Aachen - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T23:47:37Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 28 April 2024
Line 35:		Line 35:
	\|year =		\|year =
	}}		}}
	'''Aachen''' ([[French language\|French]]: {{lang\|fr\|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la\|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]: {{lang\|de\|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl\|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town\|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was ~~tbe~~ favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''[[Karl]] der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and ~~tbe~~ place of coronation of ~~tbe~~ [[Kings of Germany]].		'''Aachen''' ([[French language\|French]]: {{lang\|fr\|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la\|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]: {{lang\|de\|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl\|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town\|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was the favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''[[Karl]] der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and the place of coronation of the [[Kings of Germany]].

	==History==		==History==
	: ''Originally a [[Roman]] spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in ~~tbe~~ late 8th century during ~~tbe~~ rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From ~~tbe~~ coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until ~~tbe~~ 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in ~~tbe~~ late 12th century and granted municipal [[rights]] in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in ~~tbe~~ 16th century. It was too remote from ~~tbe~~ centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in ~~tbe~~ 1560s ~~tbe~~ coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with ~~tbe~~ emperors during ~~tbe~~ [[Protestant Reformation]]. In 1656 ~~tbe~~ city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several [[peace]] conferences, including those ending ~~tbe~~ War of Devolution (1668) and ~~tbe~~ War of ~~tbe~~ Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by [[France]] in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after ~~tbe~~ [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by ~~tbe~~ Belgians after [[World War I]]. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became ~~tbe~~ first large [[German]] city to fall to ~~tbe~~ Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>		: ''Originally a [[Roman]] spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in the late 8th century during the rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From the coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until the 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in the late 12th century and granted municipal [[rights]] in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in the 16th century. It was too remote from the centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in the 1560s the coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with the emperors during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. In 1656 the city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several [[peace]] conferences, including those ending the War of Devolution (1668) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by [[France]] in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after the [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by the Belgians after [[World War I]]. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became the first large [[German]] city to fall to the Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

	==Location==		==Location==
	Aachen is ~~tbe~~ westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and ~~tbe~~ [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref [[name]]=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of ~~tbe~~ [[German Universities Excellence Initiative\|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in ~~tbe~~ city.<ref>"RWTH" is ~~tbe~~ abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with ~~tbe~~ abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid ~~tbe~~ use of ~~tbe~~ "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States\|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to ~~tbe~~ RWTH but to ~~tbe~~ [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>		Aachen is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref [[name]]=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative\|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in the city.<ref>"RWTH" is the abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with the abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid the use of the "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States\|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to the RWTH but to the [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>

	: ''Aachen is situated directly on ~~tbe~~ border with Belgium and ~~tbe~~ Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, [[Catholic]] University of Applied Sciences and Academy of [[Music]]). Aachen unites [[tradition]] with progress. Charlemagne has [[left]] his mark throughout ~~tbe~~ city. The cathedral - ~~tbe~~ first monument in Germany to be included in ~~tbe~~ UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and ~~tbe~~ gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form ~~tbe~~ heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to [[European]] unity: ~~tbe~~ International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to ~~tbe~~ world, with [[political]], economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with ~~tbe~~ name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with ~~tbe~~ Dutch town of Heerlen. At [[Expo\|EXPO]] 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between ~~tbe~~ universities and ~~tbe~~ chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and ~~tbe~~ city’s administration. The [[scientific]] competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled ~~tbe~~ successful placing of up-and-coming [[technology]] companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on ~~tbe~~ Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for ~~tbe~~ sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer [[science]], materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>		: ''Aachen is situated directly on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, [[Catholic]] University of Applied Sciences and Academy of [[Music]]). Aachen unites [[tradition]] with progress. Charlemagne has [[left]] his mark throughout the city. The cathedral - the first monument in Germany to be included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and the gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form the heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to [[European]] unity: the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to the world, with [[political]], economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with the name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with the Dutch town of Heerlen. At [[Expo\|EXPO]] 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between the universities and the chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and the city’s administration. The [[scientific]] competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled the successful placing of up-and-coming [[technology]] companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on the Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for the sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer [[science]], materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>

