1934 Montreux Fascist conference - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T22:56:39Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 28 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''Fascist International Congress''' was a meeting held by deputies from a number of [[Europe]]an [[Fascist]] organizations. The conference was held on [[December 16]]-[[December 17\|17]], 1934 in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]]. The conference was organized and chaired by ''Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR)'', or ~~tbe~~ [[Action Committees for ~~tbe~~ Universality of Rome]].		The '''Fascist International Congress''' was a meeting held by deputies from a number of [[Europe]]an [[Fascist]] organizations. The conference was held on [[December 16]]-[[December 17\|17]], 1934 in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]]. The conference was organized and chaired by ''Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR)'', or the [[Action Committees for the Universality of Rome]].

	== Background ==		== Background ==

	CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist [[government]]. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref [[name]]="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "[[Fascist Italy]] and [[Spain]], 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. [[London]], 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in ~~tbe~~ organization's attempt to identify a "[[universal]] [[fascism]]" and ~~tbe~~ criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 ~~tbe~~ network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all [[European]] countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as ~~tbe~~ [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.		CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist [[government]]. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref [[name]]="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "[[Fascist Italy]] and [[Spain]], 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. [[London]], 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "[[universal]] [[fascism]]" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all [[European]] countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.
	London, 1999</ref>		London, 1999</ref>

	== Participants ==		== Participants ==

	The first world conference of ~~tbe~~ CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania\|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway\|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of ~~tbe~~ [[Spain\|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of ~~tbe~~ [[Ireland\|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of ~~tbe~~ [[France\|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of [[History]], Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania\|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=[[Griffin]]>Griffin, Roger. ''The [[Nature]] of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, ~~tbe~~ [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz\|the famous writer]], and future head of ~~tbe~~ Emissora Nacional, ~~tbe~~ National Radio Station of [[Portugal]])<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of ~~tbe~~ Causa [[Real]] (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, [[Greece]], ~~tbe~~ Netherlands and Switzerland.		The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania\|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway\|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of the [[Spain\|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of the [[Ireland\|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of the [[France\|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of [[History]], Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania\|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=[[Griffin]]>Griffin, Roger. ''The [[Nature]] of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, the [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz\|the famous writer]], and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of [[Portugal]])<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa [[Real]] (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, [[Greece]], the Netherlands and Switzerland.

	Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". [[Time\|TIME]] Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after ~~tbe~~ assassination of ~~tbe~~ antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[German]] agents and ~~tbe~~ resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations\|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, [[Mussolini]] did not allow any official representative of ~~tbe~~ [[Italian]] [[Fascist Party]] attend ~~tbe~~ meeting, ostensibly in order to see what ~~tbe~~ conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of ~~tbe~~ [[Falange]] to participate, stated that ~~tbe~~ Falange as an organization would not be represented, as ~~tbe~~ ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included ~~tbe~~ Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". [[Time\|TIME]] Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[German]] agents and the resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations\|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, [[Mussolini]] did not allow any official representative of the [[Italian]] [[Fascist Party]] attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of the [[Falange]] to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included the Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	== Proceedings ==		== Proceedings ==

	From ~~tbe~~ outset, ~~tbe~~ conference was marred by serious conflicts between ~~tbe~~ participants. Coselschi, acting as President of ~~tbe~~ Conference, clashed with Quisling over ~~tbe~~ importance of [[National Socialist Germany]] to international fascism<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		From the outset, the conference was marred by serious conflicts between the participants. Coselschi, acting as President of the Conference, clashed with Quisling over the importance of [[National Socialist Germany]] to international fascism<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.
	Mota, supported by ~~tbe~~ Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining ~~tbe~~ centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	On ~~tbe~~ [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against ~~tbe~~ [[jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to ~~tbe~~ material and [[moral]] interests of ~~tbe~~ country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to ~~tbe~~ [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], ~~tbe~~ Conference denounces ~~tbe~~ nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		On the [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the [[jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and [[moral]] interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to the [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	The delegates at ~~tbe~~ conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and ~~tbe~~ [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	== Results ==		== Results ==

	A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using ~~tbe~~ opportunity to express sympathies with ~~tbe~~ movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.		A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.

	The conference was not able to bridge ~~tbe~~ gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national [[integration]] by a [[corporatism\|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to [[race]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''[[Ideology]] and International Relations in ~~tbe~~ Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and ~~tbe~~ movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international [[communism]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.		The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national [[integration]] by a [[corporatism\|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to [[race]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''[[Ideology]] and International Relations in the Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international [[communism]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.

