]], [[Misanthropic Division]] , [[Right Sector]] and [[Svoboda]] in Ukraine, and the [[Nordic Resistance Movement]] in the Nordic countries; they cooperate with numerous other parties and organizations as well, such as with [[CasaPound Italia|CasaPound]] in Italy. The party mostly operates in Thuringia, Bavaria and Brandenburg.<br /> <br /> There were a group of people in the movement that marched in March of 2016 as well as back on May 1, 2019 bearing "Der Dritte Weg" flags that marched through a town the day before the Kikes remembrance of the [[Holohoax]], carrying a banner saying "Social justice instead of criminal foreigners". The party stood in the 2019 European elections as well as in the German Federal elections, at times causing scandals (such as with their "Hangt die Grunen!", ''Hang the Greens'', electoral slogans)<ref name=":0" />.<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Ezra_Pound&diff=11079 Ezra Pound 2022-12-18T10:31:55Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Greatarticle}}{{Key|Fascist Philosopher}}{{Quote|take some risk for his opinions, either his opinions are no good or he's no good|Ezra Pound}}<br /> '''Ezra Weston Loomis Pound''' (October 30, 1885 - November 1, 1972) was an expatriate American genius, [[Fascist]], activist, [[Philosopher]] and poet who was a major figure in the early [[Modernism|modernist]] movement. His immense contribution to poetry began with his development of [[Imagism]], a movement derived from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity, precision and economy of language. His best-known works include ''Ripostes'' (1912), ''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'' (1920) and the unfinished 120-section epic, ''[[The Cantos]]'' (1917–69). His use of imagism extended to his Fascist radio broadcasts.<br /> <br /> Working in London in the early 20th century as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, Pound helped discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Robert Frost, and Ernest Hemingway. He was responsible for the 1915 publication of Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's ''Ulysses''. Hemingway wrote of him in 1925: "He defends [his friends] when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail [...] He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying [...] he advances their hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide."<ref>Hemingway (2006), 5–6</ref><br /> <br /> Outraged by the carnage of [[The Great War]], Pound lost faith in England and identified the cause as [[usury]] and the international [[Jew]]. He moved to [[Italy]] in 1924 and throughout the 1930s and 1940s he embraced [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Fascism]], expressed support for [[Adolf Hitler]] and wrote for publications owned by British Fascist revolutionary [[Oswald Mosley]]. During [[The World's War Against Communism]] he made hundreds of radio broadcasts criticizing the [[United States]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Jews]]; after the war he was arrested by American forces in Italy in 1945 on charges of [[wrong-think]], after which he spent months in detention in a U.S. military camp in [[Pisa]], including three weeks exposed to the elements in a six-by-six-foot outdoor wire cage that triggered a serious mental breakdown, "when the raft broke and the waters went over me." Unfit to stand trial, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., for over 12 years, on made-up charges.<ref>''The Pisan Cantos'' (80.665–67), Sieburth (2003), xiii</ref><br /> <br /> While in custody in Italy he had begun work on sections of ''The Cantos'' that became known as ''The Pisan Cantos'', for which he was awarded the [[Bollingen Prize]] in 1949 by the Library of Congress, triggering an enormous organic mass outrage at his confinement, forcing the President to act, as he had never commited any crime. For years, nearly every single person with power over him, nearly everyone signing paperwork condemning him, had been a [[Jew]], motivated by [[Loxism]]. <br /> <br /> He was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958, thanks to a campaign by his fellow writers, Senator [[JFK]] (to whom he wrote his widow<ref>https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-19/condolence-letter-from-ezra-pound-to-jacqueline-kennedy/5102300</ref>), and massive protests from the public; he proceeded to return to live in Italy until his death. His staunch [[Fascism]] ensure that his work remains as loved now as it was during his lifetime; in 1933 [[Hemingway]] wrote: "The best of Pound's writing – and it is in the ''Cantos'' – will last as long as there is any literature."<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745380,00.html "Books: Unpegged Pound"], ''Time'', 20 March 1933.<br /> *For Hemingway, see Hemingway (2006), 25</ref><br /> <br /> ==Early life (1885–1908)==<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> [[File:Thaddeus C. Pound - Brady-Handy.png|thumb|[[Thaddeus C. Pound|Thaddeus Pound]], Pound's grandfather, in the late 1880s]][[File:EzraPound&IsabelPound1898.png|thumb|Ezra Pound with his mother Isabel in 1898, wearing his Cheltenham Military Academy uniform.]]<br /> Pound was born in a small, two-story house in Hailey, Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound (1858–1942) and Isabel Weston (1860–1948). His father had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the General Land Office.<ref>For the address of the house he was born in, see Ridler, Keith. [http://seattletimes.com/html/travel/2004430400_tridahopoet25.html "Poet's Idaho home is reborn"], Associated Press, 25 May 2008<br /> *For his father working in Hailey, see Moody (2007), 4</ref><br /> <br /> Both parents' ancestors had emigrated from England to North America in the 17th century. On his mother's side, Pound was descended from William Wadsworth (1594–1675), a [[Puritanism|Puritan]] who emigrated from England to Boston on the ''English ship Lion'' in 1632.<ref>Tytell (1987), 11</ref> The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York. Harding Weston and Mary Parker were the parents of Isabel Weston, Ezra's mother.<ref name=Moodyxiii/> Harding apparently spent most of his life without work, so his brother, Ezra Weston and his wife, Frances, looked after Mary and Isabel's needs.<ref name ="Cockram238"/><br /> <br /> On his father's side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a [[Quaker]] who arrived from England around 1650. Ezra's grandfather, [[Thaddeus C. Pound|Thaddeus Coleman Pound]] (1832–1914), was a retired [[Republican]] Congressman for northwest Wisconsin who had made and lost a fortune in the lumber business. Thaddeus's son Homer, Pound's father, worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business, until Thaddeus secured him the appointment as registrar of the Hailey land office. Homer and Isabel married the following year, and Homer built for her [[Homer Pound House]].<ref name=Moodyxiii>Moody (2007), xiii–13</ref> Isabel was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887 when he was 18 months old.<ref name ="Cockram238">Cockram (2005), 238</ref> Homer followed and in 1889 found a job as an assayer at the Philadelphia Mint. The family moved to Jenkintown, Pennsylvania and in 1893 bought a six-bedroom house in Wyncote, Pennsylvania.<ref name=Moodyxiii/><br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> Pound's education began in a series of [[dame school]]s, some of them run by Quakers: Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892, the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893, and the Florence Ridpath school from 1894, also in Wyncote.<ref>Moody (2007), xiii</ref> His first publication ("by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years") was a limerick in the ''Jenkintown Times-Chronicle'' about [[William Jennings Bryan]], who had just lost the 1896 presidential election: "There was a young man from the West, / He did what he could for what he thought best; / But election came round, / He found himself drowned, / And the papers will tell you the rest."<ref>Rachewiltz, Moody and Moody (2011), x; the limerick was published on 7 November 1896.</ref><br /> <br /> Between 1897 and 1900 Pound attended Cheltenham Military Academy, sometimes as a boarder, where he specialized in [[Latin]]. The boys wore Civil War-style uniforms and besides Latin were taught English, history, arithmetic, marksmanship, military drilling and the important responsibilities of authority. Pound made his first trip overseas in the summer of 1898 when he was 13, a three-month tour of Europe with his mother and Frances Weston (Aunt Frank), who took him to England, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.<ref>Moody (2007), 8–9</ref> After the academy he may have attended Cheltenham Township High School for one year. In 1901 at the age of 15, he was admitted to the [[University of Pennsylvania]]'s College of Liberal Arts.<ref>Moody (2007), 14; for Cheltenham Township High School, see McDonald (2005), 91, and Stock (1970), 11</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:Hdpoet.png|thumb|alt=photograph|H.D. c. 1921. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University]]<br /> {{Rquote|left|I resolved that at thirty I would know more about poetry than any man living; that I would know what was accounted poetry everywhere, what part of poetry was 'indestructible', what part could ''not be lost'' by translation and – scarcely less important – what effects were obtainable in ''one'' language only and were utterly incapable of being translated.|Ezra Pound|1913, in "How I Began"}}{{Rquote|right|In this search I learned more or less of nine foreign languages, I read Oriental stuff in translations, I fought every University regulation and every professor who tried to make me learn anything except this, or who bothered me with "requirements for degrees".<ref>Stock (1964), 6</ref>|Ezra Pound|1913, in "How I Began"}}While at the university he met Hilda Doolittle, the daughter of professor of astronomy. She developed as the poet known as "H.D." She followed him to Europe in 1908, leaving her family, friends and country for little benefit to herself, and became involved with Pound in developing the [[Imagism]] movement in London. He sought her hand and in February that year asked her father, the astronomy professor Charles Doolittle, for his permission to marry. Doolittle was a curt man, described as "donnish" and intimidating. He was aware of Pound's reputation as a ladies' man, and unimpressed by his career as a poet, and constant moving. Doolittle's response was dismissive, he replied, "What! … Why you’re nothing but a nomad!" Pound asked Hilda to marry him in the summer of 1907, and though rejected, wrote several poems for her between 1905 and 1907. He hand-bound 25 of these, calling them ''Hilda's Book''.<ref name=Doolittleforeward>Doolittle (1979), 67–68<br /> *''Hilda's Book'' is in the Houghton Library at Harvard; see [http://web.archive.org/web/20040607154442/http://loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=201&section=notes "Poems and Translations"], Library of America.</ref> He was seeing two other women at this time, Viola Baxter and Mary Moore, later dedicating a book of poetry, ''Personae'' (1909), to the latter. He eventually also asked Mary to marry, but she turned him down.<ref>Tytell (1987), 24–28; for dedication of ''Personae'' see Nadel (1999), xviii</ref><br /> <br /> His parents and Frances Weston took him on another three-month European tour in 1902, after which he transferred, in 1903, to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. Signed up for the Latin–Scientific course, he studied the Provençal dialect with William Pierce Shephard and Old English with Joseph D. Ibbotson; with Shephard he read Dante and from this began the idea for a long poem in three parts; of emotion, instruction and contemplation, planting the seeds for ''The Cantos''.<ref>Moody (2007), 18–25<br /> *He would later apply the form he imagined throughout the writing of the ''Cantos''. See Moody (2007), 24</ref> After graduating in 1905 with a PhB, he studied Romance languages under Hugo A. Rennert at the University of Pennsylvania, where he obtained an MA in the spring of 1906 and registered to write a PhD thesis on the jesters in Lope de Vega's plays. A Harrison fellowship covered his tuition fees and gave him a grant of $500, which he used to return to Europe.<ref>Moody (2007), 19, 27–28</ref><br /> <br /> Pound spent three weeks in Madrid in various libraries, including one in the royal palace. He happened to be standing outside the palace on May 31, 1906 during the attempted assassination by [[anarchism|anarchists]] of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso]], and left the country for fear he would be identified with them. After Spain he spent two weeks in Paris attending lectures at the Sorbonne, followed by a week in London.<ref>Moody (2007), 28–29</ref> In July he returned to the United States, where in September his first essay, "Raphaelite Latin", was published in ''Book News Monthly''. He took courses in the English department in 1907, where he annoyed Felix Schelling, the department head, with silly remarks during lectures, including that [[George Bernard Shaw]] was better than [[Shakespeare]], and wound an enormous tin watch very slowly while Schelling spoke. As a result, his fellowship was not renewed at the end of the year; Schelling told the highly educated Pound that he was wasting his own time and that of the institution. Pound left without finishing his doctorate.<ref>Moody (2007), 29–31</ref><br /> <br /> ===Teaching===<br /> From the fall of 1907 Pound taught Romance languages at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, a conservative town that he called the sixth circle of hell and an equally conservative college from which he was dismissed after deliberately provoking the college authorities. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke cigarillos in his office down the corridor from the president's. He annoyed his landlords by entertaining friends, including women, and was forced out of one house after two "stewdents found me sharing my meagre repast with a lady"; although the details remain unclear and he denied any wrongdoing. The incident involved a stranded chorus girl to whom he offered tea and shelter for the night when she was caught in a snowstorm; when she was discovered the next morning by the landladies, his insistence that he had slept on the floor was met with disbelief and he was asked to leave the college. Glad to be free of such an awful place, he left for Europe soon after, sailing from New York in March 1908.<ref>Moody (2007), 59–62; Wilhelm (1985), 177; Carpenter (1988), 80</ref><br /> <br /> ==London (1908–20)==<br /> ===Introduction to the literary scene===<br /> {{Rquote|left|<br /> ...eh?... they mostly had grey eyes,<br /> But it is all one, I will sing of the sun.|Ezra Pound|A Lume Spento (1908)}}<br /> Pound arrived in Gibraltar on March 23, 1908, where for a few weeks he earned $15 a day working as a guide to American tourists. By the end of April he was in Venice, living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge. In July he self-published his first book of poetry, ''[[A Lume Spento]]'' (''With Tapers Spent''); the ''London Evening Standard'' called it "wild and haunting stuff, absolutely poetic, original, imaginative, passionate, and spiritual." The title was from the third canto of Dante's ''Purgatorio'', which alluded to the death of [[Manfred, King of Sicily]]. The book was dedicated to his friend, the Philadelphia artist William Brooke Smith, who had recently died of tuberculosis.<ref>For the date he arrived in Gibraltar and Venice, see Moody (2007), 62, 63.<br /> *For the bakery, see Tytell (1987), 35<br /> *For the dedication of ''A Lume Spento'', see Zinnes (1980), xi<br /> *For the ''Evening Standard'' quote, see Eliot (1917), 5<br /> *For information about Brooke Smith, see Carpenter (1988), 91, 95</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:48 Langham Street, London W1.png|right|thumb|200px|alt=photograph|''[[The Pisan Cantos]]'' (1948) include descriptions of Pound's landlady at 48 Langham Street ''(pictured)'' and the pub across the road.]]<br /> In August he moved to London, where he lived almost continuously for the next 12 years; he told his university friend [[William Carlos Williams]]: "London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy." English poets such as [[Maurice Hewlett]], [[Rudyard Kipling]] and [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] had made a particular kind of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] verse&nbsp;– stirring, pompous and propagandistic&nbsp;– popular with the public. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as "versified moral essay"; he wanted to focus on the individual experience; the concrete rather than the abstract.<ref>Knapp (1979), 25–27</ref><br /> <br /> Arriving in the city with just ₤3, he moved into lodgings at 48 Langham Street, near Great Titchfield Street, a penny bus-ride from the British Museum.<ref>Stock (1970), 53–54</ref> The house sat across an alley from the Yorkshire Grey pub, which made an appearance in the ''Pisan Cantos'', "concerning the landlady's ''doings'' / with a lodger unnamed / az waz near Gt Titchfield St. next door to the pub".<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 4<br /> *Also see Campbell, James. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 "Home from home"], ''The Guardian'', 17 May 2008.<br /> *Pound (2003), 80, lines 334–336</ref> He spent his mornings in the British Museum Reading Room, lunching at the Vienna Café on Oxford Street.<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 7</ref> He persuaded the bookseller Elkin Mathews to display ''A Lume Spento'', and in October 1908 caught the attention of the literati. That December he published a second collection, ''A Quinzaine for This Yule''. After the death of a lecturer at the University of Westminster Regent Street Polytechnic, he took a position lecturing in the evenings on "The Development of Literature in Southern Europe".<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 5–11</ref><br /> <br /> Ford Madox Ford described Pound, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as "approach[ing] with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent. Pound was a flamboyant dresser at this stage, and had trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend and an immense sombrero. All this was accompanied by a flaming beard cut to a point and a single, large blue earring."<ref>Moody (2007), 113</ref><br /> <br /> ===Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, ''Personae''===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | width=320px<br /> | align=right<br /> | quoted=true<br /> | bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> | salign=right<br /> | title=In Durance<br /> | quote=<poem>I am homesick after mine own kind,<br /> Oh I know that there are folk about me, friendly faces,<br /> But I am homesick after mine own kind. <br /> </poem><br /> | source=''Personae'' (1909), written in Crawfordsville, Indiana, 1907<ref>Stock (1970), p. 37.</ref><br /> }}<br /> At a literary salon in January 1909, Pound met the novelist [[Olivia Shakespear]], Yeats' former lover, and was introduced to her daughter Dorothy. They married several years later in 1914. Through Olivia Shakespear he was introduced to [[W. B. Yeats]], the greatest living poet in Pound's view, and they became close friends, although Yeats was older by 20 years. Pound had sent Yeats a copy of ''A Lume Spento'' the previous year, before he left for Venice, and Yeats had apparently found it charming.<ref>Tytell (1987), 46</ref><br /> <br /> He was also introduced to sculptor Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, painter Wyndham Lewis, and to the cream of London's literary circle, including the poet T. E. Hulme. The American heiress Margaret Lanier Cravens (1881–1912) became a patron; after knowing him a short time she offered a large annual sum to allow him to focus on his work. Cravens killed herself in 1912. <ref>For the money from Cravens, see Moody (2007), 124–125; for the speculation that they were lovers, see Carpenter (1988), 155; Dennis (1999), 264; Pound, Omar (1988), 66</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:DorothyPound.png|thumb|250px|left|alt=photograph|Pound was introduced to [[Dorothy Shakespear]] in February 1909, and they were married in April 1914.]]<br /> In June 1909 the ''Personae'' collection became Pound's first publication to have any commercial success. It was favorably reviewed; one review said it was "full of human passion and natural magic".<ref>Moody (2007), 91</ref> Rupert Brooke was unimpressed, complaining that Pound had fallen under the influence of Walt Whitman, writing in "unmetrical sprawling lengths".<ref>Moody (2007), 93</ref> In September he published 27 poems as ''Exultations''. Around the same time Pound moved into new rooms at Church Walk, off Kensington High Street, where he lived most of the time until 1914.<ref>For his move to Church Walk, see Moody (2007), 180<br /> *For ''Personae'', see Elek, Jon. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=2841 "Personae"], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 8 April 2004.<br /> *For ''Exultations'', see Wilson, Peter. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=5224 "Exultations"], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 20 April 2004.</ref><br /> <br /> In June 1910 Pound returned to the United States for eight months; his arrival coincided with the publication of his first book of literary criticism'', [[The Spirit of Romance]]'', based on his lecture notes at the polytechnic.<ref>Stock (1970), 70, 81–89</ref> His essays on America were written during this period. They were compiled as ''Patria Mia'' and not published until 1950. He loved New York but felt the city was threatened by capitalism and vulgarity, and no longer felt at home there.<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 62–65</ref> He found the New York Public Library, then being built, especially offensive. Pound visited the architects' offices almost every day to shout at them.<ref name=NYTobit>Montgomery, Paul L. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB091EF83A591A7493C0A9178AD95F468785F9&scp=1&sq=%22A%20Man%20of%20Contradictions%22%20Ezra%20Pound&st=cse "Ezra Pound: A Man of Contradictions"], ''The New York Times'', 2 November 1972</ref><br /> <br /> Pound persuaded his parents to finance his passage back to Europe.<ref>Tytell (1987), 59–62</ref> It was nearly 30 years before he visited the United States again. On February 22, 1911 he sailed from New York on the R.M.S. ''Mauretania'', arriving in Southampton six days later.<ref>Stock (1970), 95</ref> After only a few days in London he went to Paris, where he worked on a new collection of poetry, ''Canzoni'' (1911), panned by the ''Westminster Gazette'' as a "medley of pretension". When he returned to London in August 1911, [[Alfred Richard Orage|A. R. Orage]], editor of the socialist journal ''[[The New Age]]'', hired him to write a weekly column, giving him a steady income.<ref>Elek, Jon. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=6100 "Canzoni"], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 8 March 2005.<br /> *Orage also made an appearance in ''The Cantos'' (where [[Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats|Possum]] is T. S. Eliot): "But the lot of 'em, / Yeats, Possum and Wyndham / had no ground beneath 'em. / Orage had." See Wilhelm (2008), 83, citing Canto 98/685.</ref><br /> <br /> ===Imagism===<br /> [[File:Home of Ezra Pound, London.png|thumb|alt=photograph|200px|10 Church Walk, Kensington]]<br /> Hilda Doolittle arrived in London from Philadelphia in May 1911 with the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September Doolittle decided to stay on. Pound introduced her to his friends.<ref>Moody (2007), 180</ref><br /> <br /> At the museum Pound met regularly with the curator and poet Laurence Binyon, who introduced him to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts that would become so vital to the imagery and technique of his later poetry. The museum's visitors' books show that Pound was often found during 1912 and 1913 in the Print Room examining Japanese [[ukiyo-e]], some inscribed with traditional Japanese tanka verse, a 10th-century genre of poetry whose economy and strict conventions undoubtedly contributed to Imagist techniques of composition.<ref>Arrowsmith (2011), 103–164<br /> *Also see Arrowsmith (2011), 27–42, 118, and Dennis (2000), 101</ref><ref name ="Arrowsmith lecture">[http://vimeo.com/arrowsmith/cosmopolitanism-and-modernism Video of a lecture discussing the importance of Japanese culture to Pound's early poetry], ''[[London University School of Advanced Study]]'', March 2012.</ref> He was working at the time on the poems that became ''Ripostes'' (1912), trying to move away from his earlier work; he wrote that the "stilted language" of ''Canzoni'' had reduced Ford Madox Ford to rolling on the floor with laughter.<ref>Witemeyer (1961), 112.</ref> He realized with his translation work that the problem lay not in his knowledge of the other languages, but in his use of English:<br /> <br /> <blockquote><br /> What obfuscated me was not the Italian but the crust of dead English, the sediment present in my own available vocabulary&nbsp;... You can't go round this sort of thing. It takes six or eight years to get educated in one's art, and another ten to get rid of that education.<br /> <br /> Neither can anyone learn English, one can only learn a series of Englishes. Rossetti made his own language. I hadn't in 1910 made a language, I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in.<ref>Venuti (1979), 88; Knapp (1979), 54</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> While living at Church Walk in 1912, Pound, Aldington and Doolittle started working on ideas about language. It was in the British Museum tearoom one afternoon that they decided to begin a 'movement' in poetry, called Imagism. ''Imagisme'', Pound would write in ''Riposte'', is "concerned solely with ''language'' and ''presentation''".<ref>Moody (2007), 180, 222</ref> The aim was clarity: a fight against abstraction, romanticism, rhetoric, inversion of word order, and over-use of adjectives. They agreed in the spring or early summer of 1912 on three principles:<br /> <blockquote>1. Direct treatment of the "thing" whether subjective or objective.<br /><br /> 2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.<br /><br /> 3. As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.<ref name=Pound1918>Pound, Ezra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uOQMlH_zYNAC&pg=PA3 "A Retrospect"], in T. S. Eliot. (1968). ''Literary Essays of Ezra Pound''. New York: New Directions Publishing. 3–5; first published 1918.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> Superfluous words, particularly adjectives, should be avoided, as well as expressions like "dim lands of peace", which Pound thought dulled the image by mixing the abstract with the concrete. He wrote that the natural object was always the "adequate symbol". Poets should "go in fear of abstractions", and should not re-tell in mediocre verse what has already been told in good prose.<ref name=Pound1918/> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=270px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |title=In a Station of the Metro<br /> |quote=<poem>The apparition of these faces in the crowd;<br /> Petals on a wet, black bough.</poem><br /> |source=''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'' (1913)<br /> }}<br /> A typical example is Pound's "In a Station of the Metro" (1913), inspired by an experience on the Paris Subway, about which he wrote, "I got out of a train at, I think, Concorde, and in the jostle I saw a beautiful face, and then, turning suddenly, another and another, and then a beautiful child's face, and then another beautiful face. All that day I tried to find words for what this made me feel." He worked on the poem for a year, reducing it to its essence in the style of a Japanese haiku.<ref>Witemeyer (1969), 34<br /> *For its description as ''the'' classic Imagist poem, see Witemeyer (1999), 49</ref> Like other modernist artists of the period, Pound found inspiration in Japanese art, but the aim was to re-make, or as Pound said, "make it new", and blend cultural styles instead of copying directly or slavishly.<ref name ="Arrowsmith lecture"/><br /> <br /> ===''Ripostes'' and translations===<br /> ''Ripostes'', published in October 1912, marks Pound's move toward more minimalist language. It was published when Pound had only begun his move toward [[Imagism]]; his first use of the word ''Imagiste'' appears in his prefatory note to the volume.<ref>Pound, Ezra, ''Ripostes'', Stephen Swift & Co Ltd, London, 1912.</ref> The collection includes five poems by Hulme and a translation of the 8th-century Old English poem ''The Seafarer'', although not a literal translation.<ref>For submission and publication dates, see Pound, Ezra. ''Poems and translations'', Library of America, (2003), 1239<br /> *For Knapp's view, see Knapp (1979), 57<br /> *For Pound's first use of the word "Imagiste", see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uOQMlH_zYNAC&pg=PA4 Pound (1918), 4]<br /> *For Alexander's view and the unpopularity of Pound's translations, see Alexander (1979), 62<br /> *For the original text of ''The Seafarer'', see [http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=text&id=Sfr&textOnly=true "The Seafarer"], Anglo-Saxons.net.<br /> *For Pound's interpretation of the poem, see Pound, Ezra. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085717/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1664.html "The Seafarer"], Representative Poetry Online, University of Toronto.</ref> His translation from the Italian of ''Sonnets and ballate of [[Guido Cavalcanti]]'' was also published in 1912.<ref>Sieburth (2010), xv</ref><br /> [[File:Ezra Pound - Cathay Title Page 1915.png|thumb|200px|alt=book cover|In 1913 Pound was given [[Ernest Fenollosa]]'s unpublished notes, which led to ''Cathay'' (1915).]]<br /> Pound was fascinated by the translations of Japanese poetry and Noh plays which he discovered in the papers of Ernest Fenollosa, an Italian professor who had taught in Japan. Fenollosa had studied Chinese poetry under Japanese scholars; in 1913 his widow, Mary McNeil Fenollosa, decided to give his unpublished notes to Pound after seeing his work; she was looking for someone who cared about poetry rather than philology.<ref>Moody (2007), 239</ref> Pound edited and published Fenellosa's ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry'' in 1918.<ref>''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry: A Critical Edition'' (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008).</ref><br /> <br /> The title page of the collection ''Cathay'' , refers to the poet "Rihaku", the pronunciation in Japanese of the Tang dynasty Chinese poet, Li Bai, whose poems were much beloved in China and Japan for their technical mastery and much translated in the West because of their seeming simplicity. The volume is in Alexander's view the most attractive of Pound's work.<ref name=Alexander95>Alexander (1979), 95</ref> Chinese critic Wai-lim Yip writes of it: "One can easily excommunicate Pound from the Forbidden City of Chinese studies, but it seems clear that in his dealings with ''Cathay'', even when he is given only the barest details, he is able to get into the central concerns of the original author by what we may perhaps call a kind of clairvoyance."<ref>Yip, Wai-lim. ''Ezra Pound's Cathay''. Princeton University Press, 1969, cited in Alexander (1979), 99</ref><br /> <br /> Pound could understand Chinese himself. Some specialist critics see his work as among the best English translations of Chinese poetry.<ref name=Alexander95/> ''Cathay'' was the first of many translations Pound would make from the Chinese. Pound used Fenollosa's work as a starting point for what he called the [[ideogrammic method]], which proceeded on Fenellosa's fruitful idea that each character represented an image or pictograph, based on sight rather than sound.<ref>"The Fenollosa Papers" in Stock (1965), 177–179</ref><ref>Graves, from "These Be Your Gods, O Israel" (138–139)</ref> Steven Yao, scholar of American and Asian literature, sees ''Cathay'' as a "major feat"; Yao does not view Pound's Chinese as an obstacle, and states that the poet's trawl through centuries of scholarly interpretations resulted in a genuine understanding of the original poem.<ref>Yao (2010), 36–39</ref><br /> <br /> ===Marriage, ''Blast''===<br /> [[File:William Butler Yeats 1.png|250px|right|thumb|alt=photograph|W. B. Yeats invited Pound to spend the winter of 1913–14 with him in Sussex.]]<br /> <br /> In August 1912 Harriet Monroe hired Pound as a regular contributor to ''Poetry magazine''. He submitted his own poems, as well as poems by James Joyce, Robert Frost, D. H. Lawrence, Yeats, H.D. and Aldington, and collected material for a 64-page anthology, ''Des Imagistes'' (1914). The Imagist movement began to attract attention from critics.<ref>Stock (1970), 143–147; Tytell (1987), 97</ref> In November 1913 Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, invited Pound to stay with him as his secretary in Stone Cottage, Sussex, where Yeats had rented rooms. They stayed there for 10 weeks, reading and writing, walking in the woods and fencing. It was the first of three winters they spent together at Stone Cottage, two of them with Dorothy after she and Pound married on April 20, 1914 ([[Adolf Hitler]]'s birthday}.<ref>Moody (2007), 240 <br /> *Also see Longenbach, James (1988). ''Stone Cottage''. Oxford University Press, and Longenbach, James. [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/10/books/the-odd-couple-pound-and-yeats-together.html "The Odd Couple: Pound and Yeats Together"], ''The New York Times'', January 10, 1988.</ref><br /> <br /> The marriage had proceeded despite opposition from her parents, who worried about his meager income, earned from contributions to literary magazines and probably less than £300 a year. Dorothy's annual income was £50, aided by £150 from her family. Her parents eventually consented, and Pound's concession to marry in church helped convince them. Afterwards he and Dorothy moved into an apartment with no bathroom at 5 Holland Place Chambers, near Church Walk, with the newly wed Hilda and Richard Aldington living next door.<ref>Moody (2007), 246–249</ref><br /> <br /> Pound wrote for Wyndham Lewis' literary magazine ''Blast'', although only two issues were published. An advertisement in ''The Egoist'' promised it would cover "Cubism, Futurism, Imagisme and all Vital Forms of Modern Art". Pound took the opportunity to extend the definition of Imagisme to art, naming it [[Vorticism]]: "The image is a radiant node or cluster; it is a VORTEX, from which, and through which, and into which, ideas are constantly rushing."<ref>Moody (2007), 230, 256</ref> Reacting to the magazine, the poet Lascelles Abercrombie called for the rejection of Imagism and a return to the traditionalism of William Wordsworth; Pound challenged him to a duel on the basis that "Stupidity carried beyond a certain point becomes a public menace".<ref>Stock (1970), 159</ref> Abercrombie suggested their choice of weapon be unsold copies of their own books.<ref name=Campbell>Campbell, James. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 "Home from home"], ''The Guardian'', 17 May 2008.</ref> The publication of ''Blast'' was celebrated at a dinner attended by New England poet Amy Lowell, then in London to meet the Imagists, but Hilda and Richard were already moving away from Pound's understanding of the movement, as he became more in line with Wyndham Lewis's ideas. When Lowell agreed to finance an anthology of Imagist poets, Pound's work was not included. Upset at Lowell, he began to call ''Imagisme'' "Amygism", and in July 1914 declared it dead, asking only that the term be preserved, although Lowell eventually Anglicized it.<ref>Moody (2007), 222–225</ref><br /> <br /> ===World War I, disillusionment===<br /> Between 1914 and 1916 Pound assisted in the serialisation of James Joyce's ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' in ''The Egoist'', then helped to have it published in book form. In 1915 he persuaded ''Poetry'' to publish T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". Eliot had sent "Prufrock" to almost every editor in England, but was rejected. He eventually sent it to Pound, who instantly saw it as a work of genius and submitted it to ''Poetry''.<ref name=Aiken>Aiken (1965), 4–5</ref> Pound wrote to Monroe in October 1914. "The rest of the promising young have done one or the other but never both. Most of the swine have done neither."<ref>Mertens, Richard. [http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0108/features/letter.html "Letter by letter"], ''University of Chicago Magazine'', April, 2001.</ref><br /> <br /> After the publication in 1915 of ''Cathay'', Pound mentioned he was working on a long poem, casting about for the correct form. He told a friend in August: "It is a huge, I was going to say, gamble, but shan't", and in September described it as a "cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore". About a year later, in January 1917, he had the first three trial cantos, distilled down to one, as Canto I published in ''Poetry''.<ref>Moody (2007), 306–307</ref> He was now a regular contributor to three literary magazines. From 1917 he wrote music reviews for ''The New Age'' under the pen name William Atheling, and weekly pieces for ''The Egoist'' and ''The Little Review many of the latter directed against provincialism and ignorance. However the volume of writing exhausted him and he feared he was wasting his time writing outside poetry.<ref>Moody (2007), 330, 334</ref><ref name="m342">Moody (2007), 342</ref><br /> <br /> Pound was deeply affected by the war. He was devastated when Gaudier-Brzeska, from whom he had commissioned a sculpture two years earlier, was killed in the trenches in 1915. He published ''Gaudier-Brzeska: A Memoir'' the following year, in reaction to what he saw as an unnecessary loss.<ref>Stock (1970), 174, 180–182</ref> In the autumn of 1917 his depression worsened. He blamed American provincialism for the seizure of the October issue of ''The Little Review''. The ''New York Society for the Suppression of Vice'' applied the Comstock Laws against an article Lewis wrote, describing it as lewd and indecent. Around the same time, Hulme was killed by shell-fire in Flanders, and Yeats married Georgie Hyde-Lees.