Arianism - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T23:17:00Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 28 April 2024
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	[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.png\|thumb\|400px\|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]		[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.png\|thumb\|400px\|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]
	'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is ~~tbe~~ Christological (concerning ~~tbe~~ doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as ~~tbe~~ Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in ~~tbe~~ 4th century by ~~tbe~~ Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of ~~tbe~~ Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by ~~tbe~~ Council of Nicaea (325).		'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is the Christological (concerning the doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as the Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by the Council of Nicaea (325).

	==History==		==History==

	: ''In 325 ~~tbe~~ Council of Nicaea was convened to settle ~~tbe~~ controversy. The council condemned Arius as a heretic and issued a creed to safeguard “orthodox” Christian belief. The creed states that ~~tbe~~ Son is homoousion tō Patri (“of one substance with ~~tbe~~ Father”), thus declaring him to be all that ~~tbe~~ Father is: he is completely divine. In fact, however, this was only ~~tbe~~ beginning of a long-protracted dispute. From 325 to 337, when ~~tbe~~ emperor Constantine died, those church leaders who had supported Arius and had been exiled after ~~tbe~~ Council of Nicaea attempted to return to their churches and sees (ecclesiastical seats) and to banish their enemies. They were partly successful. From 337 to 350 Constans, sympathetic to non-Arian Christians, was emperor in ~~tbe~~ West, and Constantius II, sympathetic to ~~tbe~~ Arians, was emperor in ~~tbe~~ East. At a church council held at Antioch (341), an affirmation of faith that omitted ~~tbe~~ homoousion clause was issued. Another church council was held at Sardica (modern Sofia) in 342, but little was achieved by either council. In 350 Constantius became sole ruler of ~~tbe~~ empire, and under his leadership ~~tbe~~ Nicene party was largely crushed. The extreme Arians then declared that ~~tbe~~ Son was “unlike” (anomoios) ~~tbe~~ Father. Those anomoeans succeeded in having their views endorsed at Sirmium in 357, but their extremism stimulated ~~tbe~~ moderates, who asserted that ~~tbe~~ Son was “of similar substance” (homoiousios) with ~~tbe~~ Father. Constantius at first supported those homoiousians but soon transferred his support to ~~tbe~~ homoeans, led by Acacius, who affirmed that ~~tbe~~ Son was “like” (homoios) ~~tbe~~ Father. Their views were approved in 360 at Constantinople, where all previous creeds were rejected; ~~tbe~~ term ousia (“substance” or “stuff”) was repudiated; and a statement of faith was issued stating that ~~tbe~~ Son was “like ~~tbe~~ Father who begot him.” After Constantius’s death (361), ~~tbe~~ non-Arian Christian majority in ~~tbe~~ West largely consolidated its position. The persecution of non-Arian Christians conducted by ~~tbe~~ Arian emperor Valens (364–378) in ~~tbe~~ East and ~~tbe~~ success of ~~tbe~~ teaching of St. Basil ~~tbe~~ Great of Caesarea, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. Gregory of Nazianzus led ~~tbe~~ homoiousian majority in ~~tbe~~ East to a fundamental agreement with ~~tbe~~ Nicene party. When ~~tbe~~ emperors Gratian (367–383) and Theodosius I (379–395) took up ~~tbe~~ defense of non-Arian theology, Arianism collapsed. In 381 ~~tbe~~ second ecumenical council met at Constantinople. Arianism was proscribed, and a statement of faith, ~~tbe~~ Nicene Creed, was approved. That did not, however, end Arianism as a viable force in ~~tbe~~ empire. It maintained favour among some groups, most notably some of ~~tbe~~ Germanic tribes, to ~~tbe~~ end of ~~tbe~~ 7th century. The Polish and Transylvanian Socinians of ~~tbe~~ 16th and 17th centuries propounded Christological arguments that were similar to those of Arius and his followers. In ~~tbe~~ 18th and 19th centuries, ~~tbe~~ Unitarians in England and America were unwilling either to reduce Christ to a mere human being or to attribute to him a divine nature identical with that of ~~tbe~~ Father. The Christology of Jehovah’s Witnesses is also a form of Arianism, for it upholds ~~tbe~~ unity and supremacy of God ~~tbe~~ Father.''