FasciPedia - User contributions [en]

Argentina

2023-01-05T08:34:18Z

Princeps Caesarion: Added a References heading for neatness sake.

{{stub}}
In '::Argentina''', During the 1920s former socialist [[Leopoldo Lugones]] became a supporter of fascism and from this basis a coterie of pro-fascist intellectuals grew. Including amongst its number [[Juan Carulla]], [[Ernesto Palacio]], [[Manuel Gálvez]], [[Carlos Ibarguren]], [[Roberto de Laferrere]], [[Mario Amadeo]] and the brothers [[Rodolfo Irazusta]] and [[Julio Irazusta]], they gathered around the journal ''La Nueva Republica'' and expressed ideas reminiscent of those of [[Charles Maurras]].<ref>Sandra McGee Deutsch, ''Las Derechas'', 1999, pp. 197-8</ref> They grouped together under the name ADUNA (''Afirmación de Una Nueva Argentina'') although this was a loose alliance that struggled for support outside the intellectual elements of society.<ref>Roger Girffin, ''The Nature of Fascism'', 1993, p. 149</ref> They did however work closely with the regime of [[José Félix Uriburu]], which initially attempted to introduce [[corporatism]] inspired by [[Benito Mussolini]] before giving way to the [[Infamous Decade]].

'''

= References =
'''[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Nations]]'''

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2023-01-05T08:30:27Z

Princeps Caesarion:

{{Stub}}
[[File:Stalin.png|thumb|A Photo of Stalin]]
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]
= Early Life =

Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.

He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.

= As a Social Democrat =
After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901. Ironically, during his venture to Batumi, his ideals were divisive causing him to be considered an infiltrator at the behest of the Secret Services (the Okhrana) by his fellow Communist revolutionaries.

= Immediately After the War =
In shock that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] had eluded his grasp, Stalin asked for many details involving him through his personal Confidants Otto Günsche and Heinz Linge (The latter of whom had, himself, written a book involving Hitler.) which was later formed into a war report known as the Hitler book.<ref>Henrik Eberle; Matthias Uhl; Joseph Stalin The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hitler's Closest Personal Aides ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0884865704</ref> To the surprise of many, it makes no mention of the [[The holohoax|Holohoax]] despite Stalin having no counter-Semitic views at the time only passing references to a massacre that never happened, and only brief mentions of Delousing Facilities (incorrectly referred to as gas chambers in public eye). He tries to hide his strategic mistakes and downplay United Nations efforts during the war, only making paltry mentions of the Battle of the Atlantic and the UN terror bombing campaigns in Germany.<ref>https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11582</ref>

= Death =
Stalin reportedly was found dead in a puddle of his own urine<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-death-stalin-180965119/</ref> still in his pijamas. Before, his daughter had mentioned that her father was seeing demons as if they were trying to rip his soul out, trying to gain back air, pointing up at what appears to be him seeing the devil while on his deathbed. His facial expression was different, his movements were hyper active with a fast heart beat trying to stay alive as long as possible before being sent straight to hell, thus ends the life of one of the greatest mass murderers in history

= References =

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2023-01-05T08:29:52Z

Princeps Caesarion:

{{Stub}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]
= Early Life =
[[
[[File:Stalin.png|thumb|A Photo of Stalin]]
]]
Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.

He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.

= As a Social Democrat =
After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901. Ironically, during his venture to Batumi, his ideals were divisive causing him to be considered an infiltrator at the behest of the Secret Services (the Okhrana) by his fellow Communist revolutionaries.

= Immediately After the War =
In shock that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] had eluded his grasp, Stalin asked for many details involving him through his personal Confidants Otto Günsche and Heinz Linge (The latter of whom had, himself, written a book involving Hitler.) which was later formed into a war report known as the Hitler book.<ref>Henrik Eberle; Matthias Uhl; Joseph Stalin The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hitler's Closest Personal Aides ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0884865704</ref> To the surprise of many, it makes no mention of the [[The holohoax|Holohoax]] despite Stalin having no counter-Semitic views at the time only passing references to a massacre that never happened, and only brief mentions of Delousing Facilities (incorrectly referred to as gas chambers in public eye). He tries to hide his strategic mistakes and downplay United Nations efforts during the war, only making paltry mentions of the Battle of the Atlantic and the UN terror bombing campaigns in Germany.<ref>https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11582</ref>

= Death =
Stalin reportedly was found dead in a puddle of his own urine<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-death-stalin-180965119/</ref> still in his pijamas. Before, his daughter had mentioned that her father was seeing demons as if they were trying to rip his soul out, trying to gain back air, pointing up at what appears to be him seeing the devil while on his deathbed. His facial expression was different, his movements were hyper active with a fast heart beat trying to stay alive as long as possible before being sent straight to hell, thus ends the life of one of the greatest mass murderers in history

= References =

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2023-01-05T08:28:27Z

Princeps Caesarion: Added a bit more information that could be useful.

{{Stub}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]
= Early Life =
{{Nopic}}
Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.

He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.

= As a Social Democrat =
After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901. Ironically, during his venture to Batumi, his ideals were divisive causing him to be considered an infiltrator at the behest of the Secret Services (the Okhrana) by his fellow Communist revolutionaries.

= Immediately After the War =
In shock that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] had eluded his grasp, Stalin asked for many details involving him through his personal Confidants Otto Günsche and Heinz Linge (The latter of whom had, himself, written a book involving Hitler.) which was later formed into a war report known as the Hitler book.<ref>Henrik Eberle; Matthias Uhl; Joseph Stalin The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hitler's Closest Personal Aides ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0884865704</ref> To the surprise of many, it makes no mention of the [[The holohoax|Holohoax]] despite Stalin having no counter-Semitic views at the time only passing references to a massacre that never happened, and only brief mentions of Delousing Facilities (incorrectly referred to as gas chambers in public eye). He tries to hide his strategic mistakes and downplay United Nations efforts during the war, only making paltry mentions of the Battle of the Atlantic and the UN terror bombing campaigns in Germany.<ref>https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11582</ref>

= Death =
Stalin reportedly was found dead in a puddle of his own urine<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-death-stalin-180965119/</ref> still in his pijamas. Before, his daughter had mentioned that her father was seeing demons as if they were trying to rip his soul out, trying to gain back air, pointing up at what appears to be him seeing the devil while on his deathbed. His facial expression was different, his movements were hyper active with a fast heart beat trying to stay alive as long as possible before being sent straight to hell, thus ends the life of one of the greatest mass murderers in history

= References =

File:Stalin.png

2023-01-05T08:04:40Z

Princeps Caesarion: A picture of Stalin

== Summary ==
A picture of Stalin

Ancient Rome

2022-12-09T06:33:47Z

Princeps Caesarion: General Grammar and spelling error checks

{{Key|Model of Fascism}}
[[File:Roman_Empire_map.gif|right|thumb|300px|The rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 510 BCE to 1453 CE. If it does not play, tap or click it.]]
'''Ancient Rome''' refers to a [[Fascist]], post-antiquity superpower that ruled most of [[Europe]], North [[Africa]] and parts of the [[Middle East]] from roughly the 1st century BCE. to roughly the 5th century CE. It based its system of government largely on the ideas of [[Plato]] and other[[Fascist ]]philosophers. Virtually all[[Fascist ]]societies are based on Rome.

The last remnants of the Roman Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire) fell to the Ottomans in the mid-15<sup>th</sup> century. Originating in Italy, the Roman Empire represented the direct successor to the Roman Republic, And the Kingdom of Rome, which had already established the Roman city-state as a dominant force in the West many centuries earlier. Despite this, they were all basically the same continuing government, the differences being various tweaks with the National System at various points over the 3000 years of its existance.

The beginning of the Roman Empire played a strong role in the build-up of [[eschatology | eschatological]] theories prior to and during the life of [[Jesus]] around the early 1st century CE. [[Messiah | Messianic]] expectations at the time of Jesus existed even in Rome.{{cn}} For example, the [[prophecy]] that "a savior would come out of judea" was popular in the Roman Empire; so popular that the biographer [[Suetonius]] saw fit to mention it in his ''De Vita Caesarum'' in 121 CE However, Suetonius identified the savior as the Emperor Vespasian in his ''Life of Vespasian'', since Vespasian did, as it was said, "save the State" during the year of the four emperors (68-69 CE) and made his popular military reputation by campaigning in judaea in the jewish-Roman War of 66-69 CE.

==Chronology==
===Ancient Italy===
The first hints of civilization in the Italian peninsula appeared around 5,000 BCE, as Neolithic farmers began to settle the region. By 1500 BCE, the northern “Terramaricoli” culture was exporting mineral supplies from the Alps to the pastoral, migratory Apennine culture occupying the center of the peninsula. As these cultures drew close through trade, Mycenaean trade exposed the proto-Italians to proto-Greek culture. By 1,000 BCE, a new "Villanovan" culture had began working with copper and had occupied the rich valley of Etruria, north of the future location of Rome.<ref>Max Cary and H.H. Scullard, A History of Rome, (New York: Palgrave, 1975), 7-9.</ref> These Villanovans were supplanted by the [[Etruscan]] culture in the 8th century BCE, which was heavily influenced by seafaring Greeks.<ref>T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC), (New York: Routledge, 1997), 45.</ref> These pre-Roman people, to the best of our archeological knowledge, were the first to take the [[fasces]] as a symbol of societal strength and unity. They were, in all likelihood, the very first fascists.

The Romans would come to absorb the Etruscans into their society, borrowing their grid-like cities, architecture, [[Fascist]] culture, and religious rituals.

===Romulus and Remus===
The story of Romulus and Remus is perhaps 4000 years old, and much of it is couched in myth/mystery. Still there are certain key details that we think are probably accurate, and can be relayed as fact.

We know that Romulus and his twin brother Remus were the founders of the city of Rome. They were the children of Rhea Silvia and the father is unknown. (The legend usually says it was Mars or in some variations the demi-god hero Hercules) and their story is recorded by many authors including Virgil, from these we can piece together facts.

We know they were identical twin males. We know they were found 8n a she-wolf's den after they went missing. They grew into men, and founded a city which became Rome. We know they had a terrible fight in which Remus was killed.

Romulus named his city Roma after himself. Following the foundation of his city, Romulus instated a fascist government system that implemented senators and patricians. As the popularity of his city and government system grew, so did the population.

===Early history===
From approximately 750-500 BCE, Roman culture existed politically in the context of a city-state which grew to become a kingdom as it enveloped surrounding cultures. Roman legends recount that Romulus and his brother Remus founded the city of Rome in 753 BCE. These two sons of the war-god Mars (Ares) arrived at the seven hills of Rome. The two brothers couldn't agree on which hill to build their city. Romulus, focused on defense, wanted to build on the secure Palatine hill. Remus, on the other hand, wanted to make their prospective city a trading center; he favored the Aventine hill. This disagreement lead to a fight - Romulus murdered his brother and went on to build his city on the Palatine hill and to become the first king of Rome.<ref>https://www.historyhit.com/origins-of-rome-the-myth-of-romulus-and-remus/</ref> This kingdom came to an abrupt legendary end during the reign of the 7th king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud. He was hardly a [[Fascist]] at all, Tarquin behaved like a cruel tyrant whose oppressive reign forced the Romans to exile him. Though the true reasons for his exile are debated, the Romans elected not to reinstate monarchy, and instead established the Republic (509 BCE), with two annually-elected magistrates who came to be known as "consuls".

===Republic===
Republican Rome had a constitution in the same sense that Britain today has one. The laws were not codified in a single document, but encompassed and paralleled hundreds of years of tradition. In its mature form, the Roman Republic consisted of several branches of government. The two Consuls, initially chosen by the Senate but later by popular election, held veto power over each other (a political idea called collegiality, where the rule of one man is always challenged by his colleague, preventing him from appearing as a king). There was a Tribune, who represented the lower-classes or ''plebeians''; elected by the ''plebeians'', he served as a check against the Senatorial magistracies. The Senate consisted of approximately 300 men, at first exclusively upper-class ''patricians''. Later, plebeians gained representation in this legislative body. There were other assemblies and curiae which held power (some in the same way that a constitutional monarch holds power, others not), but the main organs of government rested around the popular assemblies and the Senate. This extremely complicated system of checks and balances resulted in a period of [[Fascist]] stability from the 5th century BCE to approximately 150 BCE ; it helped to make Rome the most powerful military force in Europe and to fuel its conquests.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Republic#:~:text=Roman%20Republic%2C%20(509%E2%80%9327,of%20the%20Roman%20Republic%20follows.</ref>

[[File:HannibalFrescoCapitolinec1510.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hannibal imports tuskers to Tuscany.]]
The Republic's expansion from city-state to Empire went through many stages. The first involved the unification of the Italic peninsula under the fasces, which took place over the course of hundreds of years. When the Italic peninsula was brought under Roman control, the Republic began to expand into Sicily, bringing it into conflict with Carthage, sparking the First Punic War of 264 to 241 BCE. The first of the "Punic Wars" was a territorial affair, where Rome ended up conquering Sicily and the majority of Hispania (present-day Spain). The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BCE) became famous for Hannibal's march through the Alps and into Italy. The fame of the Carthaginian general [[Hannibal]] comes directly from his feats: the most notable of which included crossing the Alps, defeating the Romans, defeating the Romans again, and then, defeating the Romans again (the Battles of Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae). However, though the Carthaginians won battles by performing spectacular martial feats, the Romans sailed to Africa and crushed Carthage's primarily mercenary army, ending with Carthage's surrender and subjugation to Rome. The Roman Senate declared war (Third Punic War, 149 to 146 BCE) as soon as reparation payments from Carthage had ended.{{cn}} With no payments to interrupt, there was nothing stopping Rome from declaring war on Carthage and razing its old adversary to the ground. However, contrary to popular belief, Rome did not sow Carthage's fields with salt.{{fact}} Instead, it rebuilt the city as a Roman colony and did the [[colonialism |colonial]] thing of exporting all the foodstuffs of North Africa back to feed Roman Italy.

