Augustus - Revision history

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	[[File:Augustus.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered the first Roman Emperor, although during the civil wars during the late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions\|legions]] were destroyed at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, the borders of the Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]		[[File:Augustus.png\|thumb\|300px\|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered the first Roman Emperor, although during the civil wars during the late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions\|legions]] were destroyed at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, the borders of the Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]
	'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was the founder of the [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as the first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.		'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was the founder of the [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as the first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest II.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|[[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]]]		[[File:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest II.png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]]]
	The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as the [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by the [[Roman Senate\|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after the deaths of the consuls [[Aulus Hirtius\|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus\|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the [[Battle of Actium]] by the armies of Octavian in 31 BC.		The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as the [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by the [[Roman Senate\|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after the deaths of the consuls [[Aulus Hirtius\|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus\|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the [[Battle of Actium]] by the armies of Octavian in 31 BC.

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:Roman emperors]]		[[Category:Roman emperors]]

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[[File:Augustus.jpg|thumb|300px|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered the first Roman Emperor, although during the civil wars during the late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions|legions]] were destroyed at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, the borders of the Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]
'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was the founder of the [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as the first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

==Life==
[[File:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest II.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]]]
The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as the [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after the deaths of the consuls [[Aulus Hirtius|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the [[Battle of Actium]] by the armies of Octavian in 31 BC.

After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the [[Roman Republic]], with governmental power vested in the [[Roman Senate]], but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several years to work out the exact framework by which a formally republican state could be led by a sole ruler, the result of which became known as the [[Roman Empire]]. The emperorship was never an office like the [[Roman dictator]]ship which Caesar and [[Sulla]] had held before him; indeed, he declined it when the Roman populace "entreated him to take on the dictatorship".<ref name="ccaa 35">CCAA, Erich S. Gruen, ''Augustus and the Making of the Principate'', 35.</ref> By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including those of [[tribune]] of the plebs and [[Roman censor|censor]]. He was [[Roman consul|consul]] until 23 BC. <ref> The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, p.153 </ref>

His substantive power stemmed from financial success and resources gained in conquest, the building of patronage relationships throughout the Empire, the loyalty of many military soldiers and veterans, the authority of the many honors granted by the Senate, and the respect of the people. Augustus' control over the majority of Rome's [[legion]]s established an armed threat that could be used against the Senate, allowing him to coerce the Senate's decisions. With his ability to eliminate senatorial opposition by means of arms, the Senate became docile towards his paramount position of leadership.

The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'', or ''Roman peace''. Despite continuous frontier wars, and one [[Year of Four Emperors|year-long civil war]] over the imperial succession, the Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus expanded the boundaries of the Roman Empire, secured the Empire's borders with [[client state]]s, and made peace with [[Parthia]] through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed [[Roman road|networks of roads]] with an official [[courier]] system, established a standing army (and a small navy), established the [[Praetorian Guard]], and created official police and fire-fighting forces for Rome.

Much of the city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as the ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', which has survived. Upon his death in AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate, to be worshipped by the Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and the month of [[Sextilis]] was officially renamed [[August]] in his honour. He was succeeded by his stepson [[Tiberius]].

=== Heir of Caesar ===

Augustus was born as Gaius Octavius on September 23 of 63 B.C. in Velitrae, his family wasn´t important at all, although his father had been senator and ''praetor'' but he died early in 59 B.C. Soon Caesar recognized the capability of the young man and patronized him and so Octavius took part in some campaigns, because of his fortitude he should have been ''magister equitum'' in Caesar´s campaign against the Parthians. In Apollonia he heard of the death of Caesar and had to return to Rome. On the journey he was informed of his adoption by Julius Caesar, he now was Caesar´s main heir.

=== The revolutionary ===

Back in Rome Octavian accepted the testament (May 44) and since that time he called himself "Gaius Julius Caesar", but we will call him Octavian. In honour of his adoptive father he organized great games where a comet appeared from which people thought that it was Caesar. So 42 B.C. Caesar was officialy elevated to a God. Octavian began to recruit new soldiers and veterans what was against the law but Cicero tolerated it. He marched on Rome but could not reach his aims. After that he formed an alliance with Cicero. Because of this he became senator and ''propraetor''. He legalized the commandership of Brutus in the East and of Cassius in Syria. Together they fought against Mark Antony and defeated him in the Mutinian War.

