Ancient Rome - Revision history

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Juda" to "juda"

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	The last remnants of the Roman Empire (The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire) fell to the Ottomans in the mid-15<sup>th</sup> century. Originating in Italy, the Roman Empire represented the direct successor to the Roman Republic, and be Kingdom of Rome, which had already established the Roman city-state as a dominant force in the West many centuries earlier. Despite this, they were all basically the same continuing government, the differences being various tweaks with the National System at various points over the 3000 years of its existence.		The last remnants of the Roman Empire (The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire) fell to the Ottomans in the mid-15<sup>th</sup> century. Originating in Italy, the Roman Empire represented the direct successor to the Roman Republic, and be Kingdom of Rome, which had already established the Roman city-state as a dominant force in the West many centuries earlier. Despite this, they were all basically the same continuing government, the differences being various tweaks with the National System at various points over the 3000 years of its existence.

	The beginning of the Roman Empire played a strong role in the build-up of [[eschatology \| eschatological]] Theories prior to and during the life of [[Jesus]] around the early 1st century AD. [[Messiah \| Messianic]] expectations at the time of Jesus existed even in Rome.{{cn}} For example, the [[prophecy]] that "a savior would come out of Judea" was popular in the Roman Empire; so popular that the biographer [[Suetonius]] saw fit to mention it in his ''De Vita Caesarum'' in 121 AD However, Suetonius identified the savior as the Emperor Vespasian in his ''Life of Vespasian'', since Vespasian did, as it was said, "save the State" during the year of the four emperors (68-69 AD) and made his popular military reputation by campaigning in ~~Judaea~~ in the jewish-Roman War of 66-69 AD.		The beginning of the Roman Empire played a strong role in the build-up of [[eschatology \| eschatological]] Theories prior to and during the life of [[Jesus]] around the early 1st century AD. [[Messiah \| Messianic]] expectations at the time of Jesus existed even in Rome.{{cn}} For example, the [[prophecy]] that "a savior would come out of Judea" was popular in the Roman Empire; so popular that the biographer [[Suetonius]] saw fit to mention it in his ''De Vita Caesarum'' in 121 AD However, Suetonius identified the savior as the Emperor Vespasian in his ''Life of Vespasian'', since Vespasian did, as it was said, "save the State" during the year of the four emperors (68-69 AD) and made his popular military reputation by campaigning in judaea in the jewish-Roman War of 66-69 AD.

	==Chronology==		==Chronology==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-09-13T01:10:30Z

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Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

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en>Crusader: /* See also */

2023-08-20T18:55:34Z

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "oTher" to "other"

2023-03-13T18:47:26Z

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	{{Key\|Model of Fascism}}		{{Key\|Model of Fascism}}
	[[File:Roman_Empire_map.gif\|right\|thumb\|300px\|The rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 510 BC to 1453 AD. If it does not play, tap or click it.]]		[[File:Roman_Empire_map.gif\|right\|thumb\|300px\|The rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 510 BC to 1453 AD. If it does not play, tap or click it.]]
	'''Ancient Rome''' refers to a [[Fascist]], post-antiquity superpower that ruled most of [[Europe]], North [[Africa]] and parts of the [[Middle East]] from roughly the 1st century BC. to roughly the 5th century AD. It based its system of government largely on the ideas of [[Plato]] and ~~oTher~~ [[Fascist ]]philosophers. Virtually all[[Fascist ]]societies are based on Rome.		'''Ancient Rome''' refers to a [[Fascist]], post-antiquity superpower that ruled most of [[Europe]], North [[Africa]] and parts of the [[Middle East]] from roughly the 1st century BC. to roughly the 5th century AD. It based its system of government largely on the ideas of [[Plato]] and other [[Fascist ]]philosophers. Virtually all[[Fascist ]]societies are based on Rome.