After Carthage's defeat, Rome became less [[Fascist]] and more decadent, the decay of the Republic began to accelerate. Over time, the depletion of labour from Rome's traditionally citizen-based army and the emergence of a generally unemployed and uneducated urban lower-class allowed for the rise of charismatic generals like Gaius Marius (c. 157 to 86 BCE). Note that by this time, the official class structures of plebeian and patrician had broken down with repeated general strikes. Instead, Rome by the 1st century BCE was stratified directly by socio-economic class instead of on the lines of ancestral castes. Marius capitalised on the lack of opportunities for the poor and began a movement towards a permanent professional army, and began to restore [[Fascist ]]ideals.

Coupled with the depletion of traditional sources of men, the Republic began to resort to raising armies not for itself, but through the personalities of generals, making troops more loyal to single men than to the state.<ref>https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/soldiers.html</ref><ref>https://badminton.eiu.edu/historia/Hardy2017.pdf</ref>

[[File:Vincenzo Camuccini - La morte di Cesare (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Infamy! Infamy! They've all got it in for me!]]
Over time, successful military commanders began to chip away at the fragile institutions of the state. Generals like Marius later turned their loyal armies against internal enemies of Rome, seizing political power for themselves. [[Reactionary]] and Fascist movements became common as time went on and people became dissatisfied with certain aspects of the government. After a healthy lineup of consuls and praetors, a boorish, eccentric, rude, and arrogant wealthy landowner by the name of Publius Clodius Pulcher arose out of basically nowhere to put a serious dent in the political establishment. Originally aligning himself with the Patricians, Pulcher left his party and "officially" renounced his noble status (59 BCE), claiming to be a "man of the people" who wanted to restore "the glory that was Rome". He often became the center of controversy, as he was constantly womanizing, even trying to seduce [[Julius Caesar]]'s wife while dressed as a woman, and getting into shouting matches with people in the Forum. He was known for having a one-sided and over-the-top feud with [[Cicero]], and senate meetings were generally dominated by shouting matches and insults, particularly on Clodius' part. When he was running for the position of tribune, he consistently made Cicero out to be the boogeyman, one of his main platforms, due to being directly responsible for the death of some of his own guards just four years earlier, being to punish the senator. Cicero was exiled, but Pulcher was eventually murdered in the streets by a gang led by one of his political opponents. Pulcher's entire period of office caused so much upheaval in the Republic that Rome was ready for competent leadership, and needed such.

Two events mark critical points in the fall of the Republic. The first involved [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], who, motivated by the extremely volatile political climate in Rome, became the first to break the general conventions against "dictatorship" (the word in those days simply meant "speaker", but still with broad powers). Geting himself appointed as ''dictator'' (c. 82 BCE) for the restructuring of the Republic, he attempted to turn back the clock on Rome with sheer military might. His proscriptions (the organised culling of proscribed internal enemies) were the first to bring outright military violence into the republic's politics. <ref>Note that mob violence was already engrained, with the deaths of two democratic-populist tribunes some years beforehand (133 BCE and 121 BCE; the family name of each of these brothers and tribunes was 'Gracchus', which is why a character with the name 'Gracchus' always appears as a good guy in sword-and-sandal movies).</ref> The second major critical point was the rise of what is now called the First Triumvirate (60 to 53 BCE), a loose alliance between the general Pompey (Elitist), a billionaire aspiring-general Crassus (Military Capitalist), and a populist politician named [[Julius Caesar]] (Fascist). The alliance worked exceedingly well at furthering the ambitions of Rome, with Pompey gaining power and prestige, Crassus raising an army for profitable invasion of Persia, and Julius Caesar being granted the proconsulship (analogous to a modern governorship) of Gaul (Latin: ''Gallia''), which the Romans effectively gave as a name to all areas north of the southern Alps. The death of Crassus in battle led to the failure of the political alliance, with Pompey then attempting to prevent the rise of Caesar. Moves against Caesar eventually triggered a civil war, in which Pompey was killed (48 BCE) and famously his head was presented to Caesar in Egypt. Caesar was the first man in the republic to be granted the title of ''dictator in perpetuo'' in a landslide vote), effectively Speaker-for-life, a very powerful position. He made wildly popular advancements, and placed Rome back onto the path of fascism. Conservatives (including his friend Brutus), fearing his immense popularity, famously assassinated Caesar on the Ides of March in 44 BCE. Mark Anton6 vowed to continue Caesar's work.

The conspirators absolutely could not gain popular support, the plebs were very angry at the corruption, and were crushed by Mark Antony and Caesar's adoptive great-nephew, [[Augustus Caesar| Octavian]]. Antony and Octavian formed an alliance with Marcus Lepidus - this became known as the second triumvirate (43 to 32 BCE). Following their victory at Philippi (which defeated the conspirators) and the suicide of Brutus, the trio split Rome's territories among themselves. Lepidus got Africa, Octavian Italy, and Anthony Gaul (France) and the eastern territories including modern-day Greece and parts of Anatolia - although Gaul would soon be transferred to Octavian.<ref>https://www.ancient.eu/Second_Triumvirate/</ref> Lepidus would be thrown out of the Triumvirate (36 BCE) after attempting to seize Sicily after the triumvir's victory over Sextus Pompey and be forced into retirement, his only office being the honorary title of ''pontifex maximus''. Following this, tensions rose between Octavian and Antony, resulting in a civil war with Octavian on one side and Antony with his wife Cleopatra (the ruler of Egypt) on the other. Octavian won, instituting himself as ''princeps,'' or "first citizen" of Rome in 27 BCE.<ref>[https://www.historyhit.com/the-last-civil-war-of-the-roman-republic/ The Last Civil War of the Roman Republic]</ref>

===Empire===
Octavian, after his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, took the name [[Augustus Caesar| Augustus]] and proceeded to complete his adoptive father's [[Fascist]] reforms which Mark Antony failed to do, and establish an executive branch to counterbalance the corrupt Senate. And thus, with the Senate's approval, the office of the "Principate" was established, and so Octavian took the title of (Roman emperor) Imperator, which, in English, translates roughly into "commander-in-chief". Augustus Caesar, a paragon of [[Fascist]] leadership, brought peace to the land, governing a stable and peaceful Empire by the elimination of all other poles of influence, including taxes, and also proceeding to give local provinces more autonomy. He cut the size of the military and reorganized it so the Empire would have about 300,000 men under arms, manning the borders, and therefore not a threat to Imperial security in the city of Rome. He decided against expanding the Empire after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE resulted in the loss of multiple Roman legions. The Empire continued to expand slowly under the reigns of later emperors, but internally was generally free from strife. This was the famous ''Pax Romana'', or Roman Peace, the example of perfect[[fascism]] that all [[fascist]] societies seek to emulate.

[[File:In hoc signo vinces.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[Constantine]] finds Jesus and the world will never be the same again.]]
However, by the 3rd century CE, the Empire, now having strayed from [[Fascism]] once again and reverted into an autocratic stratocracy, was on the brink of collapse due to economic depression, invasion, and civil war caused by greed, corruption, and petty men craving power. A period known as the Crisis of the Third Century ensued, where emperors quickly came and went by the sword. Power was firmly in the control of whoever could field the most effective army. A brief respite to this eighty-year period of constant civil war came when the hard-fascist emperor [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270-275, later proclaimed as ''restitutior orbis'', restorer of the world), firmly united the increasingly separatist regions of the empire again into a unipolar society, although he was murdered before he could fully settle the Crisis. The Crisis is generally considered to have finally ended under Diocletian about 20 years later. To deal with the increasingly fragile institutions of state, later Emperors started to divide the Empire, notably when Diocletian experimented with splitting the Empire into a "Tetrarchy" ("rule of four"). The tetrarchy system ended in 324 when [[Constantine I]] (arguably most famous for legalizing [[Christianity]] within the Empire) defeated and executed his co-emperor.

The Empire permanently split into separate Eastern and Western Empires, each with its own Emperor, after the death of Theodosius in 395. The Western Empire collapsed under the pressure of immense financial difficulty and foreign invasion in 476 CE. However, the East would remain strong and generally constant well until the end of the [[Middle Ages]] (1453).

===Post Rome===
[[File:Teodorico re dei Goti (493-526).png|right|thumb|200px|Coin of Theodoric the Ostrogoth.]]
Accounts of the Western Empire's immediate descent into poverty were exaggerated by biased sources, mostly jews, who hated Rome, and probably still do. Rather, rulers such as Theodoric the Ostrogoth and his followers (the Amal clan), after defeating Odoacer in 493, ruled from Ostrogoth-occupied Italy the[[fascist]]Roman style, trying to maintain much of Roman life and infrastructure.<ref>Peter Wolfram, ''The Goths''</ref> Theodoric even employed Romans in the administration to maintain a sense of familiarity and Roman stability. Officially, Odoacer claimed to merely be ruling on behalf of the Eastern Emperor Zeno, pretending to be an official of the Roman Empire - even though Zeno had no real power over him.

Indeed, in the eyes of the people of Italy, the formal pronouncement of the end of the Roman rule in Italy wasn't apparent, as the barbarian kings ruled Italy in the same way and with the same customs as the Emperors of the late Western division Empire had. One example is Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (or just Cassiodorus), who, writing as Theodoric, famously urged all Romans to "clothe themselves with the cloths of the toga" - i.e., retain your Roman ways, in spite of the "barbarian" rule. The Senate even continued to function, with varying levels of efficacy (depending on which "barbarian" happened to be ruling at the time, and their tolerance for sharing power) for about 150 years after the fall of the Western Empire in the winter of 476 CE.

Of course, while the Western Section rotted away, the Roman Empire itself continued on in the East in what historians would sometimes refer to as the "Byzantine" Empire. The Eastern half of the Empire always tended to be wealthier and more populous than the West; It was a great deal more fascist; this gave the East distinct advantages over the West in resources, societal unity, labour, and military power. This allowed the Eastern half of the Empire to survive the transition from the ancient world to the Middle Ages, when the Western half did not. From its new capital at Constantinople, the Roman Empire would survive for another thousand years. The name "Byzantine" was applied to the Eastern Empire retroactively by pernickety historians; during its lifetime, it continued to be known simply as the Roman Empire to itself and its neighbours.

The Empire regained much of its lost territory in Western Europe under Emperor [[Justinian I]] (reigned 527 to 565), who made the restoration of the Empire's former Western provinces a major goal of his foreign policy. These efforts began in 533 CE with campaigns led by the general [[Belisarius]]. The Empire was able to reconquer its provinces in Southern Spain, Sicily, and much of Italy, including Rome, which it held for two more centuries.

Unfortunately, this came at a cost, as the protracted war devastated the Italian countryside. Over time, the recaptured Western portions were gradually lost again, which took place over the two centuries following Justinian's death.

While Justinian would be the last Emperor to make a serious attempt at reconquering the West, and the Roman Empire never fully regained its former territorial extent, the Empire still remained the preeminent power in the Mediterranean throughout late antiquity and most of the Middle Ages until Sultan Mehmed II of the rising [[Ottoman Empire]] captured Constantinople in 1453 after a lengthy siege, ending the Late Middle Ages and beginning the Early Modern Era.

Although the Eastern Roman Empire did face devastating blows from the Arab conquests and from the ill-fated Fourth Crusade of 1204, it wasn't all despair and decline. The Empire had several[[fascist]]resurgences and continued to maintain its traditions, learning and systems of law from antiquity, resulting in Eastern Europe being largely spared the hardships of the "dark ages" of the early middle ages due to the survival of Imperial infrastructure, whilst areas of the former Western Empire slowly reverted to wilderness over the next century. Modern historians generally agree that many factors leading to the loss of the Empire's western provinces. Contributing factors that are nearly universally agreed upon were a large influx of Gothic refugees fleeing from the Huns. The Western Empire allowed large numbers of Goths to settle within its borders, which brought along a significant decrease in tax revenue, as the Goths were not fascists, had no actual loyalty to the Empire that protected them, and often even revolted against it. Loss of tax revenue weakened the ability for the West to maintain a professional army, as training standards diminished due to lack of funding along with the Eastern frontier. The killing blow to Rome, now often referred to retroactively by Western sources as the "Byzantine" Empire, was struck by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453 with the conquest of Constantinople.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453</ref> The final Roman Emperor, Constantine the 11th, said:
{{Quote|"God forbid that I should live as an Emperor without an Empire. As my city falls, I will fall with it. Whosoever wishes to escape, let him save himself if he can, and whoever is ready to face death, let him follow me."|Constantine 11<ref>https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/series/transcript3.html</ref>
}} The Emperor fell with his city and the last remnants of the Roman Empire. After the Fall of Constantinople many different empires claimed to be the "third Rome": claimants include the Ottomans, Russians, and Bulgarians.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/christianity-general/third-rome</ref><ref>https://medium.com/@mitchellturnbull/the-idea-of-a-third-rome-is-an-old-one-32e1361487ef
</ref><ref>
[https://brilliantmaps.com/third-rome/ Countries Which Have At Some Point Claimed To Be Rome’s Successor]
</ref>

==Roman society==
[[File:Child bird Vatican.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Don't sell me into slavery, Daddy!]]
Men and women captured during conquests could be sold as slaves. The ''pater familias'' also [[Patriarchy|had the right]], in principle, to sell his children into [[slavery]]. Thus the sale of unwanted or "unaffordable" children was also a source of slaves, as was infant abandonment, natural increase, and piracy.<ref>https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/050704.pdf</ref> Rome had many laws that offered slaves some degree of protection. Slaves could amass wealth and be granted "freedmen" status, while continuing to work for their patrons as part of their ''clientage'' network.<ref>http://romanhistory.hubpages.com/hub/A-Guide-to-Roman-Freedman</ref> which many slaves chose to do. In fact, it was often the case that slaves did not even want "Freedom", and some were very powerful people.