	The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from ~~tbe~~ Italian Fascist Party or ~~tbe~~ [[Spanish Falange]]. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.		The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the [[Spanish Falange]]. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T17:10:17Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:10, 26 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''Fascist International Congress''' was a meeting held by deputies from a number of [[Europe]]an [[Fascist]] organizations. The conference was held on [[December 16]]-[[December 17\|17]], 1934 in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]]. The conference was organized and chaired by ''Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR)'', or ~~the~~ [[Action Committees for ~~the~~ Universality of Rome]].		The '''Fascist International Congress''' was a meeting held by deputies from a number of [[Europe]]an [[Fascist]] organizations. The conference was held on [[December 16]]-[[December 17\|17]], 1934 in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]]. The conference was organized and chaired by ''Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR)'', or tbe [[Action Committees for tbe Universality of Rome]].

	== Background ==		== Background ==

	CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist [[government]]. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref [[name]]="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "[[Fascist Italy]] and [[Spain]], 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~the~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. [[London]], 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in ~~the~~ organization's attempt to identify a "[[universal]] [[fascism]]" and ~~the~~ criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 ~~the~~ network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all [[European]] countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as ~~the~~ [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~the~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.		CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist [[government]]. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref [[name]]="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "[[Fascist Italy]] and [[Spain]], 1922-1945". ''Spain and tbe Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. [[London]], 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in tbe organization's attempt to identify a "[[universal]] [[fascism]]" and tbe criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 tbe network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all [[European]] countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as tbe [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and tbe Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.
	London, 1999</ref>		London, 1999</ref>

	== Participants ==		== Participants ==

	The first world conference of ~~the~~ CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania\|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway\|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of ~~the~~ [[Spain\|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of ~~the~~ [[Ireland\|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of ~~the~~ [[France\|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of [[History]], Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania\|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=[[Griffin]]>Griffin, Roger. ''The [[Nature]] of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, ~~the~~ [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz\|the famous writer]], and future head of ~~the~~ Emissora Nacional, ~~the~~ National Radio Station of [[Portugal]])<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of ~~the~~ Causa [[Real]] (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, [[Greece]], ~~the~~ Netherlands and Switzerland.		The first world conference of tbe CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania\|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway\|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of tbe [[Spain\|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of tbe [[Ireland\|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of tbe [[France\|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of [[History]], Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania\|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=[[Griffin]]>Griffin, Roger. ''The [[Nature]] of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, tbe [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz\|the famous writer]], and future head of tbe Emissora Nacional, tbe National Radio Station of [[Portugal]])<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of tbe Causa [[Real]] (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, [[Greece]], tbe Netherlands and Switzerland.

	Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". [[Time\|TIME]] Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after ~~the~~ assassination of ~~the~~ antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[German]] agents and ~~the~~ resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations\|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, [[Mussolini]] did not allow any official representative of ~~the~~ [[Italian]] [[Fascist Party]] attend ~~the~~ meeting, ostensibly in order to see what ~~the~~ conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of ~~the~~ [[Falange]] to participate, stated that ~~the~~ Falange as an organization would not be represented, as ~~the~~ ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~the~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included ~~the~~ Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". [[Time\|TIME]] Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after tbe assassination of tbe antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[German]] agents and tbe resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations\|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, [[Mussolini]] did not allow any official representative of tbe [[Italian]] [[Fascist Party]] attend tbe meeting, ostensibly in order to see what tbe conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of tbe [[Falange]] to participate, stated that tbe Falange as an organization would not be represented, as tbe ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and tbe Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included tbe Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	== Proceedings ==		== Proceedings ==

	From ~~the~~ outset, ~~the~~ conference was marred by serious conflicts between ~~the~~ participants. Coselschi, acting as President of ~~the~~ Conference, clashed with Quisling over ~~the~~ importance of [[National Socialist Germany]] to international fascism<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		From tbe outset, tbe conference was marred by serious conflicts between tbe participants. Coselschi, acting as President of tbe Conference, clashed with Quisling over tbe importance of [[National Socialist Germany]] to international fascism<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.
	Mota, supported by ~~the~~ Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining ~~the~~ centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Mota, supported by tbe Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining tbe centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	On ~~the~~ [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against ~~the~~ [[jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to ~~the~~ material and [[moral]] interests of ~~the~~ country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to ~~the~~ [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], ~~the~~ Conference denounces ~~the~~ nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		On tbe [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against tbe [[jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to tbe material and [[moral]] interests of tbe country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to tbe [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], tbe Conference denounces tbe nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	The delegates at ~~the~~ conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and ~~the~~ [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		The delegates at tbe conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and tbe [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	== Results ==		== Results ==

	A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using ~~the~~ opportunity to express sympathies with ~~the~~ movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and ~~the~~ Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.		A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using tbe opportunity to express sympathies with tbe movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and tbe Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.

