20th century - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T23:07:16Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 28 April 2024
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	The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to ~~tbe~~ [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].		The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to the [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].

	The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in ~~tbe~~ way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than ~~tbe~~ sum total of new technological development in any century before ~~tbe~~ [[industrial revolution]].		The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than the sum total of new technological development in any century before the [[industrial revolution]].

	The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as ~~tbe~~ [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of scientists\|German inventions]] radically changed ~~tbe~~ worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that ~~tbe~~ universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing ~~tbe~~ hopes at ~~tbe~~ end of ~~tbe~~ [[19th century]] that ~~tbe~~ last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed ~~tbe~~ world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in ~~tbe~~ past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with ~~tbe~~ [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within ~~tbe~~ span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by ~~tbe~~ large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.		The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of scientists\|German inventions]] radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the [[19th century]] that the last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in the past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with the [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.

	Humanity took its first footsteps on ~~tbe~~ [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put ~~tbe~~ world's knowledge at ~~tbe~~ disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after ~~tbe~~ war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind ~~tbe~~ technological means to destroy itself.		Humanity took its first footsteps on the [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put the world's knowledge at the disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after the war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind the technological means to destroy itself.

	The massive arms [[race]] of ~~tbe~~ [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful [[nation]] in ~~tbe~~ world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed ~~tbe~~ [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over ~~tbe~~ [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of ~~tbe~~ colonial possessions of ~~tbe~~ vanquished states, ~~tbe~~ [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging ~~tbe~~ [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into [[revolution]] during ~~tbe~~ conflict, and ~~tbe~~ [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at ~~tbe~~ war's conclusion.		The massive arms [[race]] of the [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful [[nation]] in the world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed the [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over the [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of the colonial possessions of the vanquished states, the [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging the [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into [[revolution]] during the conflict, and the [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at the war's conclusion.

	Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire\|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in ~~tbe~~ [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II\|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and ~~tbe~~ world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed ~~tbe~~ lives of about 60 million people.		Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire\|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II\|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and the world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed the lives of about 60 million people.

	When ~~tbe~~ conflict ended in 1945, ~~tbe~~ [[United States]] and ~~tbe~~ [[Soviet Union]] emerged as ~~tbe~~ two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in ~~tbe~~ war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout ~~tbe~~ [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], ~~tbe~~ most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on ~~tbe~~ planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that ~~tbe~~ cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).		When the conflict ended in 1945, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] emerged as the two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in the war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], the most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on the planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that the cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).

	After World War II, most of ~~tbe~~ [[European]]-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained [[independence]] in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in ~~tbe~~ 19th century.) This, and ~~tbe~~ drain of ~~tbe~~ two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been ~~tbe~~ pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On ~~tbe~~ other hand, ~~tbe~~ world wars drew ~~tbe~~ [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By ~~tbe~~ end of ~~tbe~~ century, ~~tbe~~ US was ~~tbe~~ undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of ~~tbe~~ world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, [[meaning]] that [[Western world\|the West]] dominated ~~tbe~~ world at ~~tbe~~ end of ~~tbe~~ century as it had at its beginning.		After World War II, most of the [[European]]-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained [[independence]] in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in the 19th century.) This, and the drain of the two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been the pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On the other hand, the world wars drew the [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By the end of the century, the US was the undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of the world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, [[meaning]] that [[Western world\|the West]] dominated the world at the end of the century as it had at its beginning.

	==Significant people==		==Significant people==
Line 94:		Line 94:
	** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]		** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]
	** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapore]]		** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapore]]
	** [[Ferdinand Marcos]], ~~tbe~~ [[Philippines]]		** [[Ferdinand Marcos]], the [[Philippines]]
	** [[Corazon Aquino]], ~~tbe~~ [[Philippines]]		** [[Corazon Aquino]], the [[Philippines]]
	** [[Mao Zedong]], [[People's Republic of China]]		** [[Mao Zedong]], [[People's Republic of China]]
	** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[People's Republic of China]]		** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[People's Republic of China]]
Line 500:		Line 500:

	===Writers and poets===		===Writers and poets===
	{{main\|Literature of ~~tbe~~ 20th century}}		{{main\|Literature of the 20th century}}
	* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]		* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]
	* [[Alan Moore]]		* [[Alan Moore]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T16:58:12Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:58, 26 April 2024
Line 9:		Line 9:
	\|}		\|}

	The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to ~~the~~ [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].		The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to tbe [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].

	The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in ~~the~~ way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than ~~the~~ sum total of new technological development in any century before ~~the~~ [[industrial revolution]].		The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in tbe way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than tbe sum total of new technological development in any century before tbe [[industrial revolution]].