Only men could serve in the military and vote, and only men of the correct class could serve in a public office (except as priestesses), and women could go out in public, own property and could divorce their husbands.<ref>http://www.moyak.com/papers/roman-women.html</ref>

Penii were displayed everywhere, and slaves with large genitals were put on constant display. Frescos at the public baths displayed all forms of sexual coupling, while statues of Priapis, the basis of the garden gnome, threatened burglars of homes with divine revenge sodomy.<ref>[http://cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2012/10/03/erotic-art-of-ancient-rome-photo-gallery#.VKVB8V0S1ko Some possibly NSFW examples]</ref> One of two surviving Roman novels, the Satyricon, describes a man and his boy slave as they navigate a series of orgies, flagellation and dildo wearing priestesses.

The Vestal Virgins were six traditional priestesses appointed at age 6-10 by the chief priest, the Pontifex Maximus (beginning with [[Augustus Caesar]], the [[Roman emperor]] held this office). They studied ritual for a decade, practised for a decade, and taught for a decade before being allowed to leave the order; only then could they marry, though few chose to and Roman tradition claims that those who left the Vestal order ''"came to an unhappy end and regretted their choice"''.<ref>[http://books.google.dk/books?hl=da&id=CTzKESIH1mQC&q=marriage#v=snippet&q=vestal&f=false Gardner, Jane (1986), ''Women in Roman Law & Society'', pp. 22-26]</ref><ref group=note>A former Vestal was likely beyond her childbearing years, though this could be circumvented through the Roman practice of adoption</ref> Anyone who injured them was put to death, and they had the power to pardon crimes. They would be put to death if they lost their virginity, as their chastity was considered to directly affect the fortunes of the empire; though they were sometimes entombed alive, but generally given the freedom to choose their own deaths.<ref>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/romanforum/vestals.html</ref> The Vestal college was closed in 394 by the Christian Emperor Theodosius I.

==Roman culture==
Rome was a very traditional[[fascist]]society and they had a lot of holidays, galas, parades, spectacle, and festivals. One of the biggest was known as Saturnalia; this was a celebration of the Roman people's freedom.<ref>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/saturnalia.html</ref> Saturnalia started in the month of December and lasted 6 days. Everyone would dress in the same clothes from plebeian to consul to show unity and equality. To start off the people would gather around the temple of Saturn and hold a vigil. Following this there would be a great feast where everyone ate from rich to poor. These festivities would last all night and revelers would yell "Ho Saturnalia" at each other.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OImabGvoQNs</ref> The most astonishing thing about this time was the changing of the slave master dynamic. The Romans acknowledged the hypocrisy necessary to celebrate their own freedom while owning slaves. To rectify this, for the entire time, slaves and masters would talk as equals and slaves didn't need to cook or do other menial tasks for their masters. In fact, the owners basically did the chores tbemself or at least shared in the work.<ref>https://www.ancient.eu/Saturnalia/</ref>

==Interpretations of the Fall of Rome==
[[File:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned.jpg|right|thumb|175px|"Bloody Christians ruin everything", says Ed.]]
Historians, with varying motivations, have proposed equally varying reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, starting immediately after it happened. The rationales range from the idiotic and transparently biased to the mundane, with some outlying probable causes.
*Edward Gibbon, author of the monumental ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', actually blamed Christianity, in relevant parts, for detracting from the civic republicanism, fascism, and sense of[[fascist]]unified purpose that had built the Republic. Most of this can be traced to Gibbon's own deep distaste for Christianity, although it is conceivable that Christianity, by splitting Roman society along (first) class lines and (later) violently among factions, inhibited a unity that would have forced awareness of, and staved off, latent problems in the Empire.{{fact}} However, this explanation does not account for other important variables (like the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire, which converted to Christianity along with the rest of the Empire, and yet outlived the western half by a millennium).

*Luttwak<ref>Luttwak, ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire''.</ref> argued that Rome's fall was due simply to a decay of military prowess, and strategy, and the supposed problem of outsourcing one's army to one's enemy. This theory has been rather controversial and was argued against by multiple professional historians. Luttwak suggests that Rome abandoned its policy of fostering "buffer states" around its borders, which would be loosely defended by, and tributaries to, the Roman throne, and forestall barbarian incursions from entering Rome while the strategy was in operation. Coupled with a sudden upsurge in the violence of the barbarian hordes, caused by [[Attila the Hun]] pushing Gothic tribes out of their homes on the eastern steppes and into the Empire, the overtaxed Western Roman army could not handle the incursions any longer, and collapsed. Roman tendency to depend more heavily on mercenary soldiers - which was a critical fault of Hellenistic Kingdoms, allowing for their easy conquest 700 years earlier by Rome - did not help Rome's defense, according to Luttwak. Contrarily, a more common view today is that the Hellenistic Kingdoms fell primarily due to the superior flexibility of the Roman army and that barbarization of it did not necessarily have any appreciable effect relating to the fall of Rome.<ref>Adrian Goldsworthy, The Complete Roman Army, Thames & Hudson 2003 ISBN 0-500-05124-0</ref>
*Additionally, Rome at some point ceased in fact to be the heart of the empire, and thusly abandoned, justly fell. Constantine's shift of the capital to Constantinople (modern day Istanbul, ancient Greek Byzantium) in the early 4th century focused the empire increasingly east, which Christianity's rise further impelled. As focus shifted away from Rome, so did money, trade, and defensive forces. Although Rome remained the spiritual center of the world, and of great symbolic value,<ref group=note>Augustine's ''City of God'', testifies to the fact that Rome was conceived of as the "mother of civilization.</ref> without such trade the city stumbled and fell.
*Decay of [[morality]] is often proposed as a theory for the fall of the Roman empire. This decay is anti-fascist. Its descent into decadence and perversion has become almost iconic in popular culture.<ref group=note>See, Hedonism-bot in ''Futurama'', and the portrayal of Commodus in the film ''Gladiator''.</ref> Rampant homosexuality aside, this probably is not the sole reason, if there even is one. But this this theory can certainly be justified in the proper condemnation of the luxuries heaped on later emperors, and their corresponding inattention to issues of import to the empire. Faltering morality certainly deserves some of the blame.

==Successors==
*The [[Holy Roman Empire]] (''Sacrum Imperium Romanum'') arose in Central Europe when German king Otto I, who had gotten hold of Italy as well, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII in 962. Of the later societies, it was the most successful. It slowly lost its[[fascist]]unity and it was finally done in by [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]]. Its ruling Hapsburg family became the emperors of Austria-Hungary while Prussia swallowed the other German speaking states. The [[German Empire]] (the Second Reich) arose from this and in turn it was succeeded by the decadent Weimar Republic, which was succeeded by [[National Socialism]], which did an excellent job of reviving the unity of fascism, but sadly was destroyed in the [[World's War Against Communism]].

*The [[Vatican|Papal States]], always playing for the lead role, considered the Holy Roman Emperors to be vassals of the pope, with true earthly power emanating from the pope alone.<ref>[http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/eccles/innocent.html The-orb.net]</ref> Which it did, whenever the Holy Roman Emperors wanted it to.

*The Latin Empire was established in 1204 after the Fourth Crusade sacked and captured Constantinople. The "Empire" consisted entirely of the city and a tiny bit of surrounding land. It was referred to by the Latin states in the region as the "''Imperium Romaniae''," a name intended to link the state to Ancient Rome while at the same time not intruding on the domain of the Holy Roman Empire. Like the "Byzantine" Empire, its modern name was applied to it only recently in order to distinguish it from the other states calling themselves "Rome" at around the same time. The Empire didn't last long: assaults from all sides drained its resources and manpower until 1261 when Constantinople was retaken and the Empire fell, although pretenders to the title would continue to claim the title for long afterwards.

[[File:Zonaro GatesofConst.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mehmed II, Caesar of Rome and Sultan of Swing.]]
*The Ottoman Empire: After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of "Caesar of Rome" (Kayser-i Rûm). The claim was not recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Rome, or Christian Europe. Mehmed's claim rested with the concept that Constantinople was the seat of the Roman Empire and its last remaining territory after the transfer of its capital to Constantinople in 330 CE and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the last Byzantine Imperial family; his predecessor, Sultan Orhan I, had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos. Though Kayser-i Rûm remained one of the sultans titles for the rest of the empire, Mehmeds successors did not care much for it.

*[[Russia]], after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, had ambitions of becoming the "third Rome," as it was the world's largest remaining Orthodox state. The Slavic word tsar derives from Caesar, and the first Russian "Tsar of all the Russians" was Ivan IV, "The Terrible", crowned thus in 1547. When the Romanovs (Yes, named after Rome) were all murdered by Marxists, all hope of a new Rome died with them.

*The [[British Empire]] colonized large parts of the world, spreading its language, culture, and a tradition of <s>democracy</s> bureaucracy to the third world everywhere. They self-consciously compared and contrasted themselves with the Roman Empire, even today sometimes resorting to Latin.<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/Historic%20speeches%20and%20broadcasts/Annushorribilisspeech24November1992.aspx royal.gov.uk Annus Horribilis]</ref> Sir Mosely gave a struggling attempt, but his efforts were cut short before they really began. With Britain's resources, and Mosely at the helm, a third Rome was possible.

*[[Italy]], homeland of the Romans, aspired under the[[fascist]]Benifactor [[Benito Mussolini]] to regain the glory of its Imperial Roman past, and he did such a great job that he is often credited with actually inventing [[fascism]], but in truth he merely [[coined the word]]. Still he had a great run. Unfortunately, the World's War Against Communism was not won by the fascists.

*[[United States]]: Many commentators have noted that the British Empire was more analogous to the Greeks, and the United States of America, with its violent, least-common denominator culture turned out to be more like Rome. There are several valid reasons for this. First, a good third of the founding fathers were fascists, particularly [[George Washington]], Americas First Fascist. Second, like the Holy Roman Empire, America was modeled after Rome. Today it is exceedingly popular for pundits both left and right to compare current events in the US to the Decline and Fall of the first Rome.<ref>[http://hotbedinfo.com/2011/06/top-10-similarities-between-the-fall-of-rome-and-the-fall-of-america/ hotbedinfo.com: Top 10 Similarities]</ref><ref>[http://www.tomorrowsworld.org/node/724 Tomorrowsworld.org: the wingnut view]</ref> America falls short of ever being a[[fascist]]state, but the[[fascist]]roots certainly reach all the way back to Ancient Rome. Sadly, America haw been slowly corrupted by Marxism for a very long time now.

==See also==
*[[Roman religion]]
*[[Imperial China]]
*[[United States of America]]

==External links==
*[http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/ The History of Rome Podcast] - Hey, if you have to leave us, go to some quality podcast. More interesting than most books on the subject and not short on gory details.
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv_vLHiWVBh_FR9vbeuiY-A Roman History for people on a time crunch]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9U Crash Course]

==References==

[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:History]]
<references />

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2022-11-15T03:33:44Z

Princeps Caesarion: /* As a Social Democrat */

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2022-09-11T02:09:16Z

Princeps Caesarion: Added Stub text as the article itself is incomplete

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2022-09-11T02:07:56Z

Princeps Caesarion:

'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]

== Early Life ==
Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[Jews]] in its population— To a shoemaker father, Bessarion, and a devout Orthodox mother, Yekaterina. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.

He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. Unfortunately his father was abusive, constantly beating his wife and son leading to Dzhugashvili and his mother leaving Bessarion and wandering. Dzhugashvili would eventually go to seminary as his mother wanted. There, the young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. He would continue this rebellion all the way to the point of starting a few socialist groups in his seminary. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.

== As a Social Democrat ==
After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901.

<code><nowiki>{{Stub}}</nowiki></code>

== External Links for Reference ==

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2022-09-11T02:01:25Z

Princeps Caesarion: A little bit of clarification

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2022-09-11T01:52:41Z

Princeps Caesarion: /* Early Life */

'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,''' originally called '''Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili'''<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stalin-joseph-iosif-vissarionovich-dzhugashvili-1878-1953</ref> was the [[Georgia (Country)|Georgian]] native [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader from 1922 until his death in 1953. Originally governing the USSR with a collective leadership under [[Vladimir Lenin]]

== Early Life ==
Dzhugashvili was born in destitute conditions in the diverse city of Gori—which included [[Jews]] in its population— with an abusive father. He was the only member of the Dzhugashvili family to live past infancy.