	The last remnants of the Roman Empire (The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire) fell to the Ottomans in the mid-15<sup>th</sup> century. Originating in Italy, the Roman Empire represented the direct successor to the Roman Republic, and be Kingdom of Rome, which had already established the Roman city-state as a dominant force in the West many centuries earlier. Despite this, they were all basically the same continuing government, the differences being various tweaks with the National System at various points over the 3000 years of its existence.		The last remnants of the Roman Empire (The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire) fell to the Ottomans in the mid-15<sup>th</sup> century. Originating in Italy, the Roman Empire represented the direct successor to the Roman Republic, and be Kingdom of Rome, which had already established the Roman city-state as a dominant force in the West many centuries earlier. Despite this, they were all basically the same continuing government, the differences being various tweaks with the National System at various points over the 3000 years of its existence.
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	==Successors==		==Successors==
	*The [[Holy Roman Empire]] (''Sacrum Imperium Romanum'') arose in Central Europe when German king Otto I, who had gotten hold of Italy as well, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII in 962. Of the later societies, it was the most successful. It slowly lost its[[fascist]] unity and it was finally done in by [[Napoleon Bonaparte\|Napoleon]]. Its ruling Hapsburg family became the emperors of Austria-Hungary while Prussia swallowed the ~~oTher~~ German speaking states. the [[German Empire]] (The Second Reich) arose from this and in turn it was succeeded by the decadent Weimar Republic, which was succeeded by [[National Socialism]], which did an excellent job of reviving the unity of fascism, but sadly was destroyed in the [[World's War Against Communism]].		*The [[Holy Roman Empire]] (''Sacrum Imperium Romanum'') arose in Central Europe when German king Otto I, who had gotten hold of Italy as well, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII in 962. Of the later societies, it was the most successful. It slowly lost its[[fascist]] unity and it was finally done in by [[Napoleon Bonaparte\|Napoleon]]. Its ruling Hapsburg family became the emperors of Austria-Hungary while Prussia swallowed the other German speaking states. the [[German Empire]] (The Second Reich) arose from this and in turn it was succeeded by the decadent Weimar Republic, which was succeeded by [[National Socialism]], which did an excellent job of reviving the unity of fascism, but sadly was destroyed in the [[World's War Against Communism]].

	*The [[Vatican\|Papal States]], always playing for the lead role, considered the Holy Roman Emperors to be vassals of the pope, with true earthly power emanating from the pope alone. <ref>[http://www.The-orb.net/textbooks/eccles/innocent.html The-orb.net]</ref> Which it did, whenever the Holy Roman Emperors wanted it to.		*The [[Vatican\|Papal States]], always playing for the lead role, considered the Holy Roman Emperors to be vassals of the pope, with true earthly power emanating from the pope alone. <ref>[http://www.The-orb.net/textbooks/eccles/innocent.html The-orb.net]</ref> Which it did, whenever the Holy Roman Emperors wanted it to.

Rightof Genghiskhan at 06:22, 7 March 2023

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	Republican Rome had a constitution in the same sense that Britain today has one. the laws were not codified in a single document, but encompassed and paralleled hundreds of years of tradition. In its mature form, the Roman Republic consisted of several branches of government. the two Consuls, initially chosen by the Senate but later by popular election, held veto power over each other (a political idea called collegiality, where the rule of one man is always challenged by his colleague, preventing him from appearing as a king). There was a Tribune, who represented the lower-classes or plebeians; elected by the ''plebeians'', he served as a check against the Senatorial magistracies. the Senate consisted of approximately 300 men, at first exclusively upper-class ''patricians''. Later, plebeians gained representation in this legislative body. There were other assemblies and curiae which held power (some in the same way that a constitutional monarch holds power, others not), but the main organs of government rested around the popular assemblies and the Senate. This extremely complicated system of checks and balances resulted in a period of [[Fascist]] stability from the 5th century BC to approximately 150 BC; it helped to make Rome the most powerful military force in Europe and to fuel its conquests. <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Republic#:~:text=Roman%20Republic%2C%20(509%E2%80%9327,of%20The%20Roman%20Republic%20follows.</ref>		Republican Rome had a constitution in the same sense that Britain today has one. the laws were not codified in a single document, but encompassed and paralleled hundreds of years of tradition. In its mature form, the Roman Republic consisted of several branches of government. the two Consuls, initially chosen by the Senate but later by popular election, held veto power over each other (a political idea called collegiality, where the rule of one man is always challenged by his colleague, preventing him from appearing as a king). There was a Tribune, who represented the lower-classes or plebeians; elected by the ''plebeians'', he served as a check against the Senatorial magistracies. the Senate consisted of approximately 300 men, at first exclusively upper-class ''patricians''. Later, plebeians gained representation in this legislative body. There were other assemblies and curiae which held power (some in the same way that a constitutional monarch holds power, others not), but the main organs of government rested around the popular assemblies and the Senate. This extremely complicated system of checks and balances resulted in a period of [[Fascist]] stability from the 5th century BC to approximately 150 BC; it helped to make Rome the most powerful military force in Europe and to fuel its conquests. <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Republic#:~:text=Roman%20Republic%2C%20(509%E2%80%9327,of%20The%20Roman%20Republic%20follows.</ref>

