American Civil War - Revision history

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Rlaghdfkr666: /* Phase Two: War of the Rebellion 1860-1865 */

2023-12-18T06:18:03Z

Phase Two: War of the Rebellion 1860-1865

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:18, 17 December 2023
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	In terms of total population, the South lost % 8.7 while the Union lost % 3.8 of Their total populations. (One per cent is usually considered devastating especially to a political order.)		In terms of total population, the South lost % 8.7 while the Union lost % 3.8 of Their total populations. (One per cent is usually considered devastating especially to a political order.)

			General Watie was actually the last Confederate commander to cease field operations, surrendering in June of 1865.

	The Army of Northern Virginia fought its last battle pursuing a supply train and surrendered April 9, 1865.		The Army of Northern Virginia fought its last battle pursuing a supply train and surrendered April 9, 1865.

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2023-10-16T06:36:59Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 15 October 2023
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	<ref>Foner, 547</ref>Wealth briefly transcended racial divisions in New Orleans and areas of South Carolina which not only resented carpet bagger rule but had only a tenuous hold on less fortunate Yeoman and freedmen. New Orleans had a long standing community of prosperous Free Men since French rule, one (47) Antoine Dubuclet running a sugar plantation with over 100 slaves. the “the flower of wealth and culture” organized the Unification<ref>https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/05/04/the-louisiana-unification-movement-and-the-political-limits-of-reconstruction/#:~:text=In%20March%201873%2C%20rumors%20of%20the%20Unification%20Movement,%E2%80%9Cmaking%20asses%20of%20ourselves%E2%80%9D%20before%20th</ref> Movement in 1873 opposing Republican corruption as well as Democrat violence and the racial pandering both parties exploited.		<ref>Foner, 547</ref>Wealth briefly transcended racial divisions in New Orleans and areas of South Carolina which not only resented carpet bagger rule but had only a tenuous hold on less fortunate Yeoman and freedmen. New Orleans had a long standing community of prosperous Free Men since French rule, one (47) Antoine Dubuclet running a sugar plantation with over 100 slaves. the “the flower of wealth and culture” organized the Unification<ref>https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/05/04/the-louisiana-unification-movement-and-the-political-limits-of-reconstruction/#:~:text=In%20March%201873%2C%20rumors%20of%20the%20Unification%20Movement,%E2%80%9Cmaking%20asses%20of%20ourselves%E2%80%9D%20before%20th</ref> Movement in 1873 opposing Republican corruption as well as Democrat violence and the racial pandering both parties exploited.

	Confederate general P.G.T. Beauregrad came out for negro civil rights and desegregation (in view of Louisiana’s heavily black demography) with ~~Jewish~~ businessman Isaac Marks chairman demanding racial equality for its own sake if not his. the movement accused Governor Warmoth of promoting ”unworthy” in favor of “more wealthy, intelligent and refined colored men.”		Confederate general P.G.T. Beauregrad came out for negro civil rights and desegregation (in view of Louisiana’s heavily black demography) with jewish businessman Isaac Marks chairman demanding racial equality for its own sake if not his. the movement accused Governor Warmoth of promoting ”unworthy” in favor of “more wealthy, intelligent and refined colored men.”