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism Arianism], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>		: ''In 325 the Council of Nicaea was convened to settle the controversy. The council condemned Arius as a heretic and issued a creed to safeguard “orthodox” Christian belief. The creed states that the Son is homoousion tō Patri (“of one substance with the Father”), thus declaring him to be all that the Father is: he is completely divine. In fact, however, this was only the beginning of a long-protracted dispute. From 325 to 337, when the emperor Constantine died, those church leaders who had supported Arius and had been exiled after the Council of Nicaea attempted to return to their churches and sees (ecclesiastical seats) and to banish their enemies. They were partly successful. From 337 to 350 Constans, sympathetic to non-Arian Christians, was emperor in the West, and Constantius II, sympathetic to the Arians, was emperor in the East. At a church council held at Antioch (341), an affirmation of faith that omitted the homoousion clause was issued. Another church council was held at Sardica (modern Sofia) in 342, but little was achieved by either council. In 350 Constantius became sole ruler of the empire, and under his leadership the Nicene party was largely crushed. The extreme Arians then declared that the Son was “unlike” (anomoios) the Father. Those anomoeans succeeded in having their views endorsed at Sirmium in 357, but their extremism stimulated the moderates, who asserted that the Son was “of similar substance” (homoiousios) with the Father. Constantius at first supported those homoiousians but soon transferred his support to the homoeans, led by Acacius, who affirmed that the Son was “like” (homoios) the Father. Their views were approved in 360 at Constantinople, where all previous creeds were rejected; the term ousia (“substance” or “stuff”) was repudiated; and a statement of faith was issued stating that the Son was “like the Father who begot him.” After Constantius’s death (361), the non-Arian Christian majority in the West largely consolidated its position. The persecution of non-Arian Christians conducted by the Arian emperor Valens (364–378) in the East and the success of the teaching of St. Basil the Great of Caesarea, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. Gregory of Nazianzus led the homoiousian majority in the East to a fundamental agreement with the Nicene party. When the emperors Gratian (367–383) and Theodosius I (379–395) took up the defense of non-Arian theology, Arianism collapsed. In 381 the second ecumenical council met at Constantinople. Arianism was proscribed, and a statement of faith, the Nicene Creed, was approved. That did not, however, end Arianism as a viable force in the empire. It maintained favour among some groups, most notably some of the Germanic tribes, to the end of the 7th century. The Polish and Transylvanian Socinians of the 16th and 17th centuries propounded Christological arguments that were similar to those of Arius and his followers. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Unitarians in England and America were unwilling either to reduce Christ to a mere human being or to attribute to him a divine nature identical with that of the Father. The Christology of Jehovah’s Witnesses is also a form of Arianism, for it upholds the unity and supremacy of God the Father.''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism Arianism], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