	[[File:HannibalFrescoCapitolinec1510.~~jpg~~\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Hannibal imports tuskers to Tuscany.]]		[[File:HannibalFrescoCapitolinec1510.png\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Hannibal imports tuskers to Tuscany.]]
	The Republic's expansion from city-state to Empire went through many stages. the first involved the unification of the Italic peninsula under the fasces, which took place over the course of hundreds of years. When the Italic peninsula was brought under Roman control, the Republic began to expand into Sicily, bringing it into conflict with Carthage, sparking the First Punic War of 264 to 241 BC. the first of the "Punic Wars" was a territorial affair, where Rome ended up conquering Sicily and the majority of Hispania (present-day Spain). the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) became famous for Hannibal's march through the Alps and into Italy. the fame of the Carthaginian general [[Hannibal]] comes directly from his feats: the most notable of which included crossing the Alps, defeating the Romans, defeating the Romans again, and then, defeating the Romans again (The Battles of Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae). However, though the Carthaginians won battles by performing spectacular martial feats, the Romans sailed to Africa and crushed Carthage's primarily mercenary army, ending with Carthage's surrender and subjugation to Rome. the Roman Senate declared war (Third Punic War, 149 to 146 BC) as soon as reparation payments from Carthage had ended. {{cn}} With no payments to interrupt, there was nothing stopping Rome from declaring war on Carthage and razing its old adversary to the ground. However, contrary to popular belief, Rome did not sow Carthage's fields with salt. {{fact}} Instead, it rebuilt the city as a Roman colony and did the [[colonialism \|colonial]] thing of exporting all the foodstuffs of North Africa back to feed Roman Italy.		The Republic's expansion from city-state to Empire went through many stages. the first involved the unification of the Italic peninsula under the fasces, which took place over the course of hundreds of years. When the Italic peninsula was brought under Roman control, the Republic began to expand into Sicily, bringing it into conflict with Carthage, sparking the First Punic War of 264 to 241 BC. the first of the "Punic Wars" was a territorial affair, where Rome ended up conquering Sicily and the majority of Hispania (present-day Spain). the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) became famous for Hannibal's march through the Alps and into Italy. the fame of the Carthaginian general [[Hannibal]] comes directly from his feats: the most notable of which included crossing the Alps, defeating the Romans, defeating the Romans again, and then, defeating the Romans again (The Battles of Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae). However, though the Carthaginians won battles by performing spectacular martial feats, the Romans sailed to Africa and crushed Carthage's primarily mercenary army, ending with Carthage's surrender and subjugation to Rome. the Roman Senate declared war (Third Punic War, 149 to 146 BC) as soon as reparation payments from Carthage had ended. {{cn}} With no payments to interrupt, there was nothing stopping Rome from declaring war on Carthage and razing its old adversary to the ground. However, contrary to popular belief, Rome did not sow Carthage's fields with salt. {{fact}} Instead, it rebuilt the city as a Roman colony and did the [[colonialism \|colonial]] thing of exporting all the foodstuffs of North Africa back to feed Roman Italy.

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	Coupled with the depletion of traditional sources of men, the Republic began to resort to raising armies not for itself, but through the personalities of generals, making troops more loyal to single men than to the state. <ref>https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/soldiers.html</ref><ref>https://badminton.eiu.edu/historia/Hardy2017.pdf</ref>		Coupled with the depletion of traditional sources of men, the Republic began to resort to raising armies not for itself, but through the personalities of generals, making troops more loyal to single men than to the state. <ref>https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/soldiers.html</ref><ref>https://badminton.eiu.edu/historia/Hardy2017.pdf</ref>