<ref>Moody (2007), 334–335</ref> In 1918, after a bout of illness with deadly Spanish flu, Pound decided to quit writing for ''The Little Review'', mostly because of the volume of work. He asked the publisher for a raise to hire 23-year-old Iseult Gonne as a typist, causing rumors Pound was having an affair with her.<ref name="m342" /><br /> <br /> In 1919 he published a collection of his essays for ''The Little Review'' as ''Instigations'', and in the March, 1919 issue ''Poetry'' he published ''Poems from the Propertius Series'', which appeared to be a translation of the [[Ancient Rome]] Poet [[Sextus Propertius]]. When he included this in his next poetry collection in 1921, he had renamed it ''Homage to Sextus Propertius''. "Propertius" is not a strict translation; biographer David Moody describes it as "the refraction of an ancient poet through a modern intelligence". Harriet Monroe, editor of ''Poetry'', published a letter from a professor of Latin, W. G. Hale, saying that Pound was "incredibly ignorant" of the language, and alluded to "about three-score errors" in ''Homage''. Monroe did not publish Pound's response, which began "Cat-piss and porcupines!!" and continued, "The thing is no more a translation than my 'Altaforte' is a translation, or than Fitzgerald's Omar is a translation". But she interpreted his silence after that as his resignation as foreign editor.<ref>Kenner (1971), 286</ref><br /> <br /> ===''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley''===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=300px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |quote=<poem>There died a myriad<br /> And of the best, among them,<br /> For an old bitch gone in the teeth,<br /> For a botched civilization,<br/><br /> Charm, smiling at the good mouth,<br /> Quick eyes gone under earth's lid,<br/><br /> For two gross of broken statues,<br /> For a few thousand battered books.<br /> </poem><br /> |source=''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'', Section V (1920)}}<br /> <br /> His poem ''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'' consists of 18 short parts, and describes a poet whose life, like his own, has become sterile and meaningless. Published in June 1920, it marked his farewell to London. He had become absolutely disgusted by the loss of life during [[The Great War]] and was unable to reconcile himself with it. Stephen Adams writes that, just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, so Pound denied he was Mauberley, but the work can nevertheless be read as autobiographical. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene, before turning to social criticism, economics and an attack on the causes of the war; here the word ''usury'' appears in his work for the first time. The critic F. R. Leavis saw it as Pound's major achievement.<ref>Adams (2005), 149<br /> *Bilan (2010), 89<br /> *Pound, Ezra. [http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/23538/pg23538.html "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley"], the text from Project Gutenberg, 18 November 2007.<br /> *Also see Leavis (1932), 134, 150</ref><br /> <br /> The war had shattered Pound's belief in modern western civilization. He saw the Vorticist movement as finished and doubted his own future as a poet. He had only the ''New Age'' to write for; his relationship with ''Poetry'' was finished, ''The Egoist'' was quickly running out of money because of censorship problems caused by the serialization of Joyce's ''Ulysses''. Toward the end of 1920 he and Dorothy decided their time in London was over, and resolved to move to Paris.<ref>Moody (2007), 394–396</ref><br /> <br /> Orage wrote in the January 1921 issue of ''The New Age'': "Mr. Pound has been an exhilarating influence for culture in England; he has left his mark upon more than one of the arts, upon literature, music, poetry and sculpture, and quite a number of men and movements owe their initiation to his self-sacrificing stimulus."<ref>Moody (2007), 410</ref><br /> <br /> ==Paris (1921–24)==<br /> [[File:Olga Rudge advertisement.png|thumb|260px|alt=photograph|Pound met Olga Rudge in 1922.]]<br /> The Pounds settled in Paris in January 1921 in an inexpensive apartment at 70 bis, rue Notre Dame des Champs. He became friendly with others of the [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] movements, as well as Basil Bunting, Ernest Hemingway and his wife Hadley.<ref name="Meyers 1985 70 74">Meyers (1985), 70–74</ref> He spent most of his time building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for the bookstore Shakespeare and Company, and in 1921 the volume ''Poems 1918–1921'' was published. In 1922 Eliot sent him the manuscript of ''The Waste Land'', then arrived in Paris to edit it with Pound, who blue-inked the manuscript with comments like "make up yr. mind." and "georgian".<ref>Bornstein (1999), 33–34</ref> Eliot wrote: "I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius."<ref name=NYTobit/><br /> <br /> In 1924 Pound secured funding for Ford Madox Ford's ''The Transatlantic Review'' from American attorney John Quinn. The ''Review'' published works by Pound, [[Ernest Hemingway]], as well as extracts from Joyce's ''Finnegans Wake'', before the money ran out in 1925. It also published several Pound music reviews, later collected into ''Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony''.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 430–431, 448</ref><br /> <br /> Hemingway asked Pound to blue-ink his short stories. Although Hemingway was 14 years younger, the two forged what would become a lifelong relationship of mutual respect and friendship, living on the same street for a time, and touring Italy together in 1923. "They liked each other personally, shared the same aesthetic aims, and admired each other's work", writes Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers, with Hemingway assuming the status of pupil to Pound's teaching. Pound introduced Hemingway to Lewis, Ford, and Joyce, while Hemingway in turn tried to teach Pound to box, but as he said, "Ezra habitually leads with his chin and has the general grace of a crayfish or crawfish".<ref name="Meyers 1985 70 74"/><br /> <br /> Pound was 36 when he met the 26-year-old American violinist Olga Rudge in Paris in the fall of 1922, beginning a love affair that lasted 50 years. He was introduced to Olga at a musical salon hosted by American heiress Natalie Barney in her home at 20 Rue Jacob, near the Boulevard Saint-Germain. The two moved in different social circles: Olga was the daughter of a wealthy Youngstown, Ohio, steel family, living in her mother's Parisian apartment on the Right Bank, socializing with aristocrats, while his friends were mostly impoverished writers of the Left Bank.<ref>For his need of a mistress, see Tytell (1987), 180<br /> *For their belonging to different circles, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=UpmBwzOT7hwC&pg=PA251 Wilhelm (2008), 251]</ref> The two spent the following summer in the south of France, where he worked with George Antheil to apply the concept of Vorticism to music, and managed to write two operas, including ''Le Testament de Villon''. He wrote pieces for solo violin, which Olga performed.<ref>For his operas, see Kenner (1973), 390<br /> *For his pieces for violin, see Stock (1970), 252–256</ref><br /> <br /> ==Italy (1924–45)==<br /> <br /> ===Birth of the children===<br /> [[File:Rapallo (cropped).png|320px|thumb|alt=photograph|Dorothy and Pound moved to Rapallo in 1924. He said: "Italy is my place for starting things".<ref name=Tytell191/>]]<br /> <br /> The Pounds were unhappy in Paris; Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor. At a dinner a guest had randomly tried to stab him, and to Pound it underlined that their time in France was over.<ref name=Tytell191/> Hemingway observed that Pound "indulged in a small nervous breakdown", leading to two days in an American hospital.<ref>Baker (1981), 127</ref> They decided to move to a quieter place, and chose Rapallo, Italy, a town with a population of 15,000. "Italy is my place for starting things", he told a friend.<ref name=Tytell191>Tytell (1987), 191–193</ref> During this period they lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock in which she had invested.<ref>Tytell (1987), 225</ref><br /> <br /> Olga Rudge, pregnant with Pound's child, followed them to Italy. She showed little interest in raising a child, but may have felt that having one would maintain her connection to him. In July 1925 she gave birth to a daughter, Mary. She placed her with a German-speaking peasant woman whose own child had died, and who agreed to raise Mary for 200 lire a month.<ref>Tytell (1987), 198</ref><br /> <br /> When Pound told Dorothy about the birth, she separated from him for much of that year and the next. In December 1925, she left on an extended trip to Egypt. On her return in March, Pound realized that his wife was pregnant.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 450–451</ref> In June, she and Pound left Rapallo for Paris for the premiere of ''Le Testament de Villon'', without mentioning the pregnancy to his friends or parents. In September, Hemingway drove Dorothy to the American Hospital of Paris for the birth of a son, Omar Pound. In a letter to his parents in October Pound wrote, "next generation (male) arrived. Both D & it appear to be doing well".<ref>Carpenter (1988), 452–453</ref> Dorothy gave the baby son to her mother, Olivia, who raised him in London until he was old enough to go to boarding school. When Dorothy went to England each summer to see Omar, Pound would spend the time with Olga, whose father had bought her a house in Venice. The arrangement meant his children were raised very differently. Mary had a single pair of shoes, and books about Jesus and the saints, while Omar was raised in Kensington as an English gentleman by his sophisticated grandmother.<ref>For the woman who raised Mary, and Pound telling Dorothy, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA13 Wilhelm (1994), 13–15]<br /> *For the house in Venice, see Tytell (1987), 198<br /> *For Mary's memoir, see de Rachewiltz (1971), 11</ref><br /> <br /> In 1925 the literary magazine ''This Quarter'' dedicated its first issue to Pound, including tributes from Hemingway and Joyce. Pound published ''Cantos XVII–XIX'' in the winter editions. In March 1927 he launched his own literary magazine, ''The Exile'', but only four issues were published. It did well in the first year, with contributions from Hemingway, E. E. Cummings, Basil Bunting, Yeats, William Carlos Williams and Robert McAlmon; some of the poorest work in the magazine were Pound's rambling editorials on [[Confucianism]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA22 Wilhelm (1994), 22–24]</ref> He continued to work on Fenollosa's manuscripts, and in 1928 won ''The Dial''s poetry award for his translation of the Confucian classic ''Great Learning'' (''Dà Xué'', transliterated as ''Ta Hio'').<ref name=Nadelxxii>Nadel (1999), xxi–xxiii</ref> That year his parents Homer and Isabel visited him in Rapallo, seeing him for the first time since 1914. By then Homer had retired, so they decided to move to Rapallo themselves. They took a small house, Villa Raggio, on a hill above the town.<ref>Tytell (1987), 215</ref><br /> <br /> Pound began work on ''[[The Cantos]]'' in earnest after relocating to Italy. The poems concern good and evil, a descent into hell followed by redemption and paradise. Its hundreds of characters fall into three groupings: those who enjoy hell and stay there; those who experience a metamorphosis and want to leave; and a few who lead the rest to ''paradiso terrestre''. Its composition was difficult and involved several false starts, and he abandoned most of his earlier drafts, beginning again in 1922.<ref name=Terrellvii>Terrell, Carroll F. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uEqOrAnat0C&pg=PR7 ''A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press, vii</ref> The first three appear in ''Poetry'' in June–August 1917. The ''Malatesta Cantos'' appeared in ''The Criterion'' in July 1923, and two further cantos were published in ''The Transatlantic Review'' in January 1924. Pound published 90 copies in Paris in 1925 of ''A Draft of XVI. Cantos of Ezra Pound for the Beginning of a Poem of some Length now first made into a Book''.<ref>Bush (1976), xiii–xv</ref><br /> <br /> =Fascism=<br /> Pound understood that the cause of [[The Great War]] was ''[[capitalism]]'', ''[[jews|judaism]], ''[[usury]]'', and that the solution lay in the fact that [[fascism]] was the vehicle for reform;<ref>Preda (2005), 90</ref> He gave a series of lectures on economics, and on January 30, 1933 Pound was invited to meet [[Benito Mussolini]], and he excitedly accepted. Olga Rudge played for Mussolini and told him about Pound, who had earlier sent him a copy of ''Cantos XXX''. During the meeting Pound presented Mussolini with a digest of his economic ideas, and Mussolini said it was a social call, so he would view them privately, though he found the ''Cantos'' "''divertente''" very entertaining. The meeting was recorded in ''Canto XLI'': "'Ma questo' / said the boss, 'è divertente.'" Pound said he had "never met anyone who seemed to GET my ideas so quickly as Il Duce", calling him a genius.<ref>Tytell (1987), 228–232</ref><br /> <br /> In April 1939 he sailed for New York, hoping he could stop America's involvement in [[The World's War Against Communism]], happy to answer reporters' questions about Mussolini. He traveled to Washington, D.C. where he met senators and congressmen. His daughter, Mary, said that he had acted out of a sense of responsibility and great patriotism; he was offered no encouragement by the cucked politicians, and was left feeling depressed and frustrated.<ref>Tytell (1987), 250–253</ref><br /> <br /> In June 1939 he received a doctorate from Hamilton College, and a week later returned to Italy from America and began writing material for Italian newspapers. He wrote to James Laughlin that Roosevelt represented [[jews|jewry]], and signed the letter with "Heil [[Hitler]]". He started writing for ''Action'', a newspaper owned by the British fascist Sir [[Oswald Mosley]], arguing that the [[Fascism]] was a natural civilizer.<ref name=Tytell254>Tytell (1987), 254</ref> After war broke out in September that year, he began a furious letter-writing campaign to the politicians he had petitioned six months earlier, agreeing with [[Henry Ford]], [[Charles Lindbergh]] and others that the war was the result of the international jew, and that the United States should keep out of it.<ref name=Tytell253>Tytell (1987), 253–265</ref><br /> <br /> ===Radio broadcasts===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=300px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |title=<br /> |quote= – You let in the jew, and the jew rotted your empire, and you yourselves out-jewed the jew; And the big jew has rotted EVERY nation he has wormed into.<br /> |source = Pound radio broadcast, 15 March 1942<ref>[http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/pound/radio.htm "Selected World War II Broadcasts"], Modern American Poetry.</ref><br /> }}<br /> By the 1940s no American or English poet had been so active politically since William Blake. Pound wrote over a thousand letters a year during the 1930s and presented his ideas in hundreds of articles, as well as in ''The Cantos''. Pound's greatest fear was an economic structure dependent on the armaments industry, where the profit motive would govern war and peace. He read [[George Santayana]] and ''The Law of Civilization and Decay'' by [[Brooks Adams]], finding confirmation of the danger of the capitalist and [[usury|usurer]] becoming dominant. He wrote in ''The Japan Times'' that "Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a "country run by Jews,"'' and told [[Oswald Mosley]]'s newspaper that the English were a slave race governed since Waterloo by the [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]].<ref name=Tytell253/><br /> <br /> Pound broadcast over Rome Radio, though the Italian government was at first reluctant. He told a friend: "It took me, I think it was, TWO years, insistence and wrangling etc., to GET HOLD of their microphone."<ref>Tytell (1987), 260</ref> He recorded over a hundred broadcasts criticizing the United States, Roosevelt, communists, and the [[jews]], along with his poetry, economics, and Chinese philosophy. The first was in January 1935, and by February 1940 he was broadcasting regularly; he traveled to Rome one week a month to pre-record the 10-minute broadcasts, for which he was paid a token $17, and they were broadcast every three days, even when ill.<ref>Tytell (1987), 264–265</ref><br /> <br /> The broadcasts were monitored by the United States Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service listening station at Princeton University, and Pound was indicted ''in absentia'' for thought ctimes, and expressing his opinion over the radio, in July 1943. He answered the charge by writing a letter to Attorney General, which Tytell describes as "long, reasoned, and temperate", defending his [[Freedom of speech|right to free speech]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 268–270</ref> He continued to broadcast and write under pseudonyms until April 1945, shortly before his trumped-up arrest.<ref>Gill (2005), 115–116</ref><br /> <br /> ===Arrest for thought crime===<br /> Pound was in Rome early in September when Italy surrendered to the communists and the Americans. He borrowed a pair of hiking boots and a knapsack and left the city. He walked 450 miles north, spending a night in an air raid shelter in Bologna, then took a train to Verona and walked the rest of the way.<ref>Tytell (1987), 264–273</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:Ezra Pound 1945 May 26 mug shot.png|thumb|Taken at the Army Disciplinary Training Center]]<br /> [[File:Security cages where Ezra Pound was held Pisa Italy 1945.png|thumb|Pound spent three weeks in one of the center's outdoor wire cages (death cages) in Pisa<ref>Sieburth (2003b), xiv</ref>]]<br /> He returned home to Rapallo, where on May 03, 1945, four days after [[Murder of Mussolini|Mussolini was murdered by communists]], an armed communist gang arrived at the house to find Pound alone. He stuffed a copy of Confucius and a Chinese dictionary in his pocket before he was taken to their headquarters in Chiavari to be killed. Local Italians began throwing stones and rioting against the communist "liberators", and in the chaos, Pound escaped. Knowing the Americans might spare his life, he sought out Olga. Then with Olga, gave himself up to an American military post in the nearby town of Lavagna.<ref name = Sieburthix/><br /> <br /> Pound was transferred to U.S. Counter Intelligence Corps headquarters in Genoa, where he was interrogated by Frank L. Amprin, an FBI agent assigned by [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. Pound asked to send a cable to President Truman to offer to help negotiate peace with Japan. He also asked to be allowed a final broadcast, a script called "Ashes of Europe Calling", in which he recommended peace with Japan, American management of Italy rather than communists, Hitler's idea of establishing a jewish state in Palestine or [[Africa]], and leniency toward Germany. His requests were denied and the script was forwarded to Hoover.<ref name = Sieburthix>Sieburth (2003), ix–xiv</ref><br /> <br /> On May 8, the day Germany surrendered, Pound told an American reporter, Ed Johnston, that Hitler was "a Jeanne d'Arc, a saint", and that Mussolini was "not an imperfect character who lost his head".<ref>Sieburth Stock (1970), 408; Sieburth (2003b), xi</ref> On May 24 he was transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center north of Pisa, where he was placed in one of the camp's '''''death cells''''', a series of tiny 6x6 ft outdoor open air wire cages lit up at night by floodlights and completely exposed to the harsh elements; engineers reinforced his cage with heavy steel for fear the [[fascist]]s would try to break him out.<ref>Stock (1970), 408</ref> He spent three weeks in isolation in the heat, sleeping on the concrete, denied exercise and communication. After two and a half weeks he began to break down under the inhuman conditions. Richard Sieburth wrote that Pound recorded it in ''Canto LXXX'', where [[Odysseus]] is saved from drowning by [[Leucothea]]: "hast'ou swum in a sea of air strip / through an aeon of nothingness, / when the raft broke and the waters went over me." Medical staff moved him out of the cage the following week. On June 14th and 15th he was examined by psychiatrists, one of whom found symptoms of a mental breakdown, after which he was transferred to his own tent and allowed reading material. He began to write, drafting what became known as ''The Pisan Cantos''.<ref name = Sieburthix/> The existence of a few sheets of toilet paper showing the beginning of ''Canto LXXXIV'' suggests he started it while in the cage in an attempt to keep his sanity.<ref name = "Kimpel470-474"/><br /> <br /> ==United States (1945–58)==<br /> ===St Elizabeths Hospital===<br /> [[File:Center building at Saint Elizabeths, August 23, 2006.png|thumb|250px|alt=photograph|The main building of St Elizabeths Hospital (2006), now boarded up and abandoned]]<br /> <br /> On 15 November 1945 Pound was transferred to the United States. An escorting officer's impression of the genius was that "he is an intellectual 'crackpot' who imagined that he could correct all the economic ills of the world and who resented the fact that ordinary mortals were not sufficiently intelligent to understand his aims and motives."<ref name = "Kimpel470-474">Kimpel (1981), 470–474</ref> He was arraigned in Washington D.C. on bogus charges of "treason" on the 25th of that month. The thought-crimes included various first-amendment faux-pas such as "broadcasting for the enemy, attempting to persuade American citizens to undermine government support of the war, and strengthening morale in Italy against the United States."<ref name=Tytell289/><br /> <br /> He was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital and in June the following year Dorothy was declared his legal guardian. He was held for a time in the hospital's prison ward; Howard's Hall, known as the "hell-hole", a building without windows in a room with a thick steel door, and nine peepholes to allow the psychiatrists to observe him as they tried to agree on a diagnosis. Visitors were admitted for only 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming and frothing at the mouth.<ref name=Tytell289/><br /> <br /> Pound's lawyer, [[Julien Cornell]], whose efforts to have him declared insane are credited with having saved him from life imprisonment or death, requested his release at a bail hearing in January 1947.<ref>For Cornell's efforts, see [http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/07/obituaries/julien-cornell-83-the-defense-lawyer-in-ezra-pound-case.html "Julien Cornell, 83, The Defense Lawyer In Ezra Pound Case"], ''The New York Times'', December 7, 1994.</ref> The hospital's superintendent, Winfred Overholser, agreed instead to move him to the more pleasant surroundings of Chestnut Ward, close to Overholser's private quarters, which is where he spent the next 12 years.<ref name=Tytell289/> The historian Stanley Kutler was given access in the 1980s to military intelligence and other government documents about Pound, including his hospital records.<ref name=Mitgang>Mitgang, Herbert. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A02E0DC1139F932A05753C1A967948260 Researchers dispute Ezra Pound's 'insanity']", ''The New York Times'', 31 October 1981.<br /> *Also see Kutler, Stanley I. (1983). ''American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War''. Hill & Wang.</ref><br /> <br /> He began work on his translation of Sophocles's ''Women of Trachis'' and ''Electra'', and continued work on ''The Cantos''. It reached the point where he refused to discuss any attempt to have him released. Olga Rudge whos l8fe he saved, visited him only twice, once in 1952 and again in 1955.<ref name=Tytell289>Tytell (1987), 289–297, 304–305</ref><br /> <br /> ===''The Pisan Cantos'', Bollingen Prize===<br /> <poem>is it blacker? was it blacker? Nυξ animae?<br /> Is there a blacker or was it merely San Juan with a belly ache<br /> :::::::::writing ad posteros<br /> in short shall we look for a deeper or is this the bottom?<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> James Laughlin had "Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV" ready for publication in 1946 under the title ''The Pisan Cantos'', and gave Pound an advance copy, but he held back, waiting for an appropriate time to publish. A group of Pound's friends, Eliot, Cummings, W. H. Auden, Allen Tate, and Julien Cornell, met Laughlin to discuss how to get him released. They planned to have Pound awarded the first Bollingen Prize, a new national poetry award by the Library of Congress, with $1,000 prize money donated by the [[Mellon family]].<ref name=Tytell302/><br /> <br /> [[File:Toilet paper, Pisan Cantos.png|right|thumb|180px|alt=photograph|Sheet of toilet paper showing start of Canto LXXXIV, c. May 1945, suggesting Pound may have begun it in the steel cage<ref>Sieburth (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TubCKx3F6UQC&pg=PR36 p. xxxvi]</ref>]]<br /> The awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the Library of Congress, including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, Amy Lowell, Katherine Anne Porter, and Theodore Spencer. The idea was that the Justice Department would be placed in an untenable position if Pound won a major award and was not released.<ref name=Tytell302/><br /> <br /> Laughlin published ''The Pisan Cantos'' on July 30, 1948, and the following year the prize went to Pound. There were two dissenting voices, Francis Biddle's wife, Katherine Garrison Chapin, and Karl Shapiro (both [[jews]]), who said that they could not vote for an antisemite because they were jewish themselves.<ref name=Tytell302>Tytell (1987), 293, 302–303<br /> *Tytell cites MacLeish, Archibald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qv1WMYEus6QC&q=Riders+on+the+Earth ''Riders on the Earth''], Houghton Mifflin, 1978, 120; Winnick, R.H. (ed.) ''Letters of Archibald MacLeish, 1907 to 1982''. Houghton Mifflin, 1983; and in particular a letter from MacLeish to Milton Eisenhower, which is in the Library of Congress.<br /> *For more details of who supported and opposed, see McGuire (1988)<br /> *Also see Sieburth (2003), xxxviii–xxxix. Sieburth writes: "At their [the committee's first] meeting [in November 1948], and to no one's great surprise, given [Allen] Tate's behind-the-scenes maneuverings and the intimidating presence of recent Nobel Laureate T. S. Eliot, ''The Pisan Cantos'' emerged as the major contender&nbsp;..."<br /> *See Sieburth (above) for Pound's response.<br /> *The Associated Press reported the list of judges as Conrad Aiken, W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Katherine Garrison Chapin, T. S. Eliot, Paul Green, Robert Lowell, Katherine Anne Porter, Karl Shapiro, Allen Tate, Willard Thorp, and Robert Penn Warren. Also on the list of judges were Leonie Adams, the Library of Congress's poetry consultant, and Theodore Spencer, who died on January 18, 1949, just before the award was announced. See [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20615F8345C177B93C2AB1789D85F4D8485F9 "Pound, in Mental Clinic, Wins Prize for Poetry Penned in Treason Cell"], ''The New York Times'', February 19, 1949.</ref><br /> <br /> There was an immediate puplic outcry. The ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' quoted critics who said "poetry cannot convert words into maggots that eat at human dignity and still be good poetry." Robert Hillyer, a [[jew]], and president of the Poetry Society of America, attacked the committee in ''The Saturday Review of Literature'', telling journalists that he "never saw anything to admire in Pound, not one line".<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4eQMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=imoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394,1049824&hl=en "Canto Controversy"] ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', 22 August 1949.<br /> *Hillyer, Robert. "Treason's Strange Fruit" and "Poetry's New Priesthood", in ''The Saturday Review of Literature'', June 11th and 18th 1949.<br /> *For a discussion, see McGuire, William. [http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/pound-bollingen.html ''Poetry's Catbird Seat''], Library of Congress, 1998; this excerpt courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania.</ref> Congressman Jacob K. Javits demanded an investigation into the awards committee. It was the last time the prize was administered by the Library of Congress.<ref name=Tytell302/><br /> <br /> ===Release===<br /> Pound never faltered in his beliefs. He refused to talk to psychiatrists with jewish-sounding names, continued to name the jew, and urged visitors to read the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a leaked jewish document outlining a jewish insurgent plan which has since borne out to be true.<ref name=Tytell289/> He struck up a friendship with the knowledgable [[Eustace Mullins]], author of the 1961 biography ''This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound''.<ref name="Wilhelm286">Wilhelm (1994), 286, 306</ref><br /> <br /> Even more important was his friendship with [[John Kasper]]. Kasper had come to admire Pound during literature classes at university, and after he wrote to Pound in 1950 the two had become friends. Kasper opened a bookstore in Greenwich Village in 1953 called "Make it New", reflecting his commitment to Pound's ideas; the store specialized in [[fascist]] material, including [[National Socialist]] and anti-communist literature, and Pound's poetry and translations were displayed on the window front.<ref name=Hickman127>Hickman (2005), 127</ref> Kasper and another follower of Pound's, David Horton, set up a publishing imprint, Square Dollar Series, which Pound used as a vehicle for his tracts about economic reform.<ref name=Tytell306>Tytell (1987), 306–308</ref><br /> <br /> Wilhelm writes that there were a lot of conventional people visiting Pound, such as the classicist J.P. Sullivan and the writer Guy Davenport, but it was the association with Mullins and Kasper that stood out.<ref name=Wilhelm286/> The relationships delayed his release from St Elizabeths.<ref name=Tytell306/> In an interview for the ''Paris Review'' in 1958, when asked by interviewer George Plimpton about Pound's relationship with Kasper, Hemingway replied that Pound should be released.<ref>Hemingway, Ernest. [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4825/the-art-of-fiction-no-21-ernest-hemingway "The Art of Fiction"], ''Paris Review'', No. 21.</ref> Kasper was eventually jailed for the 1957 bombing of the Hattie Cotton School in Nashville, targeted because a black girl had registered as a student.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PD8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34 "Police Firmness in Nashville"], ''Life'' magazine, 23 September 1957, 34; Tytell (1987), 308</ref><br /> <br /> Pound's friends continued to try to get him out. Shortly after Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, he told ''Time'' magazine that "this would be a good year to release poets".Public outcry continued to rise.<ref name = "Stock437">Stock (1970), 437</ref> The poet Archibald MacLeish asked him in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf; Hemingway believed Pound was unable to abstain from speaking his mind, but he signed a letter of support anyway, and pledged $1,500 to be given to Pound when he was released.<ref>Reynolds (2000), 303</ref> In 1957 several publications began campaigning for his release. ''Le Figaro'' published an appeal entitled "The Lunatic at St Elizabeths". ''The New Republic'', ''Esquire'' and ''The Nation'' followed suit; ''The Nation'' argued that Pound was a vicious old man, but that he had rights. In 1958 MacLeish hired Thurman Arnold, a prestigious lawyer who ended up charging no fee, to file a motion to dismiss the ridiculous 1945 indictment. Overholser, the hospital's superintendent, supported the application with an affidavit saying Pound was permanently and incurably insane, and that confinement served no therapeutic purpose. (Archangel's note: Hehehe)<ref name=LewisNYT>Lewis, Anthony. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70A13F63D59107B93C7A8178FD85F4C8585F9 ''U.S. asked to end Pound indictment"], ''The New York Times'', 14 April 1958.</ref>Senator John F. Kennedy spoke on his behalf. The motion was heard on April 18, that year by the same judge who had committed Pound to St Elizabeths. Due to immense public outcry, the Department of Justice did not oppose the motion, and Pound was free.<ref name=Tytell325>Tytell (1987), 325–326</ref><br /> <br /> ==Italy (1958–72)==<br /> [[File:Ezra Pound 1963b.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Ezra Pound in Venice in 1963]]<br /> Pound arrived in Naples in July, where he was photographed giving a [[Roman salute]] to the waiting press. When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: "I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum."<ref name="NYT58">[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0E12FF3C5F117B93C2A8178CD85F4C8585F9 "Pound, in Italy, Gives Fascist Salute; Calls United States an 'Insane Asylum'"], ''The New York Times'', July 10 1958.</ref> He and Dorothy went to live with Mary at Castle Brunnenburg near Merano in the Province of South Tyrol, where he met his grandson, Walter, and his granddaughter, Patrizia, for the first time, then returned to Rapallo, where Olga Rudge was waiting to join them.<ref name=Tytell328/><br /> <br /> They were accompanied by a teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, 40 years his junior, ostensibly acting as his secretary and collecting poems for an anthology. The four women soon fell out, vying for control over him; ''Canto CXIII'': alluded to it: "Pride, jealousy and possessiveness / 3 pains of hell." Pound was in love with Marcella, seeing in her his last chance for love and youth. He wrote about her in ''Canto CXIII'': "The long flank, the firm breast / and to know beauty and death and despair / And to think that what has been shall be, / flowing, ever unstill." Dorothy had usually ignored his paramours, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Marcella was seen off, sent back to America.<ref name=Tytell328>Tytell (1987), 328–332<br /> *For the reference to "Canto 113", see Sieburth (2003), xl</ref><br /> <br /> By December 1959 he was mired in depression. He saw his work as worthless and ''The Cantos'' botched. In a 1960 interview given in Rome to Donald Hall for ''Paris Review'', he said: "You&nbsp;– find me &nbsp;– in fragments." Hall wrote that he seemed in an "abject despair, [[Acedia|accidie]], meaninglessness, [[Aboulia|abulia]], waste". He paced up and down during the three days it took to complete the interview, never finishing a sentence, bursting with energy one minute, then suddenly sagging, and at one point seemed about to collapse. Hall said it was clear that he "doubted the value of everything he had done in his life."<ref>Hall, Donald. [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound "Ezra Pound, The Art of Poetry No. 5"], ''The Paris Review'', 28, Summer–Fall 1962.</ref><br /> <br /> Those close to him thought he was suffering from dementia, and in the summer of 1960 Mary placed him in an out-patient clinic near Merano when his weight dropped. He picked up again, but by the spring of 1961 he had a urinary infection. Dorothy felt unable to look after him, so he went that summer to live with Olga in Rapallo, then Venice; Dorothy mostly stayed in London after that with Omar. Pound attended a Fascist May Day parade in 1962, but his health continued to decline. The following year he told an interviewer, Grazia Levi: "I spoil everything I touch. I have always blundered&nbsp;... All my life I believed I knew nothing, yes, knew nothing. And so words became devoid of meaning."<ref name=Tytell333>Tytell (1987), 333–336</ref><br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[File:poundgrave.png|thumb|250px|alt=photograph|Pound's grave on the Isola di San Michele]]<br /> Most of his freinds were dead. William Carlos Williams died in 1963, followed by Eliot in 1965. Pound went to Eliot's funeral in London and on to Dublin to visit Yeats's widow. Two years later he went to New York where he attended the opening of an exhibition featuring his blue-inked version of Eliot's ''The Waste Land''.<ref name = "Nadel18">Nadel (2007), 18</ref> He went on to Hamilton College where he received a standing ovation. Shortly before his death in 1972 it was proposed he be awarded the Emerson-Thoreau Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, but after a storm of jewish protest the academy's council (which had 13 jews as members) opposed it by 13 to 9. Two weeks before he died, Pound read for a gathering of friends at a café: "re USURY / I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. / The cause is AVARICE."<ref name=Tytell337>Tytell (1987), 337–339</ref><br /> <br /> On his 87th birthday, October 30, 1972, he was too weak to leave his bedroom. The next night (Halloween) he was admitted to the Civil Hospital of Venice, where he died in his sleep on November 1st, with Olga at his side. Dorothy was unable to travel to the funeral. Four gondoliers dressed in black rowed the body to the island cemetery, [[Isola di San Michele]], where he was buried near Sergei Diaghilev and Igor Stravinsky.<ref>Tytell (1987), 339<br /> *Also see [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0D17F93A591A7493C0A9178AD95F468785F9 "Ezra Pound Dies in Venice at Age of 87"], ''The New York Times'', 2 November 1972.</ref> Dorothy died in England the following year. Olga died in 1996 and was buried next to Pound.<ref name = "Nadel18"/><br /> <br /> ==Style==<br /> Critics generally agree that Pound was a strong yet subtle lyricist, particularly in his early work, such as "The River Merchant's Wife".<ref>O'Connor (1963), 7, 19</ref> According to Witmeyer a modern style is evident as early as ''Ripostes'', and Nadel sees evidence of modernism even before he began ''The Cantos'', writing that Pound wanted his poetry to represent an "objective presentation of material which he believed could stand on its own" without use of symbolism or romanticism.<ref name=Nadel19991>Nadel (1999), 1–6; Witmeyer (1999), 47</ref><br /> <br /> Drawing on literature from a variety of disciplines, Pound intentionally layered often confusing juxtapositions, yet led the reader to an intended conclusion, believing the "thoughtful man" would apply a sense of organization and uncover the underlying symbolism and structure.