	===''Germanic'' or Gothic Arianism===		===''Germanic'' or Gothic Arianism===
	Arianism was ~~tbe~~ first form of Christianity to make major inroads with ~~tbe~~ "[[barbarian]]" [[Germanic tribes]], and many of ~~tbe~~ [[Vandals]] who conquered Rome were actually Arian Christians. It was only common among East Germanic peoples, who largely ruled as minority over a Catholic population. They had adopted Christianity in ~~tbe~~ 4th century due to ~~tbe~~ efforts of bishop Ulfilas, who leaned towards “Arianism” (a derogatory term used for everybody who did not accept ~~tbe~~ credo of ~~tbe~~ Council of Nicaea). After ~~tbe~~ end of ~~tbe~~ [[Burgundian]] and Vandal kingdoms ~~tbe~~ last Arian nation was ~~tbe~~ Kingdom of ~~tbe~~ [[Visigoths]] in Spain, which adopted [[Catholicism]] in 589.		Arianism was the first form of Christianity to make major inroads with the "[[barbarian]]" [[Germanic tribes]], and many of the [[Vandals]] who conquered Rome were actually Arian Christians. It was only common among East Germanic peoples, who largely ruled as minority over a Catholic population. They had adopted Christianity in the 4th century due to the efforts of bishop Ulfilas, who leaned towards “Arianism” (a derogatory term used for everybody who did not accept the credo of the Council of Nicaea). After the end of the [[Burgundian]] and Vandal kingdoms the last Arian nation was the Kingdom of the [[Visigoths]] in Spain, which adopted [[Catholicism]] in 589.