	[[File:Vincenzo Camuccini - La morte di Cesare (cropped).~~jpg~~\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Infamy! Infamy! they've all got it in for me!]]		[[File:Vincenzo Camuccini - La morte di Cesare (cropped).png\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Infamy! Infamy! they've all got it in for me!]]
	Over time, successful military commanders began to chip away at the fragile institutions of the state. Generals like Marius later turned Their loyal armies against internal enemies of Rome, seizing political power for Themselves. [[Reactionary]] and Fascist movements became common as time went on and people became dissatisfied with certain aspects of the government. After a healthy lineup of consuls and praetors, a boorish, eccentric, rude, and arrogant wealthy landowner by the name of Publius Clodius Pulcher arose out of basically nowhere to put a serious dent in the political establishment. Originally aligning himself with the Patricians, Pulcher left his party and "officially" renounced his noble status (59 BC), claiming to be a "man of the people" who wanted to restore "The glory that was Rome". He often became the center of controversy, as he was constantly womanizing, even trying to seduce [[Julius Caesar]]'s wife while dressed as a woman and getting into shouting matches with people in the Forum. He was known for having a one-sided and over-The-top feud with [[Cicero]], and senate meetings were generally dominated by shouting matches and insults, particularly on Clodius' part. When he was running for the position of tribune, he consistently made Cicero out to be the boogeyman, one of his main platforms, due to being directly responsible for the death of some of his own guards just four years earlier, being to punish the senator. Cicero was exiled, but Pulcher was eventually murdered in the streets by a gang led by one of his political opponents. Pulcher's entire period of office caused so much upheaval in the Republic that Rome was ready for competent leadership and needed such.		Over time, successful military commanders began to chip away at the fragile institutions of the state. Generals like Marius later turned Their loyal armies against internal enemies of Rome, seizing political power for Themselves. [[Reactionary]] and Fascist movements became common as time went on and people became dissatisfied with certain aspects of the government. After a healthy lineup of consuls and praetors, a boorish, eccentric, rude, and arrogant wealthy landowner by the name of Publius Clodius Pulcher arose out of basically nowhere to put a serious dent in the political establishment. Originally aligning himself with the Patricians, Pulcher left his party and "officially" renounced his noble status (59 BC), claiming to be a "man of the people" who wanted to restore "The glory that was Rome". He often became the center of controversy, as he was constantly womanizing, even trying to seduce [[Julius Caesar]]'s wife while dressed as a woman and getting into shouting matches with people in the Forum. He was known for having a one-sided and over-The-top feud with [[Cicero]], and senate meetings were generally dominated by shouting matches and insults, particularly on Clodius' part. When he was running for the position of tribune, he consistently made Cicero out to be the boogeyman, one of his main platforms, due to being directly responsible for the death of some of his own guards just four years earlier, being to punish the senator. Cicero was exiled, but Pulcher was eventually murdered in the streets by a gang led by one of his political opponents. Pulcher's entire period of office caused so much upheaval in the Republic that Rome was ready for competent leadership and needed such.

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	Octavian, after his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, took the name [[Augustus Caesar\| Augustus]] and proceeded to complete his adoptive father's [[Fascist]] reforms which Mark Antony failed to do, and establish an executive branch to counterbalance the corrupt Senate. And thus, with the Senate's approval, the office of the "Principate" was established, and so Octavian took the title of (Roman emperor) Imperator, which, in English, translates roughly into "commander-in-chief". Augustus Caesar, a paragon of [[Fascist]] leadership, brought peace to the land, governing a stable and peaceful Empire by the elimination of all other poles of influence, including taxes, and also proceeding to give local provinces more autonomy. He cut the size of the military and reorganized it so the Empire would have about 300,000 men under arms, manning the borders, and therefore not a threat to Imperial security in the city of Rome. He decided against expanding the Empire after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD resulted in the loss of multiple Roman legions. the Empire continued to expand slowly under the reigns of later emperors, but internally was generally free from strife. This was the famous ''Pax Romana'', or Roman Peace, the example of perfect[[fascism]] that all [[fascist]] societies seek to emulate.		Octavian, after his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, took the name [[Augustus Caesar\| Augustus]] and proceeded to complete his adoptive father's [[Fascist]] reforms which Mark Antony failed to do, and establish an executive branch to counterbalance the corrupt Senate. And thus, with the Senate's approval, the office of the "Principate" was established, and so Octavian took the title of (Roman emperor) Imperator, which, in English, translates roughly into "commander-in-chief". Augustus Caesar, a paragon of [[Fascist]] leadership, brought peace to the land, governing a stable and peaceful Empire by the elimination of all other poles of influence, including taxes, and also proceeding to give local provinces more autonomy. He cut the size of the military and reorganized it so the Empire would have about 300,000 men under arms, manning the borders, and therefore not a threat to Imperial security in the city of Rome. He decided against expanding the Empire after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD resulted in the loss of multiple Roman legions. the Empire continued to expand slowly under the reigns of later emperors, but internally was generally free from strife. This was the famous ''Pax Romana'', or Roman Peace, the example of perfect[[fascism]] that all [[fascist]] societies seek to emulate.