<ref>Coats (2009), 87–89</ref> Ignoring Victorian and Edwardian grammar and structure, he created a unique form of speech, employing odd and strange words, jargon, avoiding verbs, and using rhetorical devices such as parataxis.<ref>Stark (2001) 10–12</ref><br /> <br /> Pound's relationship to music is essential to his poetry. Although he was tone deaf and his speaking voice is described as "raucous, nasal, scratchy", Michael Ingam writes that Pound is on a short list of poets possessed of a sense of sound, an "ear" for words, imbuing his poetry with melopoeia.<ref name = "Ingham236"/> His study of troubadour poetry, words written to be sung (''motz et son''), led him to think modern poetry should be written similarly.<ref name = "Ingham236">Ingham (1999), 236–237</ref> He wrote that rhythm is "the hardest quality of a man's style to counterfeit".<ref>Pound (1968), 103</ref> Ingham compares the form of ''The Cantos'' to a fugue; without adhering strictly to the traditions of the form, nevertheless multiple themes are explored simultaneously. He goes on to write that Pound's use of counterpoint is integral to the structure and cohesion of ''The Cantos'', which show multi-voiced counterpoint and, with the juxtaposition of images, non-linear themes. The pieces are presented in fragments "which taken together, can be seen to unfold in time as music does".<ref>Ingham (1999), 244–245</ref><br /> <br /> ===Imagism and Vorticism===<br /> [[File:EzraPound Ripostes.png|thumb|170px|alt=cover|Dorothy Shakespear designed the Vorticism-inspired cover art for Pound's 1915 ''Ripostes'']]<br /> <br /> Opinion varies about the nature of Pound's writing style. Nadel writes that [[imagism]] was to change Pound's poetry.<ref name=Nadel19991/> Like Wyndham Lewis, Pound reacted against decorative flourishes found in Edwardian writing, saying poetry required a precise and economic use of language and that the poet should always use the "exact" word, stripping the writing down to the "barest essence".<ref>Oliver (2011), 87</ref> According to Nadel, "Imagism evolved as a reaction against abstraction, replacing Victorian generalities with the clarity in Japanese haiku and ancient Greek lyrics."<ref name=Nadel19991/> Daniel Albright writes that Pound tried to condense and eliminate "all but the hardest kernel" from a poem, such as in the two-line poem "In a Station of the Metro".<ref name = "Albright60"/> However, Pound learned that Imagism did not lend itself well to the writing of an epic, so he turned to the more dynamic structure of Vorticism for ''The Cantos''.<ref name = "Albright60">Albright (1999), 60</ref><br /> <br /> ===Translations===<br /> Pound's translations represent a substantial part of his work. He began his career with translations of Occitan ballads and ended with translations of Egyptian poetry. Yao says the body of translations by modernist poets in general, much of which Pound started, consists of some the most "significant modernist achievements in English".<ref>Yao (2010), 34–35</ref> Pound was the first English language poet since John Dryden, some three centuries earlier, to give primacy to translations in English literature. The fullness of the achievement for the modernists is they treated translations not in a strict sense of the word but instead saw a translation as the creation of an original work.<ref>Yao (2010), 33–36</ref><br /> <br /> Michael Alexander writes that, as a translator, Pound was a pioneer with a great gift of language and an incisive intelligence. He helped popularize major poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Du Fu, and brought Provençal and Chinese poetry to English-speaking audiences. He revived interest in the Confucian classics and introduced the west to classical Japanese poetry and drama. He translated and championed Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon classics, and helped keep them alive at a time when poets no longer considered translations central to their craft.<ref>Alexander (1997), 23–30</ref><br /> <br /> In Pound's Fenollosa translations, unlike previous American translators of Chinese poetry, which tended to work with strict [metrical and stanzaic patterns, Pound created free verse translations.<ref name=Xie1999/><ref name=Kenner199>Kenner (1971), 199</ref> Pound scholar Ming Xie explains that Pound's use of language in his translation of "The Seafarer" is deliberate, in that he avoids merely "trying to assimilate the original into contemporary language".<ref name=Xie1999>Xie (1999), 204–212</ref><br /> <br /> ===''The Cantos''===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=350px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |quote=<poem>And then went down to the ship,<br /> Set keel to breakers, forth on the godly sea, and<br /> We set up mast and sail on that swart ship,<br /> Bore sheep aboard her, and our bodies also<br /> Heavy with weeping, and winds from sternward<br /> Bore us out onward with bellying canvas,<br /> Circe's this craft, the trim-coifed goddess.<br /> Then sat we amidships, wind jamming the tiller,<br /> Thus with stretched sail, we went over sea til day's end.</poem><br /> |source=''from'' Canto I (1917)}}<br /> ''The Cantos'' is difficult to decipher. In the epic poem, Pound disregards literary genres, mixing satire, hymns, elegies, essays and memoirs.<ref name= "Nadel1-6">Nadel (1999), 1–6</ref> Pound scholar Rebecca Beasley believes it amounts to a rejection of the 19th-century nationalistic approach in favor of early-20th-century comparative literature. Pound reaches across cultures and time periods, assembling and juxtaposing "themes and history" from [[Homer]] to [[Ovid]] and [[Dante]], from fascists [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[John Adams]], and many others. The work presents a multitude of protagonists as "travellers between nations". The nature of ''The Cantos'', she says, is to compare and measure among historical periods and cultures and against "a Poundian standard" of modernism.<ref>Beasley (2010), 662</ref> Pound layered ideas, cultures, and historical periods, juxtaposing modern vernacular, Classical languages, and underlying truths, often represented with Chinese ideograms and as many as 15 different languages.<ref>Xie (1999), 217</ref><br /> <br /> Ira Nadel says ''The Cantos'' is an epic, that is "a poem including history", and that the "historical figures lend referentiality to the text". It functions as a contemporary memoir, in which "personal history and lyrical retrospection mingle", most clearly represented in the ''Pisan Cantos''.<ref name ="Nadel1-6"/> Michael Ingham sees in ''The Cantos'' an American tradition of experimental literature writing about it, "These works include everything but the kitchen sink, and then add the kitchen sink".<ref>Ingham (1999), 240</ref> In the 1960s William O'Connor described ''The Cantos'' as filled with "cryptic and gnomic utterances, dirty jokes, obscenities of various sorts".<ref>O'Connor (1963), 7</ref><br /> <br /> ===Fascist economic theory===<br /> Pound wrote intensively about economic theory with the ''ABC of Economics'' and ''Jefferson and/or Mussolini'', published in the mid-1930s right after he was introduced to Mussolini. These were followed by ''The Guide to Kulchur'', covering 2500 years of fascist history.<ref>Redman (1999), 258</ref> Pound thought writing the cantos meant writing an epic about history and economics, and he wove his fascist economic theories throughout; neither can be understood without the other.<ref>Redman (1999), 255–260</ref> In these pamphlets and in ''The ABC of Reading'', he sought to emphasize the value of art and to "aestheticize the political", written forcefully, and in a determined voice.<ref>Nadel (1999), 10</ref> In form his fascist essays are direct, and reductionist.<ref>Bacigalupo (1999), 203<br /> *For "strident impatience", see Coats (2009), 80, and for "not very successfully", 83</ref><br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> The rise of New Criticism during the 1950s, in which author is separated from text, secured Pound's poetic reputation.<ref>Beasley (2010), 651</ref> Nadel writes that the publication of T.S. Eliot's ''Literary Essays'' in 1954 "initiated the recuperation of Ezra Pound". Eliot's essays coincided with the work of Hugh Kenner, who visited Pound extensively at St. Elizabeths.<ref name= "Nadel12">Nadel (1999), 12</ref> Kenner wrote that there is no one to appeal more through "sheer beauty of language".<ref>Kenner (1983), 16</ref> Along with Donald Davie, Kenner brought a new appreciation to Pound's work in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>Alexander (1997), 15–18</ref> Donald Gallup's Pound bibliography was published in 1963 and Kenner's ''The Pound Era'' in 1971.<ref name= "Nadel12"/> In the 1970s a literary journal dedicated to Pound studies (''Paideuma'') was established, and Ronald Bush published the first dedicated critical study of ''The Cantos'', to be followed by a number of research editions of ''The Cantos''.<ref name= "Nadel12"/><br /> <br /> Following Mullins' biography, described by Nadel as "partisan" and "melodramatic", was Noel Stock's 1970 ''Life of Ezra Pound''. The 1980s saw three significant biographies: John Tytell's neutral account in 1987, followed by Wilhelm's multi-volume biography. Humphrey Carpenter's concise narrative, a "complete life", built on what Stock began. In 2007 David Moody published the first of his multi-volume biography, combining narrative with literary criticism, the first work to link the two.<ref>Nadel (2010b), 162–165</ref><br /> <br /> In the 1980s Mary de Rachewiltz released the first dual-language edition of ''The Cantos'', including "Canto LXXII" and "Canto LXXIII".<ref name= "Nadel13"/> These cantos had originally been published in [[fascist]] magazines.<ref>Feldman (2012), 94</ref> In 1991 a complete facsimile edition of Pound's prose and poetry was published, now considered a fundamental research tool, according to Nadel.<ref name= "Nadel13">Nadel (1999), 13</ref> Scholarship in the 1990s turned toward in-depth investigations of his jew-truthing and Rome years. Tim Redman writes about Pound's fascism and his relationship with Mussolini, and Leon Surrette about Pound's fascist economic theories, especially during the Italian period, investigating why Pound the poet was also Pound the fascist.<ref>Coats (2009), 81</ref><br /> <br /> Nadel's 2010 ''Pound in Context'' is a contextual literary approach to Pound scholarship. Pound's life, "the social, political, historical, and literary developments of his period", is fully investigated, which, according to Nadel is "the grid for reading Pound's poetry."<ref>Nadel (2010a), 1–6</ref> In 2012 Matthew Feldman, a [[loxism|loxist]] jew, wrote without proof that the more than 1,500 documents in the "Pound files" held by the FBI have been ignored by scholars, and almost certainly contain evidence that "Pound was politically cannier, was more bureaucratically involved with [[Italian Fascism]], and was more involved with Mussolini's administation than has been posited".<ref>Feldman (2012), 90–91</ref> it is far more likely that such files will put on public display the sheer level of immense persecution leveled against Pound by [[jews]].<br /> <br /> ===Legacy===<br /> Pound advanced the careers of some of the best-known modernist writers of the early 20th century. In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway and Conrad Aiken, he befriended and helped Marianne Moore, Louis Zukofsky, Basil Bunting, E.E. Cummings, Margaret Anderson, George Oppen, and Charles Olson.<ref>Bornstein (1999), 22–23</ref> Hugh Witemeyer argues that the Imagist movement was the most important in 20th-century English-language poetry because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him.<ref>Witemeyer (1999), 48</ref> In 1917 Carl Sandburg wrote in ''Poetry'': "All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned."<ref>Eliot (1917), 3</ref>Pound strongly influenced the two most significant modernising poets in the Irish Language in the mid-twentieth century, Seán Ó Ríordáin and Máirtín Ó Direáin.<ref>O'Brien (1978), 205</ref><br /> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=200px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |quote=<poem>I have tried to write Paradise<br/><br /> Do not move<br /> :::Let the wind speak.<br /> :::::that is paradise.<br /> Let the Gods forgive what I<br /> :::::have made<br /> Let those I love try to forgive<br /> :::::what I have made.<br /> </poem><br /> |source= ''from'' Canto 120<ref>Canto 120, the final canto, first published in ''Threshold'', Belfast, and in ''The Anonym Quarterly'', New York, 1969. See Pound, Ezra. ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound''. New Directions Books, 1983, 802<br /> *There is a debate about the placement of the final canto. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=eylryF_y6VoC&pg=PA132 "Late Cantos LXXII–CXVII" Bush (1999), 132]<br /> *Also see Stoicheff, Peter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eG7Frx69UIAC&pg=PA66 ''The Hall of Mirrors: Drafts & Fragments and the End of Ezra Pound's Cantos'']. University of Michigan Press, 1995, 66</ref><br /> }}<br /> The jewish outrage after Pound's work with Mussolini's administration was so deep that the method of his execution dominated the discussion. It was an orgy of hate. The response went so far as to denounce all modernists as [[fascists]], and it was only in the 1980s that critics began a re-evaluation. Macha Rosenthal, a jew, wrote that it was "as if all the ugly vitality and all the rottenness of our heritage in its luxuriant variety were both at once made manifest" against Ezra Pound.<ref>For Arthur Miller's quote, see Torrey (1984), 200. For Rosenthal, see her ''A Primer of Ezra Pound''. Macmillan, 1960, 2</ref><br /> <br /> Pound's truthing and jew-naming has soured jewish evaluation of his poetry. Pound scholar Wendy Stallard Flory writes that separating the poetry from the antisemitism is perceived as apologetic. She believes the positioning of Pound as "National Monster" and "designated fascist intellectual" made him a stand-in for the silent majority in Germany, France and Belgium, as well as Britain and the United States, who, she argues, made the [[Holocaust]] possible by aiding or standing by.<ref>Flory (1999), 285–286, 294–300</ref><br /> <br /> [[Allen Ginsberg]], a jew, claimed with zero proof that "in a private conversation" in 1967, Pound told the young poet, "my poems don't make sense." He went on to supposedly call himself a "moron", to characterize his writing as "stupid and ignorant", "a mess". These sorts of baseless stories are typical of the jewish community, especially after his feath, when he cannot dispute the tales.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://ezrapoundsociety.org/index.php/works Ezra Pound] at The Ezra Pound Society<br /> *[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/pound/translation.htm "Ezra Pound in his Time and Beyond"], University of Delaware Library.<br /> *[http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/pound.html Ezra Pound papers], Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.<br /> *[http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=ezra+pound&type=AllFields&filter%5B%5D=genre_facet%3A%22Photographs%22 Still photographs of Ezra Pound, Beinecke Library]<br /> *[http://voyager.library.uvic.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=2021173 Ezra Pound collection] at University of Victoria, Special Collections<br /> *[http://www.justice.gov/criminal/foia/ezra-pound.html Frequently requested records: Ezra Pound], United States Department of Justice.<br /> *Hammer, Langdon. [http://videolectures.net/yaleengl310s07_hammer_lec09/ Lecture on Ezra Pound], Yale University, February 2007.<br /> *[http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Pound.html Ezra Pound recordings], University of Pennsylvania<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * 1908 ''A Lume Spento''. Privately printed by A. Antonini, Venice, (poems).<br /> * 1908 ''A Quinzaine for This Yule''. Pollock, London; and [[Elkin Mathews]], London, (poems).<br /> * 1909 ''Personae''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems).<br /> * 1909 ''Exultations''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems).<br /> * 1910 ''The Spirit of Romance''. [[J. M. Dent|Dent]], London, (prose).<br /> * 1910 ''Provenca''. Small, Maynard, Boston, (poems).<br /> * 1911 ''Canzoni''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems)<br /> * 1912 ''The Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti'' Small, Maynard, Boston, (cheaper edition destroyed by fire, Swift & Co, London; translations)<br /> * 1912 ''Ripostes''. S. Swift, London, (poems; first announcement of Imagism)<br /> * 1915 ''Cathay''. Elkin Mathews, (poems; translations)<br /> * 1916 ''Gaudier-Brzeska. A Memoir''. [[John Lane (publisher)|John Lane]], London, (prose).<br /> * 1916 ''Certain Noble Plays of Japan: From the Manuscripts of Ernest Fenollosa'', chosen and finished by Ezra Pound, with an introduction by William Butler Yeats.<br /> * 1916 [[Ernest Fenollosa]], Ezra Pound: ''"Noh", or, Accomplishment: A Study of the Classical Stage of Japan''. Macmillan, London,<br /> * 1916 ''Lustra''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems).<br /> * 1917 ''Twelve Dialogues of Fontenelle'', (translations)<br /> * 1917 ''Lustra'' [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]], New York. (poems). With a version of the first ''Three Cantos'' (''Poetry'', vol. 10, nos. 3, June 1917, 4, July 1917, 5, August 1917).<br /> * 1918: ''Pavannes and Divisions''. Knopf, New York. prose<br /> * 1918 ''Quia Pauper Amavi''. [[Egoist Press|Egoist]] Press, London. poems<br /> * 1919 ''The Fourth Canto''. [[John Rodker|Ovid Press]], London<br /> * 1920 ''[[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley]]''. Ovid Press, London.<br /> * 1920 ''Umbra''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems and translations)<br /> * 1920 ''Instigations'' of Ezra Pound: Together with an Essay on the Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry, by [[Ernest Fenollosa]]. [[Boni & Liveright]], (prose).<br /> * 1921 ''Poems, 1918–1921''. Boni & Liveright, New York<br /> * 1922 [[Remy de Gourmount]]: ''The Natural Philosophy of Love''. Boni & Liveright, New York, (translation)<br /> * 1923 ''Indiscretions, or, Une revue des deux mondes''. [[Three Mountains Press]], Paris.<br /> * 1924 ''Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony''. Paris, (essays). As: William Atheling.<br /> * 1925 ''A Draft of XVI Cantos''. Three Mountains Press, Paris. The first collection of ''The Cantos''.<br /> * 1926 ''Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound''. Boni & Liveright, New York<br /> * 1928 ''A Draft of the Cantos 17–27''. [[John Rodker]], London.<br /> * 1928 ''Selected Poems'', edited and with an introduction by T. S. Eliot. [[Faber & Gwyer]], London<br /> * 1928 [[Confucius]]: ''Ta Hio: The Great Learning, newly rendered into the American language''. University of Washington Bookstore (Glenn Hughes), (translation)<br /> * 1930 ''A Draft of XXX Cantos''. [[Nancy Cunard]]'s Hours Press, Paris.<br /> * 1930 ''Imaginary Letters''. [[Black Sun Press]], Paris. Eight essays from the ''Little Review'', 1917–18.<br /> * 1931 ''How to Read''. Harmsworth, (essays)<br /> * 1933 ''ABC of Economics''. Faber, London, (essays)<br /> * 1934 ''Eleven New Cantos: XXXI-XLI''. [[Farrar & Rinehart]], New York, (poems)<br /> * 1934 ''Homage to Sextus Propertius''. Faber, London (poems)<br /> * 1934 ''[[ABC of Reading]]''. [[Yale University Press]], (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Alfred Venison's Poems: Social Credit Themes by the Poet of Titchfield Street''. Stanley Nott, ''Pamphlets on the New Economics'', No. 9'', London, (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Jefferson and/or Mussolini''. Stanley Nott, London, Liveright, 1936 (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Make It New''. London, (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Social Credit. An Impact''. London, (essays). Repr.: [[Peter Russell (poet)|Peter Russell]], ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 5, London 1951.<br /> * 1936 Ernest Fenollosa: ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry''. Stanley Nott, London 1936. ''An Ars Poetica With Foreword and Notes by Ezra Pound''.<br /> * 1937 ''The Fifth Decade of Cantos''. [[Farrar & Rinehart]], New York, poems<br /> * 1937 ''Polite Essays''. Faber, London, (essays)<br /> * 1937 Confucius: ''Digest of the Analects'', edited and published by Giovanni Scheiwiller, (translations)<br /> * 1938 ''Culture''. New Directions. New edition: ''Guide to Kulchur'', New Directions, 1952<br /> * 1939 ''What Is Money For?''. Greater Britain Publications, (essays). ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 3, Peter Russell, London<br /> * 1940 ''Cantos LXII-LXXI''. New Directions, New York, (''John Adams'' Cantos 62–71).<br /> * 1942 ''Carta da Visita di Ezra Pound''. Edizioni di lettere d'oggi. Rome. English translation, by John Drummond: ''A Visiting Card'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 4, Peter Russell, London 1952, (essays).<br /> * 1944 ''L'America, Roosevelt e le cause della guerra presente''. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari, Venice. English translation, by John Drummond: ''America, Roosevelt and the Causes of the Present War'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 6, Peter Russell, London 1951<br /> * 1944 ''Introduzione alla Natura Economica degli S.U.A.''. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari. Venice. English translation ''An Introduction to the Economic Nature of the United States'', by Carmine Amore. Repr.: Peter Russell, ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', London 1950 (essay)<br /> * 1944 ''Orientamini''. Casa editrice dalla edizioni popolari. Venice (prose)<br /> * 1944 ''Oro et lavoro: alla memoria di Aurelio Baisi''. Moderna, Rapallo. English translation: ''Gold and Work'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 2, Peter Russell, London 1952 (essays)<br /> * 1948 ''If This Be Treason''. Siena: privately printed for Olga Rudge by Tip Nuova (original drafts of six of Pound's Rome radio broadcasts)<br /> * 1948 ''The Pisan Cantos''. [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]], (Cantos 74–84)<br /> * 1948 ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound'' (includes ''The Pisan Cantos''). New Directions, poems<br /> * 1949 ''Elektra'' (started in 1949, first performed 1987), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming<br /> * 1948 ''[[The Pisan Cantos]]''. New Directions, New York.<br /> * 1950 ''Seventy Cantos''. Faber, London.<br /> * 1950 ''Patria Mia''. R. F. Seymour, Chicago Reworked ''New Age'' articles, 1912, '13 ([[Alfred Richard Orage|Orage]])<br /> * 1951 Confucius: ''The Great Digest''; ''The Unwobbling Pivot''. New Directions (translation)<br /> * 1951 Confucius: ''Analects'' [[John Kasper|(John) Kaspar]] & (David) Horton, ''Square $ Series'', New York, (translation)<br /> * 1954 ''The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius''. Harvard University Press (translations)<br /> * 1954 ''Lavoro ed Usura''. All'insegna del pesce d'oro. Milan (essays)<br /> * 1955 ''Section: Rock-Drill, 85–95 de los Cantares''. All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, (poems)<br /> * 1956 ''Sophocles: The Women of Trachis. A Version by Ezra Pound''. Neville Spearman, London, (translation)<br /> * 1957 ''Brancusi''. Milan (essay)<br /> * 1959 ''Thrones: 96–109 de los Cantares''. New Directions, (poems)<br /> * 1968 ''Drafts and Fragments: Cantos CX-CXVII''. New Directions, (poems).<ref name=bib>Ackroyd, Peter. (1980). ''Ezra Pound''. Thames and Hudson Ltd., 121. For early publications, see Eliot, T. S. (1917). ''Ezra Pound, His Metric and Poetry''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1917, 29–31</ref><br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * Adams, Stephen J. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ttMlqGMYCsIC&pg=PA149 "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley"], in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Aiken, Conrad. (1965). "Ezra Pound: 1914" in Stock, Noel (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mYcrAAAAYAAJ&q ''Ezra Pound: Perspectives'']. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.<br /> * Albright. Daniel. (1999). "Early Cantos: I – XLI", in Ira Nadel (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Alexander, Michael. (1997). "Ezra Pound as Translator". ''Translation and Literature''. Volume 6, No. 1.<br /> * Alexander, Michael. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PS5ViNfdDCoC&pg=PA62 ''The Poetic Achievement of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0981-9<br /> * Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=r151RAAACAAJ&dq ''Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde'']. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9<br /> * Baker, Carlos. (1981). ''Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-16765-7<br /> * Bacigalupo, Massimo. (1999.) "Pound as Critic". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Beasley, Rebecca. (2010). "Pound's New Criticism". ''Textual Practice''. Volume 24, No. 4.<br /> * Bornstein, George. (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eylryF_y6VoC&pg=PA22 "Ezra Pound Among the Poets"], in Ira B. Nadel (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Carpenter, Humphrey. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_t0EAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:jB9WD0syrHAC ''A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound'']. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-41678-5<br /> * Coats, Jason M. (2009). ""Part of the War Waste": Pound, Imagism, and Rhetorical Excess". ''Twentieth Century Literature'', Volume 55, No. 1.<br /> * Cockram, Patricia. (2005). "Pound, Isabel Weston", in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2005. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Dennis, Helen May. (1999). "Pound, Women and Gender". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Dennis, Helen May. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BYCet6O78_sC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ezra Pound and Poetic Influence: The Official Proceedings of the 17th International Ezra Pound Conference Held at Castle Brunnenburg, Tirolo Di Merano'']. ''Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft'', Volume 51. ISBN 978-90-420-1523-4<br /> * Doolittle, Hilda. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ByMcSasOnFUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''End to Torment'']. New York: New Directions Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8112-0720-1<br /> * Eliot, T. S. (1917). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVH_NvwtiSoC&printsec=frontcover&dq ''Ezra Pound: His Metric and his Poetry'']. New York: Alfred A. Knopf<br /> * Feldman, Matthew. (2012). "The 'Pound Case' in Historical Perspective: An Archival Overview". ''Journal of Modern Literature'', Volume 35, No. 2.<br /> * Flory, Wendy. (1999). "Pound and Antisemitism", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Gery, John. (2010). "Venice". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Gill, Jonathan. (2005). "Ezra Pound Speaking: Radio Speeches on World War II", in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Hall, Donald. (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s5cfAQAAIAAJ&q=Their+Ancient+Glittering+Eyes&dq=Their+Ancient+Glittering+Eyes&hl=en&ei=8NC_TNiGEI2mnAe_w6SBCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA ''Their Ancient Glittering Eyes: Remembering Poets and More Poets'']. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-89919-979-5<br /> * Haller, Evelyn. (2005). "Mosley, Sir Oswald" in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Hemingway, Ernest. [[Matthew J. Bruccoli|Bruccoli, Matthew]] and Baughman, Judith (eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0iCYVqAMnfkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Hemingway and the Mechanism of Fame'']. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-599-9<br /> * Hickman, Miranda B. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qS_A_vwONMkC&pg=PA127 ''The Geometry of Modernism: The Vorticist Idiom in Lewis, Pound, H.D., and Yeats'']. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70943-0<br /> * Ingham, Michael. (1999). "Pound and Music", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Kenner, Hugh. (1983 ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dKyXiiKMg3gC&printsec=frontcover&dq ''The Poetry of Ezra Pound'']. Omaha, NE: University of Nebraska Press; first published 1951. ISBN 978-0-8032-7756-4<br /> * Kenner, Hugh. (1973). ''The Pound Era''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02427-4<br /> * Kimpel, Ben D. and Eaves, Duncan. (1981). "More on Pound's Prison Experience". ''American Literature''. Volume 53, No. 1.<br /> * Knapp, James F. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRbAAAAMAAJ&q=James+Knapp+Ezra+Pound&dq=James+Knapp+Ezra+Pound&hl=en&ei=Qs--TIXNBdDhnQe2qqmJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA ''Ezra Pound'']. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7286-9<br /> * Leavis, F. R. (1932). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZToPAAACAAJ&dq=%22New+Bearings+in+English+Poetry%22&hl=en&ei=ky_ETOyUNMignAfnn833CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ ''New Bearings in English Poetry'']. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-571-24335-8<br /> * McGuire, William. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoZeAAAACAAJ&dq=Poetry%27s+Catbird+Seat&hl=en&ei=J9-_TPqgIpGonQermpDtCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA ''Poetry's Catbird Seat'']. Washington: Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-16-004004-7<br /> * Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). ''Hemingway: A Biography''. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-42126-0<br /> * Moody, A. David (2007). ''Ezra Pound: Poet: A Portrait of the Man and His Work, Volume I, The Young Genius 1885–1920''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957146-8<br /> * Nadel, Ira. (1999). "Introduction", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Introduction: Understanding Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Nadel, Ira. (2010a). "Introduction". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Nadel, Ira. (2010b). "The Lives of Pound". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Nicholls, Peter. (1999). "Beyond the Cantos: Ezra Pound and recent American poetry". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * O'Brien, Frank. (1978). ''Filíocht Ghaeilge na Linne Seo''. Dublin. <br /> * O'Connor, William Van. (1963). ''Ezra Pound''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (1926). ''Personæ''. New York: New Directions. 1990 edition. ISBN 978-0-8112-1120-8<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (2005 ed). ''The Spirit of Romance''. New York: New Directions ISBN 978-0-8112-1646-3<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (2006). "Horace" (edited by Caterina Ricciardi). Rimini (Italy): Raffaelli. ISBN 978-88-89642-78-8<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (2006). "The Fifth Decade of Cantos " (translated into Italian by Mary de Rachewiltz). Rimini (Italy): Raffaelli. ISBN 978-88-89642-19-1<br /> * Pound, Omar, ed., (1988). ''Ezra Pound and Margaret Cravens: A Tragic Friendship, 1910–1912''. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0862-1<br /> * Preda, Roxana. (2005), in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Rachewiltz, Mary de. (1971). ''Discretions: A memoir by Ezra Pound's daughter''. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1647-0<br /> * Rachewiltz, Mary de; Moody, A. David; and Moody, Joanna (2011). ''Ezra Pound to His Parents: Letters 1895–1929''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958439-0<br /> * Redman, Tim. (1991). ''Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37305-0<br /> * Redman, Tim. (1999). "Pound's politics and economics", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Introduction: Understanding Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Reynolds, Michael (1999). ''Hemingway: The Final Years''. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32047-3<br /> * Sieburth, Richard. (2003b). ''The Pisan Cantos''. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1558-9<br /> * Sieburth, Richard. (2003a). ''Poems and Translation''. New York: The Library of America. ISBN 978-1-931082-42-6<br /> * Sieburth, Richard. (2010). ''New Selected Poems and Translation''. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1733-0<br /> * Stark, Robert. (2001). "Pound Among the Nightingales – From the Troubadours to a Cantible Modernism". ''Journal of Modern Literature''. Volume 32, No. 2.<br /> * Stock, Noel. (1964). ''Poet in Exile''. Manchester: University of Manchester.<br /> * Stock, Noel. (1970). ''The Life of Ezra Pound''. New York: Pantheon Books.<br /> * Surrette, Leon. (1999). ''Pound in Purgatory: From Economic Radicalism to Anti-Semitism''. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02498-6<br /> * Tate, Allen. (1965). "Ezra Pound and the Bollingen Prize", in Noel Stock (ed.). ''Ezra Pound Perspectives''. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.<br /> * Terrell, Carroll F. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uEqOrAnat0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Companion+to+The+Cantos+of+Ezra+Pound&hl=en&ei=K3e6TNeRA4TdnAeShpHVDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03687-1<br /> * Torrey, Edwin Fuller. (1984). ''The Roots of Treason and the Secrets of St Elizabeths'', New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-064983-5<br /> * Tytell, John. (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sVSTAAAAIAAJ&q=Ezra+Pound:+The+Solitary+Volcano&dq=Ezra+Pound:+The+Solitary+Volcano&hl=en&ei=Vsy-TLHUIoTQnAfCpuGJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA ''Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano'']. New York: Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0-385-19694-9<br /> * Venuti, Lawrence. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vLC5luAnbSUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Translation+Studies+Reader&hl=en&ei=xc3DTKKXMtOInQee1_XVCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Translation Studies Reader''], London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31919-5<br /> * Wilhelm, J. (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJbAAAAMAAJ&dq=isbn:0824075005 ''The American Roots of Ezra Pound'']. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8240-7500-2<br /> * Wilhelm, James J. (1994). ''Ezra Pound: The Tragic Years 1925–1972''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-2-7101-0827-6<br /> * Wilhelm, James J. (2008). ''Ezra Pound in London and Paris, 1908–1925''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02798-2<br /> * Witemeyer, Hugh (ed). (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiWN1zaoCgC&pg=PA123 ''Pound/Williams: Selected letters of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams'']. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1301-1<br /> * Witemeyer, Hugh. (1999). "Early Poetry 1908–1920", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Witemeyer, Hugh (ed.). (1969). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_FZn452n4C&pg=PA34 ''The Poetry of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press.<br /> * Yao, Steven G. (2010). "Translation", Ira B. Nadel (editor), in ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Xie, Ming. (1999). "Pound as Translator". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Zinnes, Harriet (ed). (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QEZQW5ehUM8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ezra Pound and the Visual Arts'']. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-0772-0<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Artists]]<br /> [[Category:Fascists]]<br /> [[Category:Activists]]<br /> [[Category:Political prisoners]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Ezra_Pound&diff=11078 Ezra Pound 2022-12-18T10:31:37Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Greatarticle}}{{Key|Fascist Philosopher}}{{Quote|take some risk for his opinions, either his opinions are no good or he's no good|Ezra Pound}}<br /> [[File:Ezra Pound 1913.png|thumb|alt=photograph of Ezra H. Pound|Ezra Pound photographed in 1913]]<br /> [[File:Ezra Pound 1963.png|thumb|Ezra Pound in 1963]]<br /> '''Ezra Weston Loomis Pound''' (October 30, 1885 - November 1, 1972) was an expatriate American genius, [[Fascist]], activist, [[Philosopher]] and poet who was a major figure in the early [[Modernism|modernist]] movement. His immense contribution to poetry began with his development of [[Imagism]], a movement derived from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity, precision and economy of language. His best-known works include ''Ripostes'' (1912), ''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'' (1920) and the unfinished 120-section epic, ''[[The Cantos]]'' (1917–69). His use of imagism extended to his Fascist radio broadcasts.<br /> <br /> Working in London in the early 20th century as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, Pound helped discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Robert Frost, and Ernest Hemingway. He was responsible for the 1915 publication of Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's ''Ulysses''. Hemingway wrote of him in 1925: "He defends [his friends] when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail [...] He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying [...] he advances their hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide."<ref>Hemingway (2006), 5–6</ref><br /> <br /> Outraged by the carnage of [[The Great War]], Pound lost faith in England and identified the cause as [[usury]] and the international [[Jew]]. He moved to [[Italy]] in 1924 and throughout the 1930s and 1940s he embraced [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Fascism]], expressed support for [[Adolf Hitler]] and wrote for publications owned by British Fascist revolutionary [[Oswald Mosley]]. During [[The World's War Against Communism]] he made hundreds of radio broadcasts criticizing the [[United States]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Jews]]; after the war he was arrested by American forces in Italy in 1945 on charges of [[wrong-think]], after which he spent months in detention in a U.S. military camp in [[Pisa]], including three weeks exposed to the elements in a six-by-six-foot outdoor wire cage that triggered a serious mental breakdown, "when the raft broke and the waters went over me." Unfit to stand trial, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., for over 12 years, on made-up charges.