	An unusually judicious Illinois carpet bagger by way of Missouri, Warmoth had recruited state militia and New Orleans police to defeat the Ku Klux Klan while reinstating Confederates’ vote as well. Endorsing Horace Greely for president in the 1872 presidential election cost him freedmen support however and Republicans cut a deal: William Kellogg, U.S Senator and Grant crony, would run for governor and Warmoth would take the vacated seat. Warmoth endorsed Liberal Republican-Democrat “Fusion” candidate John McEnery <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080221035510/http:/www.sos.louisiana.gov/tabid/382/Default.aspx</ref>however, who won. the state legislature impeached Warmoth on December 9 <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana</ref>alleging that he’d rigged the election, leaving pro-Grant Mulatto P.B.S.Pinchback <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback</ref>interim governor. McEnery and Kellogg charged each other with fraud until a Federal judge seated Kellogg early December<ref>https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1168&context=thesis</ref> which became a national scandal. Kellogg occupied the state house with militia while McEnery recruited armed volunteers and the U.S. House investigated.		An unusually judicious Illinois carpet bagger by way of Missouri, Warmoth had recruited state militia and New Orleans police to defeat the Ku Klux Klan while reinstating Confederates’ vote as well. Endorsing Horace Greely for president in the 1872 presidential election cost him freedmen support however and Republicans cut a deal: William Kellogg, U.S Senator and Grant crony, would run for governor and Warmoth would take the vacated seat. Warmoth endorsed Liberal Republican-Democrat “Fusion” candidate John McEnery <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080221035510/http:/www.sos.louisiana.gov/tabid/382/Default.aspx</ref>however, who won. the state legislature impeached Warmoth on December 9 <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana</ref>alleging that he’d rigged the election, leaving pro-Grant Mulatto P.B.S.Pinchback <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback</ref>interim governor. McEnery and Kellogg charged each other with fraud until a Federal judge seated Kellogg early December<ref>https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1168&context=thesis</ref> which became a national scandal. Kellogg occupied the state house with militia while McEnery recruited armed volunteers and the U.S. House investigated.

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Sakovkt: corrected and added hyperlink citations-finish hyperlniks tomorrow-this article has only about three more paragrpahs to go! It needs re-write, more summary, shorten but it's a good first draft-

2023-02-25T22:36:46Z

corrected and added hyperlink citations-finish hyperlniks tomorrow-this article has only about three more paragrpahs to go! It needs re-write, more summary, shorten but it's a good first draft-

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 25 February 2023
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	Bankruptcy claimed 18,000 American businesses, 89 railroads, ten states and 100s banks as unemployment peaked in 1878 between 8.25%, 14%. Rural populations migrated to cities exacerbating labor disputes, riots and strikes across The nation.		Bankruptcy claimed 18,000 American businesses, 89 railroads, ten states and 100s banks as unemployment peaked in 1878 between 8.25%, 14%. Rural populations migrated to cities exacerbating labor disputes, riots and strikes across The nation.

	Northern Movements		'''Northern Movements'''

	<ref>Foner, 465-469</ref>Radical Republicans had won more than they’d anticipated in 1872 elections but blame for the depression wasn’t entirely undue. Years of war profiteering had festered into a political patronage system in which conflicts of interest, bribery and extortion had coalesced into “pay to play” crony capitalism. Railroads retained state legislators as attorneys, granting clients cash, land and even civil police powers: Pinkerton Detectives had after all served as wartime army intelligence. The Republican Party chairman was on the payroll of four railroads.		<ref>Foner, 465-469</ref>Radical Republicans had won more than they’d anticipated in 1872 elections but blame for the depression wasn’t entirely undue. Years of war profiteering had festered into a political patronage system in which conflicts of interest, bribery and extortion had coalesced into “pay to play” crony capitalism. Railroads retained state legislators as attorneys, granting clients cash, land and even civil police powers: Pinkerton Detectives had after all served as wartime army intelligence. The Republican Party chairman was on the payroll of four railroads.
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	<ref>Foner, 472</ref>“To build a true republic, “Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote, “the church and the home must undergo the same upheaving we now see in the state.”		<ref>Foner, 472</ref>“To build a true republic, “Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote, “the church and the home must undergo the same upheaving we now see in the state.”