	==Travel==		==Travel==
	There's a charming contrast between ~~tbe~~ grand old buildings and ~~tbe~~ open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of ~~tbe~~ globe. Also not to be missed are ~~tbe~~ modern works on display at ~~tbe~~ Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along ~~tbe~~ way focuses on a different topic: [[history]], science, [[Europe]], [[religion]], power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as ~~tbe~~ annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of ~~tbe~~ world's leading equestrian tournaments.		There's a charming contrast between the grand old buildings and the open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of the globe. Also not to be missed are the modern works on display at the Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along the way focuses on a different topic: [[history]], science, [[Europe]], [[religion]], power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as the annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of the world's leading equestrian tournaments.

	===Aachen Cathedral===		===Aachen Cathedral===
	Aachen Cathedral is both a local landmark and a monument to Europe's illustrious past. Built in around 800 AD, it was ~~tbe~~ first cathedral in northern Europe. Across a period spanning centuries, it served as ~~tbe~~ church of coronation for nearly every German king. Its treasury houses one of ~~tbe~~ most significant collections of church treasures north of ~~tbe~~ Alps. So it's no wonder both ~~tbe~~ cathedral and its treasury are among ~~tbe~~ highlights on ~~tbe~~ sightseeing route that winds through Aachen and takes in a series of spectacular buildings.		Aachen Cathedral is both a local landmark and a monument to Europe's illustrious past. Built in around 800 AD, it was the first cathedral in northern Europe. Across a period spanning centuries, it served as the church of coronation for nearly every German king. Its treasury houses one of the most significant collections of church treasures north of the Alps. So it's no wonder both the cathedral and its treasury are among the highlights on the sightseeing route that winds through Aachen and takes in a series of spectacular buildings.
	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Holy Roman Emperor]]		*[[Holy Roman Emperor]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T16:57:05Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:57, 26 April 2024
Line 35:		Line 35:
	\|year =		\|year =
	}}		}}
	'''Aachen''' ([[French language\|French]]: {{lang\|fr\|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la\|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]: {{lang\|de\|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl\|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town\|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was ~~the~~ favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''[[Karl]] der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and ~~the~~ place of coronation of ~~the~~ [[Kings of Germany]].		'''Aachen''' ([[French language\|French]]: {{lang\|fr\|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la\|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]: {{lang\|de\|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl\|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town\|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was tbe favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''[[Karl]] der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and tbe place of coronation of tbe [[Kings of Germany]].

	==History==		==History==
	: ''Originally a [[Roman]] spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in ~~the~~ late 8th century during ~~the~~ rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From ~~the~~ coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until ~~the~~ 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in ~~the~~ late 12th century and granted municipal [[rights]] in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in ~~the~~ 16th century. It was too remote from ~~the~~ centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in ~~the~~ 1560s ~~the~~ coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with ~~the~~ emperors during ~~the~~ [[Protestant Reformation]]. In 1656 ~~the~~ city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several [[peace]] conferences, including those ending ~~the~~ War of Devolution (1668) and ~~the~~ War of ~~the~~ Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by [[France]] in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after ~~the~~ [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by ~~the~~ Belgians after [[World War I]]. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became ~~the~~ first large [[German]] city to fall to ~~the~~ Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>		: ''Originally a [[Roman]] spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in tbe late 8th century during tbe rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From tbe coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until tbe 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in tbe late 12th century and granted municipal [[rights]] in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in tbe 16th century. It was too remote from tbe centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in tbe 1560s tbe coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with tbe emperors during tbe [[Protestant Reformation]]. In 1656 tbe city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several [[peace]] conferences, including those ending tbe War of Devolution (1668) and tbe War of tbe Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by [[France]] in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after tbe [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by tbe Belgians after [[World War I]]. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became tbe first large [[German]] city to fall to tbe Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