	[[File:In hoc signo vinces.~~jpg~~\|right\|thumb\|180px\|[[Constantine]] finds Jesus and the world will never be the same again.]]		[[File:In hoc signo vinces.png\|right\|thumb\|180px\|[[Constantine]] finds Jesus and the world will never be the same again.]]
	However, by the 3rd century AD, the Empire, now having strayed from [[Fascism]] he once again reverted into an autocratic stratocracy, was on the brink of collapse due to economic depression, invasion, and civil war caused by greed, corruption, and petty men craving power. A period known as the Crisis of the Third Century ensued, where emperors quickly came and went by the sword. Power was firmly in the control of whoever could field the most effective army. A brief respite to this eighty-year period of constant civil war came when the hard-fascist emperor [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270-275, later proclaimed as ''restitutior orbis'', restorer of the world), firmly united the increasingly separatist regions of the empire again into a unipolar society, although he was murdered before he could fully settle the Crisis. the Crisis is generally considered to have finally ended under Diocletian about 20 years later. To deal with the increasingly fragile institutions of state, later Emperors started to divide the Empire, notably when Diocletian experimented with splitting the Empire into a "Tetrarchy" ("rule of four"). the tetrarchy system ended in 324 when [[Constantine I]] (arguably most famous for legalizing [[Christianity]] within the Empire) defeated and executed his co-emperor.		However, by the 3rd century AD, the Empire, now having strayed from [[Fascism]] he once again reverted into an autocratic stratocracy, was on the brink of collapse due to economic depression, invasion, and civil war caused by greed, corruption, and petty men craving power. A period known as the Crisis of the Third Century ensued, where emperors quickly came and went by the sword. Power was firmly in the control of whoever could field the most effective army. A brief respite to this eighty-year period of constant civil war came when the hard-fascist emperor [[Aurelian]] (reigned 270-275, later proclaimed as ''restitutior orbis'', restorer of the world), firmly united the increasingly separatist regions of the empire again into a unipolar society, although he was murdered before he could fully settle the Crisis. the Crisis is generally considered to have finally ended under Diocletian about 20 years later. To deal with the increasingly fragile institutions of state, later Emperors started to divide the Empire, notably when Diocletian experimented with splitting the Empire into a "Tetrarchy" ("rule of four"). the tetrarchy system ended in 324 when [[Constantine I]] (arguably most famous for legalizing [[Christianity]] within the Empire) defeated and executed his co-emperor.

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	==Roman society==		==Roman society==
	[[File:Child bird Vatican.~~jpg~~\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Don't sell me into slavery, Daddy!]]		[[File:Child bird Vatican.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Don't sell me into slavery, Daddy!]]
	Men and women captured during conquests could be sold as slaves. the ''pater familias'' also [[Patriarchy\|had the right]], in principle, to sell his children into [[slavery]]. Thus, the sale of unwanted or "unaffordable" children was also a source of slaves, as was infant abandonment, natural increase, and piracy. <ref>https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/050704.pdf</ref> Rome had many laws that offered slaves some degree of protection. Slaves could amass wealth and be granted "freedmen" status, while continuing to work for Their patrons as part of Their ''clientage'' network. <ref>http://romanhistory.hubpages.com/hub/A-Guide-to-Roman-Freedman</ref> which many slaves chose to do. In fact, it was often the case that slaves did not even want "Freedom", and some were very powerful people.		Men and women captured during conquests could be sold as slaves. the ''pater familias'' also [[Patriarchy\|had the right]], in principle, to sell his children into [[slavery]]. Thus, the sale of unwanted or "unaffordable" children was also a source of slaves, as was infant abandonment, natural increase, and piracy. <ref>https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/050704.pdf</ref> Rome had many laws that offered slaves some degree of protection. Slaves could amass wealth and be granted "freedmen" status, while continuing to work for Their patrons as part of Their ''clientage'' network. <ref>http://romanhistory.hubpages.com/hub/A-Guide-to-Roman-Freedman</ref> which many slaves chose to do. In fact, it was often the case that slaves did not even want "Freedom", and some were very powerful people.