	<ref>Foner, 520</ref>As the economy declined however, it was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union that did the up heaving. Splitting from the militants, women of means destroying liquor stole the show, kneeling in prayer before saloons. Anthony Comstock rose as anti-vice crusader while Henry Ward Beecher’s scandal went to trial in 1875. Passed in March, 1873, An Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, aka Comstock Law was aimed more at Woodhull’s expose’ and free sex advocacy as Beecher’s alleged adultery itself. The lower classes, it was feared, were not only compromising the upper classes but breeding them out as well. Women of means had a duty to their class before worrying about the franchise.		<ref>Foner, 520</ref>As the economy declined however, it was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union that did the up heaving. Splitting from the militants, women of means destroying liquor stole the show, kneeling in prayer before saloons. Anthony Comstock rose as anti-vice crusader while<ref>https://www.geriwalton.com/the-beecher-tilton-scandal-of-1875-a-shocking-event/</ref> Henry Ward Beecher’s scandal went to trial in 1875. Passed in March, 1873, An Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, aka Comstock Law was aimed more at Woodhull’s expose’ and free sex advocacy as Beecher’s alleged adultery itself. The lower classes, it was feared, were not only compromising the upper classes but breeding them out as well. Women of means had a duty to their class before worrying about the franchise.

	Violence in Louisiana and Alabama		Violence in Louisiana and Alabama

	<ref>Foner, 547</ref>Wealth briefly transcended racial divisions in New Orleans and areas of South Carolina which not only resented carpet bagger rule but had only a tenuous hold on less fortunate Yeoman and freedmen. New Orleans had a long standing community of prosperous Free Men since French rule, one (47) Antoine Dubuclet running a sugar plantation with over 100 slaves. The “the flower of wealth and culture” organized the Unification Movement in 1873 opposing Republican corruption as well as Democrat violence and the racial pandering both parties exploited.		<ref>Foner, 547</ref>Wealth briefly transcended racial divisions in New Orleans and areas of South Carolina which not only resented carpet bagger rule but had only a tenuous hold on less fortunate Yeoman and freedmen. New Orleans had a long standing community of prosperous Free Men since French rule, one (47) Antoine Dubuclet running a sugar plantation with over 100 slaves. The “the flower of wealth and culture” organized the Unification<ref>https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/05/04/the-louisiana-unification-movement-and-the-political-limits-of-reconstruction/#:~:text=In%20March%201873%2C%20rumors%20of%20the%20Unification%20Movement,%E2%80%9Cmaking%20asses%20of%20ourselves%E2%80%9D%20before%20th</ref> Movement in 1873 opposing Republican corruption as well as Democrat violence and the racial pandering both parties exploited.

	Confederate general P.G.T. Beauregrad came out for negro civil rights and desegregation (in view of Louisiana’s heavily black demography) with Jewish businessman Isaac Marks chairman demanding racial equality for its own sake if not his. The movement accused Governor Warmoth of promoting ”unworthy” in favor of “more wealthy, intelligent and refined colored men.”		Confederate general P.G.T. Beauregrad came out for negro civil rights and desegregation (in view of Louisiana’s heavily black demography) with Jewish businessman Isaac Marks chairman demanding racial equality for its own sake if not his. The movement accused Governor Warmoth of promoting ”unworthy” in favor of “more wealthy, intelligent and refined colored men.”

	An unusually judicious Illinois carpet bagger by way of Missouri, Warmoth had recruited state militia and New Orleans police to defeat the Ku Klux Klan while reinstating Confederates’ vote as well. Endorsing Horace Greely for president in the 1872 presidential election cost him freedmen support however and Republicans cut a deal: William Kellogg, U.S Senator and Grant crony, would run for governor and Warmoth would take the vacated seat. Warmoth endorsed Liberal Republican-Democrat “Fusion” candidate John McEnery however, who won. The state legislature impeached Warmoth on December 9 alleging that he’d rigged the election, leaving pro-Grant Mulatto P.B.S.Pinchback interim governor. McEnery and Kellogg charged each other with fraud until a Federal judge seated Kellogg early December which became a national scandal. Kellogg occupied the state house with militia while McEnery recruited armed volunteers and the U.S. House investigated.		An unusually judicious Illinois carpet bagger by way of Missouri, Warmoth had recruited state militia and New Orleans police to defeat the Ku Klux Klan while reinstating Confederates’ vote as well. Endorsing Horace Greely for president in the 1872 presidential election cost him freedmen support however and Republicans cut a deal: William Kellogg, U.S Senator and Grant crony, would run for governor and Warmoth would take the vacated seat. Warmoth endorsed Liberal Republican-Democrat “Fusion” candidate John McEnery <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080221035510/http:/www.sos.louisiana.gov/tabid/382/Default.aspx</ref>however, who won. The state legislature impeached Warmoth on December 9 <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana</ref>alleging that he’d rigged the election, leaving pro-Grant Mulatto P.B.S.Pinchback <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback</ref>interim governor. McEnery and Kellogg charged each other with fraud until a Federal judge seated Kellogg early December<ref>https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1168&context=thesis</ref> which became a national scandal. Kellogg occupied the state house with militia while McEnery recruited armed volunteers and the U.S. House investigated.