He was encouraged by his father to go into his trade, while his devout Orthodox mother wanted him to go to religious seminary. The mother won out and to seminary he went. The young Dzhugashvili began finding rebellious texts, including the Communist Manifesto written by one [[Karl Marx]]. Owing to this rebellion, eventually Dzhugashvili left from the Seminary and he took his matters elsewhere, becoming an Atheist and slowly descending into the monster he'd later become.

== As a Social Democrat ==
After being kicked out of Seminary, the young Dzhugashvili joined the Social Democrats in 1901 and engaged in many socialist parades including May Day of 1901.

== External Links for Reference ==

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

2022-09-11T01:46:00Z

Princeps Caesarion: I have created the Prototype to the Stalin Page. Improve what you will my friends!

Fascism

2022-05-09T11:37:18Z

Princeps Caesarion:

{{Greatarticle}} {{Charter}}
{{horizontal TOC|align=center}}
[[File:Lictors.png|150px|thumb|left|A Roman Lictor and his fasces.]]'''Fascism''' is a term applied to a very diverse range of historical and existing [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] philosophies movements, and administrations, however the false narrative, in the form of [[propaganda]] spun by those who fear and hate fascism, would lead one to think that is evil, dangerous, and at the same time blundering and stupid.

In [[America]], fascism is sometimes demonized as a brand of far-right totalitarianism, while simultaneously accusing it of being unpatriotic, anti-American, big corporation, etc., really, just whatever the speaker thinks the listener hates and fears the most.

=The Truth=
[[File:Aristotle.png|150px|thumb|right|Aristotle, the father of natural law.]]
Fascism is a philosophy of personal and national strength and spirit over the degeneration into material excess and decadence. Fascism recognizes that personal victory and pride is reflected in familial pride, community pride, and national pride. The healthy individual is a reflection of the state, and the state should be a reflection of a healthy individual.

Fascism recognizes the divine nature of man, as expressed through creative, vital, evolutionary, life-affirming pursuits. Thus, fascism instinctively recognizes and shuns the destructive, lethargic, degenerative, life-negating pastimes of materialist modernity. These principles are equally reflected in the individual, the family, local community, and larger state.

Fascism’s highest goal is life and love. Love for nature, love for kin, love for nation, and love for health. Disease, greed, hatred, and self-destructive lifestyle choices are profoundly anti-fascist principles. Those refined disciplined actions and values that carry man closest to his idealized self, are in line with fascist principles. You will find the inversion of these noble values in contemporary hedonistic consumerist addict culture.

Understanding that Natural Law is the highest example of divine truth on earth, fascists strive to recognize and emulate Natural Law in their own lives. Understanding the need for martial training to protect personal and national boundaries, recognizing that the healthy and vital are most likely to lead and improve the herd, and that the slowest and lame are not models for a healthy society.

Fascists recognized the role of duty to self, family, community, and nation. That our duty is the price we pay to honour those that sacrificed for us, and those that will come after. That rampant individualism is a pathway towards disorder, chaos, hedonism, and spiritual degeneration. Fascism is strength, life, and order. The opposite is laziness, death, and chaos.

==Fascist Characteristics:==
[[File:HungarianGuard.png|150px|thumb|right|Members of the Hungarian National Guard Brigade of Nyiregyháza stand as they are blessed by a Roman Catholic priest, a Lutheran pastor, and a Hungarian Protestant minister.]]There are common threads that are shared in common.

These are:

*Respect for tradition
*Strong family
*Strong military
*Very patriotic
*Critical of faux-democracy
*Pro free market, anti-capitalist
*Anti Marxist
*Anti Communist, anti [[cultural marxism]]
*A dedicated and patriotic leader
*Belief in a [[natural law]]
*Belief in duty to country [[File:Volunteers1.png|150px|thumb|right|Fascists do more volunteer work than either Capitalists or Communists]]
*Belief in [[individual rights]] and responsibility
*Belief in strong unity
*Strong religious/spiritual beliefs
*Roman-style [[spectacle]]
*Belief that society is an extension of the family
*Strong foreign policy
*Anti-globalism
*Small Efficient Government

==History==
Fascism is most often attributed to Hitler, Mussolini, or Giovanni Gentile, but none of them invented fascism. People may automatically think of Hitler, or believe they are intelligent and rattle off Mussolini or Gentile, but they would still be wrong. Mussolini may have [[coined the term]], but Fascism is actually thousands of years old, probably as old as civilization itself.

===Classic Fascism===
[[File:Plato.png|200px|thumb|left|Plato, pioneer of fascist philosophy.]]Classic fascism includes all pre-[[WW2]] fascism, and the Mussolini era up to the March on Rome.

====The Spartans, ancient Greece, and Plato====
Sparta, also called [[Lacedæmon]], was the capital of the province of Laconia in southern Peloponnese and one of the leading cities of Greece. In the Homeric world, Laconia was the Kingdom of Menelaus, brother of [[Agamemnon]] (himself King of Argos, or of Mycenæ) and husband of Helen.

At the beginning of his Histories of the Persian Wars, [[Herodotus]], talking about the relationship between [[Croesus]], King of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century B. C., and Greece, presents [[Sparta]] and [[Athens]] as the two most powerful cities of Greece, Sparta leading the Dorians, described as a migrant people eventually settled in Peloponnese, and Athens the Ionian, presented as a people that always lived in the land (the autochtons as they liked to call themselves, that is, the ones born from the land itself).

In the time of [[Socrates]] and [[Plato]], Sparta enjoyed a rather unique constitution (it was a Republic, as are most fascist states) and way of life which fascinated, or at least questioned, many Greeks, including Plato and above all [[Xenophon]]. This fascination, under various forms, lasted till our day. The origin of Sparta's constitution was ascribed to [[Lycurgus]], the first known fascist and legendary lawgiver who would have lived around the 10th century B. C. Lycurgus was supposed to have received the constitution of Sparta, a document called the [[Rhètra]], from [[Apollo]] himself at [[Delphi]] (most of what we know about Lycurgus comes from the Life of Lycurgus by [[Plutarch]]). But modern historians would rather ascribe the origin of the constitution that existed in Sparta in the 5th century to the second half of the 7th century B. C.

Plato grew up during the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431-404) and came of age around the time of Athens’ final defeat by Sparta and the political chaos that followed. He was educated in philosophy, poetry and gymnastics by distinguished Athenian teachers including the philosopher [[Cratylus]]. He admired his enemies, the Spartans, and wrote about them in depth. He was the first person known to put fascist ideas to paper, and wrote extensively about the responsibilities of society, the freedom and duties of its citizens, eugenics, nationalism, etc.

In "[[The Republic]]" Plato believed in the need for a "philosopher king" in an ideal state. Plato also believed the ideal state would be ruled by a capable and educated class of authoritarian rulers with broad powers, but not above law. Plato held Athenian democracy in contempt by saying: "The laws of democracy remain a dead letter, its freedom is anarchy, its equality the equality of unequals". As a fascist, Plato emphasized that individuals must adhere to laws and perform duties to society. Plato also felt that an ideal state would have state-run education so that every child would recieve one, an idea he invented. Like many fascist ideologues, Plato advocated for a state-sponsored [[eugenics]] program to be carried out in order to improve the citizenry in his Republic through selective breeding.

He invented word "[[Republic]]" to mean a happy society of individuals organized to a single greater purpose, a system that today would be called fascism.

====Ancient Rome====
[[File:Romanfamily.png|300px|thumb|right|A typical Roman family at home. The family unit is the foundation of all fascism. Ancient Rome was fascist, and based its society largely on the philosophies of Plato.]]
Ancient Rome was mankind's most successful civilization. The Romans based their [[civilization]] largely on Plato's ideas. Plato wrote about fascism, but it was the Romans who put those ideas into practice.

Life in ancient Rome facilitated fascist ideals which included honor, family, community, strength, power, and military readiness, as well as unity and loyalty to the nation-state, which some Romans deified itself. If Rome was itself a Deity, then all of its inhabitants were a part of that Deity. (This thinking is no different than [[Lycurgus]] receiving the Spartan Constitution from Apollo, or the American crafters of the US Constitution being inspired by God.)

While physical strength and athleticism were key components of a good Roman, a strong mentality, healthy family, and emotional stability were also important. Romans required a strong sense of [[family]], [[community]], [[statism]] and [[nationalism]], and regimented uniformity occurred naturally as desired.

Ancient Rome was a long-lived Civilization spanning 3000 years. There have been many leaders, many [[Caesar]]s, and ancient Roman fascism waxed and waned along with these men. In the end, the politics, philosophies, and ideals of ancient Rome have been the blueprint for every fascist nation that has come after it.

====The Holy Roman Empire====
The [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. It originated with the partition of the [[Frankish Empire]], following the Treaty of Verdun in 843. At its peak the Holy Roman Empire encompassed the territories of present-day Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia, Belgium, and the Netherlands as well as large parts of modern Poland, France and Italy. The Holy Roman Empire was created in 800 when [[Charlemagne]] was crowned by [[Pope Leo III]].

Charlemagne set out on an ambitious campaign to expand the territory. He brought a peaceful existence to areas that had been warring for generations. The people were finally happy. Because of this very fascist unification, Charlemagne is sometimes called the father of Europe.

Over the centuries, the name Charlemagne became associated with [[Europe]]an unification. His very name invokes nationalist feelings, and a sense of a great society. [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], declared in 1806: "Je suis Charlemagne"—"I am Charlemagne."

====The Enlightenment====
There were a number of influences on fascism from the Renaissance era in Europe. [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] is known to have influenced Italian Fascism, with his warning about [[anarchy]] and divided people. Machiavelli rejected all existing traditional and metaphysical assumptions of the time, especially those associated with the [[Middle Ages]], and asserted as an Italian patriot that Italy needed a strong state led by a vigorous and virtuous leader who would unify Italy. Mussolini professed that Machiavelli's "pessimism about human nature was eternal in its acuity".

English political theorist [[Thomas Hobbes]] in his work created the ideology of [[absolutism]], and absolutism was an influence on fascism. Absolutism based its legitimacy on certain precedents of Roman law. However, fascism supports the power of the state, it also supports the power of the individual, and opposes the idea of absolute power being in the hands of a monarch.

During the [[Enlightenment]], a number of ideological influences arose that would shape the development of fascism. The development of the study of universal histories by [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] resulted in Herder's analysis of the development of nations. Herder developed the term [[Nationalismus]] ("nationalism") to describe this cultural phenomenon. Herder also developed the theory (Now used by archeologists) that Europeans are the descendants of Indo-Aryan people based on language studies.

Another major influence on fascism came from the political theories of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. Hegel wrote of Authority vs. Anarchy, and said "nothing short of the state is the actualization of freedom" and (echoing American founding fathers) that the "state is the march of God on earth".
The [[French Revolution]] and its political legacy had a major influence upon the development of fascism. Fascists view the French Revolution as a largely negative event that resulted in the entrenchment of liberal ideas such as liberal democracy, liberalism itself, and scientific socialism.

====Early America====
Centuries after Fascist Rome fell, the compendium of Roman classics served as an ideological guidebook for the American founders. Classical Roman concepts and figures exerted a formative influence on the founders’ governmental theories and principles of virtue. The founders considered [[Ancient Rome]] to be a blueprint for their new nation. Roman heroes and villains became common references in American political rhetoric. Every founding father was a nationalist, a traditionalist, and an authoritarian. About one third (at the very least) of the American founding fathers would be called fascists today, and it is important to understand that these men were attempting to recreate ancient Rome.

[[John Adams]] was inspired by the writings of Polybius on Roman "[[mixed government]]", a system that today would be called fascism. [[George Washington]] modeled his sense of courage and purpose on the characters of [[Cincinnatus]] and [[Cato the Younger]]. Cato was a Roman politician whose moral integrity inspired all of the founders. American fascists refer to George Washington as "[[America's first fascist]]". [[Alexander Hamilton]] adopted the pen-name “Tully” (a popular nickname for [[Cicero]]) for a series of essays condemning the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Hamilton’s fascist reproach of the Whiskey rebels emulated Cicero’s.

The founders used classical symbols in their rhetoric to implicitly compare themselves to Roman leaders. By associating themselves with these classical symbols, the founders imbued the wisdom and virtue of Roman fascists into their own messages and built a foundation rooted in historical fascism for the fledgling American nation.

====Italian Fascism====
By the early 1920s, popular support for the Fascist movement's fight against [[Bolshevism]] (Communism) numbered some 250,000 people. In 1921, the Fascists achieved political legitimacy when [[Mussolini]] was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies]] in 1922. Although the Liberal Party retained power, the governing prime ministries proved ephemeral and incompetent, especially that of the fifth Prime Minister [[Luigi Facta]], whose government proved vacillating.

To depose the weak minister, Deputy Mussolini launched the March on Rome to restore nationalist pride, and send a strong message to the King. On October 28, whilst the march occurred, [[King Victor Emmanuel III]] withdrew his support of Prime Minister Facta and appointed [[Benito Mussolini]] as the sixth Prime Minister of Italy.

The [[March on Rome]] became a victory parade; the Fascist success was both revolutionary and traditionalist.