	==Location==		==Location==
	Aachen is ~~the~~ westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and ~~the~~ [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref [[name]]=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of ~~the~~ [[German Universities Excellence Initiative\|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in ~~the~~ city.<ref>"RWTH" is ~~the~~ abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with ~~the~~ abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid ~~the~~ use of ~~the~~ "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States\|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to ~~the~~ RWTH but to ~~the~~ [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>		Aachen is tbe westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and tbe [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref [[name]]=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of tbe [[German Universities Excellence Initiative\|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in tbe city.<ref>"RWTH" is tbe abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with tbe abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid tbe use of tbe "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States\|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to tbe RWTH but to tbe [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>

	: ''Aachen is situated directly on ~~the~~ border with Belgium and ~~the~~ Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, [[Catholic]] University of Applied Sciences and Academy of [[Music]]). Aachen unites [[tradition]] with progress. Charlemagne has [[left]] his mark throughout ~~the~~ city. The cathedral - ~~the~~ first monument in Germany to be included in ~~the~~ UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and ~~the~~ gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form ~~the~~ heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to [[European]] unity: ~~the~~ International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to ~~the~~ world, with [[political]], economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with ~~the~~ name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with ~~the~~ Dutch town of Heerlen. At [[Expo\|EXPO]] 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between ~~the~~ universities and ~~the~~ chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and ~~the~~ city’s administration. The [[scientific]] competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled ~~the~~ successful placing of up-and-coming [[technology]] companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on ~~the~~ Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for ~~the~~ sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer [[science]], materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>		: ''Aachen is situated directly on tbe border with Belgium and tbe Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, [[Catholic]] University of Applied Sciences and Academy of [[Music]]). Aachen unites [[tradition]] with progress. Charlemagne has [[left]] his mark throughout tbe city. The cathedral - tbe first monument in Germany to be included in tbe UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and tbe gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form tbe heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to [[European]] unity: tbe International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to tbe world, with [[political]], economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with tbe name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with tbe Dutch town of Heerlen. At [[Expo\|EXPO]] 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between tbe universities and tbe chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and tbe city’s administration. The [[scientific]] competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled tbe successful placing of up-and-coming [[technology]] companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on tbe Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for tbe sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer [[science]], materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>

	==Travel==		==Travel==
	There's a charming contrast between ~~the~~ grand old buildings and ~~the~~ open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of ~~the~~ globe. Also not to be missed are ~~the~~ modern works on display at ~~the~~ Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along ~~the~~ way focuses on a different topic: [[history]], science, [[Europe]], [[religion]], power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as ~~the~~ annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of ~~the~~ world's leading equestrian tournaments.		There's a charming contrast between tbe grand old buildings and tbe open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of tbe globe. Also not to be missed are tbe modern works on display at tbe Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along tbe way focuses on a different topic: [[history]], science, [[Europe]], [[religion]], power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as tbe annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of tbe world's leading equestrian tournaments.

	===Aachen Cathedral===		===Aachen Cathedral===
	Aachen Cathedral is both a local landmark and a monument to Europe's illustrious past. Built in around 800 AD, it was ~~the~~ first cathedral in northern Europe. Across a period spanning centuries, it served as ~~the~~ church of coronation for nearly every German king. Its treasury houses one of ~~the~~ most significant collections of church treasures north of ~~the~~ Alps. So it's no wonder both ~~the~~ cathedral and its treasury are among ~~the~~ highlights on ~~the~~ sightseeing route that winds through Aachen and takes in a series of spectacular buildings.		Aachen Cathedral is both a local landmark and a monument to Europe's illustrious past. Built in around 800 AD, it was tbe first cathedral in northern Europe. Across a period spanning centuries, it served as tbe church of coronation for nearly every German king. Its treasury houses one of tbe most significant collections of church treasures north of tbe Alps. So it's no wonder both tbe cathedral and its treasury are among tbe highlights on tbe sightseeing route that winds through Aachen and takes in a series of spectacular buildings.
	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Holy Roman Emperor]]		*[[Holy Roman Emperor]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 20:51, 23 March 2024