	The Colfax Massacre		The Colfax Massacre

	<ref>Foner, 550, </ref>Before leaving office, Governor Warmoth had issued commissions Fusion Democrats Alhonose Cazabat, judge and Christopher Nash, sheriff, elected in Grant parish, 229 milesnorthwest of New Orleans. Early January, Kellogg issued the commissions to Republican appointees who seized the Colfax courthouse on March 25, fearing Warmoth’s appointees would try to take possession.		<ref>Foner, 550, </ref>Before leaving office, Governor Warmoth <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Warmoth</ref>had issued commissions Fusion Democrats Alhonose Cazabat, judge and Christopher Nash, sheriff, elected in Grant parish, 229 milesnorthwest of New Orleans. Early January, Kellogg issued the commissions to Republican appointees who seized the Colfax courthouse on March 25, fearing Warmoth’s appointees would try to take possession.

	Ironically, Grant parish had been gerrymandered from the Calhoun plantation to provide Republicans with 2400 freedmen versus 2200 Whites.		Ironically, Grant parish had been gerrymandered from the Calhoun plantation to provide Republicans with 2400 freedmen versus 2200 Whites.
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			[[Category:Events]]
			[[Category:History]]

			[[Category:Events]]
			[[Category:History]]

	[[Category:Events]]		[[Category:Events]]
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 13 March 2023
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	Revolutions in 1789, 1830 and1848 Europe had forced liberal economic and political changes upon its landed aristocracy. Yankee entrepreneurs were even farther along, having thrown off absentee British aristocrats, 1776-1781.		Revolutions in 1789, 1830 and1848 Europe had forced liberal economic and political changes upon its landed aristocracy. Yankee entrepreneurs were even farther along, having thrown off absentee British aristocrats, 1776-1781.

	Comprising 85% of the ~~SoThern~~ population, Lincoln, Johnson and Grant understood advancing the Yeoman as important as the Negro less the Planters recreate a de facto ante-bellum status quo. On this, the Radical Republicans weren’t entirely wrong but Radicals saw Reconstruction in terms of nothing but racial equality and disenfranchising Whites as the means.		Comprising 85% of the Sothern population, Lincoln, Johnson and Grant understood advancing the Yeoman as important as the Negro less the Planters recreate a de facto ante-bellum status quo. On this, the Radical Republicans weren’t entirely wrong but Radicals saw Reconstruction in terms of nothing but racial equality and disenfranchising Whites as the means.

	The devastated plantations offered New York City speculators lucrative investment opportunities which would finance eiTher approach. However, staple crop production required disciplined, gang labor, which neiTher understood as anything but the contemporary European peasant class, rejected during the Revolution. In providing a substitute, slavery had perhaps done its worst mischief.		The devastated plantations offered New York City speculators lucrative investment opportunities which would finance eiTher approach. However, staple crop production required disciplined, gang labor, which neiTher understood as anything but the contemporary European peasant class, rejected during the Revolution. In providing a substitute, slavery had perhaps done its worst mischief.
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	Although a War Democrat, Grant <ref>Foner, 337</ref>had enforced Emancipation and raised Black troops which pleased Radical Republicans although he’d also faithfully executed Johnson’s policy which pleased moderates. More than anything, Grant shared Lincoln’s mantle of victory and determination to reconcile. He’d fought alongside Confederate officers in the War with Mexico. Grant’s failing was to underestimate the financiers who’d seen slavery in the territories as investment opportunity and nothing else as anything else ever since. Paradoxically, it was Blair who lined up investors behind Grant, threatening ~~anoTher~~ war. “Let us have peace” had the golden ring but it was Grant who’d use the army.		Although a War Democrat, Grant <ref>Foner, 337</ref>had enforced Emancipation and raised Black troops which pleased Radical Republicans although he’d also faithfully executed Johnson’s policy which pleased moderates. More than anything, Grant shared Lincoln’s mantle of victory and determination to reconcile. He’d fought alongside Confederate officers in the War with Mexico. Grant’s failing was to underestimate the financiers who’d seen slavery in the territories as investment opportunity and nothing else as anything else ever since. Paradoxically, it was Blair who lined up investors behind Grant, threatening another war. “Let us have peace” had the golden ring but it was Grant who’d use the army.