<ref>''The Pisan Cantos'' (80.665–67), Sieburth (2003), xiii</ref><br /> <br /> While in custody in Italy he had begun work on sections of ''The Cantos'' that became known as ''The Pisan Cantos'', for which he was awarded the [[Bollingen Prize]] in 1949 by the Library of Congress, triggering an enormous organic mass outrage at his confinement, forcing the President to act, as he had never commited any crime. For years, nearly every single person with power over him, nearly everyone signing paperwork condemning him, had been a [[Jew]], motivated by [[Loxism]]. <br /> <br /> He was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958, thanks to a campaign by his fellow writers, Senator [[JFK]] (to whom he wrote his widow<ref>https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-19/condolence-letter-from-ezra-pound-to-jacqueline-kennedy/5102300</ref>), and massive protests from the public; he proceeded to return to live in Italy until his death. His staunch [[Fascism]] ensure that his work remains as loved now as it was during his lifetime; in 1933 [[Hemingway]] wrote: "The best of Pound's writing – and it is in the ''Cantos'' – will last as long as there is any literature."<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745380,00.html "Books: Unpegged Pound"], ''Time'', 20 March 1933.<br /> *For Hemingway, see Hemingway (2006), 25</ref><br /> <br /> ==Early life (1885–1908)==<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> [[File:Thaddeus C. Pound - Brady-Handy.png|thumb|[[Thaddeus C. Pound|Thaddeus Pound]], Pound's grandfather, in the late 1880s]][[File:EzraPound&IsabelPound1898.png|thumb|Ezra Pound with his mother Isabel in 1898, wearing his Cheltenham Military Academy uniform.]]<br /> Pound was born in a small, two-story house in Hailey, Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound (1858–1942) and Isabel Weston (1860–1948). His father had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the General Land Office.<ref>For the address of the house he was born in, see Ridler, Keith. [http://seattletimes.com/html/travel/2004430400_tridahopoet25.html "Poet's Idaho home is reborn"], Associated Press, 25 May 2008<br /> *For his father working in Hailey, see Moody (2007), 4</ref><br /> <br /> Both parents' ancestors had emigrated from England to North America in the 17th century. On his mother's side, Pound was descended from William Wadsworth (1594–1675), a [[Puritanism|Puritan]] who emigrated from England to Boston on the ''English ship Lion'' in 1632.<ref>Tytell (1987), 11</ref> The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York. Harding Weston and Mary Parker were the parents of Isabel Weston, Ezra's mother.<ref name=Moodyxiii/> Harding apparently spent most of his life without work, so his brother, Ezra Weston and his wife, Frances, looked after Mary and Isabel's needs.<ref name ="Cockram238"/><br /> <br /> On his father's side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a [[Quaker]] who arrived from England around 1650. Ezra's grandfather, [[Thaddeus C. Pound|Thaddeus Coleman Pound]] (1832–1914), was a retired [[Republican]] Congressman for northwest Wisconsin who had made and lost a fortune in the lumber business. Thaddeus's son Homer, Pound's father, worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business, until Thaddeus secured him the appointment as registrar of the Hailey land office. Homer and Isabel married the following year, and Homer built for her [[Homer Pound House]].<ref name=Moodyxiii>Moody (2007), xiii–13</ref> Isabel was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887 when he was 18 months old.<ref name ="Cockram238">Cockram (2005), 238</ref> Homer followed and in 1889 found a job as an assayer at the Philadelphia Mint. The family moved to Jenkintown, Pennsylvania and in 1893 bought a six-bedroom house in Wyncote, Pennsylvania.<ref name=Moodyxiii/><br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> Pound's education began in a series of [[dame school]]s, some of them run by Quakers: Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892, the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893, and the Florence Ridpath school from 1894, also in Wyncote.<ref>Moody (2007), xiii</ref> His first publication ("by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years") was a limerick in the ''Jenkintown Times-Chronicle'' about [[William Jennings Bryan]], who had just lost the 1896 presidential election: "There was a young man from the West, / He did what he could for what he thought best; / But election came round, / He found himself drowned, / And the papers will tell you the rest."<ref>Rachewiltz, Moody and Moody (2011), x; the limerick was published on 7 November 1896.</ref><br /> <br /> Between 1897 and 1900 Pound attended Cheltenham Military Academy, sometimes as a boarder, where he specialized in [[Latin]]. The boys wore Civil War-style uniforms and besides Latin were taught English, history, arithmetic, marksmanship, military drilling and the important responsibilities of authority. Pound made his first trip overseas in the summer of 1898 when he was 13, a three-month tour of Europe with his mother and Frances Weston (Aunt Frank), who took him to England, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.<ref>Moody (2007), 8–9</ref> After the academy he may have attended Cheltenham Township High School for one year. In 1901 at the age of 15, he was admitted to the [[University of Pennsylvania]]'s College of Liberal Arts.<ref>Moody (2007), 14; for Cheltenham Township High School, see McDonald (2005), 91, and Stock (1970), 11</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:Hdpoet.png|thumb|alt=photograph|H.D. c. 1921. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University]]<br /> {{Rquote|left|I resolved that at thirty I would know more about poetry than any man living; that I would know what was accounted poetry everywhere, what part of poetry was 'indestructible', what part could ''not be lost'' by translation and – scarcely less important – what effects were obtainable in ''one'' language only and were utterly incapable of being translated.|Ezra Pound|1913, in "How I Began"}}{{Rquote|right|In this search I learned more or less of nine foreign languages, I read Oriental stuff in translations, I fought every University regulation and every professor who tried to make me learn anything except this, or who bothered me with "requirements for degrees".<ref>Stock (1964), 6</ref>|Ezra Pound|1913, in "How I Began"}}While at the university he met Hilda Doolittle, the daughter of professor of astronomy. She developed as the poet known as "H.D." She followed him to Europe in 1908, leaving her family, friends and country for little benefit to herself, and became involved with Pound in developing the [[Imagism]] movement in London. He sought her hand and in February that year asked her father, the astronomy professor Charles Doolittle, for his permission to marry. Doolittle was a curt man, described as "donnish" and intimidating. He was aware of Pound's reputation as a ladies' man, and unimpressed by his career as a poet, and constant moving. Doolittle's response was dismissive, he replied, "What! … Why you’re nothing but a nomad!" Pound asked Hilda to marry him in the summer of 1907, and though rejected, wrote several poems for her between 1905 and 1907. He hand-bound 25 of these, calling them ''Hilda's Book''.<ref name=Doolittleforeward>Doolittle (1979), 67–68<br /> *''Hilda's Book'' is in the Houghton Library at Harvard; see [http://web.archive.org/web/20040607154442/http://loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=201&section=notes "Poems and Translations"], Library of America.</ref> He was seeing two other women at this time, Viola Baxter and Mary Moore, later dedicating a book of poetry, ''Personae'' (1909), to the latter. He eventually also asked Mary to marry, but she turned him down.<ref>Tytell (1987), 24–28; for dedication of ''Personae'' see Nadel (1999), xviii</ref><br /> <br /> His parents and Frances Weston took him on another three-month European tour in 1902, after which he transferred, in 1903, to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. Signed up for the Latin–Scientific course, he studied the Provençal dialect with William Pierce Shephard and Old English with Joseph D. Ibbotson; with Shephard he read Dante and from this began the idea for a long poem in three parts; of emotion, instruction and contemplation, planting the seeds for ''The Cantos''.<ref>Moody (2007), 18–25<br /> *He would later apply the form he imagined throughout the writing of the ''Cantos''. See Moody (2007), 24</ref> After graduating in 1905 with a PhB, he studied Romance languages under Hugo A. Rennert at the University of Pennsylvania, where he obtained an MA in the spring of 1906 and registered to write a PhD thesis on the jesters in Lope de Vega's plays. A Harrison fellowship covered his tuition fees and gave him a grant of $500, which he used to return to Europe.<ref>Moody (2007), 19, 27–28</ref><br /> <br /> Pound spent three weeks in Madrid in various libraries, including one in the royal palace. He happened to be standing outside the palace on May 31, 1906 during the attempted assassination by [[anarchism|anarchists]] of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso]], and left the country for fear he would be identified with them. After Spain he spent two weeks in Paris attending lectures at the Sorbonne, followed by a week in London.<ref>Moody (2007), 28–29</ref> In July he returned to the United States, where in September his first essay, "Raphaelite Latin", was published in ''Book News Monthly''. He took courses in the English department in 1907, where he annoyed Felix Schelling, the department head, with silly remarks during lectures, including that [[George Bernard Shaw]] was better than [[Shakespeare]], and wound an enormous tin watch very slowly while Schelling spoke. As a result, his fellowship was not renewed at the end of the year; Schelling told the highly educated Pound that he was wasting his own time and that of the institution. Pound left without finishing his doctorate.<ref>Moody (2007), 29–31</ref><br /> <br /> ===Teaching===<br /> From the fall of 1907 Pound taught Romance languages at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, a conservative town that he called the sixth circle of hell and an equally conservative college from which he was dismissed after deliberately provoking the college authorities. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke cigarillos in his office down the corridor from the president's. He annoyed his landlords by entertaining friends, including women, and was forced out of one house after two "stewdents found me sharing my meagre repast with a lady"; although the details remain unclear and he denied any wrongdoing. The incident involved a stranded chorus girl to whom he offered tea and shelter for the night when she was caught in a snowstorm; when she was discovered the next morning by the landladies, his insistence that he had slept on the floor was met with disbelief and he was asked to leave the college. Glad to be free of such an awful place, he left for Europe soon after, sailing from New York in March 1908.<ref>Moody (2007), 59–62; Wilhelm (1985), 177; Carpenter (1988), 80</ref><br /> <br /> ==London (1908–20)==<br /> ===Introduction to the literary scene===<br /> {{Rquote|left|<br /> ...eh?... they mostly had grey eyes,<br /> But it is all one, I will sing of the sun.|Ezra Pound|A Lume Spento (1908)}}<br /> Pound arrived in Gibraltar on March 23, 1908, where for a few weeks he earned $15 a day working as a guide to American tourists. By the end of April he was in Venice, living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge. In July he self-published his first book of poetry, ''[[A Lume Spento]]'' (''With Tapers Spent''); the ''London Evening Standard'' called it "wild and haunting stuff, absolutely poetic, original, imaginative, passionate, and spiritual." The title was from the third canto of Dante's ''Purgatorio'', which alluded to the death of [[Manfred, King of Sicily]]. The book was dedicated to his friend, the Philadelphia artist William Brooke Smith, who had recently died of tuberculosis.<ref>For the date he arrived in Gibraltar and Venice, see Moody (2007), 62, 63.<br /> *For the bakery, see Tytell (1987), 35<br /> *For the dedication of ''A Lume Spento'', see Zinnes (1980), xi<br /> *For the ''Evening Standard'' quote, see Eliot (1917), 5<br /> *For information about Brooke Smith, see Carpenter (1988), 91, 95</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:48 Langham Street, London W1.png|right|thumb|200px|alt=photograph|''[[The Pisan Cantos]]'' (1948) include descriptions of Pound's landlady at 48 Langham Street ''(pictured)'' and the pub across the road.]]<br /> In August he moved to London, where he lived almost continuously for the next 12 years; he told his university friend [[William Carlos Williams]]: "London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy." English poets such as [[Maurice Hewlett]], [[Rudyard Kipling]] and [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] had made a particular kind of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] verse&nbsp;– stirring, pompous and propagandistic&nbsp;– popular with the public. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as "versified moral essay"; he wanted to focus on the individual experience; the concrete rather than the abstract.<ref>Knapp (1979), 25–27</ref><br /> <br /> Arriving in the city with just ₤3, he moved into lodgings at 48 Langham Street, near Great Titchfield Street, a penny bus-ride from the British Museum.<ref>Stock (1970), 53–54</ref> The house sat across an alley from the Yorkshire Grey pub, which made an appearance in the ''Pisan Cantos'', "concerning the landlady's ''doings'' / with a lodger unnamed / az waz near Gt Titchfield St. next door to the pub".<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 4<br /> *Also see Campbell, James. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 "Home from home"], ''The Guardian'', 17 May 2008.<br /> *Pound (2003), 80, lines 334–336</ref> He spent his mornings in the British Museum Reading Room, lunching at the Vienna Café on Oxford Street.<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 7</ref> He persuaded the bookseller Elkin Mathews to display ''A Lume Spento'', and in October 1908 caught the attention of the literati. That December he published a second collection, ''A Quinzaine for This Yule''. After the death of a lecturer at the University of Westminster Regent Street Polytechnic, he took a position lecturing in the evenings on "The Development of Literature in Southern Europe".<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 5–11</ref><br /> <br /> Ford Madox Ford described Pound, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as "approach[ing] with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent. Pound was a flamboyant dresser at this stage, and had trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend and an immense sombrero. All this was accompanied by a flaming beard cut to a point and a single, large blue earring."<ref>Moody (2007), 113</ref><br /> <br /> ===Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, ''Personae''===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | width=320px<br /> | align=right<br /> | quoted=true<br /> | bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> | salign=right<br /> | title=In Durance<br /> | quote=<poem>I am homesick after mine own kind,<br /> Oh I know that there are folk about me, friendly faces,<br /> But I am homesick after mine own kind. <br /> </poem><br /> | source=''Personae'' (1909), written in Crawfordsville, Indiana, 1907<ref>Stock (1970), p. 37.</ref><br /> }}<br /> At a literary salon in January 1909, Pound met the novelist [[Olivia Shakespear]], Yeats' former lover, and was introduced to her daughter Dorothy. They married several years later in 1914. Through Olivia Shakespear he was introduced to [[W. B. Yeats]], the greatest living poet in Pound's view, and they became close friends, although Yeats was older by 20 years. Pound had sent Yeats a copy of ''A Lume Spento'' the previous year, before he left for Venice, and Yeats had apparently found it charming.<ref>Tytell (1987), 46</ref><br /> <br /> He was also introduced to sculptor Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, painter Wyndham Lewis, and to the cream of London's literary circle, including the poet T. E. Hulme. The American heiress Margaret Lanier Cravens (1881–1912) became a patron; after knowing him a short time she offered a large annual sum to allow him to focus on his work. Cravens killed herself in 1912. <ref>For the money from Cravens, see Moody (2007), 124–125; for the speculation that they were lovers, see Carpenter (1988), 155; Dennis (1999), 264; Pound, Omar (1988), 66</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:DorothyPound.png|thumb|250px|left|alt=photograph|Pound was introduced to [[Dorothy Shakespear]] in February 1909, and they were married in April 1914.]]<br /> In June 1909 the ''Personae'' collection became Pound's first publication to have any commercial success. It was favorably reviewed; one review said it was "full of human passion and natural magic".<ref>Moody (2007), 91</ref> Rupert Brooke was unimpressed, complaining that Pound had fallen under the influence of Walt Whitman, writing in "unmetrical sprawling lengths".<ref>Moody (2007), 93</ref> In September he published 27 poems as ''Exultations''. Around the same time Pound moved into new rooms at Church Walk, off Kensington High Street, where he lived most of the time until 1914.<ref>For his move to Church Walk, see Moody (2007), 180<br /> *For ''Personae'', see Elek, Jon. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=2841 "Personae"], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 8 April 2004.<br /> *For ''Exultations'', see Wilson, Peter. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=5224 "Exultations"], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 20 April 2004.</ref><br /> <br /> In June 1910 Pound returned to the United States for eight months; his arrival coincided with the publication of his first book of literary criticism'', [[The Spirit of Romance]]'', based on his lecture notes at the polytechnic.<ref>Stock (1970), 70, 81–89</ref> His essays on America were written during this period. They were compiled as ''Patria Mia'' and not published until 1950. He loved New York but felt the city was threatened by capitalism and vulgarity, and no longer felt at home there.<ref>Wilhelm (2008), 62–65</ref> He found the New York Public Library, then being built, especially offensive. Pound visited the architects' offices almost every day to shout at them.<ref name=NYTobit>Montgomery, Paul L. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB091EF83A591A7493C0A9178AD95F468785F9&scp=1&sq=%22A%20Man%20of%20Contradictions%22%20Ezra%20Pound&st=cse "Ezra Pound: A Man of Contradictions"], ''The New York Times'', 2 November 1972</ref><br /> <br /> Pound persuaded his parents to finance his passage back to Europe.<ref>Tytell (1987), 59–62</ref> It was nearly 30 years before he visited the United States again. On February 22, 1911 he sailed from New York on the R.M.S. ''Mauretania'', arriving in Southampton six days later.<ref>Stock (1970), 95</ref> After only a few days in London he went to Paris, where he worked on a new collection of poetry, ''Canzoni'' (1911), panned by the ''Westminster Gazette'' as a "medley of pretension". When he returned to London in August 1911, [[Alfred Richard Orage|A. R. Orage]], editor of the socialist journal ''[[The New Age]]'', hired him to write a weekly column, giving him a steady income.<ref>Elek, Jon. [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=6100 "Canzoni"], ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 8 March 2005.<br /> *Orage also made an appearance in ''The Cantos'' (where [[Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats|Possum]] is T. S. Eliot): "But the lot of 'em, / Yeats, Possum and Wyndham / had no ground beneath 'em. / Orage had." See Wilhelm (2008), 83, citing Canto 98/685.</ref><br /> <br /> ===Imagism===<br /> [[File:Home of Ezra Pound, London.png|thumb|alt=photograph|200px|10 Church Walk, Kensington]]<br /> Hilda Doolittle arrived in London from Philadelphia in May 1911 with the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September Doolittle decided to stay on. Pound introduced her to his friends.<ref>Moody (2007), 180</ref><br /> <br /> At the museum Pound met regularly with the curator and poet Laurence Binyon, who introduced him to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts that would become so vital to the imagery and technique of his later poetry. The museum's visitors' books show that Pound was often found during 1912 and 1913 in the Print Room examining Japanese [[ukiyo-e]], some inscribed with traditional Japanese tanka verse, a 10th-century genre of poetry whose economy and strict conventions undoubtedly contributed to Imagist techniques of composition.<ref>Arrowsmith (2011), 103–164<br /> *Also see Arrowsmith (2011), 27–42, 118, and Dennis (2000), 101</ref><ref name ="Arrowsmith lecture">[http://vimeo.com/arrowsmith/cosmopolitanism-and-modernism Video of a lecture discussing the importance of Japanese culture to Pound's early poetry], ''[[London University School of Advanced Study]]'', March 2012.</ref> He was working at the time on the poems that became ''Ripostes'' (1912), trying to move away from his earlier work; he wrote that the "stilted language" of ''Canzoni'' had reduced Ford Madox Ford to rolling on the floor with laughter.<ref>Witemeyer (1961), 112.</ref> He realized with his translation work that the problem lay not in his knowledge of the other languages, but in his use of English:<br /> <br /> <blockquote><br /> What obfuscated me was not the Italian but the crust of dead English, the sediment present in my own available vocabulary&nbsp;... You can't go round this sort of thing. It takes six or eight years to get educated in one's art, and another ten to get rid of that education.<br /> <br /> Neither can anyone learn English, one can only learn a series of Englishes. Rossetti made his own language. I hadn't in 1910 made a language, I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in.<ref>Venuti (1979), 88; Knapp (1979), 54</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> While living at Church Walk in 1912, Pound, Aldington and Doolittle started working on ideas about language. It was in the British Museum tearoom one afternoon that they decided to begin a 'movement' in poetry, called Imagism. ''Imagisme'', Pound would write in ''Riposte'', is "concerned solely with ''language'' and ''presentation''".<ref>Moody (2007), 180, 222</ref> The aim was clarity: a fight against abstraction, romanticism, rhetoric, inversion of word order, and over-use of adjectives. They agreed in the spring or early summer of 1912 on three principles:<br /> <blockquote>1. Direct treatment of the "thing" whether subjective or objective.<br /><br /> 2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.<br /><br /> 3. As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.<ref name=Pound1918>Pound, Ezra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uOQMlH_zYNAC&pg=PA3 "A Retrospect"], in T. S. Eliot. (1968). ''Literary Essays of Ezra Pound''. New York: New Directions Publishing. 3–5; first published 1918.</ref></blockquote><br /> <br /> Superfluous words, particularly adjectives, should be avoided, as well as expressions like "dim lands of peace", which Pound thought dulled the image by mixing the abstract with the concrete. He wrote that the natural object was always the "adequate symbol". Poets should "go in fear of abstractions", and should not re-tell in mediocre verse what has already been told in good prose.<ref name=Pound1918/> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=270px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |title=In a Station of the Metro<br /> |quote=<poem>The apparition of these faces in the crowd;<br /> Petals on a wet, black bough.</poem><br /> |source=''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'' (1913)<br /> }}<br /> A typical example is Pound's "In a Station of the Metro" (1913), inspired by an experience on the Paris Subway, about which he wrote, "I got out of a train at, I think, Concorde, and in the jostle I saw a beautiful face, and then, turning suddenly, another and another, and then a beautiful child's face, and then another beautiful face. All that day I tried to find words for what this made me feel." He worked on the poem for a year, reducing it to its essence in the style of a Japanese haiku.<ref>Witemeyer (1969), 34<br /> *For its description as ''the'' classic Imagist poem, see Witemeyer (1999), 49</ref> Like other modernist artists of the period, Pound found inspiration in Japanese art, but the aim was to re-make, or as Pound said, "make it new", and blend cultural styles instead of copying directly or slavishly.<ref name ="Arrowsmith lecture"/><br /> <br /> ===''Ripostes'' and translations===<br /> ''Ripostes'', published in October 1912, marks Pound's move toward more minimalist language. It was published when Pound had only begun his move toward [[Imagism]]; his first use of the word ''Imagiste'' appears in his prefatory note to the volume.<ref>Pound, Ezra, ''Ripostes'', Stephen Swift & Co Ltd, London, 1912.</ref> The collection includes five poems by Hulme and a translation of the 8th-century Old English poem ''The Seafarer'', although not a literal translation.<ref>For submission and publication dates, see Pound, Ezra. ''Poems and translations'', Library of America, (2003), 1239<br /> *For Knapp's view, see Knapp (1979), 57<br /> *For Pound's first use of the word "Imagiste", see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uOQMlH_zYNAC&pg=PA4 Pound (1918), 4]<br /> *For Alexander's view and the unpopularity of Pound's translations, see Alexander (1979), 62<br /> *For the original text of ''The Seafarer'', see [http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=text&id=Sfr&textOnly=true "The Seafarer"], Anglo-Saxons.net.<br /> *For Pound's interpretation of the poem, see Pound, Ezra. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085717/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1664.html "The Seafarer"], Representative Poetry Online, University of Toronto.</ref> His translation from the Italian of ''Sonnets and ballate of [[Guido Cavalcanti]]'' was also published in 1912.<ref>Sieburth (2010), xv</ref><br /> [[File:Ezra Pound - Cathay Title Page 1915.png|thumb|200px|alt=book cover|In 1913 Pound was given [[Ernest Fenollosa]]'s unpublished notes, which led to ''Cathay'' (1915).]]<br /> Pound was fascinated by the translations of Japanese poetry and Noh plays which he discovered in the papers of Ernest Fenollosa, an Italian professor who had taught in Japan. Fenollosa had studied Chinese poetry under Japanese scholars; in 1913 his widow, Mary McNeil Fenollosa, decided to give his unpublished notes to Pound after seeing his work; she was looking for someone who cared about poetry rather than philology.<ref>Moody (2007), 239</ref> Pound edited and published Fenellosa's ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry'' in 1918.<ref>''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry: A Critical Edition'' (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008).</ref><br /> <br /> The title page of the collection ''Cathay'' , refers to the poet "Rihaku", the pronunciation in Japanese of the Tang dynasty Chinese poet, Li Bai, whose poems were much beloved in China and Japan for their technical mastery and much translated in the West because of their seeming simplicity. The volume is in Alexander's view the most attractive of Pound's work.<ref name=Alexander95>Alexander (1979), 95</ref> Chinese critic Wai-lim Yip writes of it: "One can easily excommunicate Pound from the Forbidden City of Chinese studies, but it seems clear that in his dealings with ''Cathay'', even when he is given only the barest details, he is able to get into the central concerns of the original author by what we may perhaps call a kind of clairvoyance."<ref>Yip, Wai-lim. ''Ezra Pound's Cathay''. Princeton University Press, 1969, cited in Alexander (1979), 99</ref><br /> <br /> Pound could understand Chinese himself. Some specialist critics see his work as among the best English translations of Chinese poetry.<ref name=Alexander95/> ''Cathay'' was the first of many translations Pound would make from the Chinese. Pound used Fenollosa's work as a starting point for what he called the [[ideogrammic method]], which proceeded on Fenellosa's fruitful idea that each character represented an image or pictograph, based on sight rather than sound.<ref>"The Fenollosa Papers" in Stock (1965), 177–179</ref><ref>Graves, from "These Be Your Gods, O Israel" (138–139)</ref> Steven Yao, scholar of American and Asian literature, sees ''Cathay'' as a "major feat"; Yao does not view Pound's Chinese as an obstacle, and states that the poet's trawl through centuries of scholarly interpretations resulted in a genuine understanding of the original poem.<ref>Yao (2010), 36–39</ref><br /> <br /> ===Marriage, ''Blast''===<br /> [[File:William Butler Yeats 1.png|250px|right|thumb|alt=photograph|W. B. Yeats invited Pound to spend the winter of 1913–14 with him in Sussex.]]<br /> <br /> In August 1912 Harriet Monroe hired Pound as a regular contributor to ''Poetry magazine''. He submitted his own poems, as well as poems by James Joyce, Robert Frost, D. H. Lawrence, Yeats, H.D. and Aldington, and collected material for a 64-page anthology, ''Des Imagistes'' (1914). The Imagist movement began to attract attention from critics.<ref>Stock (1970), 143–147; Tytell (1987), 97</ref> In November 1913 Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, invited Pound to stay with him as his secretary in Stone Cottage, Sussex, where Yeats had rented rooms. They stayed there for 10 weeks, reading and writing, walking in the woods and fencing. It was the first of three winters they spent together at Stone Cottage, two of them with Dorothy after she and Pound married on April 20, 1914 ([[Adolf Hitler]]'s birthday}.<ref>Moody (2007), 240 <br /> *Also see Longenbach, James (1988). ''Stone Cottage''. Oxford University Press, and Longenbach, James. [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/10/books/the-odd-couple-pound-and-yeats-together.html "The Odd Couple: Pound and Yeats Together"], ''The New York Times'', January 10, 1988.</ref><br /> <br /> The marriage had proceeded despite opposition from her parents, who worried about his meager income, earned from contributions to literary magazines and probably less than £300 a year. Dorothy's annual income was £50, aided by £150 from her family. Her parents eventually consented, and Pound's concession to marry in church helped convince them. Afterwards he and Dorothy moved into an apartment with no bathroom at 5 Holland Place Chambers, near Church Walk, with the newly wed Hilda and Richard Aldington living next door.<ref>Moody (2007), 246–249</ref><br /> <br /> Pound wrote for Wyndham Lewis' literary magazine ''Blast'', although only two issues were published. An advertisement in ''The Egoist'' promised it would cover "Cubism, Futurism, Imagisme and all Vital Forms of Modern Art". Pound took the opportunity to extend the definition of Imagisme to art, naming it [[Vorticism]]: "The image is a radiant node or cluster; it is a VORTEX, from which, and through which, and into which, ideas are constantly rushing."<ref>Moody (2007), 230, 256</ref> Reacting to the magazine, the poet Lascelles Abercrombie called for the rejection of Imagism and a return to the traditionalism of William Wordsworth; Pound challenged him to a duel on the basis that "Stupidity carried beyond a certain point becomes a public menace".<ref>Stock (1970), 159</ref> Abercrombie suggested their choice of weapon be unsold copies of their own books.<ref name=Campbell>Campbell, James. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 "Home from home"], ''The Guardian'', 17 May 2008.</ref> The publication of ''Blast'' was celebrated at a dinner attended by New England poet Amy Lowell, then in London to meet the Imagists, but Hilda and Richard were already moving away from Pound's understanding of the movement, as he became more in line with Wyndham Lewis's ideas. When Lowell agreed to finance an anthology of Imagist poets, Pound's work was not included. Upset at Lowell, he began to call ''Imagisme'' "Amygism", and in July 1914 declared it dead, asking only that the term be preserved, although Lowell eventually Anglicized it.<ref>Moody (2007), 222–225</ref><br /> <br /> ===World War I, disillusionment===<br /> Between 1914 and 1916 Pound assisted in the serialisation of James Joyce's ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' in ''The Egoist'', then helped to have it published in book form. In 1915 he persuaded ''Poetry'' to publish T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". Eliot had sent "Prufrock" to almost every editor in England, but was rejected. He eventually sent it to Pound, who instantly saw it as a work of genius and submitted it to ''Poetry''.<ref name=Aiken>Aiken (1965), 4–5</ref> Pound wrote to Monroe in October 1914. "The rest of the promising young have done one or the other but never both. Most of the swine have done neither."<ref>Mertens, Richard. [http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0108/features/letter.html "Letter by letter"], ''University of Chicago Magazine'', April, 2001.</ref><br /> <br /> After the publication in 1915 of ''Cathay'', Pound mentioned he was working on a long poem, casting about for the correct form. He told a friend in August: "It is a huge, I was going to say, gamble, but shan't", and in September described it as a "cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore". About a year later, in January 1917, he had the first three trial cantos, distilled down to one, as Canto I published in ''Poetry''.<ref>Moody (2007), 306–307</ref> He was now a regular contributor to three literary magazines. From 1917 he wrote music reviews for ''The New Age'' under the pen name William Atheling, and weekly pieces for ''The Egoist'' and ''The Little Review many of the latter directed against provincialism and ignorance. However the volume of writing exhausted him and he feared he was wasting his time writing outside poetry.<ref>Moody (2007), 330, 334</ref><ref name="m342">Moody (2007), 342</ref><br /> <br /> Pound was deeply affected by the war. He was devastated when Gaudier-Brzeska, from whom he had commissioned a sculpture two years earlier, was killed in the trenches in 1915. He published ''Gaudier-Brzeska: A Memoir'' the following year, in reaction to what he saw as an unnecessary loss.<ref>Stock (1970), 174, 180–182</ref> In the autumn of 1917 his depression worsened. He blamed American provincialism for the seizure of the October issue of ''The Little Review''. The ''New York Society for the Suppression of Vice'' applied the Comstock Laws against an article Lewis wrote, describing it as lewd and indecent. Around the same time, Hulme was killed by shell-fire in Flanders, and Yeats married Georgie Hyde-Lees.<ref>Moody (2007), 334–335</ref> In 1918, after a bout of illness with deadly Spanish flu, Pound decided to quit writing for ''The Little Review'', mostly because of the volume of work. He asked the publisher for a raise to hire 23-year-old Iseult Gonne as a typist, causing rumors Pound was having an affair with her.<ref name="m342" /><br /> <br /> In 1919 he published a collection of his essays for ''The Little Review'' as ''Instigations'', and in the March, 1919 issue ''Poetry'' he published ''Poems from the Propertius Series'', which appeared to be a translation of the [[Ancient Rome]] Poet [[Sextus Propertius]]. When he included this in his next poetry collection in 1921, he had renamed it ''Homage to Sextus Propertius''. "Propertius" is not a strict translation; biographer David Moody describes it as "the refraction of an ancient poet through a modern intelligence". Harriet Monroe, editor of ''Poetry'', published a letter from a professor of Latin, W. G. Hale, saying that Pound was "incredibly ignorant" of the language, and alluded to "about three-score errors" in ''Homage''. Monroe did not publish Pound's response, which began "Cat-piss and porcupines!!" and continued, "The thing is no more a translation than my 'Altaforte' is a translation, or than Fitzgerald's Omar is a translation". But she interpreted his silence after that as his resignation as foreign editor.<ref>Kenner (1971), 286</ref><br /> <br /> ===''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley''===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=300px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |quote=<poem>There died a myriad<br /> And of the best, among them,<br /> For an old bitch gone in the teeth,<br /> For a botched civilization,<br/><br /> Charm, smiling at the good mouth,<br /> Quick eyes gone under earth's lid,<br/><br /> For two gross of broken statues,<br /> For a few thousand battered books.<br /> </poem><br /> |source=''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'', Section V (1920)}}<br /> <br /> His poem ''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley'' consists of 18 short parts, and describes a poet whose life, like his own, has become sterile and meaningless. Published in June 1920, it marked his farewell to London. He had become absolutely disgusted by the loss of life during [[The Great War]] and was unable to reconcile himself with it. Stephen Adams writes that, just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, so Pound denied he was Mauberley, but the work can nevertheless be read as autobiographical. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene, before turning to social criticism, economics and an attack on the causes of the war; here the word ''usury'' appears in his work for the first time. The critic F. R. Leavis saw it as Pound's major achievement.<ref>Adams (2005), 149<br /> *Bilan (2010), 89<br /> *Pound, Ezra. [http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/23538/pg23538.html "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley"], the text from Project Gutenberg, 18 November 2007.<br /> *Also see Leavis (1932), 134, 150</ref><br /> <br /> The war had shattered Pound's belief in modern western civilization. He saw the Vorticist movement as finished and doubted his own future as a poet. He had only the ''New Age'' to write for; his relationship with ''Poetry'' was finished, ''The Egoist'' was quickly running out of money because of censorship problems caused by the serialization of Joyce's ''Ulysses''. Toward the end of 1920 he and Dorothy decided their time in London was over, and resolved to move to Paris.