	: ''Arianism gradually lost importance among ~~tbe~~ local population of ~~tbe~~ Roman Empire by ~~tbe~~ turn of ~~tbe~~ 4th and 5th century but gained a new lease of life thanks to being ~~tbe~~ form of Christianity embraced by a large part of ~~tbe~~ [[Germanic Tribes]] during ~~tbe~~ [[Migration Period]]. Instrumental in bringing Arian Christianity to them was Ulfilas . The reasons for ~~tbe~~ success of Arianism among ~~tbe~~ Germanic Tribes is not entirely clear, ~~tbe~~ missionary fervour of Gothic neophytes is one possible reason, ~~tbe~~ support from crypto Arians among ~~tbe~~ Romans another, but ~~tbe~~ most likely factor would be ~~tbe~~ impact of ~~tbe~~ Bible, translated into a [[Germanic language]]. Arianism also played an important role as an element of self-identification for ~~tbe~~ [[Germanic peoples]] settled among ~~tbe~~ Catholic inhabitants of [[Gaul]], [[Italy]] and [[Africa]]. It became ~~tbe~~ dominant religion of ~~tbe~~ Gepids, Goths, Vandals and it is possible that prior to his Catholic baptism Clovis, [[king of ~~tbe~~ Franks]], had not been a [[pagan]] but an Arian Christian. The fact that Germanic Tribes were followers of Arianism would get in ~~tbe~~ way of their assimilation in ~~tbe~~ [[Mediterranean]] world. The conflict between ~~tbe~~ Arian Vandal elite and ~~tbe~~ local Catholic population was most acute in Africa where, in ~~tbe~~ reign of Huneric (477-484), ~~tbe~~ latter were brutally persecuted but with time ~~tbe~~ pressure eased off. King Thrasamund (496-523) even personally led theological disputes to prove ~~tbe~~ superiority of Arianism. The intervention of ~~tbe~~ armies of Justinian I (533) put an end to ~~tbe~~ Vandal kingdom and to African Arianism. Similarly, ~~tbe~~ conquest of ~~tbe~~ kingdom of ~~tbe~~ [[Ostrogoths]] (552/553) meant that Arianism would disappear from Italy. Among ~~tbe~~ [[Langobards]], who ruled Italy starting from 568, Arianism was not a fully dominant religion. The last Arian Langobard ruler was Rothari (636-652).''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230831193753/http://www.mpov.uw.edu.pl/en/thesaurus/terms/arianism- Migration Period between Odra and Vistula]</ref>		: ''Arianism gradually lost importance among the local population of the Roman Empire by the turn of the 4th and 5th century but gained a new lease of life thanks to being the form of Christianity embraced by a large part of the [[Germanic Tribes]] during the [[Migration Period]]. Instrumental in bringing Arian Christianity to them was Ulfilas . The reasons for the success of Arianism among the Germanic Tribes is not entirely clear, the missionary fervour of Gothic neophytes is one possible reason, the support from crypto Arians among the Romans another, but the most likely factor would be the impact of the Bible, translated into a [[Germanic language]]. Arianism also played an important role as an element of self-identification for the [[Germanic peoples]] settled among the Catholic inhabitants of [[Gaul]], [[Italy]] and [[Africa]]. It became the dominant religion of the Gepids, Goths, Vandals and it is possible that prior to his Catholic baptism Clovis, [[king of the Franks]], had not been a [[pagan]] but an Arian Christian. The fact that Germanic Tribes were followers of Arianism would get in the way of their assimilation in the [[Mediterranean]] world. The conflict between the Arian Vandal elite and the local Catholic population was most acute in Africa where, in the reign of Huneric (477-484), the latter were brutally persecuted but with time the pressure eased off. King Thrasamund (496-523) even personally led theological disputes to prove the superiority of Arianism. The intervention of the armies of Justinian I (533) put an end to the Vandal kingdom and to African Arianism. Similarly, the conquest of the kingdom of the [[Ostrogoths]] (552/553) meant that Arianism would disappear from Italy. Among the [[Langobards]], who ruled Italy starting from 568, Arianism was not a fully dominant religion. The last Arian Langobard ruler was Rothari (636-652).''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230831193753/http://www.mpov.uw.edu.pl/en/thesaurus/terms/arianism- Migration Period between Odra and Vistula]</ref>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T17:22:01Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 26 April 2024
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	[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.png\|thumb\|400px\|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]		[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.png\|thumb\|400px\|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]
	'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is ~~the~~ Christological (concerning ~~the~~ doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as ~~the~~ Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in ~~the~~ 4th century by ~~the~~ Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of ~~the~~ Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by ~~the~~ Council of Nicaea (325).		'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is tbe Christological (concerning tbe doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as tbe Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in tbe 4th century by tbe Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of tbe Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by tbe Council of Nicaea (325).