	The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as ~~the~~ [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of scientists\|German inventions]] radically changed ~~the~~ worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that ~~the~~ universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing ~~the~~ hopes at ~~the~~ end of ~~the~~ [[19th century]] that ~~the~~ last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed ~~the~~ world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in ~~the~~ past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with ~~the~~ [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within ~~the~~ span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by ~~the~~ large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.		The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as tbe [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of scientists\|German inventions]] radically changed tbe worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that tbe universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing tbe hopes at tbe end of tbe [[19th century]] that tbe last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed tbe world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in tbe past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with tbe [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within tbe span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by tbe large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.

	Humanity took its first footsteps on ~~the~~ [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put ~~the~~ world's knowledge at ~~the~~ disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after ~~the~~ war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind ~~the~~ technological means to destroy itself.		Humanity took its first footsteps on tbe [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put tbe world's knowledge at tbe disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after tbe war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind tbe technological means to destroy itself.

	The massive arms [[race]] of ~~the~~ [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful [[nation]] in ~~the~~ world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed ~~the~~ [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over ~~the~~ [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of ~~the~~ colonial possessions of ~~the~~ vanquished states, ~~the~~ [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging ~~the~~ [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into [[revolution]] during ~~the~~ conflict, and ~~the~~ [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at ~~the~~ war's conclusion.		The massive arms [[race]] of tbe [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful [[nation]] in tbe world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed tbe [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over tbe [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of tbe colonial possessions of tbe vanquished states, tbe [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging tbe [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into [[revolution]] during tbe conflict, and tbe [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at tbe war's conclusion.

	Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire\|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in ~~the~~ [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II\|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and ~~the~~ world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed ~~the~~ lives of about 60 million people.		Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire\|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in tbe [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II\|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and tbe world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed tbe lives of about 60 million people.

	When ~~the~~ conflict ended in 1945, ~~the~~ [[United States]] and ~~the~~ [[Soviet Union]] emerged as ~~the~~ two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in ~~the~~ war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout ~~the~~ [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], ~~the~~ most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on ~~the~~ planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that ~~the~~ cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).		When tbe conflict ended in 1945, tbe [[United States]] and tbe [[Soviet Union]] emerged as tbe two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in tbe war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout tbe [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], tbe most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on tbe planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that tbe cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).

	After World War II, most of ~~the~~ [[European]]-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained [[independence]] in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in ~~the~~ 19th century.) This, and ~~the~~ drain of ~~the~~ two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been ~~the~~ pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On ~~the~~ other hand, ~~the~~ world wars drew ~~the~~ [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By ~~the~~ end of ~~the~~ century, ~~the~~ US was ~~the~~ undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of ~~the~~ world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, [[meaning]] that [[Western world\|the West]] dominated ~~the~~ world at ~~the~~ end of ~~the~~ century as it had at its beginning.		After World War II, most of tbe [[European]]-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained [[independence]] in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in tbe 19th century.) This, and tbe drain of tbe two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been tbe pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On tbe other hand, tbe world wars drew tbe [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By tbe end of tbe century, tbe US was tbe undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of tbe world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, [[meaning]] that [[Western world\|the West]] dominated tbe world at tbe end of tbe century as it had at its beginning.

	==Significant people==		==Significant people==
Line 94:		Line 94:
	** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]		** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]
	** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapore]]		** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapore]]
	** [[Ferdinand Marcos]], ~~the~~ [[Philippines]]		** [[Ferdinand Marcos]], tbe [[Philippines]]
	** [[Corazon Aquino]], ~~the~~ [[Philippines]]		** [[Corazon Aquino]], tbe [[Philippines]]
	** [[Mao Zedong]], [[People's Republic of China]]		** [[Mao Zedong]], [[People's Republic of China]]
	** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[People's Republic of China]]		** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[People's Republic of China]]
Line 500:		Line 500:

	===Writers and poets===		===Writers and poets===
	{{main\|Literature of ~~the~~ 20th century}}		{{main\|Literature of tbe 20th century}}
	* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]		* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]
	* [[Alan Moore]]		* [[Alan Moore]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "List of German inventors and discoverers" to "List of scientists"

2024-03-23T17:08:13Z

Text replacement - "List of German inventors and discoverers" to "List of scientists"

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:08, 23 March 2024
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	The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than the sum total of new technological development in any century before the [[industrial revolution]].		The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than the sum total of new technological development in any century before the [[industrial revolution]].

	The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of ~~German inventors and discoverers~~\|German inventions]] radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the [[19th century]] that the last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in the past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with the [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.		The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of scientists\|German inventions]] radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the [[19th century]] that the last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in the past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with the [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.

	Humanity took its first footsteps on the [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put the world's knowledge at the disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after the war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind the technological means to destroy itself.		Humanity took its first footsteps on the [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put the world's knowledge at the disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after the war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind the technological means to destroy itself.