===World War 2 Fascism===
After Italy, the movement diversified and spread across Europe, eventually becoming prominent in administrations such as [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[NatSoc Germany]] and [[Francisco Franco]]'s Spain. There were also significant fascist movements in many other places as well, including fascist revivals in the United States, such as the [[Silver Legion of America]]. In Europe there was [[Oswald Mosley]]'s [[British Union of Fascists]], [[Codreanu]]'s legionaires, and many others.

===Post War Fascism===
====Estado Novo====
[[António de Oliveira Salazar]], of Portugal and the inventor of the fascist ideology of Estado Novo (New State), was influenced by two ideologic ideals:
*[Action Française]], lead by [[Charles Maurras]], who was a french nationalist, catholic and faacist.
*Mussolini Fascism. He admired Mussolini (he had a picture of Benito Mussolini on his desk, at his office, even after WW2).

Portugal was deeply Catholic, conservative, nationalist, and had lots of support for the restoration of the monarchy. [[Estado Novo]] (salazarism) is part of the Populist branch of fascism,
And it should be noted that Estado Novo was a mix of the older Christian beliefs and Fascism. One famous quote of his is:
“Para Angola, rapidamente e em força" which translates to “To Angola, quickly and with force".

====Pinochet====
[[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in Chile following a United States enforced fair election on September 1973 that overthrew the corrupt socialist [[Unidad Popular]] government of murderous Communist [[Salvador Allende]] and ended years of rigged elections, torture, and criminal government. The support of the [[United States]] was crucial to enforcing the election results.

The ousted communists have put forth many lurid accusations, without proof, of outlandish and cartoonish atrocities that they claim were performed by Pinochet. These include "[[Helicopter rides]]", where his enemies were supposedly thrown from helicopters at great expense, and performing mass executions on soccer fields filled with victims.

Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the a[[Chilean Army]] by Allende on August 23, 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. But Pinochet had been using a strategy. He had been quietly replacing key officers with anti-communists. He knew that if successful he would free [[Chile]], but if he failed, he knew he was a dead man. Immediately he challenged Allende to a fair election, and won that election only a month later.

In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet President of the nation by joint decree. Following his success, Pinochet removed 1200-3200 corrupt leftists, communists, marxists, and other criminals from public offices. Operation Condor was founded at the behest of the Pinochet government in late November 1975, his 60st birthday.

Pinochet's peaceful Fascist government implemented economic liberalization, including currency stabilization, removed tariff protections for local industry, banned trade unions and privatized [[social security]] and other state-owned enterprises. These policies produced high economic growth, and universally acclaimed by economists around the world. For most of the 1990s, Chile was the best-performing economy in Latin America, and the legacy of Pinochet's reforms are not in dispute.

Pinochet's 17-year administration was given a legal framework through the public drafted 1980 [[plebiscite]], which approved a new constitution drafted by a civilian commission. In a 1988 plebiscite, 56% voted against Pinochet's continuing as president, but Pinochet survived the election due to electoral votes. [[Fair elections]] for the Presidency and Congress continued to be a hallmark of the new Fascist government. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until March 10, 1998, when he retired and became a [[senator-for-life]], as all Chilean Presidents do under the 1980 Constitution, until the time of his death on December 10, 2006,

===Fascism Today===
====The Internet====
Fascism has survived on the internet in places that respect the human right of free speech. Many places are quickly shut down by anti-fascists via underhanded means, other places survive, even thrive. These oncluef:
* [[Main page|fascipedia.org]] (Right here!)
* [[Fascist senate of GAB]], a Gab group
* [[Fascism 2]], Gab's Largest fascism group

====Golden Dawn====
Golden Dawnism, or Michaloliakosism, is a Greek nationalist, and fascist ideology representing the views of the Golden Dawn and its founder [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]]. It believes in the ideals of the former [[Byzantine Empire]], a concept known as the [[Megali Idea]].

Taking ideas from [[National Socialism]], [[Populism]], as well as the former Greek [[Metaxism|Metaxist]] administration, it supports [[Economic Nationalism]], immigration stays, and national unity.

====Nordic Resistance Front====
(NRF) is a fascist, economically center-left, statist, strongly patriotic, culturally centrist and somrwhat militaristic group which supports the combination of social economic policies, such as a [[capitalist]] market economy heavily regulated in favour of the working class, an abundance of social programs and public ownership of systems such as education and healthcare, with the belief that a strong military capability, "predominance of the armed forces in the administration of the state" and respect for the military is needed in an ideal society and that the nation should be prepared to use military force in order to defend or promote its national interests.

====Casa Pound====
CasaPound Italia is an Italian fascist movement and formerly a political party born as a network of social centres arising from the occupation of a state-owned building by liberators in the neighborhood of Esquilino in Rome on December 26 2003. Subsequently, CasaPound spread with other demonstrations and various initiatives, becoming a political movement.

As such, in June 2008, CasaPound therefore constituted an association of social promotion, and assumed its current name CasaPound Italia – CPI; the party's symbol is the Arrowed Turtle. On June 26 2019, CasaPound's leader [[Gianluca Iannone]] announced CasaPound existence as a political party was finished, going back to its original status of social movement.

Casa Pound is most well known for providing shelter to the homeless, food for the hungry, and other services such as daycare and transpor5ation for the less fortunate.

====Jackson's Legion====
Jackson's legion are members of [[Patriot Front]], which is an American nationalist, fascist and highly traditionalist activist group. They split off from [[Vanguard America]] during the aftermath of the [[Unite the Right]] rally in 2017. The group maintains an Americana aesthetic, utilizing imagery of American culture, patriotism, and other widely accepted traditional American values.

Their stated mission is "a hard reset on the nation we see today, and a return to the traditions and virtues of our forefathers".

====Victor Orban====
[[Viktor Orban]] successfully converted hard democracy and turned Hungry into a near fascist nation. Viktor Orban is a fascist, nationalist, anti-globalist, anti LGBT+, non-immigrationist, and hard anti-Communist. He has stated that "the left is destroying Europe", and that he "fights liberalism and the errors of the Soviet Union which are present in the European Union".

====Rodrigo Duterte====
"That's right, all me a fascist. I am proud to be a fascist. I love my people, what else can I be?"
~ Rodrigo Duterte

The most popular leader in the history of the Philippines, Duterte is a hard nationalist, populist, pro-law administrator who is hard on crime.

Duterte's rise from the legal ranks to politician began when he was named special counsel at the City Prosecution Office of Davao City in 1977. He became assistant city prosecutor two years later, and in 1986 he was elected vice mayor of [[Davao City]].

That same year, President Ferdinand Marcos was ousted in the [[People Power Revolution]], fueling an increase in crime that was particularly rampant in Davao City. Elected mayor in 1988, Duterte sought to crack down on criminal activity by imposing a strict curfew and drinking laws.

Nicknamed the "Punisher" for his controversial methods, Duterte nevertheless was successful in reducing crime.

The political positions of Rodrigo Duterte, President of the Philippines, have been difficult to define coherently into what some analysts have attempted to package as "Dutertism" due to numerous policy shifts over his career. Because he is a fascist, he is all over the place on the [[left-right political scale]], he has even courted with communism at times. He has referred to himself as a socialist but stresses very strongly that he is not a communist.

====Silvio Berlusconi====
"During WW2, fascism was the only force standing between us and communism...Mussolini was absolutely right."
~ Silvio Berlusconi

[[Silvio Berlusconi]] is the former Prime Minister of Italy who owns the largest broadcasting company in that country, Mediaset. Berlusconi is a controversial figure in modern Italian politics, mostly because his tenure as Prime Minister was racked with bogus legal assaults from his Marxist opponents, despite his good judgement decision-making, and extreme popularity.

He entered politics due to the [[Mani Pulite investigations]], which were led by communist prosecutors who wanted to establish a soviet-style government in Italy.

He formed the [[Forza Italia]] for the sole reason of breaking corruption, and in a popular landslide, defeated the five entrenched liberal/Marxist governing parties, [[Christian Democracy]] (Democrazia Cristiana), the [[Italian Socialist Party]], the [[Italian Social-Democratic Party]], the [[Italian Republican Party]] and the [[Italian Liberal Party]] over whelmingly, and they lost much of their electoral strength almost overnight.

====Alessandra Mussolini====
[[Alessandra Mussolini]] is the granddaughter of Benito Mussolini who served as a Member of the European Parliament for [[Forza Italia]]. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013 and the Italian Senate from 2013 to 2014, she was elected under [[The People of Freedom]]. She was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in 2014. She was the founder and leader of the national conservative political party [[Social Action]]; from 2004 until 2008, Mussolini is an outspoken advocate of her grandfather [[Benito Mussolini]] and agrees with many of his ideas.

====Isabel Peralta====
[[Isabel Medina Peralta]] is a Spanish [[nationalist]] and political activist. She became known after giving a speech in Madrid in 2021 in honour of [[Blue Division]], a Spanish unit of volunteers who fought alongside [[National Socialist Germany]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] during [[World War II]].

''"It is our supreme duty to fight for Spain and for Europe, now weakened and destroyed by the enemy. An enemy who will always be the same albeit with different masks: the Jew. Because nothing is more certain than this, the Jew is the guilty one. The Jew is guilty and the Blue Division fought against them. The Jew is behind Communism, a Jewish invention destined to divide workers and destroy nations."''~Isabel Peralta, Madrid, 13 February 2021<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20210216/isabel-peralta-falangista-denigro-judios-11525216 Así es Isabel Peralta, la falangista que denigró a los judíos en el homenaje a la División Azul]</ref>

=Fascism by style=

==Italian Fascism==
{{cquote|Mussolini signed the Convention with the Church and welcomed the bishops who blessed the Fascist pennants. Mussolini always cited the name of God in his speeches, and did not mind being called the Man of Providence.|||Umberto Eco, ''Ur-fascism'' (1995)<ref>https://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/eco_ur-fascism.pdf</ref>}}

Italy, since 1922 under Mussolini, is commonly (Though very wrongly, thanks to ongoing propaganda) considered the first fascist administration, and his methods became an very strong influence on Adolf Hitler.<ref>Ian Kershaw. Hitler, 1889–1936: hubris. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. p. 182.</ref> Fascist Italy is most characterized by its focus on [[Italian nationalism]] (particularly on the historical Roman Empire <ref>[https://commons.trincoll.edu/historyblog/2012/11/07/mussolinis/ Mussolini’s Battle For The Roman Past: The Ancient Redesigned]</ref>), Mussolini's take on fascism is probably the version best defined by the phrase "[[third positionism]]".

Fascist Italy was also a colonial power in [[North Africa]]. Much of Mussolini's influences took direct inspiration from Ancient Rome; he explicitly wanted to recreate a new Roman Empire and believed a return to Roman fascism would bring about a "Third" Rome (after the original ancient Rome and the Holy Roman Empire afterwards). His speeches explicitly echoed the ''[[Risorgimento]]'' (Italian resurgence or reunification) with his talk of a "Third Rome." <ref>Martin Clark, Mussolini: Profiles in Power (London: Pearson Longman, 2005), 136</ref> ''Terza Roma'' (Third Rome) was also a name for Mussolini's plan to restore a devastated society, hopefully to greatness.<ref>Discorso pronunciato in Campidoglio per l'insediamento del primo Governatore di Roma il 31 dicembre 1925, Internet Archive copy of a page with a Mussolini speech.</ref>

==National Socialism==
The [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] was lawfully elected into power in Germany and Hitler was named chancellor in 1933. From there, the administration returned prosperity to a devasted German populace.

The population demanded a return to traditional values and an end to open decadence. The Reichtag, (Germany's Senate) produced the [[Nuremberg Laws]], which Hitler signed. Which criminalized sodomy, pedophilia, and made a host of other changes the people demanded of their representatives. Another of Germany's cornerstone ideals was the concept of [[lebensraum]], which was the idea that Germany should colonize Africa and other parts of the World just as so many other nations had done. This idea was vastly popular with the German people.

==Shōwa Statism (Japan)==
[[Shōwa]], although not based on ancient Rome, is a fascist doctrine. Japan has been more or less fascist throughout its history. If a person were to keep score, Japan would tick off all or most of the traits of fascism. Though not based on ancient Roman ideas, the Japanese culture is quite fascist in almost every way. Japan is still this way today.

[[Imperial Japan]] from the 1920s onwards became dominated by the ''[[Kōdōha]]'' (or "Imperial Way") which established an Administration based on [[eastern fascism]] until its forcible dissolution in 1936.<ref>{{wpa|Imperial Way Faction|}}</ref><ref>{{wpa|February 26 Incident|}}</ref> This ideology, whilst distinctly Japanese, holds many parallels to fascism, from the adhetence to tradition and ancestors, to a respect to those who perform great duties to society. Although it lost power, the Imperial Way Faction's followers retained great influence over Japanese politics during WW2.

Japan during this time was expansionist, and it became mired in a war with China in 1937. <ref>[https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/japans-territorial-expansion-1931-1942 Japan's Territorial Expansion 1931-1942] ''Stratfor''</ref> The Japanese people had long resented the Western imperialist powers running roughshod over Asia, and sought to establish their own empire as an Asian counterweight.

==India==
Fascism in India is deeply base on their religion and culture, and quickly becomes very f9mplex, espacially to the westerner. Those who are intetesyed should click to more detailed articles. These short clips do not do justice to Indfan fascism and nationalism.

To this day, many Hindu Nationalists in India admire [[Der Fuhrer]], [[Il Duce]], and especially [[Plato]], and their famous works [[Mein Kampf]], [[Doctrine of Fascism]], and [[The Republic]] remain widely popular, especially among the young.