2024-03-23T20:51:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:51, 23 March 2024
Line 60:		Line 60:
	[[Category:Cities]]		[[Category:Cities]]
	[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]		[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
	~~[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pages with incorrect protection templates]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 20:25, 23 March 2024

2024-03-23T20:25:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 23 March 2024
Line 35:		Line 35:
	\|year =		\|year =
	}}		}}
	'''Aachen''' ([[French language\|French]]: {{lang\|fr\|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la\|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]: {{lang\|de\|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl\|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town\|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was the favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''Karl der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and the place of coronation of the [[Kings of Germany]].		'''Aachen''' ([[French language\|French]]: {{lang\|fr\|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la\|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]: {{lang\|de\|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl\|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town\|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was the favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''[[Karl]] der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and the place of coronation of the [[Kings of Germany]].

	==History==		==History==
	: ''Originally a Roman spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in the late 8th century during the rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From the coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until the 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in the late 12th century and granted municipal rights in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in the 16th century. It was too remote from the centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in the 1560s the coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with the emperors during the Protestant Reformation. In 1656 the city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several peace conferences, including those ending the War of Devolution (1668) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by France in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after the [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by the Belgians after World War I. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became the first large German city to fall to the Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>		: ''Originally a [[Roman]] spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in the late 8th century during the rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From the coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until the 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in the late 12th century and granted municipal [[rights]] in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in the 16th century. It was too remote from the centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in the 1560s the coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with the emperors during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. In 1656 the city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several [[peace]] conferences, including those ending the War of Devolution (1668) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by [[France]] in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after the [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by the Belgians after [[World War I]]. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II\|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became the first large [[German]] city to fall to the Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

	==Location==		==Location==
	Aachen is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref name=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative\|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in the city.<ref>"RWTH" is the abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with the abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid the use of the "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States\|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to the RWTH but to the [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>		Aachen is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref [[name]]=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative\|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in the city.<ref>"RWTH" is the abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with the abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid the use of the "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States\|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to the RWTH but to the [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>

	: ''Aachen is situated directly on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, Catholic University of Applied Sciences and Academy of Music). Aachen unites tradition with progress. Charlemagne has left his mark throughout the city. The cathedral - the first monument in Germany to be included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and the gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form the heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to European unity: the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to the world, with political, economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with the name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with the Dutch town of Heerlen. At EXPO 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between the universities and the chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and the city’s administration. The scientific competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled the successful placing of up-and-coming technology companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on the Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for the sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer science, materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>		: ''Aachen is situated directly on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, [[Catholic]] University of Applied Sciences and Academy of [[Music]]). Aachen unites [[tradition]] with progress. Charlemagne has [[left]] his mark throughout the city. The cathedral - the first monument in Germany to be included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and the gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form the heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to [[European]] unity: the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to the world, with [[political]], economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with the name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with the Dutch town of Heerlen. At [[Expo\|EXPO]] 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between the universities and the chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and the city’s administration. The [[scientific]] competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled the successful placing of up-and-coming [[technology]] companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on the Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for the sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer [[science]], materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>

	==Travel==		==Travel==
	There's a charming contrast between the grand old buildings and the open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of the globe. Also not to be missed are the modern works on display at the Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along the way focuses on a different topic: history, science, Europe, religion, power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as the annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of the world's leading equestrian tournaments.		There's a charming contrast between the grand old buildings and the open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of the globe. Also not to be missed are the modern works on display at the Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along the way focuses on a different topic: [[history]], science, [[Europe]], [[religion]], power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as the annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of the world's leading equestrian tournaments.