<ref>Moody (2007), 394–396</ref><br /> <br /> Orage wrote in the January 1921 issue of ''The New Age'': "Mr. Pound has been an exhilarating influence for culture in England; he has left his mark upon more than one of the arts, upon literature, music, poetry and sculpture, and quite a number of men and movements owe their initiation to his self-sacrificing stimulus."<ref>Moody (2007), 410</ref><br /> <br /> ==Paris (1921–24)==<br /> [[File:Olga Rudge advertisement.png|thumb|260px|alt=photograph|Pound met Olga Rudge in 1922.]]<br /> The Pounds settled in Paris in January 1921 in an inexpensive apartment at 70 bis, rue Notre Dame des Champs. He became friendly with others of the [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] movements, as well as Basil Bunting, Ernest Hemingway and his wife Hadley.<ref name="Meyers 1985 70 74">Meyers (1985), 70–74</ref> He spent most of his time building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for the bookstore Shakespeare and Company, and in 1921 the volume ''Poems 1918–1921'' was published. In 1922 Eliot sent him the manuscript of ''The Waste Land'', then arrived in Paris to edit it with Pound, who blue-inked the manuscript with comments like "make up yr. mind." and "georgian".<ref>Bornstein (1999), 33–34</ref> Eliot wrote: "I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius."<ref name=NYTobit/><br /> <br /> In 1924 Pound secured funding for Ford Madox Ford's ''The Transatlantic Review'' from American attorney John Quinn. The ''Review'' published works by Pound, [[Ernest Hemingway]], as well as extracts from Joyce's ''Finnegans Wake'', before the money ran out in 1925. It also published several Pound music reviews, later collected into ''Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony''.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 430–431, 448</ref><br /> <br /> Hemingway asked Pound to blue-ink his short stories. Although Hemingway was 14 years younger, the two forged what would become a lifelong relationship of mutual respect and friendship, living on the same street for a time, and touring Italy together in 1923. "They liked each other personally, shared the same aesthetic aims, and admired each other's work", writes Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers, with Hemingway assuming the status of pupil to Pound's teaching. Pound introduced Hemingway to Lewis, Ford, and Joyce, while Hemingway in turn tried to teach Pound to box, but as he said, "Ezra habitually leads with his chin and has the general grace of a crayfish or crawfish".<ref name="Meyers 1985 70 74"/><br /> <br /> Pound was 36 when he met the 26-year-old American violinist Olga Rudge in Paris in the fall of 1922, beginning a love affair that lasted 50 years. He was introduced to Olga at a musical salon hosted by American heiress Natalie Barney in her home at 20 Rue Jacob, near the Boulevard Saint-Germain. The two moved in different social circles: Olga was the daughter of a wealthy Youngstown, Ohio, steel family, living in her mother's Parisian apartment on the Right Bank, socializing with aristocrats, while his friends were mostly impoverished writers of the Left Bank.<ref>For his need of a mistress, see Tytell (1987), 180<br /> *For their belonging to different circles, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=UpmBwzOT7hwC&pg=PA251 Wilhelm (2008), 251]</ref> The two spent the following summer in the south of France, where he worked with George Antheil to apply the concept of Vorticism to music, and managed to write two operas, including ''Le Testament de Villon''. He wrote pieces for solo violin, which Olga performed.<ref>For his operas, see Kenner (1973), 390<br /> *For his pieces for violin, see Stock (1970), 252–256</ref><br /> <br /> ==Italy (1924–45)==<br /> <br /> ===Birth of the children===<br /> [[File:Rapallo (cropped).png|320px|thumb|alt=photograph|Dorothy and Pound moved to Rapallo in 1924. He said: "Italy is my place for starting things".<ref name=Tytell191/>]]<br /> <br /> The Pounds were unhappy in Paris; Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor. At a dinner a guest had randomly tried to stab him, and to Pound it underlined that their time in France was over.<ref name=Tytell191/> Hemingway observed that Pound "indulged in a small nervous breakdown", leading to two days in an American hospital.<ref>Baker (1981), 127</ref> They decided to move to a quieter place, and chose Rapallo, Italy, a town with a population of 15,000. "Italy is my place for starting things", he told a friend.<ref name=Tytell191>Tytell (1987), 191–193</ref> During this period they lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock in which she had invested.<ref>Tytell (1987), 225</ref><br /> <br /> Olga Rudge, pregnant with Pound's child, followed them to Italy. She showed little interest in raising a child, but may have felt that having one would maintain her connection to him. In July 1925 she gave birth to a daughter, Mary. She placed her with a German-speaking peasant woman whose own child had died, and who agreed to raise Mary for 200 lire a month.<ref>Tytell (1987), 198</ref><br /> <br /> When Pound told Dorothy about the birth, she separated from him for much of that year and the next. In December 1925, she left on an extended trip to Egypt. On her return in March, Pound realized that his wife was pregnant.<ref>Carpenter (1988), 450–451</ref> In June, she and Pound left Rapallo for Paris for the premiere of ''Le Testament de Villon'', without mentioning the pregnancy to his friends or parents. In September, Hemingway drove Dorothy to the American Hospital of Paris for the birth of a son, Omar Pound. In a letter to his parents in October Pound wrote, "next generation (male) arrived. Both D & it appear to be doing well".<ref>Carpenter (1988), 452–453</ref> Dorothy gave the baby son to her mother, Olivia, who raised him in London until he was old enough to go to boarding school. When Dorothy went to England each summer to see Omar, Pound would spend the time with Olga, whose father had bought her a house in Venice. The arrangement meant his children were raised very differently. Mary had a single pair of shoes, and books about Jesus and the saints, while Omar was raised in Kensington as an English gentleman by his sophisticated grandmother.<ref>For the woman who raised Mary, and Pound telling Dorothy, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA13 Wilhelm (1994), 13–15]<br /> *For the house in Venice, see Tytell (1987), 198<br /> *For Mary's memoir, see de Rachewiltz (1971), 11</ref><br /> <br /> In 1925 the literary magazine ''This Quarter'' dedicated its first issue to Pound, including tributes from Hemingway and Joyce. Pound published ''Cantos XVII–XIX'' in the winter editions. In March 1927 he launched his own literary magazine, ''The Exile'', but only four issues were published. It did well in the first year, with contributions from Hemingway, E. E. Cummings, Basil Bunting, Yeats, William Carlos Williams and Robert McAlmon; some of the poorest work in the magazine were Pound's rambling editorials on [[Confucianism]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA22 Wilhelm (1994), 22–24]</ref> He continued to work on Fenollosa's manuscripts, and in 1928 won ''The Dial''s poetry award for his translation of the Confucian classic ''Great Learning'' (''Dà Xué'', transliterated as ''Ta Hio'').<ref name=Nadelxxii>Nadel (1999), xxi–xxiii</ref> That year his parents Homer and Isabel visited him in Rapallo, seeing him for the first time since 1914. By then Homer had retired, so they decided to move to Rapallo themselves. They took a small house, Villa Raggio, on a hill above the town.<ref>Tytell (1987), 215</ref><br /> <br /> Pound began work on ''[[The Cantos]]'' in earnest after relocating to Italy. The poems concern good and evil, a descent into hell followed by redemption and paradise. Its hundreds of characters fall into three groupings: those who enjoy hell and stay there; those who experience a metamorphosis and want to leave; and a few who lead the rest to ''paradiso terrestre''. Its composition was difficult and involved several false starts, and he abandoned most of his earlier drafts, beginning again in 1922.<ref name=Terrellvii>Terrell, Carroll F. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uEqOrAnat0C&pg=PR7 ''A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press, vii</ref> The first three appear in ''Poetry'' in June–August 1917. The ''Malatesta Cantos'' appeared in ''The Criterion'' in July 1923, and two further cantos were published in ''The Transatlantic Review'' in January 1924. Pound published 90 copies in Paris in 1925 of ''A Draft of XVI. Cantos of Ezra Pound for the Beginning of a Poem of some Length now first made into a Book''.<ref>Bush (1976), xiii–xv</ref><br /> <br /> =Fascism=<br /> Pound understood that the cause of [[The Great War]] was ''[[capitalism]]'', ''[[jews|judaism]], ''[[usury]]'', and that the solution lay in the fact that [[fascism]] was the vehicle for reform;<ref>Preda (2005), 90</ref> He gave a series of lectures on economics, and on January 30, 1933 Pound was invited to meet [[Benito Mussolini]], and he excitedly accepted. Olga Rudge played for Mussolini and told him about Pound, who had earlier sent him a copy of ''Cantos XXX''. During the meeting Pound presented Mussolini with a digest of his economic ideas, and Mussolini said it was a social call, so he would view them privately, though he found the ''Cantos'' "''divertente''" very entertaining. The meeting was recorded in ''Canto XLI'': "'Ma questo' / said the boss, 'è divertente.'" Pound said he had "never met anyone who seemed to GET my ideas so quickly as Il Duce", calling him a genius.<ref>Tytell (1987), 228–232</ref><br /> <br /> In April 1939 he sailed for New York, hoping he could stop America's involvement in [[The World's War Against Communism]], happy to answer reporters' questions about Mussolini. He traveled to Washington, D.C. where he met senators and congressmen. His daughter, Mary, said that he had acted out of a sense of responsibility and great patriotism; he was offered no encouragement by the cucked politicians, and was left feeling depressed and frustrated.<ref>Tytell (1987), 250–253</ref><br /> <br /> In June 1939 he received a doctorate from Hamilton College, and a week later returned to Italy from America and began writing material for Italian newspapers. He wrote to James Laughlin that Roosevelt represented [[jews|jewry]], and signed the letter with "Heil [[Hitler]]". He started writing for ''Action'', a newspaper owned by the British fascist Sir [[Oswald Mosley]], arguing that the [[Fascism]] was a natural civilizer.<ref name=Tytell254>Tytell (1987), 254</ref> After war broke out in September that year, he began a furious letter-writing campaign to the politicians he had petitioned six months earlier, agreeing with [[Henry Ford]], [[Charles Lindbergh]] and others that the war was the result of the international jew, and that the United States should keep out of it.<ref name=Tytell253>Tytell (1987), 253–265</ref><br /> <br /> ===Radio broadcasts===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=300px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |title=<br /> |quote= – You let in the jew, and the jew rotted your empire, and you yourselves out-jewed the jew; And the big jew has rotted EVERY nation he has wormed into.<br /> |source = Pound radio broadcast, 15 March 1942<ref>[http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/pound/radio.htm "Selected World War II Broadcasts"], Modern American Poetry.</ref><br /> }}<br /> By the 1940s no American or English poet had been so active politically since William Blake. Pound wrote over a thousand letters a year during the 1930s and presented his ideas in hundreds of articles, as well as in ''The Cantos''. Pound's greatest fear was an economic structure dependent on the armaments industry, where the profit motive would govern war and peace. He read [[George Santayana]] and ''The Law of Civilization and Decay'' by [[Brooks Adams]], finding confirmation of the danger of the capitalist and [[usury|usurer]] becoming dominant. He wrote in ''The Japan Times'' that "Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a "country run by Jews,"'' and told [[Oswald Mosley]]'s newspaper that the English were a slave race governed since Waterloo by the [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]].<ref name=Tytell253/><br /> <br /> Pound broadcast over Rome Radio, though the Italian government was at first reluctant. He told a friend: "It took me, I think it was, TWO years, insistence and wrangling etc., to GET HOLD of their microphone."<ref>Tytell (1987), 260</ref> He recorded over a hundred broadcasts criticizing the United States, Roosevelt, communists, and the [[jews]], along with his poetry, economics, and Chinese philosophy. The first was in January 1935, and by February 1940 he was broadcasting regularly; he traveled to Rome one week a month to pre-record the 10-minute broadcasts, for which he was paid a token $17, and they were broadcast every three days, even when ill.<ref>Tytell (1987), 264–265</ref><br /> <br /> The broadcasts were monitored by the United States Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service listening station at Princeton University, and Pound was indicted ''in absentia'' for thought ctimes, and expressing his opinion over the radio, in July 1943. He answered the charge by writing a letter to Attorney General, which Tytell describes as "long, reasoned, and temperate", defending his [[Freedom of speech|right to free speech]].<ref>Tytell (1987), 268–270</ref> He continued to broadcast and write under pseudonyms until April 1945, shortly before his trumped-up arrest.<ref>Gill (2005), 115–116</ref><br /> <br /> ===Arrest for thought crime===<br /> Pound was in Rome early in September when Italy surrendered to the communists and the Americans. He borrowed a pair of hiking boots and a knapsack and left the city. He walked 450 miles north, spending a night in an air raid shelter in Bologna, then took a train to Verona and walked the rest of the way.<ref>Tytell (1987), 264–273</ref><br /> <br /> [[File:Ezra Pound 1945 May 26 mug shot.png|thumb|Taken at the Army Disciplinary Training Center]]<br /> [[File:Security cages where Ezra Pound was held Pisa Italy 1945.png|thumb|Pound spent three weeks in one of the center's outdoor wire cages (death cages) in Pisa<ref>Sieburth (2003b), xiv</ref>]]<br /> He returned home to Rapallo, where on May 03, 1945, four days after [[Murder of Mussolini|Mussolini was murdered by communists]], an armed communist gang arrived at the house to find Pound alone. He stuffed a copy of Confucius and a Chinese dictionary in his pocket before he was taken to their headquarters in Chiavari to be killed. Local Italians began throwing stones and rioting against the communist "liberators", and in the chaos, Pound escaped. Knowing the Americans might spare his life, he sought out Olga. Then with Olga, gave himself up to an American military post in the nearby town of Lavagna.<ref name = Sieburthix/><br /> <br /> Pound was transferred to U.S. Counter Intelligence Corps headquarters in Genoa, where he was interrogated by Frank L. Amprin, an FBI agent assigned by [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. Pound asked to send a cable to President Truman to offer to help negotiate peace with Japan. He also asked to be allowed a final broadcast, a script called "Ashes of Europe Calling", in which he recommended peace with Japan, American management of Italy rather than communists, Hitler's idea of establishing a jewish state in Palestine or [[Africa]], and leniency toward Germany. His requests were denied and the script was forwarded to Hoover.<ref name = Sieburthix>Sieburth (2003), ix–xiv</ref><br /> <br /> On May 8, the day Germany surrendered, Pound told an American reporter, Ed Johnston, that Hitler was "a Jeanne d'Arc, a saint", and that Mussolini was "not an imperfect character who lost his head".<ref>Sieburth Stock (1970), 408; Sieburth (2003b), xi</ref> On May 24 he was transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center north of Pisa, where he was placed in one of the camp's '''''death cells''''', a series of tiny 6x6 ft outdoor open air wire cages lit up at night by floodlights and completely exposed to the harsh elements; engineers reinforced his cage with heavy steel for fear the [[fascist]]s would try to break him out.<ref>Stock (1970), 408</ref> He spent three weeks in isolation in the heat, sleeping on the concrete, denied exercise and communication. After two and a half weeks he began to break down under the inhuman conditions. Richard Sieburth wrote that Pound recorded it in ''Canto LXXX'', where [[Odysseus]] is saved from drowning by [[Leucothea]]: "hast'ou swum in a sea of air strip / through an aeon of nothingness, / when the raft broke and the waters went over me." Medical staff moved him out of the cage the following week. On June 14th and 15th he was examined by psychiatrists, one of whom found symptoms of a mental breakdown, after which he was transferred to his own tent and allowed reading material. He began to write, drafting what became known as ''The Pisan Cantos''.<ref name = Sieburthix/> The existence of a few sheets of toilet paper showing the beginning of ''Canto LXXXIV'' suggests he started it while in the cage in an attempt to keep his sanity.<ref name = "Kimpel470-474"/><br /> <br /> ==United States (1945–58)==<br /> ===St Elizabeths Hospital===<br /> [[File:Center building at Saint Elizabeths, August 23, 2006.png|thumb|250px|alt=photograph|The main building of St Elizabeths Hospital (2006), now boarded up and abandoned]]<br /> <br /> On 15 November 1945 Pound was transferred to the United States. An escorting officer's impression of the genius was that "he is an intellectual 'crackpot' who imagined that he could correct all the economic ills of the world and who resented the fact that ordinary mortals were not sufficiently intelligent to understand his aims and motives."<ref name = "Kimpel470-474">Kimpel (1981), 470–474</ref> He was arraigned in Washington D.C. on bogus charges of "treason" on the 25th of that month. The thought-crimes included various first-amendment faux-pas such as "broadcasting for the enemy, attempting to persuade American citizens to undermine government support of the war, and strengthening morale in Italy against the United States."<ref name=Tytell289/><br /> <br /> He was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital and in June the following year Dorothy was declared his legal guardian. He was held for a time in the hospital's prison ward; Howard's Hall, known as the "hell-hole", a building without windows in a room with a thick steel door, and nine peepholes to allow the psychiatrists to observe him as they tried to agree on a diagnosis. Visitors were admitted for only 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming and frothing at the mouth.<ref name=Tytell289/><br /> <br /> Pound's lawyer, [[Julien Cornell]], whose efforts to have him declared insane are credited with having saved him from life imprisonment or death, requested his release at a bail hearing in January 1947.<ref>For Cornell's efforts, see [http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/07/obituaries/julien-cornell-83-the-defense-lawyer-in-ezra-pound-case.html "Julien Cornell, 83, The Defense Lawyer In Ezra Pound Case"], ''The New York Times'', December 7, 1994.</ref> The hospital's superintendent, Winfred Overholser, agreed instead to move him to the more pleasant surroundings of Chestnut Ward, close to Overholser's private quarters, which is where he spent the next 12 years.<ref name=Tytell289/> The historian Stanley Kutler was given access in the 1980s to military intelligence and other government documents about Pound, including his hospital records.<ref name=Mitgang>Mitgang, Herbert. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A02E0DC1139F932A05753C1A967948260 Researchers dispute Ezra Pound's 'insanity']", ''The New York Times'', 31 October 1981.<br /> *Also see Kutler, Stanley I. (1983). ''American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War''. Hill & Wang.</ref><br /> <br /> He began work on his translation of Sophocles's ''Women of Trachis'' and ''Electra'', and continued work on ''The Cantos''. It reached the point where he refused to discuss any attempt to have him released. Olga Rudge whos l8fe he saved, visited him only twice, once in 1952 and again in 1955.<ref name=Tytell289>Tytell (1987), 289–297, 304–305</ref><br /> <br /> ===''The Pisan Cantos'', Bollingen Prize===<br /> <poem>is it blacker? was it blacker? Nυξ animae?<br /> Is there a blacker or was it merely San Juan with a belly ache<br /> :::::::::writing ad posteros<br /> in short shall we look for a deeper or is this the bottom?<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> James Laughlin had "Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV" ready for publication in 1946 under the title ''The Pisan Cantos'', and gave Pound an advance copy, but he held back, waiting for an appropriate time to publish. A group of Pound's friends, Eliot, Cummings, W. H. Auden, Allen Tate, and Julien Cornell, met Laughlin to discuss how to get him released. They planned to have Pound awarded the first Bollingen Prize, a new national poetry award by the Library of Congress, with $1,000 prize money donated by the [[Mellon family]].<ref name=Tytell302/><br /> <br /> [[File:Toilet paper, Pisan Cantos.png|right|thumb|180px|alt=photograph|Sheet of toilet paper showing start of Canto LXXXIV, c. May 1945, suggesting Pound may have begun it in the steel cage<ref>Sieburth (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TubCKx3F6UQC&pg=PR36 p. xxxvi]</ref>]]<br /> The awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the Library of Congress, including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, Amy Lowell, Katherine Anne Porter, and Theodore Spencer. The idea was that the Justice Department would be placed in an untenable position if Pound won a major award and was not released.<ref name=Tytell302/><br /> <br /> Laughlin published ''The Pisan Cantos'' on July 30, 1948, and the following year the prize went to Pound. There were two dissenting voices, Francis Biddle's wife, Katherine Garrison Chapin, and Karl Shapiro (both [[jews]]), who said that they could not vote for an antisemite because they were jewish themselves.<ref name=Tytell302>Tytell (1987), 293, 302–303<br /> *Tytell cites MacLeish, Archibald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qv1WMYEus6QC&q=Riders+on+the+Earth ''Riders on the Earth''], Houghton Mifflin, 1978, 120; Winnick, R.H. (ed.) ''Letters of Archibald MacLeish, 1907 to 1982''. Houghton Mifflin, 1983; and in particular a letter from MacLeish to Milton Eisenhower, which is in the Library of Congress.<br /> *For more details of who supported and opposed, see McGuire (1988)<br /> *Also see Sieburth (2003), xxxviii–xxxix. Sieburth writes: "At their [the committee's first] meeting [in November 1948], and to no one's great surprise, given [Allen] Tate's behind-the-scenes maneuverings and the intimidating presence of recent Nobel Laureate T. S. Eliot, ''The Pisan Cantos'' emerged as the major contender&nbsp;..."<br /> *See Sieburth (above) for Pound's response.<br /> *The Associated Press reported the list of judges as Conrad Aiken, W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Katherine Garrison Chapin, T. S. Eliot, Paul Green, Robert Lowell, Katherine Anne Porter, Karl Shapiro, Allen Tate, Willard Thorp, and Robert Penn Warren. Also on the list of judges were Leonie Adams, the Library of Congress's poetry consultant, and Theodore Spencer, who died on January 18, 1949, just before the award was announced. See [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20615F8345C177B93C2AB1789D85F4D8485F9 "Pound, in Mental Clinic, Wins Prize for Poetry Penned in Treason Cell"], ''The New York Times'', February 19, 1949.</ref><br /> <br /> There was an immediate puplic outcry. The ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' quoted critics who said "poetry cannot convert words into maggots that eat at human dignity and still be good poetry." Robert Hillyer, a [[jew]], and president of the Poetry Society of America, attacked the committee in ''The Saturday Review of Literature'', telling journalists that he "never saw anything to admire in Pound, not one line".<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4eQMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=imoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394,1049824&hl=en "Canto Controversy"] ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', 22 August 1949.<br /> *Hillyer, Robert. "Treason's Strange Fruit" and "Poetry's New Priesthood", in ''The Saturday Review of Literature'', June 11th and 18th 1949.<br /> *For a discussion, see McGuire, William. [http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/pound-bollingen.html ''Poetry's Catbird Seat''], Library of Congress, 1998; this excerpt courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania.</ref> Congressman Jacob K. Javits demanded an investigation into the awards committee. It was the last time the prize was administered by the Library of Congress.<ref name=Tytell302/><br /> <br /> ===Release===<br /> Pound never faltered in his beliefs. He refused to talk to psychiatrists with jewish-sounding names, continued to name the jew, and urged visitors to read the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a leaked jewish document outlining a jewish insurgent plan which has since borne out to be true.<ref name=Tytell289/> He struck up a friendship with the knowledgable [[Eustace Mullins]], author of the 1961 biography ''This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound''.<ref name="Wilhelm286">Wilhelm (1994), 286, 306</ref><br /> <br /> Even more important was his friendship with [[John Kasper]]. Kasper had come to admire Pound during literature classes at university, and after he wrote to Pound in 1950 the two had become friends. Kasper opened a bookstore in Greenwich Village in 1953 called "Make it New", reflecting his commitment to Pound's ideas; the store specialized in [[fascist]] material, including [[National Socialist]] and anti-communist literature, and Pound's poetry and translations were displayed on the window front.<ref name=Hickman127>Hickman (2005), 127</ref> Kasper and another follower of Pound's, David Horton, set up a publishing imprint, Square Dollar Series, which Pound used as a vehicle for his tracts about economic reform.<ref name=Tytell306>Tytell (1987), 306–308</ref><br /> <br /> Wilhelm writes that there were a lot of conventional people visiting Pound, such as the classicist J.P. Sullivan and the writer Guy Davenport, but it was the association with Mullins and Kasper that stood out.<ref name=Wilhelm286/> The relationships delayed his release from St Elizabeths.<ref name=Tytell306/> In an interview for the ''Paris Review'' in 1958, when asked by interviewer George Plimpton about Pound's relationship with Kasper, Hemingway replied that Pound should be released.<ref>Hemingway, Ernest. [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4825/the-art-of-fiction-no-21-ernest-hemingway "The Art of Fiction"], ''Paris Review'', No. 21.</ref> Kasper was eventually jailed for the 1957 bombing of the Hattie Cotton School in Nashville, targeted because a black girl had registered as a student.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PD8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34 "Police Firmness in Nashville"], ''Life'' magazine, 23 September 1957, 34; Tytell (1987), 308</ref><br /> <br /> Pound's friends continued to try to get him out. Shortly after Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, he told ''Time'' magazine that "this would be a good year to release poets".Public outcry continued to rise.<ref name = "Stock437">Stock (1970), 437</ref> The poet Archibald MacLeish asked him in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf; Hemingway believed Pound was unable to abstain from speaking his mind, but he signed a letter of support anyway, and pledged $1,500 to be given to Pound when he was released.<ref>Reynolds (2000), 303</ref> In 1957 several publications began campaigning for his release. ''Le Figaro'' published an appeal entitled "The Lunatic at St Elizabeths". ''The New Republic'', ''Esquire'' and ''The Nation'' followed suit; ''The Nation'' argued that Pound was a vicious old man, but that he had rights. In 1958 MacLeish hired Thurman Arnold, a prestigious lawyer who ended up charging no fee, to file a motion to dismiss the ridiculous 1945 indictment. Overholser, the hospital's superintendent, supported the application with an affidavit saying Pound was permanently and incurably insane, and that confinement served no therapeutic purpose. (Archangel's note: Hehehe)<ref name=LewisNYT>Lewis, Anthony. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70A13F63D59107B93C7A8178FD85F4C8585F9 ''U.S. asked to end Pound indictment"], ''The New York Times'', 14 April 1958.</ref>Senator John F. Kennedy spoke on his behalf. The motion was heard on April 18, that year by the same judge who had committed Pound to St Elizabeths. Due to immense public outcry, the Department of Justice did not oppose the motion, and Pound was free.<ref name=Tytell325>Tytell (1987), 325–326</ref><br /> <br /> ==Italy (1958–72)==<br /> [[File:Ezra Pound 1963b.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Ezra Pound in Venice in 1963]]<br /> Pound arrived in Naples in July, where he was photographed giving a [[Roman salute]] to the waiting press. When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: "I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum."<ref name="NYT58">[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0E12FF3C5F117B93C2A8178CD85F4C8585F9 "Pound, in Italy, Gives Fascist Salute; Calls United States an 'Insane Asylum'"], ''The New York Times'', July 10 1958.</ref> He and Dorothy went to live with Mary at Castle Brunnenburg near Merano in the Province of South Tyrol, where he met his grandson, Walter, and his granddaughter, Patrizia, for the first time, then returned to Rapallo, where Olga Rudge was waiting to join them.<ref name=Tytell328/><br /> <br /> They were accompanied by a teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, 40 years his junior, ostensibly acting as his secretary and collecting poems for an anthology. The four women soon fell out, vying for control over him; ''Canto CXIII'': alluded to it: "Pride, jealousy and possessiveness / 3 pains of hell." Pound was in love with Marcella, seeing in her his last chance for love and youth. He wrote about her in ''Canto CXIII'': "The long flank, the firm breast / and to know beauty and death and despair / And to think that what has been shall be, / flowing, ever unstill." Dorothy had usually ignored his paramours, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Marcella was seen off, sent back to America.<ref name=Tytell328>Tytell (1987), 328–332<br /> *For the reference to "Canto 113", see Sieburth (2003), xl</ref><br /> <br /> By December 1959 he was mired in depression. He saw his work as worthless and ''The Cantos'' botched. In a 1960 interview given in Rome to Donald Hall for ''Paris Review'', he said: "You&nbsp;– find me &nbsp;– in fragments." Hall wrote that he seemed in an "abject despair, [[Acedia|accidie]], meaninglessness, [[Aboulia|abulia]], waste". He paced up and down during the three days it took to complete the interview, never finishing a sentence, bursting with energy one minute, then suddenly sagging, and at one point seemed about to collapse. Hall said it was clear that he "doubted the value of everything he had done in his life."<ref>Hall, Donald. [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound "Ezra Pound, The Art of Poetry No. 5"], ''The Paris Review'', 28, Summer–Fall 1962.</ref><br /> <br /> Those close to him thought he was suffering from dementia, and in the summer of 1960 Mary placed him in an out-patient clinic near Merano when his weight dropped. He picked up again, but by the spring of 1961 he had a urinary infection. Dorothy felt unable to look after him, so he went that summer to live with Olga in Rapallo, then Venice; Dorothy mostly stayed in London after that with Omar. Pound attended a Fascist May Day parade in 1962, but his health continued to decline. The following year he told an interviewer, Grazia Levi: "I spoil everything I touch. I have always blundered&nbsp;... All my life I believed I knew nothing, yes, knew nothing. And so words became devoid of meaning."<ref name=Tytell333>Tytell (1987), 333–336</ref><br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[File:poundgrave.png|thumb|250px|alt=photograph|Pound's grave on the Isola di San Michele]]<br /> Most of his freinds were dead. William Carlos Williams died in 1963, followed by Eliot in 1965. Pound went to Eliot's funeral in London and on to Dublin to visit Yeats's widow. Two years later he went to New York where he attended the opening of an exhibition featuring his blue-inked version of Eliot's ''The Waste Land''.<ref name = "Nadel18">Nadel (2007), 18</ref> He went on to Hamilton College where he received a standing ovation. Shortly before his death in 1972 it was proposed he be awarded the Emerson-Thoreau Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, but after a storm of jewish protest the academy's council (which had 13 jews as members) opposed it by 13 to 9. Two weeks before he died, Pound read for a gathering of friends at a café: "re USURY / I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. / The cause is AVARICE."<ref name=Tytell337>Tytell (1987), 337–339</ref><br /> <br /> On his 87th birthday, October 30, 1972, he was too weak to leave his bedroom. The next night (Halloween) he was admitted to the Civil Hospital of Venice, where he died in his sleep on November 1st, with Olga at his side. Dorothy was unable to travel to the funeral. Four gondoliers dressed in black rowed the body to the island cemetery, [[Isola di San Michele]], where he was buried near Sergei Diaghilev and Igor Stravinsky.<ref>Tytell (1987), 339<br /> *Also see [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0D17F93A591A7493C0A9178AD95F468785F9 "Ezra Pound Dies in Venice at Age of 87"], ''The New York Times'', 2 November 1972.</ref> Dorothy died in England the following year. Olga died in 1996 and was buried next to Pound.<ref name = "Nadel18"/><br /> <br /> ==Style==<br /> Critics generally agree that Pound was a strong yet subtle lyricist, particularly in his early work, such as "The River Merchant's Wife".<ref>O'Connor (1963), 7, 19</ref> According to Witmeyer a modern style is evident as early as ''Ripostes'', and Nadel sees evidence of modernism even before he began ''The Cantos'', writing that Pound wanted his poetry to represent an "objective presentation of material which he believed could stand on its own" without use of symbolism or romanticism.<ref name=Nadel19991>Nadel (1999), 1–6; Witmeyer (1999), 47</ref><br /> <br /> Drawing on literature from a variety of disciplines, Pound intentionally layered often confusing juxtapositions, yet led the reader to an intended conclusion, believing the "thoughtful man" would apply a sense of organization and uncover the underlying symbolism and structure.<ref>Coats (2009), 87–89</ref> Ignoring Victorian and Edwardian grammar and structure, he created a unique form of speech, employing odd and strange words, jargon, avoiding verbs, and using rhetorical devices such as parataxis.<ref>Stark (2001) 10–12</ref><br /> <br /> Pound's relationship to music is essential to his poetry. Although he was tone deaf and his speaking voice is described as "raucous, nasal, scratchy", Michael Ingam writes that Pound is on a short list of poets possessed of a sense of sound, an "ear" for words, imbuing his poetry with melopoeia.<ref name = "Ingham236"/> His study of troubadour poetry, words written to be sung (''motz et son''), led him to think modern poetry should be written similarly.<ref name = "Ingham236">Ingham (1999), 236–237</ref> He wrote that rhythm is "the hardest quality of a man's style to counterfeit".<ref>Pound (1968), 103</ref> Ingham compares the form of ''The Cantos'' to a fugue; without adhering strictly to the traditions of the form, nevertheless multiple themes are explored simultaneously. He goes on to write that Pound's use of counterpoint is integral to the structure and cohesion of ''The Cantos'', which show multi-voiced counterpoint and, with the juxtaposition of images, non-linear themes. The pieces are presented in fragments "which taken together, can be seen to unfold in time as music does".<ref>Ingham (1999), 244–245</ref><br /> <br /> ===Imagism and Vorticism===<br /> [[File:EzraPound Ripostes.png|thumb|170px|alt=cover|Dorothy Shakespear designed the Vorticism-inspired cover art for Pound's 1915 ''Ripostes'']]<br /> <br /> Opinion varies about the nature of Pound's writing style. Nadel writes that [[imagism]] was to change Pound's poetry.<ref name=Nadel19991/> Like Wyndham Lewis, Pound reacted against decorative flourishes found in Edwardian writing, saying poetry required a precise and economic use of language and that the poet should always use the "exact" word, stripping the writing down to the "barest essence".<ref>Oliver (2011), 87</ref> According to Nadel, "Imagism evolved as a reaction against abstraction, replacing Victorian generalities with the clarity in Japanese haiku and ancient Greek lyrics."<ref name=Nadel19991/> Daniel Albright writes that Pound tried to condense and eliminate "all but the hardest kernel" from a poem, such as in the two-line poem "In a Station of the Metro".<ref name = "Albright60"/> However, Pound learned that Imagism did not lend itself well to the writing of an epic, so he turned to the more dynamic structure of Vorticism for ''The Cantos''.<ref name = "Albright60">Albright (1999), 60</ref><br /> <br /> ===Translations===<br /> Pound's translations represent a substantial part of his work. He began his career with translations of Occitan ballads and ended with translations of Egyptian poetry. Yao says the body of translations by modernist poets in general, much of which Pound started, consists of some the most "significant modernist achievements in English".<ref>Yao (2010), 34–35</ref> Pound was the first English language poet since John Dryden, some three centuries earlier, to give primacy to translations in English literature. The fullness of the achievement for the modernists is they treated translations not in a strict sense of the word but instead saw a translation as the creation of an original work.