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-28T22:33:46Z

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	~~[[es:Siglo XX]]~~
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	~~[[sv:1900-talet]]~~
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[de:(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-28T22:26:27Z

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	* [[William Faulkner]]		* [[William Faulkner]]

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	[[sv:1900-talet]]		[[sv:1900-talet]]
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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category:20(.*)\]\]↵" to ""

2024-02-25T23:41:19Z

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	~~[[Category:20th century\| ]]~~
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2024-02-12T22:30:55Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 12 February 2024
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	The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to the [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].		The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to the [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].

	The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of technological, medical, social, ideological, and political innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than the sum total of new technological development in any century before the [[industrial revolution]].		The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of [[people]] lived, as a result of technological, medical, [[social]], ideological, and [[political]] innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than the sum total of new technological development in any century before the [[industrial revolution]].

	The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. Scientific discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of German inventors and discoverers\|German inventions]] radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the [[19th century]] that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more than at any time in the past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with the [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western society's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.		The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. [[Scientific]] discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of German inventors and discoverers\|German inventions]] radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the [[19th century]] that the last few details of scientific [[knowledge]] were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more than at any [[time]] in the past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with the [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western [[society]]'s basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.

	Humanity took its first footsteps on the [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put the world's knowledge at the disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after the war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind the technological means to destroy itself.		Humanity took its first footsteps on the [[Moon]]. [[Computer\|Information technology]] put the world's knowledge at the disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country\|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after the war, [[nuclear weapon\|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind the technological means to destroy itself.

	The massive arms race of the [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful nation in the world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed the [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over the [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of the colonial possessions of the vanquished states, the [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging the [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into revolution during the conflict, and the [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at the war's conclusion.		The massive arms [[race]] of the [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful [[nation]] in the world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed the [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over the [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of the colonial possessions of the vanquished states, the [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging the [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into [[revolution]] during the conflict, and the [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at the war's conclusion.

	Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire\|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II\|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and the world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed the lives of about 60 million people.		Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire\|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II\|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and the world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed the lives of about 60 million people.
Line 23:		Line 23:
	When the conflict ended in 1945, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] emerged as the two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in the war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], the most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on the planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that the cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).		When the conflict ended in 1945, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] emerged as the two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in the war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], the most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on the planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that the cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).

	After World War II, most of the European-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained independence in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in the 19th century.) This, and the drain of the two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been the pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On the other hand, the world wars drew the [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By the end of the century, the US was the undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of the world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, meaning that [[Western world\|the West]] dominated the world at the end of the century as it had at its beginning.		After World War II, most of the [[European]]-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained [[independence]] in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in the 19th century.) This, and the drain of the two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been the pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On the other hand, the world wars drew the [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By the end of the century, the US was the undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of the world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, [[meaning]] that [[Western world\|the West]] dominated the world at the end of the century as it had at its beginning.

	==Significant people==		==Significant people==
Line 301:		Line 301:

	===Humanities===		===Humanities===
	* [[Art criticism\|Art]] and [[Literary criticism\|Literary]] Theory		* [[Art criticism\|Art]] and [[Literary criticism\|Literary]] [[Theory]]
	** [[Rudolf Arnheim]]		** [[Rudolf Arnheim]]
	** [[Clive Bell]]		** [[Clive Bell]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-05T21:33:47Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:33, 5 February 2024
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en>Horouathos879: Interwiki links

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Interwiki links

New page

{| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;"
|-
| align="center" colspan=2 | '''Centuries:''' [[19th century]] - [[20th century]] - [[21st century]]
|-
| align="center" colspan=2 | '''[[Decades]]:''' [[1900s]] [[1910s]] [[1920s]] [[1930s]] [[1940s]]

[[1950s]] [[1960s]] [[1970s]] [[1980s]] [[1990s]]

|}

The '''Twentieth century''' began on 1 January [[1901]] and ended on 31 December [[2000]], according to the [[Christian]] [[Gregorian calendar]].

The '''20th century''' saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of technological, medical, social, ideological, and political innovation. Arguably more technological advances occurred in any ten-year period following [[World War I]] than the sum total of new technological development in any century before the [[industrial revolution]].

The period witnessed radical changes in almost every area of human endeavors. Scientific discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], and [[List of German inventors and discoverers|German inventions]] radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the [[19th century]] that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, better communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more than at any time in the past. It was a century that started with steam-powered ships and ended with the [[space shuttle]]. [[Horses]] and other pack animals, Western society's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[petroleum]] resources, which offered great amounts of energy in an easily portable and storable liquid form.