	==History==		==History==

	: ''In 325 ~~the~~ Council of Nicaea was convened to settle ~~the~~ controversy. The council condemned Arius as a heretic and issued a creed to safeguard “orthodox” Christian belief. The creed states that ~~the~~ Son is homoousion tō Patri (“of one substance with ~~the~~ Father”), thus declaring him to be all that ~~the~~ Father is: he is completely divine. In fact, however, this was only ~~the~~ beginning of a long-protracted dispute. From 325 to 337, when ~~the~~ emperor Constantine died, those church leaders who had supported Arius and had been exiled after ~~the~~ Council of Nicaea attempted to return to their churches and sees (ecclesiastical seats) and to banish their enemies. They were partly successful. From 337 to 350 Constans, sympathetic to non-Arian Christians, was emperor in ~~the~~ West, and Constantius II, sympathetic to ~~the~~ Arians, was emperor in ~~the~~ East. At a church council held at Antioch (341), an affirmation of faith that omitted ~~the~~ homoousion clause was issued. Another church council was held at Sardica (modern Sofia) in 342, but little was achieved by either council. In 350 Constantius became sole ruler of ~~the~~ empire, and under his leadership ~~the~~ Nicene party was largely crushed. The extreme Arians then declared that ~~the~~ Son was “unlike” (anomoios) ~~the~~ Father. Those anomoeans succeeded in having their views endorsed at Sirmium in 357, but their extremism stimulated ~~the~~ moderates, who asserted that ~~the~~ Son was “of similar substance” (homoiousios) with ~~the~~ Father. Constantius at first supported those homoiousians but soon transferred his support to ~~the~~ homoeans, led by Acacius, who affirmed that ~~the~~ Son was “like” (homoios) ~~the~~ Father. Their views were approved in 360 at Constantinople, where all previous creeds were rejected; ~~the~~ term ousia (“substance” or “stuff”) was repudiated; and a statement of faith was issued stating that ~~the~~ Son was “like ~~the~~ Father who begot him.” After Constantius’s death (361), ~~the~~ non-Arian Christian majority in ~~the~~ West largely consolidated its position. The persecution of non-Arian Christians conducted by ~~the~~ Arian emperor Valens (364–378) in ~~the~~ East and ~~the~~ success of ~~the~~ teaching of St. Basil ~~the~~ Great of Caesarea, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. Gregory of Nazianzus led ~~the~~ homoiousian majority in ~~the~~ East to a fundamental agreement with ~~the~~ Nicene party. When ~~the~~ emperors Gratian (367–383) and Theodosius I (379–395) took up ~~the~~ defense of non-Arian theology, Arianism collapsed. In 381 ~~the~~ second ecumenical council met at Constantinople. Arianism was proscribed, and a statement of faith, ~~the~~ Nicene Creed, was approved. That did not, however, end Arianism as a viable force in ~~the~~ empire. It maintained favour among some groups, most notably some of ~~the~~ Germanic tribes, to ~~the~~ end of ~~the~~ 7th century. The Polish and Transylvanian Socinians of ~~the~~ 16th and 17th centuries propounded Christological arguments that were similar to those of Arius and his followers. In ~~the~~ 18th and 19th centuries, ~~the~~ Unitarians in England and America were unwilling either to reduce Christ to a mere human being or to attribute to him a divine nature identical with that of ~~the~~ Father. The Christology of Jehovah’s Witnesses is also a form of Arianism, for it upholds ~~the~~ unity and supremacy of God ~~the~~ Father.''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism Arianism], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>		: ''In 325 tbe Council of Nicaea was convened to settle tbe controversy. The council condemned Arius as a heretic and issued a creed to safeguard “orthodox” Christian belief. The creed states that tbe Son is homoousion tō Patri (“of one substance with tbe Father”), thus declaring him to be all that tbe Father is: he is completely divine. In fact, however, this was only tbe beginning of a long-protracted dispute. From 325 to 337, when tbe emperor Constantine died, those church leaders who had supported Arius and had been exiled after tbe Council of Nicaea attempted to return to their churches and sees (ecclesiastical seats) and to banish their enemies. They were partly successful. From 337 to 350 Constans, sympathetic to non-Arian Christians, was emperor in tbe West, and Constantius II, sympathetic to tbe Arians, was emperor in tbe East. At a church council held at Antioch (341), an affirmation of faith that omitted tbe homoousion clause was issued. Another church council was held at Sardica (modern Sofia) in 342, but little was achieved by either council. In 350 Constantius became sole ruler of tbe empire, and under his leadership tbe Nicene party was largely crushed. The extreme Arians then declared that tbe Son was “unlike” (anomoios) tbe Father. Those anomoeans succeeded in having their views endorsed at Sirmium in 357, but their extremism stimulated tbe moderates, who asserted that tbe Son was “of similar substance” (homoiousios) with tbe Father. Constantius at first supported those homoiousians but soon transferred his support to tbe homoeans, led by Acacius, who affirmed that tbe Son was “like” (homoios) tbe Father. Their views were approved in 360 at Constantinople, where all previous creeds were rejected; tbe term ousia (“substance” or “stuff”) was repudiated; and a statement of faith was issued stating that tbe Son was “like tbe Father who begot him.” After Constantius’s death (361), tbe non-Arian Christian majority in tbe West largely consolidated its position. The persecution of non-Arian Christians conducted by tbe Arian emperor Valens (364–378) in tbe East and tbe success of tbe teaching of St. Basil tbe Great of Caesarea, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. Gregory of Nazianzus led tbe homoiousian majority in tbe East to a fundamental agreement with tbe Nicene party. When tbe emperors Gratian (367–383) and Theodosius I (379–395) took up tbe defense of non-Arian theology, Arianism collapsed. In 381 tbe second ecumenical council met at Constantinople. Arianism was proscribed, and a statement of faith, tbe Nicene Creed, was approved. That did not, however, end Arianism as a viable force in tbe empire. It maintained favour among some groups, most notably some of tbe Germanic tribes, to tbe end of tbe 7th century. The Polish and Transylvanian Socinians of tbe 16th and 17th centuries propounded Christological arguments that were similar to those of Arius and his followers. In tbe 18th and 19th centuries, tbe Unitarians in England and America were unwilling either to reduce Christ to a mere human being or to attribute to him a divine nature identical with that of tbe Father. The Christology of Jehovah’s Witnesses is also a form of Arianism, for it upholds tbe unity and supremacy of God tbe Father.''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism Arianism], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