	The conference was not able to bridge ~~the~~ gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national [[integration]] by a [[corporatism\|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to [[race]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''[[Ideology]] and International Relations in ~~the~~ Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and ~~the~~ movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international [[communism]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.		The conference was not able to bridge tbe gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national [[integration]] by a [[corporatism\|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to [[race]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''[[Ideology]] and International Relations in tbe Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and tbe movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international [[communism]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.

	The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from ~~the~~ Italian Fascist Party or ~~the~~ [[Spanish Falange]]. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.		The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from tbe Italian Fascist Party or tbe [[Spanish Falange]]. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2024-02-21T00:20:11Z

Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 20 February 2024
Line 17:		Line 17:
	Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	On the [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[~~Jewish~~ question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the [[~~Jews~~]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of ~~Jews~~ are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and [[moral]] interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to the [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		On the [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the [[jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and [[moral]] interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to the [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

2024-02-15T20:26:31Z

Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:26, 15 February 2024
Line 33:		Line 33:

	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[List of ~~Nationalist~~ 'Internationals']]		* [[List of Fascist 'Internationals']]
	{{wikipedia}}		{{wikipedia}}

	[[Category:Fascism]]		[[Category:Fascism]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2024-02-12T22:27:56Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 12 February 2024
Line 3:		Line 3:
	== Background ==		== Background ==

	CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist government. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref name="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. London, 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "universal fascism" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all European countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.		CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist [[government]]. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref [[name]]="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "[[Fascist Italy]] and [[Spain]], 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. [[London]], 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "[[universal]] [[fascism]]" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all [[European]] countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.
	London, 1999</ref>		London, 1999</ref>

	== Participants ==		== Participants ==

	The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania\|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway\|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of the [[Spain\|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of the [[Ireland\|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of the [[France\|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of History, Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania\|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=Griffin>Griffin, Roger. ''The Nature of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, the [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz\|the famous writer]], and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of Portugal)<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa Real (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands and Switzerland.		The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania\|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway\|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of the [[Spain\|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of the [[Ireland\|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of the [[France\|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of [[History]], Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania\|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=[[Griffin]]>Griffin, Roger. ''The [[Nature]] of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, the [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz\|the famous writer]], and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of [[Portugal]])<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa [[Real]] (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, [[Greece]], the Netherlands and Switzerland.

	Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". TIME Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by German agents and the resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations\|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, Mussolini did not allow any official representative of the Italian [[Fascist Party]] attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of the [[Falange]] to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included the Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". [[Time\|TIME]] Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[German]] agents and the resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations\|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, [[Mussolini]] did not allow any official representative of the [[Italian]] [[Fascist Party]] attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of the [[Falange]] to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included the Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	== Proceedings ==		== Proceedings ==
Line 17:		Line 17:
	Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	On the matter of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[Jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the Jews," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of Jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and moral interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international revolution which would be destructive to the idea of patriotism and Christian civilization, the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		On the [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[Jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the [[Jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of Jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and [[moral]] interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to the [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

	The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.		The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.
Line 25:		Line 25:
	A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.		A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.

	The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national integration by a [[corporatism\|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to race<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international communism<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.		The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national [[integration]] by a [[corporatism\|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to [[race]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''[[Ideology]] and International Relations in the Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international [[communism]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.

	The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the Spanish Falange. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.		The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the [[Spanish Falange]]. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.

	== Footnotes ==		== Footnotes ==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-06T22:11:34Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:11, 6 February 2024
(No difference)

en>NatAll75 at 10:33, 6 September 2010

2010-09-06T10:33:36Z

New page

The '''Fascist International Congress''' was a meeting held by deputies from a number of [[Europe]]an [[Fascist]] organizations. The conference was held on [[December 16]]-[[December 17|17]], 1934 in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]]. The conference was organized and chaired by ''Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR)'', or the [[Action Committees for the Universality of Rome]].

== Background ==

CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist government. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref name="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. London, 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "universal fascism" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all European countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105.
London, 1999</ref>

== Participants ==

The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of the [[France|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of History, Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=Griffin>Griffin, Roger. ''The Nature of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Acção Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[António Eça de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eça de Queiroz|the famous writer]], and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of Portugal)<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa Real (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". TIME Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by German agents and the resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, Mussolini did not allow any official representative of the Italian [[Fascist Party]] attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of the [[Falange]] to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included the Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

== Proceedings ==

From the outset, the conference was marred by serious conflicts between the participants. Coselschi, acting as President of the Conference, clashed with Quisling over the importance of [[National Socialist Germany]] to international fascism<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.
Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

On the matter of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[Jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the Jews," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of Jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and moral interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international revolution which would be destructive to the idea of patriotism and Christian civilization, the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>.

== Results ==

A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>.

The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national integration by a [[corporatism|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to race<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international communism<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>.

The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the Spanish Falange. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[List of Nationalist 'Internationals']]
{{wikipedia}}

[[Category:Fascism]]