Humanity took its first footsteps on the [[Moon]]. [[Computer|Information technology]] put the world's knowledge at the disposal of anyone with a [[personal computer]] and an [[Internet]] connection. But [[war]] also reached an unprecedented scale and sophistication: in [[World War II]] alone, approximately [[List of World War II casualties by country|57 to 62 million people died]], mainly due to massive advances in weaponry, and after the war, [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bombs]] mounted on intercontinental [[missile]]s gave humankind the technological means to destroy itself.

The massive arms race of the [[19th century]] finally culminated in a war which involved every powerful nation in the world: [[World War I]] (1914–1918). After more than four years of horrifying trench warfare, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed the [[Triple Entente]] emerged victorious over the [[Triple Alliance]]. In addition to annexing much of the colonial possessions of the vanquished states, the [[Triple Entente]] exacted punitive restitution payments from their former foes, plunging the [[German Empire]] in particular into economic depression. The [[Russian Empire]] was plunged into revolution during the conflict, and the [[Austro-Hungarian]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires were dismantled at the war's conclusion.

Britains economy was ruined by World War I, and its [[British Empire|empire]] began to shrink, producing a growing power vacuum in Europe. [[Fascism]] became a growing movement which gained momentum in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]], [[National Socialism]] in Germany.The [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] [[Declarations of War during World War II|declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939]] and plunged [[Europe]] and the world into [[World War II]] (= Causes of [[World War II]]). The largest and most devastating war ever fought claimed the lives of about 60 million people.

When the conflict ended in 1945, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] emerged as the two most powerful nations, and while they had been allies in the war, they soon became hostile to one other. The military alliances headed by these nations were prepared to wage total war with each other throughout the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). The period was marked by a new arms race, and [[nuclear weapons]], the most devastating ones yet to have been developed, were produced in their tens of thousands, sufficient to end most life on the planet had they ever been used. This, paradoxically, ensured that the cold war never became hot; both sides had too much to lose. This was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).

After World War II, most of the European-colonized world in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] gained independence in a process of [[decolonization]]. (Most [[Latin America]]n countries had gained their independence in the 19th century.) This, and the drain of the two world wars, caused [[Europe]], which had been the pre-eminent continent for centuries, to lose much of its power. On the other hand, the world wars drew the [[United States]] into taking a position of major influence over world affairs. By the end of the century, the US was the undisputed economic, military, and cultural powerhouse of the world. It was allied with a still-powerful Europe, meaning that [[Western world|the West]] dominated the world at the end of the century as it had at its beginning.

==Significant people==
===World leaders===
* [[Africa]]
** [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]], [[Togo]]
** [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]]
** [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Kenya]]
** [[Idi Amin]], [[Uganda]]
** [[Herbert Macaulay]], [[Nigeria]]
** [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], [[Nigeria]]
** [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Nigeria]]
** [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], [[Nigeria]]
** [[Obafemi Awolowo]], [[Nigeria]]
** [[Nelson Mandela]], [[South Africa]]
** [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Zimbabwe]]
** [[Gamal Abdal Nasser]], [[Egypt]]
** [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Ghana]]
** [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Tanzania]]
** [[Habib Bourguiba]], [[Tunisia]]
** [[Muammar al-Qaddafi]], [[Libya]]
** [[Haile Selassie]], [[Ethiopia]]
** [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], [[Senegal]]
** [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Guinea]]
** [[Jaja Wachuku]], [[Nigeria]]

* [[Americas]]
** [[Juan Peron|Juan Perón]], [[Argentina]]
** [[Eva Perón]], [[Argentina]]
** [[Victor Paz Estenssoro]] [[Bolivia]]
** [[Getúlio Vargas]], [[Brazil]]
** [[Luis Carlos Prestes]], [[Brazil]]
** [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], [[Brazil]]
** [[Wilfrid Laurier]], [[Canada]]
** [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Canada]]
** [[Robert Borden]], [[Canada]]
** [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[Canada]]
** [[Salvador Allende]], [[Chile]]
** [[Augusto Pinochet]], [[Chile]]
** [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]], [[Colombia]]
** [[Alfonso López Pumarejo]], [[Colombia]]
** [[Fidel Castro]], [[Cuba]]
** [[Che Guevara|Ernesto 'Che' Guevara]], [[Argentina]]/[[Cuba]]
** [[Emiliano Zápata]], [[Mexico]]
** [[Pancho Villa]], [[Mexico]]
** [[Lázaro Cárdenas del Río]], [[Mexico]]
** [[Augusto César Sandino]], [[Nicaragua]]
** [[Manuel Noriega]], [[Panama]]
** [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]], [[Peru]]
** [[Alberto Fujimori|Alberto Kenya Fujimori]], [[Peru]]
** [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Woodrow Wilson]],[[United States|USA]]
** [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Harry S Truman]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Dwight Eisenhower]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[John F. Kennedy]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Richard Nixon]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Ronald Reagan]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[George H. W. Bush]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[Bill Clinton]], [[United States|USA]]
** [[José Batlle y Ordóñez]], [[Uruguay]]
** [[Juan Vicente Gómez]], [[Venezuela]]
** [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]], [[Venezuela]]
** [[Romulo Betancourt]], [[Venezuela]]
** [[Hugo Chávez]], [[Venezuela]]