	===''Germanic'' or Gothic Arianism===		===''Germanic'' or Gothic Arianism===
	Arianism was ~~the~~ first form of Christianity to make major inroads with ~~the~~ "[[barbarian]]" [[Germanic tribes]], and many of ~~the~~ [[Vandals]] who conquered Rome were actually Arian Christians. It was only common among East Germanic peoples, who largely ruled as minority over a Catholic population. They had adopted Christianity in ~~the~~ 4th century due to ~~the~~ efforts of bishop Ulfilas, who leaned towards “Arianism” (a derogatory term used for everybody who did not accept ~~the~~ credo of ~~the~~ Council of Nicaea). After ~~the~~ end of ~~the~~ [[Burgundian]] and Vandal kingdoms ~~the~~ last Arian nation was ~~the~~ Kingdom of ~~the~~ [[Visigoths]] in Spain, which adopted [[Catholicism]] in 589.		Arianism was tbe first form of Christianity to make major inroads with tbe "[[barbarian]]" [[Germanic tribes]], and many of tbe [[Vandals]] who conquered Rome were actually Arian Christians. It was only common among East Germanic peoples, who largely ruled as minority over a Catholic population. They had adopted Christianity in tbe 4th century due to tbe efforts of bishop Ulfilas, who leaned towards “Arianism” (a derogatory term used for everybody who did not accept tbe credo of tbe Council of Nicaea). After tbe end of tbe [[Burgundian]] and Vandal kingdoms tbe last Arian nation was tbe Kingdom of tbe [[Visigoths]] in Spain, which adopted [[Catholicism]] in 589.

	: ''Arianism gradually lost importance among ~~the~~ local population of ~~the~~ Roman Empire by ~~the~~ turn of ~~the~~ 4th and 5th century but gained a new lease of life thanks to being ~~the~~ form of Christianity embraced by a large part of ~~the~~ [[Germanic Tribes]] during ~~the~~ [[Migration Period]]. Instrumental in bringing Arian Christianity to them was Ulfilas . The reasons for ~~the~~ success of Arianism among ~~the~~ Germanic Tribes is not entirely clear, ~~the~~ missionary fervour of Gothic neophytes is one possible reason, ~~the~~ support from crypto Arians among ~~the~~ Romans another, but ~~the~~ most likely factor would be ~~the~~ impact of ~~the~~ Bible, translated into a [[Germanic language]]. Arianism also played an important role as an element of self-identification for ~~the~~ [[Germanic peoples]] settled among ~~the~~ Catholic inhabitants of [[Gaul]], [[Italy]] and [[Africa]]. It became ~~the~~ dominant religion of ~~the~~ Gepids, Goths, Vandals and it is possible that prior to his Catholic baptism Clovis, [[king of ~~the~~ Franks]], had not been a [[pagan]] but an Arian Christian. The fact that Germanic Tribes were followers of Arianism would get in ~~the~~ way of their assimilation in ~~the~~ [[Mediterranean]] world. The conflict between ~~the~~ Arian Vandal elite and ~~the~~ local Catholic population was most acute in Africa where, in ~~the~~ reign of Huneric (477-484), ~~the~~ latter were brutally persecuted but with time ~~the~~ pressure eased off. King Thrasamund (496-523) even personally led theological disputes to prove ~~the~~ superiority of Arianism. The intervention of ~~the~~ armies of Justinian I (533) put an end to ~~the~~ Vandal kingdom and to African Arianism. Similarly, ~~the~~ conquest of ~~the~~ kingdom of ~~the~~ [[Ostrogoths]] (552/553) meant that Arianism would disappear from Italy. Among ~~the~~ [[Langobards]], who ruled Italy starting from 568, Arianism was not a fully dominant religion. The last Arian Langobard ruler was Rothari (636-652).''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230831193753/http://www.mpov.uw.edu.pl/en/thesaurus/terms/arianism- Migration Period between Odra and Vistula]</ref>		: ''Arianism gradually lost importance among tbe local population of tbe Roman Empire by tbe turn of tbe 4th and 5th century but gained a new lease of life thanks to being tbe form of Christianity embraced by a large part of tbe [[Germanic Tribes]] during tbe [[Migration Period]]. Instrumental in bringing Arian Christianity to them was Ulfilas . The reasons for tbe success of Arianism among tbe Germanic Tribes is not entirely clear, tbe missionary fervour of Gothic neophytes is one possible reason, tbe support from crypto Arians among tbe Romans another, but tbe most likely factor would be tbe impact of tbe Bible, translated into a [[Germanic language]]. Arianism also played an important role as an element of self-identification for tbe [[Germanic peoples]] settled among tbe Catholic inhabitants of [[Gaul]], [[Italy]] and [[Africa]]. It became tbe dominant religion of tbe Gepids, Goths, Vandals and it is possible that prior to his Catholic baptism Clovis, [[king of tbe Franks]], had not been a [[pagan]] but an Arian Christian. The fact that Germanic Tribes were followers of Arianism would get in tbe way of their assimilation in tbe [[Mediterranean]] world. The conflict between tbe Arian Vandal elite and tbe local Catholic population was most acute in Africa where, in tbe reign of Huneric (477-484), tbe latter were brutally persecuted but with time tbe pressure eased off. King Thrasamund (496-523) even personally led theological disputes to prove tbe superiority of Arianism. The intervention of tbe armies of Justinian I (533) put an end to tbe Vandal kingdom and to African Arianism. Similarly, tbe conquest of tbe kingdom of tbe [[Ostrogoths]] (552/553) meant that Arianism would disappear from Italy. Among tbe [[Langobards]], who ruled Italy starting from 568, Arianism was not a fully dominant religion. The last Arian Langobard ruler was Rothari (636-652).''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230831193753/http://www.mpov.uw.edu.pl/en/thesaurus/terms/arianism- Migration Period between Odra and Vistula]</ref>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