He now wanted to become consul but the senate refused that so he marched on Rome a second time. He was successful and become the youngest consul in the history of Rome.

==External links==
=== Encyclopedias ===
*[https://www.ancient.eu/augustus/ Ancient History Encyclopedia:Augustus]
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustus-Roman-emperor Encyclopedia Britannica: Augustus ]
*[https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/a2/augustus.html Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 Edition: Augustus]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/ancient-history-rome-biographies/augustus Encyclopedia.com: Augustus]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:63BC births]]
[[Category:14 deaths]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 28 April 2024
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	[[File:Augustus.png\|thumb\|300px\|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered ~~tbe~~ first Roman Emperor, although during ~~tbe~~ civil wars during ~~tbe~~ late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions\|legions]] were destroyed at ~~tbe~~ [[Battle of ~~tbe~~ Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, ~~tbe~~ borders of ~~tbe~~ Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]		[[File:Augustus.png\|thumb\|300px\|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered the first Roman Emperor, although during the civil wars during the late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions\|legions]] were destroyed at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, the borders of the Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]
	'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was ~~tbe~~ founder of ~~tbe~~ [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as ~~tbe~~ first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.		'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was the founder of the [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as the first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Battle of ~~tbe~~ Teutoburg Forest II.png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Battle of ~~tbe~~ Teutoburg Forest]]]]		[[File:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest II.png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]]]
	The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as ~~tbe~~ [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by ~~tbe~~ [[Roman Senate\|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after ~~tbe~~ deaths of ~~tbe~~ consuls [[Aulus Hirtius\|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus\|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under ~~tbe~~ competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at ~~tbe~~ [[Battle of Actium]] by ~~tbe~~ armies of Octavian in 31 BC.		The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as the [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by the [[Roman Senate\|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after the deaths of the consuls [[Aulus Hirtius\|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus\|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the [[Battle of Actium]] by the armies of Octavian in 31 BC.

	After ~~tbe~~ demise of ~~tbe~~ Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored ~~tbe~~ outward facade of ~~tbe~~ [[Roman Republic]], with governmental power vested in ~~tbe~~ [[Roman Senate]], but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several years to work out ~~tbe~~ exact framework by which a formally republican state could be led by a sole ruler, ~~tbe~~ result of which became known as ~~tbe~~ [[Roman Empire]]. The emperorship was never an office like ~~tbe~~ [[Roman dictator]]ship which Caesar and [[Sulla]] had held before him; indeed, he declined it when ~~tbe~~ Roman populace "entreated him to take on ~~tbe~~ dictatorship".<ref name="ccaa 35">CCAA, Erich S. Gruen, ''Augustus and ~~tbe~~ Making of ~~tbe~~ Principate'', 35.</ref> By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by ~~tbe~~ Senate, including those of [[tribune]] of ~~tbe~~ plebs and [[Roman censor\|censor]]. He was [[Roman consul\|consul]] until 23 BC. <ref> The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, p.153 </ref>		After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the [[Roman Republic]], with governmental power vested in the [[Roman Senate]], but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several years to work out the exact framework by which a formally republican state could be led by a sole ruler, the result of which became known as the [[Roman Empire]]. The emperorship was never an office like the [[Roman dictator]]ship which Caesar and [[Sulla]] had held before him; indeed, he declined it when the Roman populace "entreated him to take on the dictatorship".<ref name="ccaa 35">CCAA, Erich S. Gruen, ''Augustus and the Making of the Principate'', 35.</ref> By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including those of [[tribune]] of the plebs and [[Roman censor\|censor]]. He was [[Roman consul\|consul]] until 23 BC. <ref> The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, p.153 </ref>