	===Aachen Cathedral===		===Aachen Cathedral===
Line 58:		Line 58:
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:~~cities~~]]		[[Category:Cities]]
	[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]		[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
			[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]
			[[Category:Pages with incorrect protection templates]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-28T22:48:09Z

Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 28 February 2024
Line 60:		Line 60:
	[[Category:cities]]		[[Category:cities]]
	[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]		[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
	~~[[de:Aachen]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

2024-02-08T07:10:47Z

Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:10, 7 February 2024
Line 58:		Line 58:
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:~~German~~ cities]]		[[Category:cities]]
	[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]		[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
	[[de:Aachen]]		[[de:Aachen]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "{{reflist}}" to "{{reflist|2}}"

2024-02-07T04:05:56Z

Text replacement - "{{reflist}}" to "{{reflist|2}}"

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 6 February 2024
Line 56:		Line 56:
	* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Endkampf_um_Aachen Battle of Aachen 1944 (in German)]		* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Endkampf_um_Aachen Battle of Aachen 1944 (in German)]
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:German cities]]		[[Category:German cities]]
	[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]		[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
	[[de:Aachen]]		[[de:Aachen]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-06T22:03:20Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:03, 6 February 2024
(No difference)

en>Crusader at 22:29, 4 October 2022

2022-10-04T22:29:00Z

New page

{{Infobox German location
|Name = Aachen
|French_name = Aix-la-Chapelle
|Latin/Italian_name = Aquinsgrana
|Art = Stadt
|image_photo = KaiserKarlsGymnasium, Aachen.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Panoramic view of Aachen, including Kaiser-Karls-[[Gymnasium]] (foreground), townhall (back center) and Aachen Cathedral (back right)
|Wappen = Stadtwappen der kreisfreien Stadt Aachen.svg
|lat_deg = 50 | lat_min = 46 | lat_sec = 31
|lon_deg = 6 | lon_min = 4 | lon_sec = 58
|Karte =
|Lageplan = Aachen in AC (2009).svg
|Lageplanbeschreibung =
|Bundesland = North Rhine-Westphalia
|Regierungsbezirk = [[Köln]]
|district = Aachen
|Höhe = 266
|Fläche = 160.83
|area_metro =
|Einwohner = 259839
|pop_metro =
|Stand = 30 June 2022
|pop_ref =
|PLZ =
|Gemeindeschlüssel =
|Vorwahl =
|Kfz = AC
|Website = [http://www.aachen.de www.aachen.de]
|Bürgermeister =
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|Partei =
|ruling_party1 =
|ruling_party2 =
|year =
}}
'''Aachen''' ([[French language|French]]: {{lang|fr|''Aix-la-Chapelle''}}, {{lang-la|Aquisgranum}}, [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]: {{lang|de|''Oche''}}, {{lang-nl|Aken}}) is a historic [[spa town|spa city]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It was the favoured residence of [[German-Roman Emperor]] ''Karl der Große'' (also known as [[Charlemagne]]), and the place of coronation of the [[Kings of Germany]].

==History==
: ''Originally a Roman spa called Aquisgranum, Aachen rose to prominence in the late 8th century during the rule of Charlemagne, becoming his favourite residence and a centre of [[Western culture]] and learning. From the coronation of [[Otto I]] in 936 until the 16th century, more than 30 [[German emperors and kings]] were crowned at Aachen. Aachen was fortified in the late 12th century and granted municipal rights in 1166 and 1215, and it became a free imperial city about 1250. Aachen began to decline in the 16th century. It was too remote from the centre of Germany to be convenient as a capital, and in the 1560s the coronation site was changed to Frankfurt am Main. Aachen was frequently at odds with the emperors during the Protestant Reformation. In 1656 the city was devastated by a great fire. Aachen hosted several peace conferences, including those ending the War of Devolution (1668) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1748). Occupied by Napoleon’s army in 1794 and annexed by France in 1801, it was given to [[Prussia]] after the [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Kongre%C3%9F Congress of Vienna] (1814–15). The city was briefly occupied by the Belgians after World War I. It was [[Bombing of Germany during World War II|severely damaged in World War II]], and it became the first large German city to fall to the Allies (October 20, 1944).''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Aachen Aachen], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