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	[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|400px\|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]		[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.png\|thumb\|400px\|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]
	'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is the Christological (concerning the doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as the Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by the Council of Nicaea (325).		'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is the Christological (concerning the doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as the Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by the Council of Nicaea (325).

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	[[Category:Religion]]		[[Category:Religion]]
	[[Category:Christianity]]		[[Category:Christianity]]
	~~[[Category:Germanic peoples]]~~

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Germanic or Gothic Arianism

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[[File:Arian Baptistery, Ravenna.jpg|thumb|400px|Arian Baptistery, Ravenna]]
'''Arianism''' (not to be confused with [[Aryanism]]), in [[Christianity]], is the Christological (concerning the doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as the Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, even after it was denounced as a heresy by the Council of Nicaea (325).

==History==

: ''In 325 the Council of Nicaea was convened to settle the controversy. The council condemned Arius as a heretic and issued a creed to safeguard “orthodox” Christian belief. The creed states that the Son is homoousion tō Patri (“of one substance with the Father”), thus declaring him to be all that the Father is: he is completely divine. In fact, however, this was only the beginning of a long-protracted dispute. From 325 to 337, when the emperor Constantine died, those church leaders who had supported Arius and had been exiled after the Council of Nicaea attempted to return to their churches and sees (ecclesiastical seats) and to banish their enemies. They were partly successful. From 337 to 350 Constans, sympathetic to non-Arian Christians, was emperor in the West, and Constantius II, sympathetic to the Arians, was emperor in the East. At a church council held at Antioch (341), an affirmation of faith that omitted the homoousion clause was issued. Another church council was held at Sardica (modern Sofia) in 342, but little was achieved by either council. In 350 Constantius became sole ruler of the empire, and under his leadership the Nicene party was largely crushed. The extreme Arians then declared that the Son was “unlike” (anomoios) the Father. Those anomoeans succeeded in having their views endorsed at Sirmium in 357, but their extremism stimulated the moderates, who asserted that the Son was “of similar substance” (homoiousios) with the Father. Constantius at first supported those homoiousians but soon transferred his support to the homoeans, led by Acacius, who affirmed that the Son was “like” (homoios) the Father. Their views were approved in 360 at Constantinople, where all previous creeds were rejected; the term ousia (“substance” or “stuff”) was repudiated; and a statement of faith was issued stating that the Son was “like the Father who begot him.” After Constantius’s death (361), the non-Arian Christian majority in the West largely consolidated its position. The persecution of non-Arian Christians conducted by the Arian emperor Valens (364–378) in the East and the success of the teaching of St. Basil the Great of Caesarea, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. Gregory of Nazianzus led the homoiousian majority in the East to a fundamental agreement with the Nicene party. When the emperors Gratian (367–383) and Theodosius I (379–395) took up the defense of non-Arian theology, Arianism collapsed. In 381 the second ecumenical council met at Constantinople. Arianism was proscribed, and a statement of faith, the Nicene Creed, was approved. That did not, however, end Arianism as a viable force in the empire. It maintained favour among some groups, most notably some of the Germanic tribes, to the end of the 7th century. The Polish and Transylvanian Socinians of the 16th and 17th centuries propounded Christological arguments that were similar to those of Arius and his followers. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Unitarians in England and America were unwilling either to reduce Christ to a mere human being or to attribute to him a divine nature identical with that of the Father. The Christology of Jehovah’s Witnesses is also a form of Arianism, for it upholds the unity and supremacy of God the Father.''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism Arianism], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