* [[Asia]]
** [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[India]]
** [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Singapore]]
** [[Ferdinand Marcos]], the [[Philippines]]
** [[Corazon Aquino]], the [[Philippines]]
** [[Mao Zedong]], [[People's Republic of China]]
** [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[People's Republic of China]]
** [[Kim Il-Sung]], [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
** [[Pol Pot]], [[Cambodia]]
** [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Pakistan]]
** [[Indira Gandhi]], [[India]]
** [[Syngman Rhee]], [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]]
** [[Park Chung Hee]], [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]]
** [[Mahathir Mohamad]], [[Malaysia]]
** [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[India]]
** [[Emperor Hirohito of Japan|Emperor Hirohito]], [[Japan]]
** [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Vietnam]]
** [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Republic of China]]
** [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Republic of China]]
** Achmad [[Sukarno]], [[Indonesia]]
** [[Suharto]], [[Indonesia]]

* [[Oceania|Australia and Oceania]]
** [[Edmund Barton]], [[Australia]]
** [[Robert Menzies|Sir Robert Menzies]], [[Australia]]
** [[Peter Fraser]], [[New Zealand]]
** [[Michael Joseph Savage]], [[New Zealand]]
** [[David Lange]], [[New Zealand]]
** [[Harold Holt]], [[Australia]]

* [[Europe]]
** [[Levon Ter-Petrossian]], [[Armenia]]
** [[Franz Joseph of Austria]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
** [[Václav Havel]], [[Czechoslovakia]]/[[Czech Republic]]
** [[Franjo Tuđman]], [[Croatia]]
** [[Makarios III|Archbishop Makarios III]], [[Cyprus]]
** [[Thorvald Stauning]], [[Denmark]]
** [[Lennart Meri]], [[Estonia]]
** [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], [[Finland]]
** [[Urho Kekkonen]], [[Finland]]
** [[Georges Clemenceau]], [[France]]
** [[Philippe Pétain]], [[France]]
** [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[France]]
** [[François Mitterrand]], [[France]]
** Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]], [[Germany]]
** [[Friedrich Ebert]], [[Germany]]
** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Germany]]
** [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[West Germany]]
** [[Walter Ulbricht]], [[East Germany]]
** [[Erich Honecker]], [[East Germany]]
** [[Willy Brandt]], [[West Germany]]
** [[Helmut Kohl]], [[Germany]]
** [[Gerhard Schröder]], [[Germany]]
** [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], [[Greece]]
** [[Ioannis Metaxas]], [[Greece]]
** [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]], [[Greece]]
** [[Andreas Papandreou]], [[Greece]]
** [[Miklós Horthy]], [[Hungary]]
** [[Imre Nagy]], [[Hungary]]
** [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Italy]]
** [[Aldo Moro]], [[Italy]]
** [[Eamon de Valera]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
** [[Einar Gerhardsen]], [[Norway]]
** [[Józef Piłsudski]], [[Poland]]
** [[Lech Wałęsa]], [[Poland]]
** [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], [[Portugal]]
** [[Mário Soares]], [[Portugal]]
** [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]], [[Romania]]
** [[Milan Kučan]], [[Slovenia]]
** [[Francisco Franco]], [[Spain]]
** [[Felipe González]], [[Spain]]
** [[Adolfo Suárez]], [[Spain]]
** [[Olof Palme]], [[Sweden]]
** [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], [[Turkey]]
** [[David Lloyd George]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Winston Churchill]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Clement Atlee]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Tony Blair]], [[United Kingdom]]
** [[Josip Broz Tito]],[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
** [[Slobodan Milošević]], [[Yugoslavia]]

* [[Russia]] and [[Soviet Union]]
** [[Czar Nicholas II]]
** [[Vladimir Lenin]]
** [[Joseph Stalin]]
** [[Leon Trotsky]]
** [[Nikita Khrushchev]]
** [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
** [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
** [[Boris Yeltsin]]

* [[Middle East]]
** [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], [[Iran]]
** [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Iran]]
** [[Mohammad Mosaddeq]], [[Iran]]
** [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], [[Iran]]
** [[Ayatollah Khamenei]], [[Iran]]
** [[Mohammad Khatami]], [[Iran]]
** [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Egypt]] or [[United Arab Republic]]
** [[Anwar Sadat]], [[Egypt]] or [[United Arab Republic]]
** [[David Ben-Gurion]], [[Israel]]
** [[Golda Meir]], [[Israel]]
** [[Menachem Begin]], [[Israel]]
** [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Israel]]
** [[Hafez el Assad]], [[Syria]]
** [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Iraq]]
** [[King Hussein]], [[Jordan]]
** [[Yassar Arafat]], [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]]