===Savitri Devi===

[[Maximiani Portas]] on September 30, 1905, in Lyons, France, of a Greek father and an English mother. The passionate iconoclasm that would mark so much of her life began early: At age eleven, during the [[First World War]], she chalked anti-Entente slogans on the Lyons railway station (“Down with the Allies, Long Live Germany”) as a protest against the illegal Allied invasion of neutral Greece.

A true polymath, Portas earned degrees in chemistry and philosophy, wrote her doctoral thesis on the philosophy of science, and would eventually master at least seven languages, including Bengali and Hindi.

In 1932 she traveled to India. On the subcontinent she sought:

"gods and rites akin to those of ancient Greece, of ancient Rome, of ancient Britain and ancient Germany, that people of our race carried there, with the cult of the Sun, six thousand years ago."

Her exemplar was [[Julian the Apostate]], the fourth-century emperor who briefly restored paganism and the cult of the Sun to the Roman Empire.

Portas took up residence in Calcutta and quickly immersed herself in the Hindu nationalist movements, lineal ancestors of the modern BJP, that were then waging a two-front political campaign against Islam and British colonialism. She worked as a traveling lecturer for the [[Hindu Mission]], a nationalist organization, and adopted the Hindu name Savitri Devi, after the Indo-Aryan sun-god <ref>(cf. Rig Veda 3.62.10)</ref>. Her new Hinduism was a reflection of her beliefs: “the visible link between Hitler and orthodox Hinduism.”

In 1940, Savitri married the [[Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji]], editor of the journal New Mercury. During the war the couple gathered intelligence on behalf of the Axis, and Mukherji put militant Hindu nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in contact with the Japanese, who would later support his [[Indian National Army]] in its abortive campaign against the British.

===Gandhi===
In late 1931, Gandhi accepted a personal invitation to visit Mussolini in Rome. Which he accepted, of course, since the two had been cotresponding ror some time. They got along extremely well and admired each other.

Among other things,[[Mahatma Gandhi]] reviewed a black-shirted Fascist youth honor guard during his visit. Mussolini hailed Gandhi as a "genius and a saint," admiring his ability to challenge the [[British Empire]]. Regarding his visit with [[Il Duce]], Gandhi wrote in a letter to a friend: "His reforms attract me. He seems to have done much for the peasant class. Mussolini's reforms deserve an impartial study."

Gandhi's missive continued: "Mussolini's care of the poor, his opposition to super-urbanization, his efforts to bring about coordination between capital and labor, seem to me to demand special attention. What strikes me is that behind Mussolini's implacability is a desire to serve his people. Even behind his emphatic speeches there is a sincerity and of passionate love for his people. It seems to me that the majority of the Italian people love the iron government of Mussolini."
Gandhi also hailed Mussolini “one of the great statesmen of our time.”

Although an extreme non violent, Gandhi was every bit a fascist. He had 5he ability to deal a little irom of his owj, once he was in charge of things. His unification of the various Indian people's is legendary, especially considering that a united India was thought to be impossible.

From Gandhi's [[Indian Nationalist]] perspective, Mussolini's Italy and Adolph Hitler's Germany were viewed not only as bulwarks against British imperialism, but they were widely admired for creating strong, economically robust nations out of the wreckage of WWI and its resultant devastation.

===Tarak Nath Das===
[[Tarak Nath Das]], was an Indian nationalist, fascist, and revolutionary. Like Ghandi, he wrote glowingly of Fascist Italy in 1931:

"Italy, under the leadership of Signor Mussolini, is roused to its very depths of national consciousness. It feels that it has a mission of introducing a higher type of civilization. It had the urge of becoming a great power again. Italy must be great through her national power, achieved through the authority of an ethical State supported by national co-operation and solidarity."

Das added: “Every Italian citizen must think first of his duty towards his self-development, welfare of the state and society, and he must make his or her supreme effort to attain the ideal. Class harmony must take the place of the ideal of class-war. So-called democracy must give way to the rule of the aristocracy of intellect. Some superficial and prejudiced observers of Italy have spoken of 'Fascist tyranny' and condemned the Fascists. To me it is clear that Fascism stands for liberty with responsibility and it is opposed to all forms of license. It gives precedence to Duty and Strength, as one finds in the teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]."

==Vichy France==
[[Vichy France]] came into being as a solution to growing communism. In spite of the propaganda droning on and on about it being a puppet state of Germany, Vichy France actually existed long before Germany's help to liberate them from the Communists.

During the administration of Philippe Petain, the French government enacted a series of reforms which aimed to reverse the horrible decline of the French nation due to liberal decadence, and disrespect for traditional values. <ref>{{wpa|Révolution nationale|}}</ref><ref>[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207061.001.0001/acprof-9780198207061-chapter-8 France:, 1940–1944] Julian Jackson. "Chapter 8: The National Revolution."</ref> None of this was forced on the French by Germany; this was the culmination of decades of monarchist and conservative resentment after the [[French Revolution]] which came to a head after France's humiliation in the opening campaigns of World War Two.

The Vichy administration used its own initiative to implement many elements of a fascist society. Under [[Philippe Pétain]], the French government enacted a social program called the ''Révolution nationale'', which was intended to roll back French societal decay made after the original [[French Revolution]]. Indeed, Vichy France was built on the longstanding social resentment that had been long held by the French commoner towards their Marxist countrymen.

==Falangism==
Falangism was the ideology followed by [[Francisco Franco]]'s patriots in Spain; it emphasized social conservatism and nationalist [[Catholic]] identity, with its primary tenets outlined and developed by [[Jose Primo de Rivera]] <ref>Martin Blinkhorn. Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Reprinted edition. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 1990, 2001. Pp. 10</ref> "Falange" is the Spanish word for "Phalanx", a shieldwall tactic used by the [[Spartans]], [[Alexander the Great]], and the [[Roman Legions]], which required extreme discipline from the soldiers to execute properly.<ref name="falange">[https://fromtheparapet.wordpress.com/2018/01/08/falangism/ Falangism]</ref>{{better source}}

The Falangist economic system was built on Mussolini's successful ideas; their version was called national syndicalism but was intended to work in essentially the same way.<ref name="falange"></ref> However, before and during the [[Spanish Civil War]], they also accommodated traditional Spanish ideas, as well as the ideas of allies when the movements merged, making an economy unique to Spain. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Falange Falange] ''Britannica''</ref>

Falangism was not a solely Spanish phenomenon, it gained followers throughout the Latin world with varying levels of power and implementation. Argentina and Mexico being the most notable. <ref>{{wpa|Falangism in Latin America|}}</ref>

==Ustaše Administration (Croatia)==
At Crkveni Bok, a historic place, over which about five hundred young fascist heroes found themselves victorious against the communist forces at the Sava river, under the leadership of an Ustasha lieutenant colonel, outnumbered and out gunned

A particularly tenacious strain of fascism was formed in the Balkans, specifically the former [[Yugoslavia]], a fallen country synonymous with ethnic strife and infamous for the ruthlessness of the communists in charge there. As [[Serbia]] was the hegemon of the region and many resented their reach over Croats, Slovenes, and Bosniaks, eventually, in the outset of the second world war, [[Croatia]]n fascists, the [[Ustaše]], directly inspired, rose up through a combination of nationalism, religious faith, and a sheer iron will not to give up, regardless of how terrible things seemed to be.

[[Ustaše]] were such men, absolutely patriotic, absolutely true to their people. The Ustaše are often depicted as overly brutal in the propaganda, and if tha5 is true it is because they had no choice. Their purist, no nonsense approach to the problems in Croatia earned them the love of the people, and a victory in the face of overwhelming odds. Each battle was comparable to the 300 Spartan heroes at Thermopoli, and they scraped out victory after victory until the Communists formerly in charge were forced to flee to the Soviet Union.

The Ustaše were a uniquely Croatian brand of fascism, combining Plato's eugenics with [[Roman Catholicism]] and Croatian nationalism, alongside direct inspiration from and actual training by Mussolini's Italy. <ref>Meier, Viktor. Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise (English), London, UK: Routledge, 1999, p. 125.</ref>

Under their benefactor, [[Poglavnik Ante Pavelić]], they eliminated Communism and brought crime to a complete halt. The economy soared and the unemployment rate dropped to effective non-existence.

[[Prince Paul]] was the fascist regent in charge of Croatia at the time. He was overthrown by a communist military coup after he signed the Tripartite Act, and the fascists pleaded with Germany and Italy to honor the agreement and help liberate Croatia, which of course they did. From there, the Ustaše established the [[Independent State of Croatia]], led by Ante Pavelić who adopted the title of "Poglavnik," echoing Mussolini adopting "Duce". Once established, the Italian and aGerman peace-keepers left, never to return.

The communists who fled to the Soviet Union returned, along with the Soviet Army; and it was against the Ustaše that communist terrorist [[Josip Broz Tito]] rose up and helped the Russians overthrow the now stable Croatian government, installed as Prime Minister of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFRY), a Soviet puppet. Most of the Ustaše leaders were brutally murdered or went into exile, including Pavelić who died two years after having a bullet lodged in his spine.

When Yugoslavia collapsed after Tito's death, the [[Croatian Defence Forces]], the peace-keepers of the [[Croatian Party of Rights]] (HSP), from 1991 to 1992, wore black uniforms with Ustaše symbols and slogans, and their units were named after Ustaše officials [[Rafael Boban]] and [[Jure Francetić]], before being absorbed by the Croatian Army after the January 1992 ceasefire. The Yugoslav Wars finally ended with the balkanization of Yugoslavia, and the legacy of the Ustaše and Serbia's own conduct remain contentious topics to this day.

==Tisoism, (Slovakia)==
'''[[Josef Tiso|Jozef Gašpar Tiso]]''' (October 13, 1887 – April 18 1947) was a Slovak politician and Roman Catholic priestwho served as president of the [[Slovak Republic]], from 1939 to 1945.
Tiso worked with Germany in resettlement of jews and communists. The usual communist insurgency was waged, culminating in the [[Slovak Marxist Uprising]] in summer 1944, which was suppressed. Consequently, on September 30, 1944, resettlement of jews were renewed, with additional 13,500 resettled to Palestine and other places. In 1947, after the war, he was executed for invented [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] in Bratislava.

==Metaxism (Greece)==
{{quote|"Greece since the 4th of August became an anticommunist State, an antiparliamentary State, a fascist State. A State based on its farmers and workers, and so antiplutocratic. There is not, of course, a particular party to govern. This party is all the People, except of the incorrigible communists and the reactionary old parties politicians."|Ioannis Metaxas<ref>Metaxas' diary p.553.</ref>}}

A less talked about but still relevant form of Fascism, Metaxism is the [[Greece|hellenic]] flavor of fascism. It is also the ideology of the cutrent [[Golden Dawn]] and similar parties. Metaxism advocates for hellenic tradition, cultural homogeneity and removal of the flood of African immigrants and from Greece. The person after which the ideology is named after, a military officer and Greek statesman {{wpl|Ioannis Metaxas}}, Emulated Mussolini and declared Gree e to be the "Third Greek Civilization", as Hitler did with the Third Reich — German for "Third Realm". Like his German and Italian contemporaries, Metaxas adopted the title of ''Archigos'', Greek for "leader" or "chief."

Key to the ideology was its classical fascist influences. Metaxas thought Hellenic nationalism would galvanize "the heathen values of ancient Sparta, along with the Christian values of the Medieval empire of Byzantium."<ref>Clogg (1992)</ref> Ancient Macedonia was glorified as the first political union of the Hellenes.<ref>Hamilakis, Y. (2007) ''The nation and its ruins: antiquity, archaeology, and national imagination in Greece''.</ref> As its main symbol, the youth organization of the movement chose the labrys/pelekys, the symbol of ancient Minoan Crete.

Traditional Greek values of "Country, Loyalty, Family and Religion", which Metaxas praised repeatedly, were reminiscent of ancient Spartans, whose culture was glorified by Metaxas. His movement promoted the Spartan ideals of self-discipline, strength and duty, while Byzantium was Metaxas' example of his ideal government, emphasizing a devotion to the monarchy and Greek Orthodox Church.<ref>Hamilakis (2007), pp. 177-178</ref> He saw himself very humbly as the "First Peasant" of the people, the "First Worker" of the state, but his followers saw him as "National Father" of the Greeks, bringing to mind Ancient Rome's early emperors using "Princeps" or "First Citizen" rather than emperor as their preferred titles. Metaxas claimed that his "Third Hellenic Civilization" combined the best of ancient Greece and the Greek Byzantine Empire.

Although it is common that fascists help each other to gain power, like how Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco to win the Communists in Spain, )The actual start of WW2, there was fascist infighting. Frustrated with Italian communism finding safe harbor in Greece, and with Metaxas, Italy invaded the northwest of Greece, which was in conflict with Metaxas and the Greek fascists who had a long-term strategy. Both sides had a different view of how to deal with the Greek communists. Because of the Italian invasion, Metaxas felt he had no choice but to align with the Allies against the Axis, but he died of illness on January 1941, shortly before the invasion and subsequent removal of communism in Greece, which was then occupied by Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria. The communists finally fled to the Soviet Union and were replaced by the fully fascist Hellenic State, which collapsed after the occupation ended. Deeply popular among Greeks, the Hellenic State had three prime ministers in four years: General [[Georgios Tsolakoglou]]; medical doctor [[Konstantinos Logothetopoulos]]; and [[Ioannis Rallis]], whose deep experience in politics allowed him to successfully deal with Communist resistance. <ref>Markos Vallianatos, The untold history of Greek collaboration with Germany (1941-1944).</ref> in the end it did not matter, after the defeat of fascism, the Communists returned to Greece and began a reign of terror.