===''Germanic'' or Gothic Arianism===
Arianism was the first form of Christianity to make major inroads with the "[[barbarian]]" [[Germanic tribes]], and many of the [[Vandals]] who conquered Rome were actually Arian Christians. It was only common among East Germanic peoples, who largely ruled as minority over a Catholic population. They had adopted Christianity in the 4th century due to the efforts of bishop Ulfilas, who leaned towards “Arianism” (a derogatory term used for everybody who did not accept the credo of the Council of Nicaea). After the end of the [[Burgundian]] and Vandal kingdoms the last Arian nation was the Kingdom of the [[Visigoths]] in Spain, which adopted [[Catholicism]] in 589.

: ''Arianism gradually lost importance among the local population of the Roman Empire by the turn of the 4th and 5th century but gained a new lease of life thanks to being the form of Christianity embraced by a large part of the [[Germanic Tribes]] during the [[Migration Period]]. Instrumental in bringing Arian Christianity to them was Ulfilas . The reasons for the success of Arianism among the Germanic Tribes is not entirely clear, the missionary fervour of Gothic neophytes is one possible reason, the support from crypto Arians among the Romans another, but the most likely factor would be the impact of the Bible, translated into a [[Germanic language]]. Arianism also played an important role as an element of self-identification for the [[Germanic peoples]] settled among the Catholic inhabitants of [[Gaul]], [[Italy]] and [[Africa]]. It became the dominant religion of the Gepids, Goths, Vandals and it is possible that prior to his Catholic baptism Clovis, [[king of the Franks]], had not been a [[pagan]] but an Arian Christian. The fact that Germanic Tribes were followers of Arianism would get in the way of their assimilation in the [[Mediterranean]] world. The conflict between the Arian Vandal elite and the local Catholic population was most acute in Africa where, in the reign of Huneric (477-484), the latter were brutally persecuted but with time the pressure eased off. King Thrasamund (496-523) even personally led theological disputes to prove the superiority of Arianism. The intervention of the armies of Justinian I (533) put an end to the Vandal kingdom and to African Arianism. Similarly, the conquest of the kingdom of the [[Ostrogoths]] (552/553) meant that Arianism would disappear from Italy. Among the [[Langobards]], who ruled Italy starting from 568, Arianism was not a fully dominant religion. The last Arian Langobard ruler was Rothari (636-652).''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230831193753/http://www.mpov.uw.edu.pl/en/thesaurus/terms/arianism- Migration Period between Odra and Vistula]</ref>

==Further reading==
* [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2015/2015.03.49/ ''Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed''], review by Eugene Webb, University of Washington, 2015 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230804203159/https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2015/2015.03.49/ Archive])
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601065327/https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Arianism Arianism], New World Encyclopedia
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Germanic peoples]]