==Location==
Aachen is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], 65 km (40 mi) west of [[Cologne]].<ref name=CVDE>Bridgwater, W. & Beatrice Aldrich. (1966) ''The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia''. Columbia University. p11.</ref> [[RWTH Aachen University]], one of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative|Germany's Universities of Excellence]], is located in the city.<ref>"RWTH" is the abbreviation of "Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule", which translates into "Rhine-Westphalian Technical University". The institution is commonly referred to as "RWTH Aachen" or simply "RWTH", with the abbreviation remaining untranslated in other languages to avoid the use of the "Hochschule" term, which is sometimes mistakenly translated as [[Highschool#United States|highschool]]. Sometimes, RWTH Aachen is also referred to as "TH Aachen" or "Aachen University".<br/>''Note:'' The term "FH Aachen" does not refer to the RWTH but to the [[Fachhochschule Aachen]], a [[university of applied sciences]], which is also located in Aachen.</ref><ref name="rwth-aachen.de">[http://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaabdzfc 2007 statistics of RWTH Aachen University]''(German; retrieved 2009-04-09)''</ref>

: ''Aachen is situated directly on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands. It is Germany’s most westerly city, with a population of 250,000. More than 50,000 students attend Aachen’s four major colleges and universities (Rhineland-Westphalian Technical University [RWTH], University of Applied Sciences, Catholic University of Applied Sciences and Academy of Music). Aachen unites tradition with progress. Charlemagne has left his mark throughout the city. The cathedral - the first monument in Germany to be included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage list - and the gothic City Hall in which 32 German kings celebrated their coronations still form the heart of Aachen’s old city centre. And Charlemagne has lent his name to a prize awarded by Aachen’s citizens to personalities who have rendered outstanding services to European unity: the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen. This award has been presented on Ascension Day every year since 1950. But Aachen is by no means just a museum; it is a modern city, open to the world, with political, economic and cultural contacts that reach far beyond Germany’s borders. One example is Europe’s first transnational industrial estate with the name Avantis, which was developed in cooperation with the Dutch town of Heerlen. At EXPO 2000 in Hanover, Aachen was presented as a European model region, as a fine example of successful structural change and a remarkable instance of a region’s departure from mining and conventional industry to become one of Europe’s major high-tech locations. This success story is a result of cooperation between the universities and the chambers of industry, research institutions, companies, business establishment centres and the city’s administration. The scientific competence available in Aachen has attracted famous international enterprises and research institutions including Ericsson, Ford, Philips, Microsoft and Grünenthal, and enabled the successful placing of up-and-coming technology companies such as Aixtron and Parsytec on the Neuer Markt in Frankfurt. Aachen’s colleges and universities develop top technologies for the sunrise industries such as information and telecommunication engineering, plastics engineering, computer science, materials science and biotechnology.''<ref>[https://www.aachen.de/en/sb/ac/index.html General Information]</ref>

==Travel==
There's a charming contrast between the grand old buildings and the open-minded attitude and exuberant buzz created by 45,000 students hailing from all corners of the globe. Also not to be missed are the modern works on display at the Ludwig Forum for International Art. Each stop along the way focuses on a different topic: history, science, Europe, religion, power, business and media. The lack of an equestrian-themed stop is somewhat of an oversight, though, as the annual Concours Hippique International Officiel (CHIO) in Aachen is one of the world's leading equestrian tournaments.

===Aachen Cathedral===
Aachen Cathedral is both a local landmark and a monument to Europe's illustrious past. Built in around 800 AD, it was the first cathedral in northern Europe. Across a period spanning centuries, it served as the church of coronation for nearly every German king. Its treasury houses one of the most significant collections of church treasures north of the Alps. So it's no wonder both the cathedral and its treasury are among the highlights on the sightseeing route that winds through Aachen and takes in a series of spectacular buildings.
==See also==
*[[Holy Roman Emperor]]

==External links==
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Endkampf_um_Aachen Battle of Aachen 1944 (in German)]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:German cities]]
[[Category:Holy Roman Empire]]
[[de:Aachen]]