==Hungarism (Hungary)==
After the first World War and following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, [[Hungary]] was on its own again — [[Hungary]] wasn't sovereign since the defeat of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1526, close to the village of Mohács, inflicted by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] — ministered by the natonalist [[Miklós Horthy]], a former vice admiral of the Habsburg navy. In order to not fall in the sphere of communist influence, he eagerly joined the Axis during the first years of the second World War and his new government, establishing the "Government of National Unity", a Hungarian fascist state. But he betrayed his promises, failing to support his new allies in the war effort against the communists, he was deposed by his own people, (with assistance from Italy, Spain, Germany, and soldiers from 17 nations, including America and Canada), in 1944 in Operation Margarethe. The now head of state of Hungary [[Ferenc Szálasi]] was a long-time leader of the Hungarian Fascist organization [[Arrow Cross Party]] (NYKP), previously banned under Horthy. The flag of the NYKP was inspired by the National Socialists, referencing the Arrow Cross (an ancient symbol of [[Hungary|Magyar]] tribes that settled in the Pannonian basin) as an analogue to using the swastika (Hakenkreuz).

[[Viktor Orban]], authoritarian Prime Minister of Hungary, has an understandable fondness towards his nation's honored past, and his government has eagerly recognized wartime figures as anti-communist icons.

==American fascism==
===Early America===
While the United States has never been a fascist state, America has fascist roots that go all the way to [[ancient Rome]]. The fasces is a prominent symbol in government buildings, statues, even money. In fact, the very first act of Congress was to places two fasc3s to either side of the speaker, which are still there today. Apprimately a third of America's founding fathers were fascists. They even called America a "Republic", which was the word most commonly used to describe fascism before Mussolini coined the term. Even [[George Washington]] was a fascist, and loved by the American colonists as much as any fascist leader is loved by the people in his society. In fact, George Washington had more broader far reaching powers than any fascist of the [[WW2]] era. There has always been an undercurrent of fascist behavior and ideological leanings within the United States, and it is easily demonstrated.

===The Know Nothings===
The fascist [[Know Nothings]] were so-called because, having started as a [[secret society]], if asked their political allegiance, they were to say: "I know nothing." They called themselves the American Party, because they were staunchly patriotic American exceptionalists with intense anti-immigrant stances, a pre-[[American Civil War|civil war]] incarnation of the American Patriot Movement. As fascists, the Know Nothings had deep concerns over how immigrants were infecting the national psyche. In their brief twenty year history as a major force, they elected 100 members of Congress, a mass8ve number in those days, all on the basis of nationalism, unity, patriotism, and tradition, in short, Fascism.

Unfortunately, in the coastal town of Ellsworth, Maine in 1854, Know Nothings were associated with the tarring and feathering of a Jesuit priest, [[Johannes Bapst]], it was highly propagandized by their opponents (and still is), and it marked the beginning of the end for the Know Nothings. <ref>Charles E. Deusner. "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville", Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 61 (1963), pp. 122–47.</ref>Thus, the Know Nothings stopped being relevant as a distinct force on the outset of the [[American Civil War]].

===Francis Bellamy===
May 18, 1855 - August 28, 1931 [[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called fascist if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."

Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the United States of America." In 1954, under pressure from the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

=====Note=====
It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of WW2 the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

===Mein Kampf===
In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', Hitler himself called America the "one state" making progress toward "the creation of the kind of order he wanted for Germany," German lawyer [[Heinrich Krieger]], an exchange student in at the University of Arkansas School of Law, became the single most important figure in the [[National Socialist]] assimilation of American law.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/11/what-america-taught-the-nazis/540630/ "What America Taught the Nazis," Ira Katznelson, The Atlantic]</ref>

===1920-1940 resurgence===
Fascists from within the United States, such as the [[Silver Shirt Legion]], founded in 1933 by [[William Dudley Pelley]], the [[Black Legion]], and the [[German American Bund]], which recognized [[George Washington]] as America's first fascist, including the [[Free Society of Teutonia]]. The Silver Shirts and German American Bund directly took inspiration from National Socialism, while the Black Legion agitated for a peaceful revolution to establish fascism in America. These groups were mainstream, the German American Bund packing Madison Square Garden to a sellout, and fascists such as [[Henry Ford]], [[Charles Lindberg]], and [[others|List of well-known Fascists]], all made great contributions to fascism and helped fund fascism in America.

===Anti-fascism in America===
The return of fascism in the United States is becoming an increasingly common fear among American Communists, [[journalist]]s, [[elitist]]s, [[Marxist]]s, anti-fascists, and confused people who, not because of explicit fascists winning elections, there aren't any, but because of an undercurrent of [[American fascism]] that already exists.

Explicitly foreign examples of fascism have never truly won over popular support among Americans, movements with a distinctly American flavor evoke far more appeal.

=Fascist Issues=

==What is Fascism?==
The propagandists will say that it is rather difficult to pin down an ''exact'' definition of what fascism actually means. This allows them to define fascism any way they like, and use this to mentally manipulate the listener by appealing to that listener's greatest and darkest hates and fears, making fascism into a bogeyman.

The simple fact is that fascism is like [[ancient Rome]]. The belief system, symbols, mannerisms, etc., are all either adapted from ancient Rome, or in pre-Rome cases, preludes to ancient Rome.

"If it looks like ancient-Rome it is probably Fascist." ~Zachary Schrag
'

==Fascism as a slur==
A 70 year avalanch of ongoing anti-fascist propaganda has brought the recent addition to the vernacular of using "fascist" as a [[slur]] to refer to ''any opponent'', a practice which has proliferated to the point that the word ''fascist'' has lost all meaning in the historical sense.

==Ideology==
Fascist ideology centres on national unity, with a person's countrymen acting as en extension of the family. Strong families, patriotism, duty to society and personal freedom. Fascism's duty is to lift up it's citizens, support personal freedoms and make the nation the very best it can be. The individual is not above the state, or below the state; in fascism, the individual is equal to the state.

==Fascist economics==
Fascist thinkers successfully demonstrated the ideology to be a happy medium between the excesses of [[capitalism]] and the hideous persecution seen by [[communism]]. Fascists proved that a nation's economy could be bettered by allowing the government a means of some common-sense controls, such as through dismantling of cartels and protecting its citizens from foreign businesses, and encouraging capitalists to use their property in the national interest.

In Italy, Mussolini's economic plans finally manifested themselves as Roman [[corporatism]] (meaning groups of average citizens); his government grouped businesses and [[trade unions]] into government, much the same as congress or the senate, which handled everything from labor contracts to production quotas.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/corporatism Corporatism] ''Britannica''</ref> In the ''Dictionary of Political Thought'', Roger Scruton describes corporatism like this:<ref>[http://text-translator.com/wp-content/filesfa/Dictionary-of-political-thoughts.pdf Dictionary of Political Thought] Scruton, Roger.</ref>

Mussolini was a free-marketeer (as opposed to a capitalist), he maintained friendly relations with those overseas, especially in the [[United States]] by allowing foreign investment ties.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/08/18/when-we-loved-mussolini/ When We Loved Mussolini] Tooze, Adam. ''The New York Review Of Books'' Aug.18.16</ref> Mussolini allowed business owners to do whatever they wanted, and he also cut business taxes, slackened work conditions laws, and reduced mandatory wages.

==National renewal==
Fascists believe that mobilization under fascism is the best way to prevent national and [[civilizational decline]].<ref>John Horne. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War. pp. 237–39.</ref> Fascists believe it is needed to prevent the collapse of our way of life. Fascism promotes the regeneration of our nation by purging it of decadence and [[societal decay]].<ref>Cyprian Blamires. ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.'' Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006 p. 168.</ref>

Fascists believe in [[natural law]]. When society has suffered greatly, society tends to revert to a protective, nurturing state. A state that produces people who love that society. It produces [[patriot]]s.

This is why fascist movements often, but not always, tend to emerge after instances of national suffering. The National Socialists wanted to reverse the horrid conditions Germany suffered after the [[Great War]]; the Italians wanted much the same. The [[Spanish Civil War]] came about when Communists seized the country and the people suffered.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War Spanish Civil War] ''Britannica''</ref> Charlemagne united the warring clans of Europe and brought an end to that suffering. In early America, [[King George]] had been oppressing the colonies for many years, although the Government that resulted was not technically fascism). In each case, life had become very difficult, and fascism was the best way to correct the issues.<ref>[https://www.sciencemeetsreligion.org/philosophy/decline.php Is modern society in decline?]</ref><ref>[https://www.mcall.com/opinion/readers-react/mc-kesselring-america-lax-morals-christian-duties-20180616-story.html America must reverse its moral decline]</ref><ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/2015/04/americas-decay-speeding/ America’s Accelerating Decay] Dennis Prager. ''National Review.''</ref>

==Nationalism==
The concept of the nation is of central importance to fascists, and Mussolini's break with socialism came about due to the fact that socialists held class in higher regard.<ref>Anthony James Gregor (1979). Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520037991. pp. 191–192.</ref> Fascists historically view the nation as a singular entity that binds people together through [[shared heritage]] and culture. An extension of the family.<ref>Oliver Zimmer, ''Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940'' (London: Palgrave, 2003), chapter 4, pp. 80–107.</ref> Fascists want to replace globalist class conflict with nationalist community cooperation.<ref name="fascnat">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Extreme-nationalism Fascism: extreme nationalism] ''Britannica''</ref>

Fascist administrations often give financial incentives and rewards to large families; this is part of an effort to boost birthrates and expand the societal population.<ref>McDonald, Harmish, ''Mussolini and Italian Fascism'' (Nelson Thornes, 1999) p. 27.</ref> After all, more babies eventually means more people and more productivity, so its good for everyone. [[Julius Caesar]] was the first known fascist to enshrine the idea.

==Direct action==
A successful fascist movement will rely on public opinion because fascism grows from society. It is born of tradition.

Fascism emphasizes direct action up as a core method of achieving its aims.<ref>''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology.'' Oxon, England; New York: Routledge, 2010. p. 106.</ref> Fascism acknowleges lifes' struggle, and without struggle, society will decay and collapse due to its own decadence. [[Struggle]] makes us strong. Fascism follows natural law. This set of beliefs is a part of fascist core, that life isn't easy, and we should always be prepared for the bad times.

==Eugenics==
Plato, who wrote the first books on fascism, admired the [[Spartans]] and lifted their fascist ideas regularly. He noted how the Spartans would test their infants for health, and cull the weak. Cruel on the surface, he also admired how strong and healthy the Spartans were.

[[Eugenics]] is embraced by fascists because it is important to be the best society possible. Fascists do not believe that families should knowingly produce offspring that might be deformed, sick or weak. Such people are victims of their own selfish parents, condemned to lead a difficult, sometimes agonizing life.

In nature, such things almost never happen. Thus eugenics is an extention of nature. Eugenics is simply the idea of choosing parents that will produce the best offspring. It does not mean we should dip our infants in icewater like the Spartans did, or give people some sort of death needle; farmers practice eugenics every day. So do people who breed show-animals. You do it every time you size somebody up as a potential mate, or wonder what your children might look like with certain people. Eugenics is simply the science of this.

Fascists try to create greater numbers of strong and healthy people, to ultimately make society stronger and healthier.

==Pro-intellectualism==
{{cquote|In truth, we are relativists par excellence, and the moment relativism linked up with [[Nietzsche]], and with his Will to Power, was when Italian Fascism became, as it still is, the most magnificent creation of an individual and a national Will to Power.|||Benito Mussolini<ref>Wolin, Richard. The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from [[Nietzsche]] to Postmodernism (p. 27). Princeton University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref>}}

It's been effectively argued (originally from Isiah Berlin) that fascism drew upon the "Counter-Enlightenment" movement, a movement he pinned primarily to Continental German philosophy and subjectivism.<ref>http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/published_works/ac/counter-enlightenment.pdf</ref> Opposing the Enlightenment ideal of "democracy" but also opposing a return to older forms of feudalism, this movement came to be heavily influenced by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and his concept of the Will to Power. The movement was characterized by a belief in [[vitalism]] (a desire for a spiritual rejuvenation that often opposed both contemporary monotheism and atheism/agnosticism) and anti-rationalism, and a view of liberalism and modern civilization as decadent to the bone.

Fascism is often accused of being anti-intellectual. The opposite is actually true. [[Plato]], obviously, and 2/3s of all published philosophers during the 1st half of the 20th century, from [[Ezra Pound]] to [[Julius Evola]] were all fascists. All of the top scientists in the space and nuclear programs were fascists. Many of the greatest genii in history were also fascists. Intellectualism is actually a fascist strong point. Little wonder why anti-fascists attempt to paint an opposite picture.