===Scientists===
; [[Biology]] and [[Anthropology]]
* [[Norman Borlaug]]
* [[Francis Crick]]
* [[Richard Dawkins]]
* [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]]
* [[Paul Ehrlich]]
* [[Jane Goodall]]
* [[Stephen Jay Gould]]
* [[Konrad Lorenz]]
* [[Bronisław Malinowski]]
* [[Ernst Mayr]]
* [[John Maynard Smith]]
* [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]]
* [[James Watson]]

; [[Chemistry]]
* [[Elias Corey]]
* [[Maria Sklodowska-Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]]
* [[Pierre Curie]]
* [[Albert Hofmann]]
* [[Fritz Haber]]
* [[Irving Langmuir]]
* [[Luis E. Miramontes]]
* [[Linus Pauling]]
* [[Ernest Rutherford]]
* [[J.J. Thomson]]

; [[Computer Science]]
* [[John Backus]]
* [[Tim Berners-Lee]]
* [[E.F. Codd|E. F. (Ted) Codd]]
* [[Edsger Dijkstra]]
* [[Bill Gates|William Gates III]]
* [[Grace Murray Hopper]]
* [[Donald Knuth]]
* [[John von Neumann]]
* [[Claude Shannon]]
* [[Richard Matthew Stallman]]
* [[Linus Torvalds]]
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[Niklaus Wirth]]

; [[Mathematics]]
* [[Nicolas Bourbaki]]
* [[Alonzo Church]]
* [[John Conway]]
* [[Paul Erdős]]
* [[Kurt Gödel]]
* [[G. H. Hardy]]
* [[David Hilbert]]
* [[Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov]]
* [[Hendrik Lorentz]]
* [[John von Neumann]]
* [[Henri Poincare]]
* [[Marian Rejewski]]
* [[Bertrand Russell]]
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]
* [[Jean-Pierre Serre]]
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[André Weil]]

; [[Medicine]] and [[Pharmacy]]
* [[Carl Djerassi]]
* [[Alexander Fleming]]
* [[Howard Walter Florey]]
* [[Ma Haide (George Hatem)]]
* [[Jonas Salk]]

; [[Physics]] and [[Astronomy]]
* [[Niels Bohr]]
* [[Paul Dirac]]
* [[Freeman Dyson]]
* [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Richard Feynman]]
* [[Stephen Hawking]]
* [[Werner Karl Heisenberg]]
* [[Edwin Hubble]]
* [[Lev Davidovich Landau]]
* [[Wolfgang Pauli]]
* [[Max Planck]]
* [[Carl Sagan]]
* [[Erwin Schrödinger]]

; [[Psychology]]
* [[Aaron T. Beck]]
* [[Mary Whiton Calkins]]
* [[Albert Ellis]]
* [[Sigmund Freud]]
* [[Carl Jung]]
* [[Alfred Kinsey]]
* [[Stanley Milgram]]
* [[Ivan Pavlov]]
* [[Jean Piaget]]
* [[B.F. Skinner]]
* [[John B. Watson]]

===Humanities===
* [[Art criticism|Art]] and [[Literary criticism|Literary]] Theory
** [[Rudolf Arnheim]]
** [[Clive Bell]]
** [[Fredric Jameson]]
** [[Pauline Kael]]
** [[Siegfried Kracauer]]
** [[Raymond Williams]]

* [[Economics]]
** [[John Maynard Keynes]]
** [[John Kenneth Galbraith]]
** [[Milton Friedman]]
** [[Ludwig von Mises]]

* [[History]]
** [[Stephen Ambrose]]
** [[Charles A. Beard]]
** [[Marc Bloch]]
** [[Fernand Braudel]]
** [[Lucien Febvre]]
** [[Jacques Le Goff]]

* [[Philosophy]]
** [[Theodor Adorno]]
** [[Louis Althusser]]
** [[Hannah Arendt]]
** [[Gaston Bachelard]]
** [[Walter Benjamin]]
** [[Henri Bergson]]
** [[Gilles Deleuze]]
** [[Michel Foucault]]
** [[Jürgen Habermas]]
** [[Martin Heidegger]]
** [[Timothy Leary]]
** [[Karl Popper]]
** [[W. V. Quine]]
** [[Ayn Rand]]
** [[John Rawls]]
** [[Bertrand Russell]]
** [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
** [[Alfred North Whitehead]]
** [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]

* [[Political Science]]
** [[Noam Chomsky]]
** [[Robert A. Dahl]]
** [[Maurice Duverger]]
** [[Francis Fukuyama]]
** [[Samuel P. Huntington]]
** [[Arend Lijphart]]
** [[C. Wright Mills]]