	However, Republicans<ref>Foner, pp. 322-328, 416</ref> had won by suppressing White votes. Union troops and bayonet constitutions had ”put the bottom rung on top,” as one Negro soldier put it, leaving freedmen, carpet baggers and scalawags witlessly tacking into upcountry Unionism, retrenched plantation parishes, planters and freemen, political spoils and legitimate interests. the Yeomen began to realize that secession and slavery hadn’t been concession enough while Radical Republicans challenged state sovereignty again across the nation.		However, Republicans<ref>Foner, pp. 322-328, 416</ref> had won by suppressing White votes. Union troops and bayonet constitutions had ”put the bottom rung on top,” as one Negro soldier put it, leaving freedmen, carpet baggers and scalawags witlessly tacking into upcountry Unionism, retrenched plantation parishes, planters and freemen, political spoils and legitimate interests. the Yeomen began to realize that secession and slavery hadn’t been concession enough while Radical Republicans challenged state sovereignty again across the nation.
	Having imposed Negro suffrage upon the South, Radicals initially left the issue to state conventions in the North: ~~anoTher~~ iteration of the Emancipation Proclamation’s double standard. the Reconstruction Amendments 1865-1870 imposed Abolition upon the Border States and male Negro suffrage upon all. NorThern states passed more voter qualifications than they allowed SouThern states. However, the botched attempt to redistribute the plantations galvanized the planters. With an economy in ruins, land but no labor, Their situation was worse than when Bleeding Kansas but for the bloodied veterans.		Having imposed Negro suffrage upon the South, Radicals initially left the issue to state conventions in the North: another iteration of the Emancipation Proclamation’s double standard. the Reconstruction Amendments 1865-1870 imposed Abolition upon the Border States and male Negro suffrage upon all. NorThern states passed more voter qualifications than they allowed SouThern states. However, the botched attempt to redistribute the plantations galvanized the planters. With an economy in ruins, land but no labor, Their situation was worse than when Bleeding Kansas but for the bloodied veterans.


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	Still victor of Appomattox, Grant <ref>Foner, pp. 346-352</ref>won 26 of the 34 states but only 53%<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election</ref> of the popular vote with Texas, Virginia and Mississippi still excluded. Grant quickly passed the Public Credit Act, consolidating NorThern interests with a pledge to repay war debt in gold, but left SouThern Republicans floundering. Some conspired with Democrats to defeat primary rivals while local and Federal officials impeached each ~~oTher~~. ‘We must keep togeTher, scalawags, carpetbaggers and niggers,” a North Carolina Republican declared amidst statehouse fistfights and walkouts across the South.		Still victor of Appomattox, Grant <ref>Foner, pp. 346-352</ref>won 26 of the 34 states but only 53%<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election</ref> of the popular vote with Texas, Virginia and Mississippi still excluded. Grant quickly passed the Public Credit Act, consolidating NorThern interests with a pledge to repay war debt in gold, but left SouThern Republicans floundering. Some conspired with Democrats to defeat primary rivals while local and Federal officials impeached each other. ‘We must keep togeTher, scalawags, carpetbaggers and niggers,” a North Carolina Republican declared amidst statehouse fistfights and walkouts across the South.