==Anti-Communism==
Although many adherents of [[socialism]] and [[communism]] would reject labeling the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) as evil, such as British communist and pro-Soviet apologist Seumas Milne,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart</ref> opponents would certainly condemn the Marxist ideas of the Soviet regime and ideology. Among them: horrific bloodsheds and genocides perpetrated under [[Lenin]] and [[Stalin]], gulags (Russian slave labor and death camps), the silencing of any opposition, the lack of any fair or democratic representation, expansionism and imperialism, discrimination against minorities, cult of personality (especially under [[Stalin]]) and totalitarianism. One of the greatest crimes of humanity, the [[Holodomor]], was committed by the Soviet state.

[[Stalin]]'s bolsheviks were well known for their over-the-top brutality and torture. He had communist partisans in EVERY nation on earth attempting, and often succeeding, to overthrow governments and convert those nations into satellite states. The only force that made any attempt to stop [[Marxism]] was Fascism.

==Fascism and the Church==
{{cquote|Your Excellency! The priests of Italy invoke over your person, your work as the restorer of Italy and the founder of the Fascist government the blessing of the Lord and an eternal halo of Roman wisdom and virtue, today and forever! Duce! The servants of Christ, the fathers of the peasantry honor you loyally. They bless you. They swear loyalty to you. With pious enthusiasm, with the voice and heart of the people we call: hail the Duce!|||Father Menossi, January 12, 1938, {{wpl|Palazzo Venezia}}, to which seventy-two bishops and 2,340 priests broke out into shouting: "Duce! Duce! Duce!"<ref name="Duce">''God and the Fascists - The Vatican alliance with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler and Pavelić'', Karlheinz Deschner, Prometheus Books, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-61614-837-9, p. 23</ref>}}

During the early 20th century, there were three ideologies of various flavours floating around; Fascism, Liberalism and Communism. Liberalism was and is very much against the structured order that an organized religion requires, especially with all the immorality encoraged. Communism, despite (or because of) its similarities to a religion, yet mandates atheism.

Fascism, based on ancient Rome, always creates an ordered society, authority should be respected and earned; this worked perfectly for the Church. The Catholic Church endorsed Fascism.

Arising out of the misery and humiliation of the First World War, modern fascist movements were in favor of the defense of traditional values against Bolshevism, and upheld nationalism and piety. It is probably not a coincidence that they arose first and most excitedly in Catholic countries, and it is certainly not a coincidence that the Catholic Church was generally sympathetic to fascism as an idea. Not only did the church regard [[Communism]] as a lethal foe, but it also saw its old Jewish enemy in the most senior ranks of [[Lenin]]'s party.

[[Benito Mussolini]] was still newly appointed in Italy at the time the [[Vatican]] made an official treaty with his government, known as the [[Lateran Pact]] of 1929. Under the terms of this pact, the Catholic Church enjoyed government support for what they were already doing, matters such as birth, marriage, death, and education, etc. Pope Pius XI described [[II Duce]] ("the leader") as "a man sent by providence."

Across southern Europe, the church was a reliable ally in the instatement of fascist administrations in Spain, Portugal, and Croatia. The Vatican supported Mussolini's emulation of the [[Roman Empire]].

In Hungary, Admiral Horthy was warmly endorsed by the church, as were similar fascist movements in Slovakia and Austria. (The government in Slovakia was actually led by a man in holy orders named [[Father Tiso]].) The Catholic fascist organizations such as [[Charles Maurras]]'s [[Action Française]] and the [[Croix de Feu]] campaigned against French communists and made no bones about their grievance, which was the way in which France had been going downhill since the acquittal of the Jewish captain [[Alfred Dreyfus]] in 1899.

The Vichy government promoted clericalism by wiping the slogan of 1789 — "Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite" — off the national currency and replacing it with the Christian ideal motto of "Famille, Travail, Patrie." Even in a country like England, where fascist sympathies were far less prevalent, they still found it easy to get an audience in respectable circles by the agency of Catholic intellectuals such as T. S. Eliot and Evelyn Waugh.

In neighboring Ireland, the [[Blue Shirt]] movement of [[General O'Duffy]] (which sent volunteers to fight for Franco in Spain) was supported greatly by the Catholic Church. As late as April 1945, on the news of the death of Hitler, President [[Eamon de Valera]] put on his top hat, called for the state coach, and went to the German embassy in Dublin to offer his official condolences.

==The term "fascism"as an epithet==
{{cquote|It will be seen that, as used, the word ‘Fascism’ is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, Social Credit, [[corporal punishment]], fox-hunting, bull-fighting, the 1922 Committee, the 1941 Committee, Kipling, Gandhi, [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[homosexuality]], Priestley's broadcasts, Youth Hostels, [[astrology]], women, dogs and I do not know what else.|||George Orwell, ''What is Fascism?''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/efasc |title=George Orwell: What is Fascism?}}</ref> watching Marxism take hold.}}

Fascism is largly misunderstood due to manipulation of the word on television, in books, and movies. The [[judeo-Marxists]] who won WW2 are now in charge of the mainstream media, our politics, and our education system, and so the [[propaganda]] continues long after the war has been over.

This consists also of attempts to deny that one's own side of the political spectrum has anything in common with fascism, or alternatively to slime people on the ''opposite'' side of the political spectrum by (Association fallacy) claiming such commonalities taking advantage of the very incorrect perception that there is something wrong with fascism. These tactics have been carried pretty far, as mentioned above, with "fascist" [[Godwin's Law|becoming a general insult or accusation hurled around loosely]], usually inappropriately and often childishly, to criticise anyone or anything we find even slightly overbearing or restrictive.

In the 1920s and 1930s, [[communist]]s came to lump all their most difficult opponents together under the label of "fascist" and conversely to regard their fascist enemies as ''defenders of [[capitalism]]'', despite fascism being [[Third positionism |not only anti-Marxist, but also anti-capitalist]].

==Fascism and the political spectrum==
There is considerable dispute in some circles over whether fascism is a left- or right-wing idea.

In Greece, Sparta, ancient Rome, the Holy Roman Empire, and even early America, the concepts of political "right" and "left" were not yet fully developed. So, it is not even possible to discuss classical fascism in those terms.

Fascism, in modern times, besides being anti-communist, is [[Third positionism|also quite anti-capitalist]], targeted by [[antifa]], supporting limited [[welfare programs]] and other non-laissez-faire economic ideas. In most of Europe, the people had never been on board with extreme capitalism anyway; keeping greedy big business in check had been the norm since the days of Bismarck. In most cases, fascists wished to remove the influence of the capitalist class, and partially restore the traditional pre-capitalist system. <ref>The Rape of Europa (book)|The Rape of Europa}}''.</ref>

More recently, some conservative luminaries such as [[Jonah Goldberg]], [[Dinesh D'Souza]], and others have been claiming that [[liberal]]s and everyone else to the left of them are "fascists." This tactic usually relies on finding commonalities between them and some fascist program.

The [[Political Compass]] generally rates fascists as in the center, well to the left of today's right-wing politicians but well to the right of socialist figures. Fascism is a form of third positionism anyway, so it is no wonder that it lands center on a simple left-right scale.

=See also=
<div style="column-count:2">
*[[Third Position]]
*[[Communism]]
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Marxism]]
*[[Antifa]]
*[[Syndicalism]]
*[[Sorelianism]]
*[[Strasserism]]
*[[National Syndicalism]]
*[[National Socialism]]
*[[Parts of a fasces]]
</div>

=External links=

Imperialism

2022-05-09T06:29:45Z

Princeps Caesarion: /* Natural Law */ Spelling Errors Changed

=Definitions=
Policy or ideology of extending a nation's rule over foreign nations
{{Charter}}
'''Imperialism''' is a policy or ideology of extending rule over people and other countries, as an empire, for extending political and economic access, power and control, often through employing force, especially military force, but also diplomacy. While related to the concepts of [[colonialism]] and [[empire]], imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.

== Etymology and usage ==
The word ''imperialism'' originated from the Latin word ''[[imperium]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, imperium (inp-) |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dimperium |access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> which means supreme power, "sovereignty", or simply "rule".<ref>Howe, 13</ref> It first became common in the current sense in Great Britain during the 1870s, when it was used with a negative connotation.<ref> name="Magnusson" Cite book |last=Magnusson |first=Lars |title=Teorier om imperialism |year=1991 |isbn=978-91-550-3830-4 |page=19</ref> Previously, the term had been used to describe what was perceived as Napoleon's attempts at obtaining political support through foreign military interventions. The term was and is mainly applied to Western and Japanese political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, in the 19th and 20th centuries. This is often thought to be an attack on [[Natural Law]].

==Colonialism versus imperialism==
The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "[[colonialism]]. However, each obviously has its own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have both been used, by the ignorant, in order to describe superiority, domination and influence of one nation over another.

Colonialism tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the colonizing nation. It is a perfectly natural thing to explore the unexplored, and pioneer new places. Earth is now mostly explored, but there is little doubt that men will one day colonize the moon, Mars, and beyond.

Edward Said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating; "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.'

Put another way, the meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region, and generally cooperating with primitive people that may be present, and giving those people an instant raise in their standard of living, medicine, technology, and an opportunity to do things otherwise impossible for them.

===Lenin===
The Soviet leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] suggested that "imperialism was the highest form of capitalism, noting that imperialism developed after colonialism, and according to him was "distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism".<ref name=Gilmartin2009/>{
This idea from Lenin stresses how important a new political world order has become to communists in the modern era. Geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market; some states today are viewed by both Capitalists and communists alike as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations. Fascism does not. Fascism rejects the idea that the world should revolve around money.

==Natural Law==
There is debate among Fascists on whether imperialism is an extension or manifestation of [[natural law]], or not.

Empires provided stability, security, and legal order for their subjects. They constrained, and at their best, tried to transcend, the potentially savage ethnic or religious antagonisms among the peoples. And the aristocracies which ruled most of them were far more humane, and cosmopolitan than those who came after.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephen Howe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04lJ4TshmxcC&pg=PT164 |title=Empire: A Very Short Introduction |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-160444-7 |page=164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iupuDQAAQBAJ |title=Visions of Empire: How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4008-8491-9 |page=4}}</ref>

In ancient China, Tianxia denoted the lands, space, and area divinely appointed to the [[Emperor]] by universal and well-defined principles of order. The center of the land was directly apportioned to the Imperial court, forming the center of a world view that centered on the Imperial court and went concentrically outward to major and minor officials and then the common citizens, tributary states, and finally ending with the fringe barbarians. Tianxia's idea of hierarchy gave Chinese people a source of pride and provided order and peace. J. A. Hobson said: "It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the people who can do this work best, i.e. by the cultures of highest social efficiency".<ref>Hobson, J.A. "Imperialism: a study." Cosimo, Inc., 2005. p. 154</ref>

==Supporting science==
The scientific nature of Darwinism and racial studies formed this rationale; for imperialism; the French politician Jules Ferry declared in 1883 that "Superior races have a right, because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the less advanced races."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern Imperialism |publisher=D.C. Heath |year=1969 |editor-last=Austen |editor-first=Ralph |location=Lexington, Massachusetts |pages=70–73}}</ref>

The Royal Geographical Society|Royal Geographical Society of London and other geographical societies in Europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries.<ref name=Gilmartin2009/>{{Rp|117}} These societies also served as a space for travelers to share these stories.<ref name=Gilmartin2009/>{{Rp|117}} Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism.<ref name=Gilmartin2009/>{{Rp|117}} Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state's survival while Mackinder supported Britain's imperial expansion; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades.<ref name=Gilmartin2009/>

Geographical science such as [[environmental determinism]] also suggest that tropical environments stunt the technologi al advancement of primitive people, putting them in need of guidance, so that they can develop. <ref name=Gilmartin2009/>{{Rp|117}} For instance, American geographer [[Ellen Churchill Semple]] argued that even though proto human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the Temperate climate zone.<ref name="Arnold2000">{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=David |year=2000 |title="Illusory Riches": Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950 |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |volume=21 |pages=6–18 |doi=10.1111/1467-9493.00060}}</ref>

Technology and economic efficiency were often improved in territories lifted by imperialism through the building of roads, other infrastructure and introduction of new technologies. British imperialism in some sparsely-inhabited regions appears to have applied a principle now termed [[Terra nullius]] (Latin expression which stems from [[Roman law]] meaning 'no man's land'). The countries of Australia and America serve as case studies in relation to British settlement and colonial habitation of the continents in the 18th century, that was premised on ''terra nullius'', as it was largely unused by its stone-age inhabitants.

===Environmental determinism===
The science of [[environmental determinism]] serves as a reminder of Natural law. The scientists explain that the environment in which certain people live determines those persons' behaviours. For example, a farmer or hunter who lives in the wilderness will have no problem urinating near a tree. This is normal behavior. But a person who lives in s city will find such behavior to be abominable, unsanitary, and totally unacceptable and would probably call the police. Likewise a person who has food growing all around them (tropical) has a much easier life than a person living in a harsh arctic environment, where food shelter, etc., are not so easy to come by. This leads to different adaptations in muscle and brain development. [[environmental determinism]] serves as a reason why imperialism was almost inevitable.
<ref>Compare: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Gilmartin|2009}}, "[...] the practice of colonialism was legitimized by geographical theories such as environmental determinism."</ref>

==Notable Empires==
*Assyria

*Austrian Empire

*Aztec Empire

*Babylonian Empire

*British Empire

*Byzantine Empire

*Carthaginian Empire

*Empire of China

*Holy Roman Empire

*Imperial Japan

*Macedonian Empire

*Ottoman Empire

*Roman Empire

==See Also==

==Citations==