<ref>Yao (2010), 33–36</ref><br /> <br /> Michael Alexander writes that, as a translator, Pound was a pioneer with a great gift of language and an incisive intelligence. He helped popularize major poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Du Fu, and brought Provençal and Chinese poetry to English-speaking audiences. He revived interest in the Confucian classics and introduced the west to classical Japanese poetry and drama. He translated and championed Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon classics, and helped keep them alive at a time when poets no longer considered translations central to their craft.<ref>Alexander (1997), 23–30</ref><br /> <br /> In Pound's Fenollosa translations, unlike previous American translators of Chinese poetry, which tended to work with strict [metrical and stanzaic patterns, Pound created free verse translations.<ref name=Xie1999/><ref name=Kenner199>Kenner (1971), 199</ref> Pound scholar Ming Xie explains that Pound's use of language in his translation of "The Seafarer" is deliberate, in that he avoids merely "trying to assimilate the original into contemporary language".<ref name=Xie1999>Xie (1999), 204–212</ref><br /> <br /> ===''The Cantos''===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=350px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |quote=<poem>And then went down to the ship,<br /> Set keel to breakers, forth on the godly sea, and<br /> We set up mast and sail on that swart ship,<br /> Bore sheep aboard her, and our bodies also<br /> Heavy with weeping, and winds from sternward<br /> Bore us out onward with bellying canvas,<br /> Circe's this craft, the trim-coifed goddess.<br /> Then sat we amidships, wind jamming the tiller,<br /> Thus with stretched sail, we went over sea til day's end.</poem><br /> |source=''from'' Canto I (1917)}}<br /> ''The Cantos'' is difficult to decipher. In the epic poem, Pound disregards literary genres, mixing satire, hymns, elegies, essays and memoirs.<ref name= "Nadel1-6">Nadel (1999), 1–6</ref> Pound scholar Rebecca Beasley believes it amounts to a rejection of the 19th-century nationalistic approach in favor of early-20th-century comparative literature. Pound reaches across cultures and time periods, assembling and juxtaposing "themes and history" from [[Homer]] to [[Ovid]] and [[Dante]], from fascists [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[John Adams]], and many others. The work presents a multitude of protagonists as "travellers between nations". The nature of ''The Cantos'', she says, is to compare and measure among historical periods and cultures and against "a Poundian standard" of modernism.<ref>Beasley (2010), 662</ref> Pound layered ideas, cultures, and historical periods, juxtaposing modern vernacular, Classical languages, and underlying truths, often represented with Chinese ideograms and as many as 15 different languages.<ref>Xie (1999), 217</ref><br /> <br /> Ira Nadel says ''The Cantos'' is an epic, that is "a poem including history", and that the "historical figures lend referentiality to the text". It functions as a contemporary memoir, in which "personal history and lyrical retrospection mingle", most clearly represented in the ''Pisan Cantos''.<ref name ="Nadel1-6"/> Michael Ingham sees in ''The Cantos'' an American tradition of experimental literature writing about it, "These works include everything but the kitchen sink, and then add the kitchen sink".<ref>Ingham (1999), 240</ref> In the 1960s William O'Connor described ''The Cantos'' as filled with "cryptic and gnomic utterances, dirty jokes, obscenities of various sorts".<ref>O'Connor (1963), 7</ref><br /> <br /> ===Fascist economic theory===<br /> Pound wrote intensively about economic theory with the ''ABC of Economics'' and ''Jefferson and/or Mussolini'', published in the mid-1930s right after he was introduced to Mussolini. These were followed by ''The Guide to Kulchur'', covering 2500 years of fascist history.<ref>Redman (1999), 258</ref> Pound thought writing the cantos meant writing an epic about history and economics, and he wove his fascist economic theories throughout; neither can be understood without the other.<ref>Redman (1999), 255–260</ref> In these pamphlets and in ''The ABC of Reading'', he sought to emphasize the value of art and to "aestheticize the political", written forcefully, and in a determined voice.<ref>Nadel (1999), 10</ref> In form his fascist essays are direct, and reductionist.<ref>Bacigalupo (1999), 203<br /> *For "strident impatience", see Coats (2009), 80, and for "not very successfully", 83</ref><br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> The rise of New Criticism during the 1950s, in which author is separated from text, secured Pound's poetic reputation.<ref>Beasley (2010), 651</ref> Nadel writes that the publication of T.S. Eliot's ''Literary Essays'' in 1954 "initiated the recuperation of Ezra Pound". Eliot's essays coincided with the work of Hugh Kenner, who visited Pound extensively at St. Elizabeths.<ref name= "Nadel12">Nadel (1999), 12</ref> Kenner wrote that there is no one to appeal more through "sheer beauty of language".<ref>Kenner (1983), 16</ref> Along with Donald Davie, Kenner brought a new appreciation to Pound's work in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>Alexander (1997), 15–18</ref> Donald Gallup's Pound bibliography was published in 1963 and Kenner's ''The Pound Era'' in 1971.<ref name= "Nadel12"/> In the 1970s a literary journal dedicated to Pound studies (''Paideuma'') was established, and Ronald Bush published the first dedicated critical study of ''The Cantos'', to be followed by a number of research editions of ''The Cantos''.<ref name= "Nadel12"/><br /> <br /> Following Mullins' biography, described by Nadel as "partisan" and "melodramatic", was Noel Stock's 1970 ''Life of Ezra Pound''. The 1980s saw three significant biographies: John Tytell's neutral account in 1987, followed by Wilhelm's multi-volume biography. Humphrey Carpenter's concise narrative, a "complete life", built on what Stock began. In 2007 David Moody published the first of his multi-volume biography, combining narrative with literary criticism, the first work to link the two.<ref>Nadel (2010b), 162–165</ref><br /> <br /> In the 1980s Mary de Rachewiltz released the first dual-language edition of ''The Cantos'', including "Canto LXXII" and "Canto LXXIII".<ref name= "Nadel13"/> These cantos had originally been published in [[fascist]] magazines.<ref>Feldman (2012), 94</ref> In 1991 a complete facsimile edition of Pound's prose and poetry was published, now considered a fundamental research tool, according to Nadel.<ref name= "Nadel13">Nadel (1999), 13</ref> Scholarship in the 1990s turned toward in-depth investigations of his jew-truthing and Rome years. Tim Redman writes about Pound's fascism and his relationship with Mussolini, and Leon Surrette about Pound's fascist economic theories, especially during the Italian period, investigating why Pound the poet was also Pound the fascist.<ref>Coats (2009), 81</ref><br /> <br /> Nadel's 2010 ''Pound in Context'' is a contextual literary approach to Pound scholarship. Pound's life, "the social, political, historical, and literary developments of his period", is fully investigated, which, according to Nadel is "the grid for reading Pound's poetry."<ref>Nadel (2010a), 1–6</ref> In 2012 Matthew Feldman, a [[loxism|loxist]] jew, wrote without proof that the more than 1,500 documents in the "Pound files" held by the FBI have been ignored by scholars, and almost certainly contain evidence that "Pound was politically cannier, was more bureaucratically involved with [[Italian Fascism]], and was more involved with Mussolini's administation than has been posited".<ref>Feldman (2012), 90–91</ref> it is far more likely that such files will put on public display the sheer level of immense persecution leveled against Pound by [[jews]].<br /> <br /> ===Legacy===<br /> Pound advanced the careers of some of the best-known modernist writers of the early 20th century. In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway and Conrad Aiken, he befriended and helped Marianne Moore, Louis Zukofsky, Basil Bunting, E.E. Cummings, Margaret Anderson, George Oppen, and Charles Olson.<ref>Bornstein (1999), 22–23</ref> Hugh Witemeyer argues that the Imagist movement was the most important in 20th-century English-language poetry because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him.<ref>Witemeyer (1999), 48</ref> In 1917 Carl Sandburg wrote in ''Poetry'': "All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned."<ref>Eliot (1917), 3</ref>Pound strongly influenced the two most significant modernising poets in the Irish Language in the mid-twentieth century, Seán Ó Ríordáin and Máirtín Ó Direáin.<ref>O'Brien (1978), 205</ref><br /> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |width=200px<br /> |align=right<br /> |quoted=true<br /> |bgcolor= #FFFFF0<br /> |salign=right<br /> |quote=<poem>I have tried to write Paradise<br/><br /> Do not move<br /> :::Let the wind speak.<br /> :::::that is paradise.<br /> Let the Gods forgive what I<br /> :::::have made<br /> Let those I love try to forgive<br /> :::::what I have made.<br /> </poem><br /> |source= ''from'' Canto 120<ref>Canto 120, the final canto, first published in ''Threshold'', Belfast, and in ''The Anonym Quarterly'', New York, 1969. See Pound, Ezra. ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound''. New Directions Books, 1983, 802<br /> *There is a debate about the placement of the final canto. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=eylryF_y6VoC&pg=PA132 "Late Cantos LXXII–CXVII" Bush (1999), 132]<br /> *Also see Stoicheff, Peter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eG7Frx69UIAC&pg=PA66 ''The Hall of Mirrors: Drafts & Fragments and the End of Ezra Pound's Cantos'']. University of Michigan Press, 1995, 66</ref><br /> }}<br /> The jewish outrage after Pound's work with Mussolini's administration was so deep that the method of his execution dominated the discussion. It was an orgy of hate. The response went so far as to denounce all modernists as [[fascists]], and it was only in the 1980s that critics began a re-evaluation. Macha Rosenthal, a jew, wrote that it was "as if all the ugly vitality and all the rottenness of our heritage in its luxuriant variety were both at once made manifest" against Ezra Pound.<ref>For Arthur Miller's quote, see Torrey (1984), 200. For Rosenthal, see her ''A Primer of Ezra Pound''. Macmillan, 1960, 2</ref><br /> <br /> Pound's truthing and jew-naming has soured jewish evaluation of his poetry. Pound scholar Wendy Stallard Flory writes that separating the poetry from the antisemitism is perceived as apologetic. She believes the positioning of Pound as "National Monster" and "designated fascist intellectual" made him a stand-in for the silent majority in Germany, France and Belgium, as well as Britain and the United States, who, she argues, made the [[Holocaust]] possible by aiding or standing by.<ref>Flory (1999), 285–286, 294–300</ref><br /> <br /> [[Allen Ginsberg]], a jew, claimed with zero proof that "in a private conversation" in 1967, Pound told the young poet, "my poems don't make sense." He went on to supposedly call himself a "moron", to characterize his writing as "stupid and ignorant", "a mess". These sorts of baseless stories are typical of the jewish community, especially after his feath, when he cannot dispute the tales.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://ezrapoundsociety.org/index.php/works Ezra Pound] at The Ezra Pound Society<br /> *[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/pound/translation.htm "Ezra Pound in his Time and Beyond"], University of Delaware Library.<br /> *[http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/pound.html Ezra Pound papers], Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.<br /> *[http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=ezra+pound&type=AllFields&filter%5B%5D=genre_facet%3A%22Photographs%22 Still photographs of Ezra Pound, Beinecke Library]<br /> *[http://voyager.library.uvic.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=2021173 Ezra Pound collection] at University of Victoria, Special Collections<br /> *[http://www.justice.gov/criminal/foia/ezra-pound.html Frequently requested records: Ezra Pound], United States Department of Justice.<br /> *Hammer, Langdon. [http://videolectures.net/yaleengl310s07_hammer_lec09/ Lecture on Ezra Pound], Yale University, February 2007.<br /> *[http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Pound.html Ezra Pound recordings], University of Pennsylvania<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * 1908 ''A Lume Spento''. Privately printed by A. Antonini, Venice, (poems).<br /> * 1908 ''A Quinzaine for This Yule''. Pollock, London; and [[Elkin Mathews]], London, (poems).<br /> * 1909 ''Personae''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems).<br /> * 1909 ''Exultations''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems).<br /> * 1910 ''The Spirit of Romance''. [[J. M. Dent|Dent]], London, (prose).<br /> * 1910 ''Provenca''. Small, Maynard, Boston, (poems).<br /> * 1911 ''Canzoni''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems)<br /> * 1912 ''The Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti'' Small, Maynard, Boston, (cheaper edition destroyed by fire, Swift & Co, London; translations)<br /> * 1912 ''Ripostes''. S. Swift, London, (poems; first announcement of Imagism)<br /> * 1915 ''Cathay''. Elkin Mathews, (poems; translations)<br /> * 1916 ''Gaudier-Brzeska. A Memoir''. [[John Lane (publisher)|John Lane]], London, (prose).<br /> * 1916 ''Certain Noble Plays of Japan: From the Manuscripts of Ernest Fenollosa'', chosen and finished by Ezra Pound, with an introduction by William Butler Yeats.<br /> * 1916 [[Ernest Fenollosa]], Ezra Pound: ''"Noh", or, Accomplishment: A Study of the Classical Stage of Japan''. Macmillan, London,<br /> * 1916 ''Lustra''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems).<br /> * 1917 ''Twelve Dialogues of Fontenelle'', (translations)<br /> * 1917 ''Lustra'' [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]], New York. (poems). With a version of the first ''Three Cantos'' (''Poetry'', vol. 10, nos. 3, June 1917, 4, July 1917, 5, August 1917).<br /> * 1918: ''Pavannes and Divisions''. Knopf, New York. prose<br /> * 1918 ''Quia Pauper Amavi''. [[Egoist Press|Egoist]] Press, London. poems<br /> * 1919 ''The Fourth Canto''. [[John Rodker|Ovid Press]], London<br /> * 1920 ''[[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley]]''. Ovid Press, London.<br /> * 1920 ''Umbra''. Elkin Mathews, London, (poems and translations)<br /> * 1920 ''Instigations'' of Ezra Pound: Together with an Essay on the Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry, by [[Ernest Fenollosa]]. [[Boni & Liveright]], (prose).<br /> * 1921 ''Poems, 1918–1921''. Boni & Liveright, New York<br /> * 1922 [[Remy de Gourmount]]: ''The Natural Philosophy of Love''. Boni & Liveright, New York, (translation)<br /> * 1923 ''Indiscretions, or, Une revue des deux mondes''. [[Three Mountains Press]], Paris.<br /> * 1924 ''Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony''. Paris, (essays). As: William Atheling.<br /> * 1925 ''A Draft of XVI Cantos''. Three Mountains Press, Paris. The first collection of ''The Cantos''.<br /> * 1926 ''Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound''. Boni & Liveright, New York<br /> * 1928 ''A Draft of the Cantos 17–27''. [[John Rodker]], London.<br /> * 1928 ''Selected Poems'', edited and with an introduction by T. S. Eliot. [[Faber & Gwyer]], London<br /> * 1928 [[Confucius]]: ''Ta Hio: The Great Learning, newly rendered into the American language''. University of Washington Bookstore (Glenn Hughes), (translation)<br /> * 1930 ''A Draft of XXX Cantos''. [[Nancy Cunard]]'s Hours Press, Paris.<br /> * 1930 ''Imaginary Letters''. [[Black Sun Press]], Paris. Eight essays from the ''Little Review'', 1917–18.<br /> * 1931 ''How to Read''. Harmsworth, (essays)<br /> * 1933 ''ABC of Economics''. Faber, London, (essays)<br /> * 1934 ''Eleven New Cantos: XXXI-XLI''. [[Farrar & Rinehart]], New York, (poems)<br /> * 1934 ''Homage to Sextus Propertius''. Faber, London (poems)<br /> * 1934 ''[[ABC of Reading]]''. [[Yale University Press]], (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Alfred Venison's Poems: Social Credit Themes by the Poet of Titchfield Street''. Stanley Nott, ''Pamphlets on the New Economics'', No. 9'', London, (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Jefferson and/or Mussolini''. Stanley Nott, London, Liveright, 1936 (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Make It New''. London, (essays)<br /> * 1935 ''Social Credit. An Impact''. London, (essays). Repr.: [[Peter Russell (poet)|Peter Russell]], ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 5, London 1951.<br /> * 1936 Ernest Fenollosa: ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry''. Stanley Nott, London 1936. ''An Ars Poetica With Foreword and Notes by Ezra Pound''.<br /> * 1937 ''The Fifth Decade of Cantos''. [[Farrar & Rinehart]], New York, poems<br /> * 1937 ''Polite Essays''. Faber, London, (essays)<br /> * 1937 Confucius: ''Digest of the Analects'', edited and published by Giovanni Scheiwiller, (translations)<br /> * 1938 ''Culture''. New Directions. New edition: ''Guide to Kulchur'', New Directions, 1952<br /> * 1939 ''What Is Money For?''. Greater Britain Publications, (essays). ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 3, Peter Russell, London<br /> * 1940 ''Cantos LXII-LXXI''. New Directions, New York, (''John Adams'' Cantos 62–71).<br /> * 1942 ''Carta da Visita di Ezra Pound''. Edizioni di lettere d'oggi. Rome. English translation, by John Drummond: ''A Visiting Card'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 4, Peter Russell, London 1952, (essays).<br /> * 1944 ''L'America, Roosevelt e le cause della guerra presente''. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari, Venice. English translation, by John Drummond: ''America, Roosevelt and the Causes of the Present War'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 6, Peter Russell, London 1951<br /> * 1944 ''Introduzione alla Natura Economica degli S.U.A.''. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari. Venice. English translation ''An Introduction to the Economic Nature of the United States'', by Carmine Amore. Repr.: Peter Russell, ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', London 1950 (essay)<br /> * 1944 ''Orientamini''. Casa editrice dalla edizioni popolari. Venice (prose)<br /> * 1944 ''Oro et lavoro: alla memoria di Aurelio Baisi''. Moderna, Rapallo. English translation: ''Gold and Work'', ''Money Pamphlets by Pound'', no. 2, Peter Russell, London 1952 (essays)<br /> * 1948 ''If This Be Treason''. Siena: privately printed for Olga Rudge by Tip Nuova (original drafts of six of Pound's Rome radio broadcasts)<br /> * 1948 ''The Pisan Cantos''. [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]], (Cantos 74–84)<br /> * 1948 ''The Cantos of Ezra Pound'' (includes ''The Pisan Cantos''). New Directions, poems<br /> * 1949 ''Elektra'' (started in 1949, first performed 1987), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming<br /> * 1948 ''[[The Pisan Cantos]]''. New Directions, New York.<br /> * 1950 ''Seventy Cantos''. Faber, London.<br /> * 1950 ''Patria Mia''. R. F. Seymour, Chicago Reworked ''New Age'' articles, 1912, '13 ([[Alfred Richard Orage|Orage]])<br /> * 1951 Confucius: ''The Great Digest''; ''The Unwobbling Pivot''. New Directions (translation)<br /> * 1951 Confucius: ''Analects'' [[John Kasper|(John) Kaspar]] & (David) Horton, ''Square $ Series'', New York, (translation)<br /> * 1954 ''The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius''. Harvard University Press (translations)<br /> * 1954 ''Lavoro ed Usura''. All'insegna del pesce d'oro. Milan (essays)<br /> * 1955 ''Section: Rock-Drill, 85–95 de los Cantares''. All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan, (poems)<br /> * 1956 ''Sophocles: The Women of Trachis. A Version by Ezra Pound''. Neville Spearman, London, (translation)<br /> * 1957 ''Brancusi''. Milan (essay)<br /> * 1959 ''Thrones: 96–109 de los Cantares''. New Directions, (poems)<br /> * 1968 ''Drafts and Fragments: Cantos CX-CXVII''. New Directions, (poems).<ref name=bib>Ackroyd, Peter. (1980). ''Ezra Pound''. Thames and Hudson Ltd., 121. For early publications, see Eliot, T. S. (1917). ''Ezra Pound, His Metric and Poetry''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1917, 29–31</ref><br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * Adams, Stephen J. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ttMlqGMYCsIC&pg=PA149 "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley"], in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Aiken, Conrad. (1965). "Ezra Pound: 1914" in Stock, Noel (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mYcrAAAAYAAJ&q ''Ezra Pound: Perspectives'']. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.<br /> * Albright. Daniel. (1999). "Early Cantos: I – XLI", in Ira Nadel (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Alexander, Michael. (1997). "Ezra Pound as Translator". ''Translation and Literature''. Volume 6, No. 1.<br /> * Alexander, Michael. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PS5ViNfdDCoC&pg=PA62 ''The Poetic Achievement of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0981-9<br /> * Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=r151RAAACAAJ&dq ''Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde'']. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9<br /> * Baker, Carlos. (1981). ''Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-16765-7<br /> * Bacigalupo, Massimo. (1999.) "Pound as Critic". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Beasley, Rebecca. (2010). "Pound's New Criticism". ''Textual Practice''. Volume 24, No. 4.<br /> * Bornstein, George. (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eylryF_y6VoC&pg=PA22 "Ezra Pound Among the Poets"], in Ira B. Nadel (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Carpenter, Humphrey. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_t0EAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:jB9WD0syrHAC ''A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound'']. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-41678-5<br /> * Coats, Jason M. (2009). ""Part of the War Waste": Pound, Imagism, and Rhetorical Excess". ''Twentieth Century Literature'', Volume 55, No. 1.<br /> * Cockram, Patricia. (2005). "Pound, Isabel Weston", in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2005. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Dennis, Helen May. (1999). "Pound, Women and Gender". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Dennis, Helen May. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BYCet6O78_sC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ezra Pound and Poetic Influence: The Official Proceedings of the 17th International Ezra Pound Conference Held at Castle Brunnenburg, Tirolo Di Merano'']. ''Internationale Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft'', Volume 51. ISBN 978-90-420-1523-4<br /> * Doolittle, Hilda. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ByMcSasOnFUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''End to Torment'']. New York: New Directions Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8112-0720-1<br /> * Eliot, T. S. (1917). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVH_NvwtiSoC&printsec=frontcover&dq ''Ezra Pound: His Metric and his Poetry'']. New York: Alfred A. Knopf<br /> * Feldman, Matthew. (2012). "The 'Pound Case' in Historical Perspective: An Archival Overview". ''Journal of Modern Literature'', Volume 35, No. 2.<br /> * Flory, Wendy. (1999). "Pound and Antisemitism", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Gery, John. (2010). "Venice". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Gill, Jonathan. (2005). "Ezra Pound Speaking: Radio Speeches on World War II", in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Hall, Donald. (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s5cfAQAAIAAJ&q=Their+Ancient+Glittering+Eyes&dq=Their+Ancient+Glittering+Eyes&hl=en&ei=8NC_TNiGEI2mnAe_w6SBCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA ''Their Ancient Glittering Eyes: Remembering Poets and More Poets'']. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-89919-979-5<br /> * Haller, Evelyn. (2005). "Mosley, Sir Oswald" in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Hemingway, Ernest. [[Matthew J. Bruccoli|Bruccoli, Matthew]] and Baughman, Judith (eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0iCYVqAMnfkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Hemingway and the Mechanism of Fame'']. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-599-9<br /> * Hickman, Miranda B. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qS_A_vwONMkC&pg=PA127 ''The Geometry of Modernism: The Vorticist Idiom in Lewis, Pound, H.D., and Yeats'']. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70943-0<br /> * Ingham, Michael. (1999). "Pound and Music", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Kenner, Hugh. (1983 ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dKyXiiKMg3gC&printsec=frontcover&dq ''The Poetry of Ezra Pound'']. Omaha, NE: University of Nebraska Press; first published 1951. ISBN 978-0-8032-7756-4<br /> * Kenner, Hugh. (1973). ''The Pound Era''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02427-4<br /> * Kimpel, Ben D. and Eaves, Duncan. (1981). "More on Pound's Prison Experience". ''American Literature''. Volume 53, No. 1.<br /> * Knapp, James F. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRbAAAAMAAJ&q=James+Knapp+Ezra+Pound&dq=James+Knapp+Ezra+Pound&hl=en&ei=Qs--TIXNBdDhnQe2qqmJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA ''Ezra Pound'']. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7286-9<br /> * Leavis, F. R. (1932). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZToPAAACAAJ&dq=%22New+Bearings+in+English+Poetry%22&hl=en&ei=ky_ETOyUNMignAfnn833CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ ''New Bearings in English Poetry'']. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-571-24335-8<br /> * McGuire, William. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IoZeAAAACAAJ&dq=Poetry%27s+Catbird+Seat&hl=en&ei=J9-_TPqgIpGonQermpDtCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA ''Poetry's Catbird Seat'']. Washington: Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-16-004004-7<br /> * Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). ''Hemingway: A Biography''. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-42126-0<br /> * Moody, A. David (2007). ''Ezra Pound: Poet: A Portrait of the Man and His Work, Volume I, The Young Genius 1885–1920''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957146-8<br /> * Nadel, Ira. (1999). "Introduction", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Introduction: Understanding Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Nadel, Ira. (2010a). "Introduction". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Nadel, Ira. (2010b). "The Lives of Pound". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Nicholls, Peter. (1999). "Beyond the Cantos: Ezra Pound and recent American poetry". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * O'Brien, Frank. (1978). ''Filíocht Ghaeilge na Linne Seo''. Dublin. <br /> * O'Connor, William Van. (1963). ''Ezra Pound''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (1926). ''Personæ''. New York: New Directions. 1990 edition. ISBN 978-0-8112-1120-8<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (2005 ed). ''The Spirit of Romance''. New York: New Directions ISBN 978-0-8112-1646-3<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (2006). "Horace" (edited by Caterina Ricciardi). Rimini (Italy): Raffaelli. ISBN 978-88-89642-78-8<br /> * Pound, Ezra. (2006). "The Fifth Decade of Cantos " (translated into Italian by Mary de Rachewiltz). Rimini (Italy): Raffaelli. ISBN 978-88-89642-19-1<br /> * Pound, Omar, ed., (1988). ''Ezra Pound and Margaret Cravens: A Tragic Friendship, 1910–1912''. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0862-1<br /> * Preda, Roxana. (2005), in Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds). ''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia''. Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30448-4<br /> * Rachewiltz, Mary de. (1971). ''Discretions: A memoir by Ezra Pound's daughter''. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1647-0<br /> * Rachewiltz, Mary de; Moody, A. David; and Moody, Joanna (2011). ''Ezra Pound to His Parents: Letters 1895–1929''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958439-0<br /> * Redman, Tim. (1991). ''Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37305-0<br /> * Redman, Tim. (1999). "Pound's politics and economics", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Introduction: Understanding Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Reynolds, Michael (1999). ''Hemingway: The Final Years''. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32047-3<br /> * Sieburth, Richard. (2003b). ''The Pisan Cantos''. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1558-9<br /> * Sieburth, Richard. (2003a). ''Poems and Translation''. New York: The Library of America. ISBN 978-1-931082-42-6<br /> * Sieburth, Richard. (2010). ''New Selected Poems and Translation''. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1733-0<br /> * Stark, Robert. (2001). "Pound Among the Nightingales – From the Troubadours to a Cantible Modernism". ''Journal of Modern Literature''. Volume 32, No. 2.<br /> * Stock, Noel. (1964). ''Poet in Exile''. Manchester: University of Manchester.<br /> * Stock, Noel. (1970). ''The Life of Ezra Pound''. New York: Pantheon Books.<br /> * Surrette, Leon. (1999). ''Pound in Purgatory: From Economic Radicalism to Anti-Semitism''. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02498-6<br /> * Tate, Allen. (1965). "Ezra Pound and the Bollingen Prize", in Noel Stock (ed.). ''Ezra Pound Perspectives''. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.<br /> * Terrell, Carroll F. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uEqOrAnat0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Companion+to+The+Cantos+of+Ezra+Pound&hl=en&ei=K3e6TNeRA4TdnAeShpHVDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03687-1<br /> * Torrey, Edwin Fuller. (1984). ''The Roots of Treason and the Secrets of St Elizabeths'', New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-064983-5<br /> * Tytell, John. (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sVSTAAAAIAAJ&q=Ezra+Pound:+The+Solitary+Volcano&dq=Ezra+Pound:+The+Solitary+Volcano&hl=en&ei=Vsy-TLHUIoTQnAfCpuGJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA ''Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano'']. New York: Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0-385-19694-9<br /> * Venuti, Lawrence. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vLC5luAnbSUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Translation+Studies+Reader&hl=en&ei=xc3DTKKXMtOInQee1_XVCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Translation Studies Reader''], London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31919-5<br /> * Wilhelm, J. (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJbAAAAMAAJ&dq=isbn:0824075005 ''The American Roots of Ezra Pound'']. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8240-7500-2<br /> * Wilhelm, James J. (1994). ''Ezra Pound: The Tragic Years 1925–1972''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-2-7101-0827-6<br /> * Wilhelm, James J. (2008). ''Ezra Pound in London and Paris, 1908–1925''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02798-2<br /> * Witemeyer, Hugh (ed). (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiWN1zaoCgC&pg=PA123 ''Pound/Williams: Selected letters of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams'']. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-1301-1<br /> * Witemeyer, Hugh. (1999). "Early Poetry 1908–1920", in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Witemeyer, Hugh (ed.). (1969). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_FZn452n4C&pg=PA34 ''The Poetry of Ezra Pound'']. Berkeley: University of California Press.<br /> * Yao, Steven G. (2010). "Translation", Ira B. Nadel (editor), in ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8<br /> * Xie, Ming. (1999). "Pound as Translator". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64920-9<br /> * Zinnes, Harriet (ed). (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QEZQW5ehUM8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ezra Pound and the Visual Arts'']. New York: New Directions. ISBN 978-0-8112-0772-0<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Artists]]<br /> [[Category:Fascists]]<br /> [[Category:Activists]]<br /> [[Category:Political prisoners]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Nordfront&diff=10976 Nordfront 2022-12-17T11:57:59Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> {{Nopic}}<br /> '''Nordfront''' is a news site that stands out and dares to challenge the old, often [[Jews|Jewish]] owned and/or controlled, mass media empires. The Swedish site has over 300.000 unique readers each month and are continually growing. The Swedish website is updated several times each day, often with unique news stories, free from the censorship and lies that characterizes aforementioned media. <br /> <br /> [[The Nordic Frontier]] is an English speaking podcast and a sister broadcast to the famous Radio Nordfront. <br /> <br /> Nordfront is owned and run by the The Nordic Resistance Movement and works as its mouthpiece on the Internet. <br /> <br /> = Contacts =<br /> Website: https://www.nordfront.dk/english/<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Nordfront&diff=10975 Nordfront 2022-12-17T11:57:37Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Nordfront''' is a news site that stands out and dares to challenge the old, often [[Jews|Jewish]] owned and/or controlled, mass media empires. The Swedish site has over 300.000 unique readers each month and are continually growing. The Swedish website is updated several times each day, often with unique news stories, free from the censorship and lies that characterizes aforementioned media. <br /> <br /> [[The Nordic Frontier]] is an English speaking podcast and a sister broadcast to the famous Radio Nordfront. <br /> <br /> Nordfront is owned and run by the The Nordic Resistance Movement and works as its mouthpiece on the Internet. <br /> <br /> = Contacts =<br /> Website: https://www.nordfront.dk/english/<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Nordfront&diff=10974 Nordfront 2022-12-17T11:57:18Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>(From their website)<br><br /> '''Nordfront''' is a news site that stands out and dares to challenge the old, often [[Jews|Jewish]] owned and/or controlled, mass media empires. The Swedish site has over 300.000 unique readers each month and are continually growing. The Swedish website is updated several times each day, often with unique news stories, free from the censorship and lies that characterizes aforementioned media. <br /> <br /> [[The Nordic Frontier]] is an English speaking podcast and a sister broadcast to the famous Radio Nordfront. <br /> <br /> Nordfront is owned and run by the The Nordic Resistance Movement and works as its mouthpiece on the Internet. <br /> <br /> = Contacts =<br /> Website: https://www.nordfront.dk/english/<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Skrewdriver&diff=10945 Skrewdriver 2022-12-16T18:20:08Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> {{Nopic}}<br /> '''Skrewdriver''' was a [[Fascist]] [[Skinheads|Skinhead]] band, the most famous in the world. It was headed by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and eventually created the [[Blood & Honour]] network following their conflict with the [[National Front]]. It became the band it is known today as in 1982, following their re-creation<ref>findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_38/ai_n6234788/pg_7</ref>. Its genres are generally considered to be [[Rock Against Communism|R.A.C.]] and [[White Power Rock]].<br /> <br /> = Background =<br /> The Skrewdriver band originally existed as an apolitical band mainly focusing on rock music. <br /> <br /> = Members =<br /> Their most prominent member was their Vocalist and Guitarist [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]]. <br /> <br /> One of their members, Mervin Shields, recently died of COVID complications<ref>https://www.sundayworld.com/news/northern-ireland-news/infamous-neo-nazi-skinhead-band-member-dies-of-covid-complications-in-co-antrim-hospital/41244638.html</ref>.<br /> <br /> = Albums, Songs and Other Music =<br /> Their main - that is, most famous - Albums are White Rider, Hail the New Dawn and Blood & Honour<ref>https://www.discogs.com/artist/265986-Skrewdriver</ref>.<br /> <br /> = Conflict with the NF =<br /> <br /> = Relationship with Blood & Honour =<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Skrewdriver&diff=10944 Skrewdriver 2022-12-16T18:12:27Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> {{Nopic}}<br /> '''Skrewdriver''' was a [[Fascist]] [[Skinheads|Skinhead]] band, the most famous in the world. It was headed by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and eventually created the [[Blood & Honour]] network following their conflict with the [[National Front]]. It became the band it is known today as in 1982, following their re-creation<ref>findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_38/ai_n6234788/pg_7</ref>. Its genres are generally considered to be [[Rock Against Communism|R.A.C.]] and [[White Power Rock]].<br /> <br /> = Background =<br /> The Skrewdriver band originally existed as an apolitical band mainly focusing on rock music. <br /> <br /> = Members =<br /> <br /> = Albums, Songs and Other Music =<br /> <br /> = Conflict with the NF =<br /> <br /> = Relationship with Blood & Honour =<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Skrewdriver&diff=10943 Skrewdriver 2022-12-16T18:02:22Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> {{Nopic}}<br /> '''Skrewdriver''' was a [[Fascist]] [[Skinheads|Skinhead]] band, the most famous in the world. It was headed by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and eventually created the [[Blood & Honour]] network following their conflict with the [[British National Party]].