===Business===
* [[Paul Allen]]
* [[Momofuku Ando]]
* [[Warren Buffett]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[Bill Gates]]
* [[Lee Kun-hee]]
* [[Howard Hughes]]
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Ivan Stedeford]]
* [[Linus Torvalds]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Sam Walton]]
* [[Thomas J. Watson]]
* [[Konosuke Matsushita]]

===Automotive pioneers===
*[[Giovanni Agnelli]]
*[[Herbert Austin]]
*[[Ettore Bugatti]]
*[[Walter Chrysler]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[Albert de Dion]]
*[[Enzo Ferrari]]
*[[Henry Ford]]
*[[Soichiro Honda]]
*[[Vincenzo Lancia]]
*[[William Lyons]]
*[[William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield|William Morris]]
*[[Armand Peugeot]]
*[[Louis Renault (industrialist)|Louis Renault]]
*[[Charles Rolls]]
*[[Alfred P. Sloan]]
*[[Eiji Toyoda]]

===Aerospace pioneers===
* [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]]
* [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]]
* [[Wernher von Braun]]
* [[Neil Armstrong]]
* [[Louis Bleriot]]
* [[Yuri Gagarin]]
* [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov]]
* [[Freddie Laker]]
* [[Charles Lindbergh]]
* [[Ronald E. McNair|Ron McNair]]
* [[Ellison S. Onizuka|Ellison Onizuka]]
* [[Herman Potocnik|Herman Potočnik Noordung]]
* [[Alan Shepard]]
* [[Valentina Tereshkova]]
* [[Wright Brothers]]
* [[Chuck Yeager]]
* [[Mae Jemison]]

===Spiritual figures===
* [[Pope Pius X]]
* [[Pope Pius XII]]
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi]]
* [[Mother Teresa]] of [[Calcutta]]
* The 13th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Thubten Gyatso]]
* The 14th [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]]
* The Rev. [[Billy Graham]]

===Artists===
* [[Josef Albers]]
* [[Ernst Barlach]]
* [[Balthus]]
* [[Max Beckmann]]
* [[Hans Bellmer]]
* [[Joseph Beuys]]
* [[Louise Bourgeois]]
* [[Constantin Brancusi]]
* [[George Braque]]
* [[John Cage]]
* [[Marc Chagall]]
* [[Giorgio de Chirico]]
* [[Chuck Close]]
* [[Enzo Cucchi]]
* [[Salvador Dalí]]
* [[Carlos Cruz Diez]]
* [[Otto Dix]]
* [[Marcel Duchamp]]
* [[Jacob Epstein]]
* [[Max Ernst]]
* [[Lyonel Feininger]]
* [[Jane Frank]]
* [[Helen Frankenthaler]]
* [[Alberto Giacometti]]
* [[Juan Gris]]
* [[Walter Gropius]]
* [[Erich Heckel]]
* [[Barbara Hepworth]]
* [[Eva Hesse]]
* [[Donald Judd]]
* [[Frida Kahlo]]
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]]
* [[Anselm Kiefer]]
* [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]
* [[Paul Klee]]
* [[Yves Klein]]
* [[Gustav Klimt]]
* [[Oskar Kokoschka]]
* [[Käthe Kollwitz]]
* [[Willem de Kooning]]
* [[Jannis Kounellis]]
* [[Tamara de Lempicka]]
* [[Le Corbusier]]
* [[Sol LeWitt]]
* [[Roy Lichtenstein]]
* [[El Lissitzky]]
* [[René Magritte]]
* [[Marino Marini]]
* [[Henri Matisse]]
* [[Joan Miró]]
* [[Amedeo Modigliani]]
* [[László Moholy-Nagy]]
* [[Piet Mondrian]]
* [[Henry Moore]]
* [[Robert Motherwell]]
* [[Edvard Munch]]
* [[Bruce Nauman]]
* [[Emil Nolde]]
* [[Nam June Paik]]
* [[Eduardo Paolozzi]]
* [[Pino Pascali]]
* [[Max Pechstein]]
* [[Pablo Picasso]]
* [[Jackson Pollock]]
* [[Diego Rivera]]
* [[Alexander Rodchenko]]
* [[Auguste Rodin]]
* [[James Rosenquist]]
* [[Mark Rothko]]
* [[Henri Rousseau]]
* [[Egon Schiele]]
* [[Karl Schmidt-Rottluff]]
* [[Charles Schulz]]
* [[Kurt Schwitters]]
* [[Richard Serra]]
* [[Robert Smithson]]
* [[Jesús Soto]]
* [[Andy Warhol]]
* [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]