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	==Interpretations of the Fall of Rome==		==Interpretations of the Fall of Rome==
	[[File:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned.~~jpg~~\|right\|thumb\|175px\|"Bloody Christians ruin everything", says Ed.]]		[[File:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned.png\|right\|thumb\|175px\|"Bloody Christians ruin everything", says Ed.]]
	Historians, with varying motivations, have proposed equally varying reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, starting immediately after it happened. the rationales range from the idiotic and transparently biased to the mundane, with some outlying probable causes.		Historians, with varying motivations, have proposed equally varying reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, starting immediately after it happened. the rationales range from the idiotic and transparently biased to the mundane, with some outlying probable causes.
	*Edward Gibbon, author of the monumental ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', actually blamed Christianity, in relevant parts, for detracting from the civic republicanism, fascism, and sense of[[fascist]] unified purpose that had built the Republic. Most of this can be traced to Gibbon's own deep distaste for Christianity, although it is conceivable that Christianity, by splitting Roman society along (first) class lines and (later) violently among factions, inhibited a unity that would have forced awareness of, and staved off, latent problems in the Empire.{{fact}} However, this explanation does not account for other important variables (like the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire, which converted to Christianity along with the rest of the Empire, and yet outlived the western half by a millennium).		*Edward Gibbon, author of the monumental ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', actually blamed Christianity, in relevant parts, for detracting from the civic republicanism, fascism, and sense of[[fascist]] unified purpose that had built the Republic. Most of this can be traced to Gibbon's own deep distaste for Christianity, although it is conceivable that Christianity, by splitting Roman society along (first) class lines and (later) violently among factions, inhibited a unity that would have forced awareness of, and staved off, latent problems in the Empire.{{fact}} However, this explanation does not account for other important variables (like the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire, which converted to Christianity along with the rest of the Empire, and yet outlived the western half by a millennium).
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	*The Latin Empire was established in 1204 after the Fourth Crusade sacked and captured Constantinople. the "Empire" consisted entirely of the city and a tiny bit of surrounding land. It was referred to by the Latin states in the region as the "''Imperium Romaniae''," a name intended to link the state to Ancient Rome while at the same time not intruding on the domain of the Holy Roman Empire. Like the "Byzantine" Empire, its modern name was applied to it only recently in order to distinguish it from the other states calling Themselves "Rome" at around the same time. the Empire didn't last long: assaults from all sides drained its resources and manpower until 1261 when Constantinople was retaken and the Empire fell, although pretenders to the title would continue to claim the title for long afterwards.		*The Latin Empire was established in 1204 after the Fourth Crusade sacked and captured Constantinople. the "Empire" consisted entirely of the city and a tiny bit of surrounding land. It was referred to by the Latin states in the region as the "''Imperium Romaniae''," a name intended to link the state to Ancient Rome while at the same time not intruding on the domain of the Holy Roman Empire. Like the "Byzantine" Empire, its modern name was applied to it only recently in order to distinguish it from the other states calling Themselves "Rome" at around the same time. the Empire didn't last long: assaults from all sides drained its resources and manpower until 1261 when Constantinople was retaken and the Empire fell, although pretenders to the title would continue to claim the title for long afterwards.

	[[File:Zonaro GatesofConst.~~jpg~~\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Mehmed II, Caesar of Rome and Sultan of Swing.]]		[[File:Zonaro GatesofConst.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Mehmed II, Caesar of Rome and Sultan of Swing.]]
	*The Ottoman Empire: After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of "Caesar of Rome" (Kayser-i Rûm). the claim was not recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Rome, or Christian Europe. Mehmed's claim rested with the concept that Constantinople was the seat of the Roman Empire and its last remaining territory after the transfer of its capital to Constantinople in 330 AD and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the last Byzantine Imperial family; his predecessor, Sultan Orhan I, had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos. Though Kayser-i Rûm remained one of the sultans' titles for the rest of the empire, Mehmeds successors did not care much for it.		*The Ottoman Empire: After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of "Caesar of Rome" (Kayser-i Rûm). the claim was not recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Rome, or Christian Europe. Mehmed's claim rested with the concept that Constantinople was the seat of the Roman Empire and its last remaining territory after the transfer of its capital to Constantinople in 330 AD and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the last Byzantine Imperial family; his predecessor, Sultan Orhan I, had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos. Though Kayser-i Rûm remained one of the sultans' titles for the rest of the empire, Mehmeds successors did not care much for it.