<br /> <br /> = Background =<br /> <br /> = Members =<br /> <br /> = Albums, Songs and Other Music =<br /> <br /> = Conflict with the BNP =<br /> <br /> = Relationship with Blood & Honour =<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Skrewdriver&diff=10942 Skrewdriver 2022-12-16T18:01:53Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: Created page with "'''Skrewdriver''' was a Fascist Skinhead band, the most famous in the world. It was headed by Ian Stuart Donaldson and eventually created the Blood & Honour network following their conflict with the British National Party. = Background = = Members = = Albums, Songs and Other Music = = Conflict with the BNP = = Relationship with Blood & Honour = = References ="</p> <hr /> <div>'''Skrewdriver''' was a [[Fascist]] [[Skinheads|Skinhead]] band, the most famous in the world. It was headed by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and eventually created the [[Blood & Honour]] network following their conflict with the [[British National Party]].<br /> <br /> = Background =<br /> <br /> = Members =<br /> <br /> = Albums, Songs and Other Music =<br /> <br /> = Conflict with the BNP =<br /> <br /> = Relationship with Blood & Honour =<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=New_British_Union&diff=10277 New British Union 2022-12-09T10:17:28Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> |country = [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |name = New British Union<br /> |native_name = New British Union<br /> |logo = [[File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png|200px| NBU logo.]]<br /> |abbreviation = NBU<br /> |caption =<br /> |leader = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |founder = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |foundation = 2012<br /> |predecessor = [[Union Movement]]<br /> |ideology = [[British Fascism]]<br>[[Isolationism]]<br>[[Syndicalism]]<br /> |position = [[Fascism]]<br /> |headquarters = [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |newspaper = [[The Blackshirt]]<br /> |international =<br /> |european =<br /> |europarl =<br /> |colours = {{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Red]], [[White]], [[Blue]]<br /> |colorcode = #000000<br /> |flag = Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png<br /> |website = [https://www.newbritishunion.co.uk/ newbritishunion.co.uk]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''New British Union''' (''NBU'' for short) is a [[British Fascism|British Fascist]] political movement, and the unofficial successor to the [[Union Movement]]. They consider Sir [[Oswald Mosley]] as their ''spiritual leader''. Like the [[British Union of Fascists]] and the [[Union Movement]], they use the [[Roman salute]] and [[Fascist]] aesthetics. [[Gary Raikes]], their leader, was a member of the [[British National Party]] and then [[Britain First]]. He is based in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]].<br /> The NBU believe in establish Fascist Strongholds or "citadels" to carry out a "silent revolution". They do not consider themselves Anti-Semitic.<ref>https://newbritishunion.co.uk/onewebmedia/difference%20between%20F%20and%20NS.html</ref><br /> <br /> =Policies of the New British Union=<br /> The NBU goes by a ten-point program which they call the '''Ten Points for Action'''<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html </ref><br /> <br /> ''1. The establishment by legal and constitutional methods during a General Election of a British Fascist Government of National Unity. The use of national referenda to reflect the declared will of the British people.''<br /> <br /> ''2. The building of a Corporate State in Britain composed of corporations of workers, employers and consumers all running British industry harmoniously in the national interest, instead of sectional vested interests. Higher wages, lower prices, increased pensions and equal pay for women. ‘Make Money the Servant and Not the Master of the People’.''<br /> <br /> ''3. Put Britain First in a United European Family of Nations. We stand for European spiritual unity so that Europe stands as one, in face of common enemies. The holding of a referendum to let the British people to decide whether they wish Britain to remain a member of the European Union.''<br /> <br /> ''4. An end to mass immigration to protect British worker’s jobs, housing, education, health services and social welfare. The promotion of realism, love and concern for British and European Civilisation not race hatred.''<br /> <br /> ''5. To encourage consumers to Buy British goods and foodstuffs, to save jobs and to support Britain’s economy.''<br /> <br /> ''6. The restoration of law and order and tougher sentences for serious criminal offences.''<br /> <br /> ''7. The conservation of our green and pleasant countryside with heavy fines for pollution and litter, and a ban on overbuilding on green belt land. Support for organic farming, small traditional family farms and higher standards of animal welfare.''<br /> <br /> ''8. The strengthening of Britain’s national defences and armed forces, with a British nuclear deterrent independent of NATO.''<br /> <br /> ''9. A Foreign Policy of putting British national interests first, an end to interference in the internal affairs of countries overseas and the promotion of World Peace.''<br /> <br /> ''10. Civil and Religious Liberty for all.''<br /> <br /> =Recruitment=<br /> The NBU recruit their members through applications on their official website, under a tab that says "Join Us".<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/join-us-today.html </ref><br /> Membership in the NBU is free, and they claim that "unlike all other political movements we are not after your hard earned cash! We want your support and help in spreading the truth and giving hope to our people."<br /> <br /> They also have several youtube channels that specialise in creating news reports, and announcements to both the public and their members.<br /> <br /> =Key Members=<br /> <br /> - [[Gary Raikes]], NBU Leader<br /> <br /> - [[Samantha Curtis]], NBU Secretary<br /> <br /> - [[Tim Scott]], Security Officer<br /> <br /> - [[Paul Arnold]], NBU North Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[John Forrester]], NBU North East Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[Clive Jones]], NBU North West Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[Claire Ambler]], NBU East Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[David Smith]], NBU South Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[Terry Mayers]], NBU South East Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[Ken Kingsbury]], NBU South West Regional Officer<br /> <br /> - [[Richard Payne]], NBU Scotland National Officer <br /> <br /> - [[Anders Wolfe]], NBU Scotland, Regional Officer <ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu--contacts.html </ref><br /> <br /> =Tactics=<br /> One of the NBU's main tactics to gain influence is the posting of [[propaganda]] stickers and posters.<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-posters.html </ref><br /> <br /> =External Links=<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/index.html] - Official Website<br /> <br /> [https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/714921/men-bringing-blackshirts-back-to-uk/] - The sun newspaper on their launch<br /> <br /> [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/sinister-dangerous-trio-quit-new-5096951] - Birmingham Mail on the group<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html] - Policies<br /> <br /> [https://www.facebook.com/pages/New-British-Union/1564036620500031] - The Facebook of the group<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Fascism}}<br /> {{portalbar|Fascism|Politics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political Parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=New_British_Union&diff=10276 New British Union 2022-12-09T10:16:33Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> |country = [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |name = New British Union<br /> |native_name = New British Union<br /> |logo = [[File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png|200px| NBU logo.]]<br /> |abbreviation = NBU<br /> |caption =<br /> |leader = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |founder = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |foundation = 2012<br /> |predecessor = [[Union Movement]]<br /> |ideology = [[British Fascism]]<br>[[Isolationism]]<br>[[Syndicalism]]<br /> |position = [[Fascism]]<br /> |headquarters = [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |newspaper = [[The Blackshirt]]<br /> |international =<br /> |european =<br /> |europarl =<br /> |colours = {{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Red]], [[White]], [[Blue]]<br /> |colorcode = #000000<br /> |flag = Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png<br /> |website = [https://www.newbritishunion.co.uk/ newbritishunion.co.uk]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''New British Union''' (''NBU'' for short) is a [[British Fascism|British Fascist]] political movement, and the unofficial successor to the [[Union Movement]]. They consider Sir [[Oswald Mosley]] as their ''spiritual leader''. Like the [[British Union of Fascists]] and the [[Union Movement]], they use the [[Roman salute]] and [[Fascist]] aesthetics. [[Gary Raikes]], their leader, was a member of the [[British National Party]] and then [[Britain First]]. He is based in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]].<br /> The NBU believe in establish Fascist Strongholds or "citadels" to carry out a "silent revolution". They do not consider themselves Anti-Semitic.<ref>https://newbritishunion.co.uk/onewebmedia/difference%20between%20F%20and%20NS.html</ref><br /> <br /> =Policies of the New British Union=<br /> The NBU goes by a ten-point program which they call the '''Ten Points for Action'''<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html </ref><br /> <br /> ''1. The establishment by legal and constitutional methods during a General Election of a British Fascist Government of National Unity. The use of national referenda to reflect the declared will of the British people.''<br /> <br /> ''2. The building of a Corporate State in Britain composed of corporations of workers, employers and consumers all running British industry harmoniously in the national interest, instead of sectional vested interests. Higher wages, lower prices, increased pensions and equal pay for women. ‘Make Money the Servant and Not the Master of the People’.''<br /> <br /> ''3. Put Britain First in a United European Family of Nations. We stand for European spiritual unity so that Europe stands as one, in face of common enemies. The holding of a referendum to let the British people to decide whether they wish Britain to remain a member of the European Union.''<br /> <br /> ''4. An end to mass immigration to protect British worker’s jobs, housing, education, health services and social welfare. The promotion of realism, love and concern for British and European Civilisation not race hatred.''<br /> <br /> ''5. To encourage consumers to Buy British goods and foodstuffs, to save jobs and to support Britain’s economy.''<br /> <br /> ''6. The restoration of law and order and tougher sentences for serious criminal offences.''<br /> <br /> ''7. The conservation of our green and pleasant countryside with heavy fines for pollution and litter, and a ban on overbuilding on green belt land. Support for organic farming, small traditional family farms and higher standards of animal welfare.''<br /> <br /> ''8. The strengthening of Britain’s national defences and armed forces, with a British nuclear deterrent independent of NATO.''<br /> <br /> ''9. A Foreign Policy of putting British national interests first, an end to interference in the internal affairs of countries overseas and the promotion of World Peace.''<br /> <br /> ''10. Civil and Religious Liberty for all.''<br /> <br /> =Recruitment=<br /> The NBU recruit their members through applications on their official website, under a tab that says "Join Us".<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/join-us-today.html </ref><br /> Membership in the NBU is free, and they claim that "unlike all other political movements we are not after your hard earned cash! We want your support and help in spreading the truth and giving hope to our people."<br /> <br /> They also have several youtube channels that specialise in creating news reports, and announcements to both the public and their members.<br /> <br /> =Key Members=<br /> <br /> - [[Gary Raikes]], NBU Leader<br /> - [[Samantha Curtis]], NBU Secretary<br /> - [[Tim Scott]], Security Officer<br /> - [[Paul Arnold]], NBU North Regional Officer<br /> - [[John Forrester]], NBU North East Regional Officer<br /> - [[Clive Jones]], NBU North West Regional Officer<br /> - [[Claire Ambler]], NBU East Regional Officer<br /> - [[David Smith]], NBU South Regional Officer<br /> - [[Terry Mayers]], NBU South East Regional Officer<br /> - [[Ken Kingsbury]], NBU South West Regional Officer<br /> - [[Richard Payne]], NBU Scotland National Officer , [[Anders Wolfe]], NBU Scotland, Regional Officer <br /> <ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu--contacts.html </ref><br /> <br /> =Tactics=<br /> One of the NBU's main tactics to gain influence is the posting of [[propaganda]] stickers and posters.<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-posters.html </ref><br /> <br /> =External Links=<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/index.html] - Official Website<br /> <br /> [https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/714921/men-bringing-blackshirts-back-to-uk/] - The sun newspaper on their launch<br /> <br /> [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/sinister-dangerous-trio-quit-new-5096951] - Birmingham Mail on the group<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html] - Policies<br /> <br /> [https://www.facebook.com/pages/New-British-Union/1564036620500031] - The Facebook of the group<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Fascism}}<br /> {{portalbar|Fascism|Politics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political Parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=New_British_Union&diff=10275 New British Union 2022-12-09T10:15:01Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> |country = [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |name = New British Union<br /> |native_name = New British Union<br /> |logo = [[File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png|200px| NBU logo.]]<br /> |abbreviation = NBU<br /> |caption =<br /> |leader = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |founder = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |foundation = 2012<br /> |predecessor = [[Union Movement]]<br /> |ideology = [[British Fascism]]<br>[[Isolationism]]<br>[[Syndicalism]]<br /> |position = [[Fascism]]<br /> |headquarters = [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |newspaper = [[The Blackshirt]]<br /> |international =<br /> |european =<br /> |europarl =<br /> |colours = {{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Red]], [[White]], [[Blue]]<br /> |colorcode = #000000<br /> |flag = Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png<br /> |website = [https://www.newbritishunion.co.uk/ newbritishunion.co.uk]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''New British Union''' (''NBU'' for short) is a [[British Fascism|British Fascist]] political movement, and the unofficial successor to the [[Union Movement]]. They consider Sir [[Oswald Mosley]] as their ''spiritual leader''. Like the [[British Union of Fascists]] and the [[Union Movement]], they use the [[Roman salute]] and [[Fascist]] aesthetics. [[Gary Raikes]], their leader, was a member of the [[British National Party]] and then [[Britain First]]. He is based in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]].<br /> The NBU believe in establish Fascist Strongholds or "citadels" to carry out a "silent revolution". They do not consider themselves Anti-Semitic.<ref>https://newbritishunion.co.uk/onewebmedia/difference%20between%20F%20and%20NS.html</ref><br /> <br /> =Policies of the New British Union=<br /> The NBU goes by a ten-point program which they call the '''Ten Points for Action'''<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html </ref><br /> <br /> ''1. The establishment by legal and constitutional methods during a General Election of a British Fascist Government of National Unity. The use of national referenda to reflect the declared will of the British people.''<br /> <br /> ''2. The building of a Corporate State in Britain composed of corporations of workers, employers and consumers all running British industry harmoniously in the national interest, instead of sectional vested interests. Higher wages, lower prices, increased pensions and equal pay for women. ‘Make Money the Servant and Not the Master of the People’.''<br /> <br /> ''3. Put Britain First in a United European Family of Nations. We stand for European spiritual unity so that Europe stands as one, in face of common enemies. The holding of a referendum to let the British people to decide whether they wish Britain to remain a member of the European Union.''<br /> <br /> ''4. An end to mass immigration to protect British worker’s jobs, housing, education, health services and social welfare. The promotion of realism, love and concern for British and European Civilisation not race hatred.''<br /> <br /> ''5. To encourage consumers to Buy British goods and foodstuffs, to save jobs and to support Britain’s economy.''<br /> <br /> ''6. The restoration of law and order and tougher sentences for serious criminal offences.''<br /> <br /> ''7. The conservation of our green and pleasant countryside with heavy fines for pollution and litter, and a ban on overbuilding on green belt land. Support for organic farming, small traditional family farms and higher standards of animal welfare.''<br /> <br /> ''8. The strengthening of Britain’s national defences and armed forces, with a British nuclear deterrent independent of NATO.''<br /> <br /> ''9. A Foreign Policy of putting British national interests first, an end to interference in the internal affairs of countries overseas and the promotion of World Peace.''<br /> <br /> ''10. Civil and Religious Liberty for all.''<br /> <br /> ==Recruitment==<br /> The NBU recruit their members through applications on their official website, under a tab that says "Join Us".<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/join-us-today.html </ref><br /> Membership in the NBU is free, and they claim that "unlike all other political movements we are not after your hard earned cash! We want your support and help in spreading the truth and giving hope to our people."<br /> <br /> They also have several youtube channels that specialise in creating news reports, and announcements to both the public and their members.<br /> <br /> ==Key Members==<br /> <br /> - Gary Raikes, NBU Leader<br /> - Samantha Curtis, NBU Secretary<br /> - Tim Scott, Security Officer<br /> - Paul Arnold, NBU North Regional Officer<br /> - John Forrester, NBU North East Regional Officer<br /> - Clive Jones, NBU North West Regional Officer<br /> - Claire Ambler, NBU East Regional Officer<br /> - David Smith, NBU South Regional Officer<br /> - Terry Mayers, NBU South East Regional Officer<br /> - Ken Kingsbury, NBU South West Regional Officer<br /> - Richard Payne, NBU Scotland National Officer , Anders Wolfe, NBU Scotland, Regional Officer <br /> <ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu--contacts.html </ref><br /> <br /> ==Tactics==<br /> One of the NBU's main tactics to gain influence is the posting of [[propaganda]] stickers and posters.<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-posters.html </ref><br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/index.html] - Official Website<br /> <br /> [https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/714921/men-bringing-blackshirts-back-to-uk/] - The sun newspaper on their launch<br /> <br /> [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/sinister-dangerous-trio-quit-new-5096951] - Birmingham Mail on the group<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html] - Policies<br /> <br /> [https://www.facebook.com/pages/New-British-Union/1564036620500031] - The Facebook of the group<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Fascism}}<br /> {{portalbar|Fascism|Politics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political Parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=New_British_Union&diff=10274 New British Union 2022-12-09T10:14:49Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> |country = [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |name = New British Union<br /> |native_name = New British Union<br /> |logo = [[File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png|200px| NBU logo.]]<br /> |abbreviation = NBU<br /> |caption =<br /> |leader = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |founder = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |foundation = 2012<br /> |predecessor = [[Union Movement]]<br /> |ideology = [[British Fascism]]<br>[[Isolationism]]<br>[[Syndicalism]]<br /> |position = [[Fascism]]<br /> |headquarters = [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |newspaper = [[The Blackshirt]]<br /> |international =<br /> |european =<br /> |europarl =<br /> |colours = {{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Red]], [[White]], [[Blue]]<br /> |colorcode = #000000<br /> |flag = Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png<br /> |website = [https://www.newbritishunion.co.uk/ newbritishunion.co.uk]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''New British Union''' (''NBU'' for short) is a [[British Fascism|British Fascist]] political movement, and the unofficial successor to the [[Union Movement]]. They consider Sir [[Oswald Mosley]] as their ''spiritual leader''. Like the [[British Union of Fascists]] and the [[Union Movement]], they use the [[Roman salute]] and [[Fascist]] aesthetics. [[Gary Raikes]], their leader, was a member of the [[British National Party]] and then [[Britain First]]. He is based in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]].<br /> The NBU believe in establish Fascist Strongholds or "citadels" to carry out a "silent revolution". They do not consider themselves Anti-Semitic.<ref>https://newbritishunion.co.uk/onewebmedia/difference%20between%20F%20and%20NS.html</ref><br /> <br /> =Policies of the New British Union=<br /> The NBU goes by a ten-point program which they call the '''Ten Points for Action'''<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html </ref><br /> <br /> ''1. The establishment by legal and constitutional methods during a General Election of a British Fascist Government of National Unity. The use of national referenda to reflect the declared will of the British people.''<br /> <br /> ''2. The building of a Corporate State in Britain composed of corporations of workers, employers and consumers all running British industry harmoniously in the national interest, instead of sectional vested interests. Higher wages, lower prices, increased pensions and equal pay for women. ‘Make Money the Servant and Not the Master of the People’.''<br /> <br /> ''3. Put Britain First in a United European Family of Nations. We stand for European spiritual unity so that Europe stands as one, in face of common enemies. The holding of a referendum to let the British people to decide whether they wish Britain to remain a member of the European Union.''<br /> <br /> ''4. An end to mass immigration to protect British worker’s jobs, housing, education, health services and social welfare. The promotion of realism, love and concern for British and European Civilisation not race hatred.''<br /> <br /> ''5. To encourage consumers to Buy British goods and foodstuffs, to save jobs and to support Britain’s economy.''<br /> <br /> ''6. The restoration of law and order and tougher sentences for serious criminal offences.''<br /> <br /> ''7. The conservation of our green and pleasant countryside with heavy fines for pollution and litter, and a ban on overbuilding on green belt land. Support for organic farming, small traditional family farms and higher standards of animal welfare.''<br /> <br /> ''8. The strengthening of Britain’s national defences and armed forces, with a British nuclear deterrent independent of NATO.''<br /> <br /> ''9. A Foreign Policy of putting British national interests first, an end to interference in the internal affairs of countries overseas and the promotion of World Peace.''<br /> <br /> ''10. Civil and Religious Liberty for all.''<br /> <br /> ==Recruitment==<br /> The NBU recruit their members through applications on their official website, under a tab that says "Join Us".<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/join-us-today.html </ref><br /> Membership in the NBU is free, and they claim that "unlike all other political movements we are not after your hard earned cash! We want your support and help in spreading the truth and giving hope to our people."<br /> <br /> They also have several youtube channels that specialise in creating news reports, and announcements to both the public and their members.<br /> <br /> ==Key Members==<br /> <br /> - Gary Raikes, NBU Leader<br /> - Samantha Curtis, NBU Secretary<br /> - Tim Scott, Security Officer<br /> - Paul Arnold, NBU North Regional Officer<br /> - John Forrester, NBU North East Regional Officer<br /> - Clive Jones, NBU North West Regional Officer<br /> - Claire Ambler, NBU East Regional Officer<br /> - David Smith, NBU South Regional Officer<br /> - Terry Mayers, NBU South East Regional Officer<br /> - Ken Kingsbury, NBU South West Regional Officer<br /> - Richard Payne, NBU Scotland National Officer , Anders Wolfe, NBU Scotland, Regional Officer <br /> <ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu--contacts.html </ref><br /> <br /> ==Tactics==<br /> One of the NBU's main tactics to gain influence is the posting of [[propaganda]] stickers and posters.<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-posters.html </ref><br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/index.html] - Official Website<br /> <br /> [https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/714921/men-bringing-blackshirts-back-to-uk/] - The sun newspaper on their launch<br /> <br /> [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/sinister-dangerous-trio-quit-new-5096951] - Birmingham Mail on the group<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html] - Policies<br /> <br /> [https://www.facebook.com/pages/New-British-Union/1564036620500031] - The Facebook of the group<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Fascism}}<br /> {{portalbar|Fascism|Politics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political Parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=New_British_Union&diff=10273 New British Union 2022-12-09T10:14:27Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> |country = [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |name = New British Union<br /> |native_name = New British Union<br /> |logo = [[File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png|200px| NBU logo.]]<br /> |abbreviation = NBU<br /> |caption =<br /> |leader = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |founder = [[Gary Raikes]]<br /> |foundation = 2012<br /> |predecessor = [[Union Movement]]<br /> |ideology = [[British Fascism]]<br>[[Isolationism]]<br>[[Syndicalism]]<br /> |position = [[Fascism]]<br /> |headquarters = [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |newspaper = [[The Blackshirt]]<br /> |international =<br /> |european =<br /> |europarl =<br /> |colours = {{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Red]], [[White]], [[Blue]]<br /> |colorcode = #000000<br /> |flag = Flag of the British Union of Fascists.png<br /> |website = [https://www.newbritishunion.co.uk/ newbritishunion.co.uk]<br /> }}<br /> {{Fascism sidebar}}<br /> <br /> The '''New British Union''' (''NBU'' for short) is a [[British Fascism|British Fascist]] political movement, and the unofficial successor to the [[Union Movement]]. They consider Sir [[Oswald Mosley]] as their ''spiritual leader''. Like the [[British Union of Fascists]] and the [[Union Movement]], they use the [[Roman salute]] and [[Fascist]] aesthetics. [[Gary Raikes]], their leader, was a member of the [[British National Party]] and then [[Britain First]]. He is based in [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]].<br /> The NBU believe in establish Fascist Strongholds or "citadels" to carry out a "silent revolution". They do not consider themselves Anti-Semitic.<ref>https://newbritishunion.co.uk/onewebmedia/difference%20between%20F%20and%20NS.html</ref><br /> <br /> =Policies of the New British Union=<br /> The NBU goes by a ten-point program which they call the '''Ten Points for Action'''<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html </ref><br /> <br /> ''1. The establishment by legal and constitutional methods during a General Election of a British Fascist Government of National Unity. The use of national referenda to reflect the declared will of the British people.''<br /> <br /> ''2. The building of a Corporate State in Britain composed of corporations of workers, employers and consumers all running British industry harmoniously in the national interest, instead of sectional vested interests. Higher wages, lower prices, increased pensions and equal pay for women. ‘Make Money the Servant and Not the Master of the People’.''<br /> <br /> ''3. Put Britain First in a United European Family of Nations. We stand for European spiritual unity so that Europe stands as one, in face of common enemies. The holding of a referendum to let the British people to decide whether they wish Britain to remain a member of the European Union.''<br /> <br /> ''4. An end to mass immigration to protect British worker’s jobs, housing, education, health services and social welfare. The promotion of realism, love and concern for British and European Civilisation not race hatred.''<br /> <br /> ''5. To encourage consumers to Buy British goods and foodstuffs, to save jobs and to support Britain’s economy.''<br /> <br /> ''6. The restoration of law and order and tougher sentences for serious criminal offences.''<br /> <br /> ''7. The conservation of our green and pleasant countryside with heavy fines for pollution and litter, and a ban on overbuilding on green belt land. Support for organic farming, small traditional family farms and higher standards of animal welfare.''<br /> <br /> ''8. The strengthening of Britain’s national defences and armed forces, with a British nuclear deterrent independent of NATO.''<br /> <br /> ''9. A Foreign Policy of putting British national interests first, an end to interference in the internal affairs of countries overseas and the promotion of World Peace.''<br /> <br /> ''10. Civil and Religious Liberty for all.''<br /> <br /> ==Recruitment==<br /> The NBU recruit their members through applications on their official website, under a tab that says "Join Us".<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/join-us-today.html </ref><br /> Membership in the NBU is free, and they claim that "unlike all other political movements we are not after your hard earned cash! We want your support and help in spreading the truth and giving hope to our people."<br /> <br /> They also have several youtube channels that specialise in creating news reports, and announcements to both the public and their members.<br /> <br /> ==Key Members==<br /> <br /> - Gary Raikes, NBU Leader<br /> - Samantha Curtis, NBU Secretary<br /> - Tim Scott, Security Officer<br /> - Paul Arnold, NBU North Regional Officer<br /> - John Forrester, NBU North East Regional Officer<br /> - Clive Jones, NBU North West Regional Officer<br /> - Claire Ambler, NBU East Regional Officer<br /> - David Smith, NBU South Regional Officer<br /> - Terry Mayers, NBU South East Regional Officer<br /> - Ken Kingsbury, NBU South West Regional Officer<br /> - Richard Payne, NBU Scotland National Officer , Anders Wolfe, NBU Scotland, Regional Officer <br /> <ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu--contacts.html </ref><br /> <br /> ==Tactics==<br /> One of the NBU's main tactics to gain influence is the posting of [[propaganda]] stickers and posters.<ref>http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-posters.html </ref><br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/index.html] - Official Website<br /> <br /> [https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/714921/men-bringing-blackshirts-back-to-uk/] - The sun newspaper on their launch<br /> <br /> [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/sinister-dangerous-trio-quit-new-5096951] - Birmingham Mail on the group<br /> <br /> [http://newbritishunion.co.uk/nbu-policies.html] - Policies<br /> <br /> [https://www.facebook.com/pages/New-British-Union/1564036620500031] - The Facebook of the group<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Fascism}}<br /> {{portalbar|Fascism|Politics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political Parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Andrew_Anglin&diff=10196 Andrew Anglin 2022-12-08T09:54:15Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:andrewanglin.png|thumb|right|Andrew Anglin]]<br /> Andrew Anglin throughout most of his early life was a leftwing extremist who was openly and explicitly anti-white at times.<br /> <br /> Andrew Anglin's web-newssite "The Daily Stormer", while often enough being the first to report important [[Fascist ]]news, has also engaged in promoting numerous [[jews|jewìsh ]]authors, such as [[Joshua Goldberg]], (jewish terrorist arrested in Florida)<ref>https://www.voanews.com/a/florida-man-arrested-alleged-september-eleventh-bomb-plot/2956537.html</ref>; Andrew Anglin ran numerous damage control articles after the FBI arrested Mr. Goldberg and it became clear his authorship for the Daily Stormer would become public. <br /> <br /> = References =<br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> [[Category:Activists]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=General_strike&diff=10175 General strike 2022-12-07T11:08:13Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}} {{Nopic}}<br /> A general strike is a form of protest, usually employed either to obtain political or economic concessions. It has famously been used by [[communist|Communists]] in a variety of contexes, most prominently in opposition to the [[Kapp Putsch]].<br /> <br /> = Definition and Practical Application =<br /> A General Strike can be defined as a strike which is composed of not a single "category" of workers but rather the working masses as a whole. It can involve [[Lumpenproletariat|lumpenproletarians]] to a lesser extent as well. It is organized under the belief that the wider the strike the bigger the possible concessions. <br /> <br /> It has also been defined as "stoppage of work by a substantial proportion of workers in a number of industries in an organized endeavour to achieve economic or political objectives."<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/general-strike</ref> and "A coordinated work stoppage by a substantial proportion of the workers of a particular city, region or state, normally to achieve economic or political goals."<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/general_strike</ref><br /> <br /> = Historical Examples =<br /> <br /> = Controversies and Practical Results =<br /> <br /> = Organizations advocating in favor of General Strike =<br /> <br /> = References =<br /> [[Category:Definitions]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=General_strike&diff=10174 General strike 2022-12-07T11:04:20Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}} {{Nopic}}<br /> A general strike is a form of protest, usually employed either to obtain political or economic concessions. It has famously been used by [[communist|Communists]] in a variety of contexes, most prominently in opposition to the [[Kapp Putsch]].<br /> <br /> = Definition and Practical Application =<br /> <br /> = Historical Examples =<br /> <br /> = Controversies and Practical Results =<br /> <br /> = Organizations advocating in favor of General Strike =<br /> <br /> = References =<br /> [[Category:Definitions]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=General_strike&diff=10173 General strike 2022-12-07T11:03:59Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>A general strike is a form of protest, usually employed either to obtain political or economic concessions. It has famously been used by [[communist|Communists]] in a variety of contexes, most prominently in opposition to the [[Kapp Putsch]].<br /> <br /> = Definition and Practical Application =<br /> <br /> = Historical Examples =<br /> <br /> = Controversies and Practical Results =<br /> <br /> = Organizations advocating in favor of General Strike =<br /> <br /> = References =<br /> [[Category:Definitions]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Martin_Sellner&diff=10078 Martin Sellner 2022-12-06T15:47:27Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> '''Martin Sellner''' is one of the most prominent figures in [[identitarianism]] and one of the most persecuted dissidents in Austria. A student of law and [[philosophy]] in Vienna, he is the co-founder and co-leader, along with [[Patrick Lenart]], of the [[Austrian Identitarian Movement]], and is also a leader in [[Generation Identity]], a pan-European youth movement of [[political]] activism. For several years, the Austrian authorities have illegally raided his home, made baseless criminal charges against him, and tried to cut his funding.<br /> <br /> = Biography =<br /> <br /> = Political Views =<br /> <br /> = Activism =<br /> <br /> = Legal Issues =<br /> <br /> = Contacts =<br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> [[Category:Activists]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Anders_Breivik&diff=9994 Anders Breivik 2022-12-05T15:56:03Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Andersbreivik.png|thumb|right|Breivik saluting.]]<br /> '''Anders Breivik''' is a Norwegian Nationalist, Anti-Communist, Anti-Jihadi, Zionist accused of perpetrating the 2011 Norway Attacks. <br /> <br /> Fjotolf Hansen is his legal Name. Better known by his birth name Anders Behring Breivik and by his pseudonym Andrew Berwick, is a pro-Israel terrorist, known for committing the 2011 Norway attacks. He killed eight people by detonating a van bomb at Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo, then killed 69 participants of a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp in a mass shootingon the island of Utøya. Both groups were targeted for their pro-Palistinian stances.<br /> <br /> The International Media under-reported the fact that Anders Breivik in his manifesto was clearly a Zionist supporter who hated pro-Palestine activists. Anders Breivik's stated intention for his attack was to publicize his manifesto titled: "2083: A European Declaration of Independence". Anders Breivik described the EDLs anti-racist, anti-islam co-founder [[Paul Ray]] as his "mentor".