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	In the piedmont<ref>Foner, p. 423, 425, 428,431</ref> areas of North and South Carolina however, thru Atlanta, Georgia and into Western Alabama planters, physicians, merchants, ministers and ~~“oTher~~ first class men in our town”, organized local clubs into autonomous chapters of the Ku Klux Klan, Knights of the White Camilla and White ~~BroTherhood~~, dedicated “to secure home rule.” From nocturnal cat calling and whippings to grisly murders, These political militias attacked Republicans of both races particularly newspapers, office holders, scalawags and Planters who hired or rented land to Them. Conversely, the Klan enforced labor discipline of which the army and state governments had relieved the planters but Then abandoned. Klansmen also enforced ante-bellum courtesy and mores particularly against miscegenation, the sequela of mass casualties, North and South.		In the piedmont<ref>Foner, p. 423, 425, 428,431</ref> areas of North and South Carolina however, thru Atlanta, Georgia and into Western Alabama planters, physicians, merchants, ministers and “other first class men in our town”, organized local clubs into autonomous chapters of the Ku Klux Klan, Knights of the White Camilla and White Brotherhood, dedicated “to secure home rule.” From nocturnal cat calling and whippings to grisly murders, These political militias attacked Republicans of both races particularly newspapers, office holders, scalawags and Planters who hired or rented land to Them. Conversely, the Klan enforced labor discipline of which the army and state governments had relieved the planters but Then abandoned. Klansmen also enforced ante-bellum courtesy and mores particularly against miscegenation, the sequela of mass casualties, North and South.


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	On the ~~oTher~~ hand, North Carolina<ref>Foner, pp. 440-444</ref> also repudiated a convention to restore the old oligarchy and homestead exemption. Arkansas recruited Negroes and scalawags to enforce martial law and defeated the Klan by 1869, Texas similarly by 1872.		On the other hand, North Carolina<ref>Foner, pp. 440-444</ref> also repudiated a convention to restore the old oligarchy and homestead exemption. Arkansas recruited Negroes and scalawags to enforce martial law and defeated the Klan by 1869, Texas similarly by 1872.


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	Republicans Lyman Trumbull<ref>Foner, pp. 456-457, 456-459, 458</ref> asked“what is the need of state government” and Carl Schurz thought the act “insane” However, “The Constitution is not what it was,,,.”The states were no longer the depositories of individual rights. the Federal government was. Radicals had reconstructed Their own states along with the South. the cause of freedom had become that of justice. Akerman moved by “extraordinary means” in what would “amount to war.” Grant sent troops into nine “lawless “upcountry South Carolina counties in October 1871, and suspended habeas corpus following re-election of governor Robert Scott . Former Union general and assistant Freedmen’s Bureau commissioner, Scott had suspended the state constitution in order to run for ~~anoTher~~ term which he had won on the freedman vote and armed a predominantly Negro militia. Akerman arrested and tried hundreds of Klansmen before Negro juries, pardoned informants and finally sent 65 Klan leaders to jail while the army chased some 2,000 Klansmen from the state.		Republicans Lyman Trumbull<ref>Foner, pp. 456-457, 456-459, 458</ref> asked“what is the need of state government” and Carl Schurz thought the act “insane” However, “The Constitution is not what it was,,,.”The states were no longer the depositories of individual rights. the Federal government was. Radicals had reconstructed Their own states along with the South. the cause of freedom had become that of justice. Akerman moved by “extraordinary means” in what would “amount to war.” Grant sent troops into nine “lawless “upcountry South Carolina counties in October 1871, and suspended habeas corpus following re-election of governor Robert Scott . Former Union general and assistant Freedmen’s Bureau commissioner, Scott had suspended the state constitution in order to run for another term which he had won on the freedman vote and armed a predominantly Negro militia. Akerman arrested and tried hundreds of Klansmen before Negro juries, pardoned informants and finally sent 65 Klan leaders to jail while the army chased some 2,000 Klansmen from the state.