===Writers and poets===
{{main|Literature of the 20th century}}
* [[Alamgir Hashmi]]
* [[Alan Moore]]
* [[Albert Camus]]
* [[Aldous Huxley]]
* [[Rómulo Gallegos]]
* [[Allen Ginsberg]]
* [[Amy Tan]]
* [[Yves Bonnefoy]]
* [[André Breton]]
* [[Andre Malraux]]
* [[Anna Seghers]]
* [[Anne Frank]]
* [[Frank Herbert]]
* [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
* [[Antonio Machado]]
* [[André Malraux]]
* [[Arthur Miller]]
* [[Astrid Lindgren]]
* [[Ayn Rand]]
* [[Anna Akhmatova]]
* [[Rafael Alberti]]
* [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]
* [[Apollinaire]]
* [[Louis Aragon]]
* [[Simone de Beauvoir]]
* [[Basil Bunting]]
* [[Bertolt Brecht]]
* [[Constantine P. Cavafy]]
* [[Paul Claudel]]
* [[Robert Desnos]]
* [[C.S. Lewis]]
* [[Albert Camus]]
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
* [[Gerald Durrell]]
* [[Lawrence Durrell]]
* [[Carlos Fuentes]]
* [[Betty Friedan]]
* [[André Gide]]
* [[Nikolai Gumilev]]
* [[Charles Olson]]
* [[Charles Reznikoff]]
* [[Julio Cortázar]]
* [[Cid Corman]]
* [[Dario Fo]]
* [[Dorothy Richardson]]
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi]]
* [[Douglas Adams]]
* [[Dylan Thomas]]
* [[Paul Claudel]]
* [[E. E. Cummings]]
* [[Odysseus Elytis]]
* [[Erich Maria Remarque]]
* [[Ernest Hemingway]]
* [[Max Jacob]]
* [[Phillipe Jacottet]]
* [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Fernando Pessoa]]
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]
* [[Franz Kafka]]
* [[Nikos Kazantzakis]]
* [[Osip Mandelshtam]]
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]]
* [[Czesław Miłosz]]
* [[Boris Pasternak]]
* [[Gary Snyder]]
* [[George Orwell]]
* [[Gerina Dunwich]]
* [[Gertrude Stein]]
* [[Andre Frenaud]]
* [[Jean Giraudoux]]
* [[Günter Grass]]
* [[H.D.]]
* [[Halldór Laxness]]
* [[Harold Pinter]]
* [[Harper Lee]]
* [[Harry Turtledove]]
* [[Hart Crane]]
* [[Hermann Hesse]]
* [[Hugh MacDiarmid]]
* [[Henri Michaux]]
* [[Gabriela Mistral]]
* [[Arturo Uslar Pietri]]
* [[Luigi Pirandello]]
* [[Ilja Ehrenburg]]
* [[Isaac Asimov]]
* [[Isabel Allende]]
* [[Italo Calvino]]
* [[J. D. Salinger]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[J. K. Rowling]]
* [[Jean Paul Sartre]]
* [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
* [[Jack Kerouac]]
* [[James Joyce]]
* [[Henry Miller]]
* [[John Millington Synge]]
* [[John Steinbeck]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[John Updike]]
* [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
* [[Joyce Carol Oates]]
* [[Julio Cortázar]]
* [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
* [[L. Ron Hubbard]]
* [[Louis Aragon]]
* [[Louis Zukofsky]]
* [[Lu Xun]]
* [[Marcel Proust]]
* [[Marianne Moore]]
* [[Maya Angelou]]
* [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]
* [[Mina Loy]]
* [[Mircea Eliade]]
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Nazim Hikmet]]
* [[Orrick Johns]]
* [[Paul Eluard]]
* [[Federico García Lorca]]
* [[Grazyna Miller]]
* [[Pablo Neruda]]
* [[Marcel Proust]]
* [[Philip Larkin]]
* [[Ray Bradbury]]
* [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]]
* [[Robert Creeley]]
* [[Robert Frost]]
* [[Rubén Darío]]
* [[Salman Rushdie]]
* [[Samuel Beckett]]
* [[Saul Bellow]]
* [[Seamus Heaney]]
* [[Sean O'Casey]]
* [[Selma Lagerlöf]]
* [[S.M. Stirling]]
* [[Stan Lee]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[T.H. White]]
* [[T.S. Eliot]]
* [[Toni Morrison]]
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [[Thomas Mann]]
* [[Truman Capote]]
* [[Umberto Eco]]
* [[George Seferis]]
* [[Upton Sinclair]]
* [[Virginia Woolf]]
* [[Vladimir Nabokov]]
* [[Paul Valery]]
* [[W. B. Yeats]]
* [[W.H. Auden]]
* [[Wallace Stevens]]
* [[William Carlos Williams]]
* [[William Faulkner]]

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[[es:Siglo XX]]
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[[Category:20th century| ]]
[[Category:History]]