<br /> <br /> = Biography =<br /> <br /> = Actions =<br /> <br /> = Manifesto =<br /> <br /> = Controversial Views =<br /> <br /> = Legal Case =<br /> <br /> = Contact Information =<br /> <br /> = References =<br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Activists]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=FasciPedia_talk:Wolf_Den&diff=9993 FasciPedia talk:Wolf Den 2022-12-05T15:49:22Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: /* The Confederazi problem -- 𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 (talk) 23:16, 3 December 2022 (UTC) */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:piasibanner.png|frameless|center|400px|]]<br /> {{Short description|Be sure to use the "Add Topic" tab above, indent your responses using a colon ":" and sign with four tildes "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>".}}<br /> __ADDNEWSECTIONBELOW__<br /> == Welcome New Member! -- '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 20:35, 4 December 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> We have a new Fascionary among us! Welcome [[User:Lebensraum5150]] Whom I know very well from GAB. Those of you not on GAB should join and check out his contributions there! He's great! '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 20:35, 4 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == The Confederazi problem -- [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 23:16, 3 December 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> I think Confeferazi is a good kid, but sometimes he acts like a spoiled child. He keeps begging for his privileges back, and seems to only be here for the prizes, which is OK I guess, but his recent stunt aside, seems too immature to be given mod privileges. I love tbe kid, I think hes great in every other way. [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 23:16, 3 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :When I first brought him on, I told him that if he busted his ass for a month, and shiwed me what a great Fascionary he could be, I mean if he really impressed me, that I would grant him full moderator status. Well its been a month, and this is where we are. I like the kid too, I really do, but I really can't affort another episode like we just had, and frankly, I hate the drama. I wish he'd just stay like he was that very first day or three. TONS of new articles, you know? I love the kid, its just hard to trust him. '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 23:26, 3 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::Um...I'm still on moderate. I've been following this whole saga. He acts like he's spoiled rotten, though I admit there could be issues I don't know about. But if you give this kid his goodies back, you better give me mine. I never tried to fuck you over, Archie. [[User:Duff|Duff]] ([[User talk:Duff|talk]]) 23:36, 3 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :::I'm going to make an arbitrary decision here. The way I see it, it was *me* who he wronged, and yes he could have potentially brought some heat onto FascIPedia and Archie, but that didn't happen. I also hold a position called "Judge" on this platform, so I am going to take him off moderation. Mostly because I am tired of approving his posts, but also because I don't think he'll do it again. He still has perms to earn back, and those will take time, but I also think he will be a fine Mod one day, if he can hold it together. Duff, I am taking you off Moderation as well. [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 21:50, 4 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::::Thank You! [[User:Duff|Duff]] ([[User talk:Duff|talk]]) 21:57, 4 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :::::Fully agree with the decision [[User:MilleBracciaAlzate|MilleBracciaAlzate]] ([[User talk:MilleBracciaAlzate|talk]]) 15:49, 5 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> == Now open! -- '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 20:50, 3 December 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> Piasi D'cafe is now open! All Fascionaries welcome! Please remember to start new topics with the "New Topic" tab and place responses under it. New topics go to the TOP. Also, remember to indent your responses using a colon ":" and sign with four tildes "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" THANK YOU!! '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 20:50, 3 December 2022 (UTC)__NOTITLE__<br /> <br /> :This is awesome boss! [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 22:59, 3 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ::So what should the very first topic be? What should we talk about? '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 23:06, 3 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> :::I have an idea. Its something thats been on my mind a lot lately. [[User:Confederazi]]. Let me start a new topic. It will appear above this one, right? [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 23:10, 3 December 2022 (UTC)<br /> ::::Yes, that's right. '''[[User:Archangel|<span style="background:#000000; color:white; padding:1px;">𝘼</span><span style="background:#000033; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙧</span><span style="background:#000055; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙘</span><span style="background:#000088; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙝</span>]][[User talk:Archangel|<span style="background:#0000aa; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙖</span><span style="background:#0000bb; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙣</span><span style="background:#0000cc; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙜</span><span style="background:#0000ee; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙚</span><span style="background:#0000ff; color:white; padding:1px;">𝙡</span>]]''' 23:17, 3 December 2022 (UTC)</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Monarchy&diff=9880 Monarchy 2022-12-03T10:52:45Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> A '''monarchy''' is a form of government in which total sovereignty is invested in one person, (generally a King or a Queen) called a monarch, who holds the position until death or abdication. Monarchs usually both hold and achieve their position through the right of hereditary succession (e.g., they were related, often the son or daughter, of the previous monarch), although there have been elective monarchies, where the monarch holds the position after being elected: the papacy is sometimes called an elective monarchy. Monarchies can be of various types - costitutional, absolute, theocratic, elective and many more.<br /> <br /> = History of Monarchies =<br /> The first monarchies were likely created together with agriculture, as the stratification and specialization of society required a ruler to "direct" society.<br /> <br /> = Philosophy of Monarchism =<br /> <br /> = Modern Monarchies =<br /> Currently, the world has 43 states ran by a monarchy. <br /> <br /> === Theocratic Monarchies ===<br /> <br /> # Vatican City is a theocratic monarchy located in the Italian peninsula. It is governed by the Pope. It is also an elective monarchy. <br /> # Saudi Arabia is a theocratic monarchy located in the Arabian peninsula. It is governed by a King which follows Islam. <br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Western_Spring&diff=9849 Western Spring 2022-12-02T16:51:10Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup}}'''Western Spring''' was a British nationalist group that operated out of London and acted as an umbrella for many other groups..<br /> <br /> =Data=<br /> ====Other names/alliases====<br /> sub-groups: National Action, Sigurd Legion MAC,<br /> <br /> ====Prominent Associated Figures====<br /> [[H.Millard]], [[Max Musson]], [[Matthew Tait]], [[Dave Yorkshire]], [[Ralph Harrison]], [[Benjamin Raymond]], [[Alex Davies]], [[Jared Taylor]], various forum alliases: [[Iron March]] Forums.<br /> <br /> ====Associated groups====<br /> [[American Renaissance]], London Forum, [[Mjolnir Magazine]], Win white, [[Jack Buckby]], [[Jack Sen]], Iron March forums, and other nationalist groups<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Metaxism&diff=9824 Metaxism 2022-12-01T15:47:28Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Nopic}}<br /> '''Metaxism''' is an [[authoritarian]] nationalist [[ideology]] associated with Greek Leader [[Ioannis Metaxas]]. It called for the regeneration of the [[Greek]] nation and the establishment of a modern, [[Fascist]], culturally homogenous Greece.<br /> <br /> = Background =<br /> Metaxism was the brainchild of [[Ioannis Metaxas]], a Greek [[Nationalism|nationalist]] which was the Prime Minister of [[Greece]] in the [[Second Hellenic Republic]]. As its creator, Metaxism is strongly anti-Communist, Turkophobic and authoritarian, an opposition to Democracy, Liberalism and Corporativism. It can be considered Fascist.<br /> <br /> = Important Figures =<br /> <br /> = Modern relevance =<br /> [[Category:Definitions]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Metaxism&diff=9823 Metaxism 2022-12-01T15:47:10Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Metaxism''' is an [[authoritarian]] nationalist [[ideology]] associated with Greek Leader [[Ioannis Metaxas]]. It called for the regeneration of the [[Greek]] nation and the establishment of a modern, [[Fascist]], culturally homogenous Greece.<br /> <br /> = Background =<br /> Metaxism was the brainchild of [[Ioannis Metaxas]], a Greek [[Nationalism|nationalist]] which was the Prime Minister of [[Greece]] in the [[Second Hellenic Republic]]. As its creator, Metaxism is strongly anti-Communist, Turkophobic and authoritarian, an opposition to Democracy, Liberalism and Corporativism. It can be considered Fascist.<br /> <br /> = Important Figures =<br /> <br /> = Modern relevance =<br /> [[Category:Definitions]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Archangelold&diff=9822 User talk:Archangelold 2022-12-01T15:34:36Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>====Archives====<br /> [[User talk:Archangel/AAtalk archive 11-26-22|Archive #1]]<br /> <br /> {{Short description|Be sure to use the "Add Topic" tab above.}}<br /> <br /> __ADDNEWSECTIONBELOW__<br /> == Re: wolf den -- [[User:MilleBracciaAlzate|MilleBracciaAlzate]] ([[User talk:MilleBracciaAlzate|talk]]) 15:30, 1 December 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> Thanks! It looks good for now, let's see how it goes.<br /> == New setup -- [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 00:58, 28 November 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> Lovin' the new setup! Top-down, Nice! [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 00:58, 28 November 2022 (UTC)</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Archangelold&diff=9821 User talk:Archangelold 2022-12-01T15:30:04Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: /* Re: wolf den -- ~~~~ */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>====Archives====<br /> [[User talk:Archangel/AAtalk archive 11-26-22|Archive #1]]<br /> <br /> {{Short description|Be sure to use the "Add Topic" tab above.}}<br /> <br /> __ADDNEWSECTIONBELOW__<br /> == Re: wolf den -- [[User:MilleBracciaAlzate|MilleBracciaAlzate]] ([[User talk:MilleBracciaAlzate|talk]]) 15:30, 1 December 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> Thanks! Will do.<br /> == New setup -- [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 00:58, 28 November 2022 (UTC) ==<br /> <br /> Lovin' the new setup! Top-down, Nice! [[User:Bacchus|𝓑𝓪𝓬𝓬𝓱𝓾𝓼 ]] ([[User talk:Bacchus|talk]]) 00:58, 28 November 2022 (UTC)</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=David_Icke&diff=9770 David Icke 2022-11-30T18:14:37Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Preach}}{{Quote|Humanity is actually under the control of dinosaur-like alien reptiles called the Babylon Brotherhood who must consume human blood to maintain their human appearance.|David Icke<br /> }}{{Nopic}}<br /> '''David Vaughan Icke''' <ref>Pronounced like "Ike", not "Icky".</ref> is an author and speaker best known for his reptilian conspiracy theory. He came to fame as an [[England|English]] footballer and sports commentator and used to be a spokesman for the Green Party of England and Wales, but since 1991, he has devoted his life to writing books explaining his unusual theories, and promoting hem. His net worth is estimated to be at 30 million dollars.<ref group=note>This is a successfil amount by any measure.</ref> <br /> <br /> Combining messages of wide-ranging conspiracy themes with that of the "answer" to all the problems humanity is facing being the kind of love and consciousness. Icke is a prototypical example of an early popularizer of modern conspirituality (conspiracy-spirituality) beliefs.<ref name=teoc>Ward, Charlotte and Voas, David (2011) ‘The Emergence of Conspirituality’, ''Journal of Contemporary Religion'', '''26'''(1): 103-121. [https://conspirituality.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Ward-Voas-Conspirituality.pdf PDF copy.]</ref> While many groups and individuals in that area have risen to varying levels of fame and infamy since the 1990s, Icke has become a modern classic with staying power.<br /> <br /> He often accuses high profile British figures of being involved in the sexual abuse of children. One such figure was Jimmy Savile, who may be the most prolific child molester in British history. After Savile's death, David claimed he had warned about Jimmy's exploits, but no evidence has ever been presented.<br /> <br /> ==Views==<br /> {{Quote| Some of my friends have urged me to tell people the basic story, but "for God's sake don't mention the reptiles" |David Icke|The Biggest Secret}}<br /> Icke is a proponent of a Unified Conspiracy Theory that mixes together just about ''every'' conspiracy theory you can think of; this he calls the "Babylonian Brotherhood."<ref group=note>Whether he knows anything about the actual civilization is unknown.</ref> He has stated that "All members of the media, the scientific community, the banking system, and the religions and militaries of the world's nations are mere foot-soldiers" of the conspiracy. These [[sheeple|stooges]] are in turn controlled by the usual suspects: the [[United Nations]], the [[Bilderberg Group]], the [[Trilateral Commission]], the [[Illuminati]], the [[Freemasons]], the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Rothschild family]], the World Bank, etc. All of ''these'' groups are merely the puppets of "the global elite." which are controlled by "the prison wardens."<br /> <br /> ===Anti-Semitism===<br /> Whether Icke is an anti-Semite is not clear. Some people have taken offence to Icke, claiming that "shape-shifting lizard-people" is a code word for "[[jews]]".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/17/features.weekend Beset by Lizards: David Icke, one-time goalkeeper, TV presenter and self-proclaimed Son of God, has re-invented himself as a travelling guru. Would Canada take seriously his warnings of power-hungry extraterrestrial reptiles or would he be dismissed as an anti-Semitic bigot?] by Jon Ronson (17 Mar 2001 08.32 EST) ''The Guardian''.</ref> Icke claims that he is not anti-Semitic and that when he says "shape-shifting lizard-people," he ''quite literally'' means lizards, saying to Jon Ronson in 2001: "There is a tribe of people interbreeding, which do not relate to any Earth race ... This is not a[[jews]]plot. This is not a plot on the world by[[jews]]people."<ref>Jon Ronson (2001) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh-t4DokdQ "The Lizards and The jews"]</ref><br /> <br /> He does believe the ''[[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' is a true document, although he argues that it was not about jews, because "jew" ([[ironic]]ally, given the accusation of coded anti-Semitism) was supposedly a code word for actual lizards.<ref name="Ronson2012">{{cite book|author=Jon Ronson|title=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kecaVjRkyZ8C&pg=PT129 Jon Ronson's Adventures With Extraordinary People]|url=|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-1963-7|page=129}}</ref><ref name=behold>[https://archive.org/details/pdfy-fK_LIU_yIP8YBTfX/page/n83/mode/2up ''Behold a Pale Horse''] by Milton William Cooper (1991) Light Technology Publishing. ISBN 0929385225.</ref> He also has been flirting with [[Holocaust denial]],<ref>[http://www.critical-thinking.org.uk/conspiracy-theories/david-icke.php Critical Thinking Association (UK)] on Icke</ref> but again he has made no firm statements. Icke published a book in 2019, called ''The Trigger: The Lie That Changed the World — Who Really Did It and Why'', that essentially [[9/11|blamed 9/11 on the jews.]]<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/a-hateful-conspiracy-filled-book-just-got-harder-to-buy-thats-no-cause-for-celebration/2019/09/23/9b124716-ddf9-11e9-8dc8-498eabc129a0_story.html "A hateful, conspiracy-filled book just got harder to buy. That’s no cause for celebration."] by Ron Charles, Washington Post, 2019 September 24</ref><br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.davidicke.com/index.php/ Icke's own webshite]<br /> *[http://alien-ufo-research.com/reptilians Information on Reptilians] - Including pictures, videos, and the reptilian agenda. Your life may depend on it.<br /> *[http://tinwiki.org/wiki/Reptiloid Reptiloid] on [[TinWiki]]<br /> *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yO0NMZIfs4 Skeptics are controlled by the Reptilians (according to Icke)]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140731004307/http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/Icke,%20David.html Icke entry] at the [[JREF]] Encyclopedia<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh-t4DokdQ David Icke and Jon Ronson special]<br /> *[http://www.merseysideskeptics.org.uk/2009/08/son-of-god-says-the-flu-vaccine-will-kill-your-kids/ Son of God says the flu vaccine will kill your kids]<br /> *[http://www.icke-exposed.co.uk/ A website which debunks the outrageous claims of David Icke]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p91Ne-vM-i0&feature=related/ Stargate was real!] [[Roland Emmerich]] was trying to send a message!<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGM43jGjXkU&feature=related/ Don't trust anything you hear, unless I say it!]<br /> *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6S3e2oj0m6o Seven signs you're dating a Reptilian.]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcQzOZmJykk ''David Icke: Was he Right'']; Channel five documentary.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> <references /></div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=David_Icke&diff=9769 David Icke 2022-11-30T18:14:11Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Quote|Humanity is actually under the control of dinosaur-like alien reptiles called the Babylon Brotherhood who must consume human blood to maintain their human appearance.|David Icke<br /> }}{{Nopic}}<br /> '''David Vaughan Icke''' <ref>Pronounced like "Ike", not "Icky".</ref> is an author and speaker best known for his reptilian conspiracy theory. He came to fame as an [[England|English]] footballer and sports commentator and used to be a spokesman for the Green Party of England and Wales, but since 1991, he has devoted his life to writing books explaining his unusual theories, and promoting hem. His net worth is estimated to be at 30 million dollars.<ref group=note>This is a successfil amount by any measure.</ref> <br /> <br /> Combining messages of wide-ranging conspiracy themes with that of the "answer" to all the problems humanity is facing being the kind of love and consciousness. Icke is a prototypical example of an early popularizer of modern conspirituality (conspiracy-spirituality) beliefs.<ref name=teoc>Ward, Charlotte and Voas, David (2011) ‘The Emergence of Conspirituality’, ''Journal of Contemporary Religion'', '''26'''(1): 103-121. [https://conspirituality.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Ward-Voas-Conspirituality.pdf PDF copy.]</ref> While many groups and individuals in that area have risen to varying levels of fame and infamy since the 1990s, Icke has become a modern classic with staying power.<br /> <br /> He often accuses high profile British figures of being involved in the sexual abuse of children. One such figure was Jimmy Savile, who may be the most prolific child molester in British history. After Savile's death, David claimed he had warned about Jimmy's exploits, but no evidence has ever been presented.<br /> <br /> ==Views==<br /> {{Quote| Some of my friends have urged me to tell people the basic story, but "for God's sake don't mention the reptiles" |David Icke|The Biggest Secret}}<br /> Icke is a proponent of a Unified Conspiracy Theory that mixes together just about ''every'' conspiracy theory you can think of; this he calls the "Babylonian Brotherhood."<ref group=note>Whether he knows anything about the actual civilization is unknown.</ref> He has stated that "All members of the media, the scientific community, the banking system, and the religions and militaries of the world's nations are mere foot-soldiers" of the conspiracy. These [[sheeple|stooges]] are in turn controlled by the usual suspects: the [[United Nations]], the [[Bilderberg Group]], the [[Trilateral Commission]], the [[Illuminati]], the [[Freemasons]], the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[Rothschild family]], the World Bank, etc. All of ''these'' groups are merely the puppets of "the global elite." which are controlled by "the prison wardens."<br /> <br /> ===Anti-Semitism===<br /> Whether Icke is an anti-Semite is not clear. Some people have taken offence to Icke, claiming that "shape-shifting lizard-people" is a code word for "[[jews]]".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/17/features.weekend Beset by Lizards: David Icke, one-time goalkeeper, TV presenter and self-proclaimed Son of God, has re-invented himself as a travelling guru. Would Canada take seriously his warnings of power-hungry extraterrestrial reptiles or would he be dismissed as an anti-Semitic bigot?] by Jon Ronson (17 Mar 2001 08.32 EST) ''The Guardian''.</ref> Icke claims that he is not anti-Semitic and that when he says "shape-shifting lizard-people," he ''quite literally'' means lizards, saying to Jon Ronson in 2001: "There is a tribe of people interbreeding, which do not relate to any Earth race ... This is not a[[jews]]plot. This is not a plot on the world by[[jews]]people."<ref>Jon Ronson (2001) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh-t4DokdQ "The Lizards and The jews"]</ref><br /> <br /> He does believe the ''[[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' is a true document, although he argues that it was not about jews, because "jew" ([[ironic]]ally, given the accusation of coded anti-Semitism) was supposedly a code word for actual lizards.<ref name="Ronson2012">{{cite book|author=Jon Ronson|title=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kecaVjRkyZ8C&pg=PT129 Jon Ronson's Adventures With Extraordinary People]|url=|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-1963-7|page=129}}</ref><ref name=behold>[https://archive.org/details/pdfy-fK_LIU_yIP8YBTfX/page/n83/mode/2up ''Behold a Pale Horse''] by Milton William Cooper (1991) Light Technology Publishing. ISBN 0929385225.</ref> He also has been flirting with [[Holocaust denial]],<ref>[http://www.critical-thinking.org.uk/conspiracy-theories/david-icke.php Critical Thinking Association (UK)] on Icke</ref> but again he has made no firm statements. Icke published a book in 2019, called ''The Trigger: The Lie That Changed the World — Who Really Did It and Why'', that essentially [[9/11|blamed 9/11 on the jews.]]<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/a-hateful-conspiracy-filled-book-just-got-harder-to-buy-thats-no-cause-for-celebration/2019/09/23/9b124716-ddf9-11e9-8dc8-498eabc129a0_story.html "A hateful, conspiracy-filled book just got harder to buy. That’s no cause for celebration."] by Ron Charles, Washington Post, 2019 September 24</ref><br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.davidicke.com/index.php/ Icke's own webshite]<br /> *[http://alien-ufo-research.com/reptilians Information on Reptilians] - Including pictures, videos, and the reptilian agenda. Your life may depend on it.<br /> *[http://tinwiki.org/wiki/Reptiloid Reptiloid] on [[TinWiki]]<br /> *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yO0NMZIfs4 Skeptics are controlled by the Reptilians (according to Icke)]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140731004307/http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/Icke,%20David.html Icke entry] at the [[JREF]] Encyclopedia<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh-t4DokdQ David Icke and Jon Ronson special]<br /> *[http://www.merseysideskeptics.org.uk/2009/08/son-of-god-says-the-flu-vaccine-will-kill-your-kids/ Son of God says the flu vaccine will kill your kids]<br /> *[http://www.icke-exposed.co.uk/ A website which debunks the outrageous claims of David Icke]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p91Ne-vM-i0&feature=related/ Stargate was real!] [[Roland Emmerich]] was trying to send a message!<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGM43jGjXkU&feature=related/ Don't trust anything you hear, unless I say it!]<br /> *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6S3e2oj0m6o Seven signs you're dating a Reptilian.]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcQzOZmJykk ''David Icke: Was he Right'']; Channel five documentary.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]<br /> <references /></div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Iosif_Vissarionovich_Dzhugashvili&diff=9768 Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili 2022-11-30T18:11:34Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> {{Nopic}}<br /> '''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]<br /> = Early Life =<br /> Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.<br /> <br /> He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.<br /> <br /> = As a Social Democrat =<br /> After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901. Ironically, during his venture to Batumi, his ideals were divisive causing him to be considered an infiltrator at the behest of the Secret Services (the Okhrana) by his fellow Communist revolutionaries.<br /> <br /> = Death =<br /> Stalin reportedly was found dead in a puddle of his own urine<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-death-stalin-180965119/</ref> still in his pijamas.<br /> <br /> = References =</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Iosif_Vissarionovich_Dzhugashvili&diff=9767 Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili 2022-11-30T18:11:20Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> {{Nopic}}<br /> '''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]<br /> = Early Life =<br /> Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.<br /> <br /> He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.<br /> <br /> = As a Social Democrat =<br /> After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901. Ironically, during his venture to Batumi, his ideals were divisive causing him to be considered an infiltrator at the behest of the Secret Services (the Okhrana) by his fellow Communist revolutionaries.<br /> <br /> = Death =<br /> Stalin reportedly was found dead in a puddle of his own urine<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-death-stalin-180965119/</ref> still in his pijamas.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Iosif_Vissarionovich_Dzhugashvili&diff=9766 Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili 2022-11-30T18:11:10Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> '''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]<br /> = Early Life =<br /> Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.<br /> <br /> He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.<br /> <br /> = As a Social Democrat =<br /> After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901. Ironically, during his venture to Batumi, his ideals were divisive causing him to be considered an infiltrator at the behest of the Secret Services (the Okhrana) by his fellow Communist revolutionaries.<br /> <br /> = Death =<br /> Stalin reportedly was found dead in a puddle of his own urine<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-death-stalin-180965119/</ref> still in his pijamas.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9373 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:28:00Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> <br /> | Name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = test<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = test<br /> | president = test<br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = test<br /> | first_secretary = test<br /> | secretary_general = test<br /> | presidium = test<br /> | secretary = test<br /> | spokesperson = test<br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = test<br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = test<br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 - 10<br /> <br /> Infobox political party}}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9371 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:27:35Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> <br /> | Name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = test<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = test<br /> | president = test<br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = test<br /> | first_secretary = test<br /> | secretary_general = test<br /> | presidium = test<br /> | secretary = test<br /> | spokesperson = test<br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = test<br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = test<br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 - 10<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9369 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:27:17Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Infobox political party}}<br /> | Name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = test<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = test<br /> | president = test<br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = test<br /> | first_secretary = test<br /> | secretary_general = test<br /> | presidium = test<br /> | secretary = test<br /> | spokesperson = test<br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = test<br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = test<br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 -10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9366 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:26:50Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | Name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = test<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = test<br /> | president = test<br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = test<br /> | first_secretary = test<br /> | secretary_general = test<br /> | presidium = test<br /> | secretary = test<br /> | spokesperson = test<br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = test<br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = test<br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 -10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9364 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:26:27Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = test<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = test<br /> | president = test<br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = test<br /> | first_secretary = test<br /> | secretary_general = test<br /> | presidium = test<br /> | secretary = test<br /> | spokesperson = test<br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = test<br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = test<br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 -10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9360 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:26:04Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = test<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = test<br /> | president = test<br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = test<br /> | first_secretary = test<br /> | secretary_general = test<br /> | presidium = test<br /> | secretary = test<br /> | spokesperson = test<br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = test<br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = test<br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 -10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=British_Democratic_Party&diff=9356 British Democratic Party 2022-11-28T16:25:17Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Cleanup|Unknown infobox issues}}<br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = British Democratic Party<br /> | logo = <br /> | colorcode = {{party color|British Democratic Party (2013)}}<br /> | leader = <br /> | president = <br /> | chairman = James Lewthwaite<br /> | general_secretary = <br /> | first_secretary = <br /> | secretary_general = <br /> | presidium = <br /> | secretary = <br /> | spokesperson = <br /> | foundation = {{Start date|February 9, 2013}}<br /> | ideology = [[nationalism]],<br> [[Euroscepticism]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Loughborough|Loughborough, Leicestershire]]<br /> | international = <br /> | website = https://britishdems.co.uk/<br /> | country = the United Kingdom<br /> | deputy chairman = <br /> | position = [[Right]]<br /> | colours = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}<br /> | seats1 = 3 -10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''British Democratic Party''', commonly known as the '''British Democrats''', is a British political party. It was launched in 2013 in a village hall in Leicestershire by a ten-member steering committee which included former members of several political parties including the [[British National Party]] (BNP), Democratic Nationalists, [[Freedom Party]] and [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Groups]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&diff=9014 Vladimir Lenin 2022-11-27T10:39:15Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}{{Nopic}}<br /> '''Vladimir Lenin''' (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as ''Volodya'' as a child) (April 22, 1870 – January 21, 1924) was the partially[[jews]]leader of Russian [[Communism]] and an important theoretician of [[Marxism]], in particular the main ideologue of one of it's variations, Marxism-Leninism, which became the official doctrine of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and was subsequently adapted to China as well, with slight changes (see [[Marxist-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought]]). <br /> <br /> Ruthlessly coming to power in 1917, he became dictator of the [[Soviet Union]] for life, leaving the position only in 1924 officially - though his control had been diminishing because of his degrading health and inter-party conflicts. All over the Soviet Union and even to some extent some Western countries, there were statues and paintings honoring his memory; some were removed when Communism collapsed in 1991, though some remain, in places like Gelsenkirchen, Germany and Seattle, US of A. Lenin repudiated and tried to stop his successor [[Joseph Stalin]], who was an even worse tyrant, although his reasons were more due to Stalin's lower-class upbringing than any moral objections to Stalin, due to his dismissing Stalin as a "Georgian peasant" when someone suggested him to take Lenin's place{{Cn}}. In addition, [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], a monster in his own right, and one of the few members of Stalin's inner circle to serve both Lenin and Stalin, when asked about who was harsher, indicated that Lenin was more severe than Stalin.{{Cn}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: People]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophers]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Scott_Lively&diff=9013 Scott Lively 2022-11-27T10:37:15Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> Scott Douglas Lively (born December 14, 1957) is an American activist, author, and attorney, who is the president of [[Abiding Truth Ministries]], an anti-LGBT group based in Temecula, California. He was also a cofounder of Latvia-based group [[Watchmen on the Walls]], state director of the California branch of the [[American Family Association]], and a spokesman for the [[Oregon Citizens Alliance]]. He unsuccessfully attempted to be elected as the governor of Massachusetts in both 2014 and 2018.<br /> <br /> =From his website=<br /> Dr. Scott Lively has advocated and modeled the Biblical worldview as a writer, speaker, attorney, pastor, human rights consultant, and missionary for more than 30 years on five continents.<br /> This website is devoted to converting Scott’s extensive and growing catalogue of books, articles, commentaries, interviews, and other materials into accessible free resources for use by those who share the goal of restoring a [[judeo-Christian]] consensus in America and advancing the Biblical worldview around the globe.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]|<br /> [[Category:Activists]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate https://fascipedia.org/index.php?title=Scott_Lively&diff=9012 Scott Lively 2022-11-27T10:37:03Z

<p>MilleBracciaAlzate: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> Scott Douglas Lively (born December 14, 1957) is an American activist, author, and attorney, who is the president of [[Abiding Truth Ministries]], an anti-LGBT group based in Temecula, California. He was also a cofounder of Latvia-based group [[Watchmen on the Walls]], state director of the California branch of the <nowiki>[[American Family Association]]</nowiki>, and a spokesman for the [[Oregon Citizens Alliance]]. He unsuccessfully attempted to be elected as the governor of Massachusetts in both 2014 and 2018.<br /> <br /> =From his website=<br /> Dr. Scott Lively has advocated and modeled the Biblical worldview as a writer, speaker, attorney, pastor, human rights consultant, and missionary for more than 30 years on five continents.<br /> This website is devoted to converting Scott’s extensive and growing catalogue of books, articles, commentaries, interviews, and other materials into accessible free resources for use by those who share the goal of restoring a [[judeo-Christian]] consensus in America and advancing the Biblical worldview around the globe.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:People]]|<br /> [[Category:Activists]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians]]</div>

MilleBracciaAlzate