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	The Union Pacific Railroad had set up the Credit Mobilier of America construction company to disburse Federal grants provided by the Pacific Railroad Acts 1862 and 1864. Padding construction costs two fold, the company passed the graft on as cash and discounted stock in the “railroad to nowhere”, rendering a profit while the railroad was still under construction minus the necessary bribes. Eight of the nine Congressmen immediately falling under House investigation were Republicans, including Henry Wilson, Grant’s running mate. A cynic might think the whole thing contrived so close to the election but Horace Greely was just the man to prove that it wasn’t.		The Union Pacific Railroad had set up the Credit Mobilier of America construction company to disburse Federal grants provided by the Pacific Railroad Acts 1862 and 1864. Padding construction costs two fold, the company passed the graft on as cash and discounted stock in the “railroad to nowhere”, rendering a profit while the railroad was still under construction minus the necessary bribes. Eight of the nine Congressmen immediately falling under House investigation were Republicans, including Henry Wilson, Grant’s running mate. A cynic might think the whole thing contrived so close to the election but Horace Greely was just the man to prove that it wasn’t.

	An inept campaigner to begin, Greely had espoused eccentric causes from feminism to vegetarianism over the last forty years, vacillating from socialism to “Log Cabin” Whigs. His “New York tribune” Abolition articles had burned bridges in the South even if he now sincerely hoped to “,,,never live in a country where one section is pinned to the ~~oTher~~ with bayonets.” Grant outspent Greely in any event and won the popular vote by a record (1856-1904) 11.8% and 286 electoral votes just before Greely died with 66 electoral votes and 63 pending which went to frivolous candidates raTher than Grant.		An inept campaigner to begin, Greely had espoused eccentric causes from feminism to vegetarianism over the last forty years, vacillating from socialism to “Log Cabin” Whigs. His “New York tribune” Abolition articles had burned bridges in the South even if he now sincerely hoped to “,,,never live in a country where one section is pinned to the other with bayonets.” Grant outspent Greely in any event and won the popular vote by a record (1856-1904) 11.8% and 286 electoral votes just before Greely died with 66 electoral votes and 63 pending which went to frivolous candidates raTher than Grant.

	Not to be outdone, Victoria Woodhull ran as the Equal Rights Party candidate, an affiliate of Susan Anthony’s National American Woman’s Suffrage Association with Frederick Douglas as vice president although Douglas ignored the nomination if he even knew of it.		Not to be outdone, Victoria Woodhull ran as the Equal Rights Party candidate, an affiliate of Susan Anthony’s National American Woman’s Suffrage Association with Frederick Douglas as vice president although Douglas ignored the nomination if he even knew of it.
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	But the weekly was mostly Woodhull’s run up for the 1872 presidential election which she spent in jail for having published an inflammatory number accusing Rev. Henry Ward Beecher of adultery. Beecher was famous for preaching God’s love and smuggling Sharps rifles to Abolitionists in Kansas 1854. His sister had written “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”.		But the weekly was mostly Woodhull’s run up for the 1872 presidential election which she spent in jail for having published an inflammatory number accusing Rev. Henry Ward Beecher of adultery. Beecher was famous for preaching God’s love and smuggling Sharps rifles to Abolitionists in Kansas 1854. His sister had written “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”.

	This didn’t stop Susan Anthony from attempting to vote for Woodhull, for which she was arrested. the constitution was clear on who could vote if not on candidates ~~oTher~~ than the 35 year minimum age requirement of which Woodhull was 6 months shy. the husband of the alleged mistress took Woodhull to trial ending in a hung jury prompting Congress to pass the Comstock Laws in 1873, prohibiting dissemination of vice material.		This didn’t stop Susan Anthony from attempting to vote for Woodhull, for which she was arrested. the constitution was clear on who could vote if not on candidates other than the 35 year minimum age requirement of which Woodhull was 6 months shy. the husband of the alleged mistress took Woodhull to trial ending in a hung jury prompting Congress to pass the Comstock Laws in 1873, prohibiting dissemination of vice material.

	And so ended the last election whereby Reconstruction might have been ended peacefully.		And so ended the last election whereby Reconstruction might have been ended peacefully.