	His substantive power stemmed from financial success and resources gained in conquest, ~~tbe~~ building of patronage relationships throughout ~~tbe~~ Empire, ~~tbe~~ loyalty of many military soldiers and veterans, ~~tbe~~ authority of ~~tbe~~ many honors granted by ~~tbe~~ Senate, and ~~tbe~~ respect of ~~tbe~~ people. Augustus' control over ~~tbe~~ majority of Rome's [[legion]]s established an armed threat that could be used against ~~tbe~~ Senate, allowing him to coerce ~~tbe~~ Senate's decisions. With his ability to eliminate senatorial opposition by means of arms, ~~tbe~~ Senate became docile towards his paramount position of leadership.<!--tautology:pick one-->		His substantive power stemmed from financial success and resources gained in conquest, the building of patronage relationships throughout the Empire, the loyalty of many military soldiers and veterans, the authority of the many honors granted by the Senate, and the respect of the people. Augustus' control over the majority of Rome's [[legion]]s established an armed threat that could be used against the Senate, allowing him to coerce the Senate's decisions. With his ability to eliminate senatorial opposition by means of arms, the Senate became docile towards his paramount position of leadership.<!--tautology:pick one-->

	The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as ~~tbe~~ ''[[Pax Romana]]'', or ''Roman peace''. Despite continuous frontier wars, and one [[Year of Four Emperors\|year-long civil war]] over ~~tbe~~ imperial succession, ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus expanded ~~tbe~~ boundaries of ~~tbe~~ Roman Empire, secured ~~tbe~~ Empire's borders with [[client state]]s, and made peace with [[Parthia]] through diplomacy. He reformed ~~tbe~~ Roman system of taxation, developed [[Roman road\|networks of roads]] with an official [[courier]] system, established a standing army (and a small navy), established ~~tbe~~ [[Praetorian Guard]], and created official police and fire-fighting forces for Rome.		The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the ''[[Pax Romana]]'', or ''Roman peace''. Despite continuous frontier wars, and one [[Year of Four Emperors\|year-long civil war]] over the imperial succession, the Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus expanded the boundaries of the Roman Empire, secured the Empire's borders with [[client state]]s, and made peace with [[Parthia]] through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed [[Roman road\|networks of roads]] with an official [[courier]] system, established a standing army (and a small navy), established the [[Praetorian Guard]], and created official police and fire-fighting forces for Rome.

	Much of ~~tbe~~ city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as ~~tbe~~ ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', which has survived. Upon his death in AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by ~~tbe~~ Senate, to be worshipped by ~~tbe~~ Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and ~~tbe~~ month of [[Sextilis]] was officially renamed [[August]] in his honour. He was succeeded by his stepson [[Tiberius]].		Much of the city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as the ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', which has survived. Upon his death in AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate, to be worshipped by the Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and the month of [[Sextilis]] was officially renamed [[August]] in his honour. He was succeeded by his stepson [[Tiberius]].

	=== Heir of Caesar ===		=== Heir of Caesar ===

	Augustus was born as Gaius Octavius on September 23 of 63 B.C. in Velitrae, his family wasn´t important at all, although his father had been senator and ''praetor'' but he died early in 59 B.C. Soon Caesar recognized ~~tbe~~ capability of ~~tbe~~ young man and patronized him and so Octavius took part in some campaigns, because of his fortitude he should have been ''magister equitum'' in Caesar´s campaign against ~~tbe~~ Parthians. In Apollonia he heard of ~~tbe~~ death of Caesar and had to return to Rome. On ~~tbe~~ journey he was informed of his adoption by Julius Caesar, he now was Caesar´s main heir.		Augustus was born as Gaius Octavius on September 23 of 63 B.C. in Velitrae, his family wasn´t important at all, although his father had been senator and ''praetor'' but he died early in 59 B.C. Soon Caesar recognized the capability of the young man and patronized him and so Octavius took part in some campaigns, because of his fortitude he should have been ''magister equitum'' in Caesar´s campaign against the Parthians. In Apollonia he heard of the death of Caesar and had to return to Rome. On the journey he was informed of his adoption by Julius Caesar, he now was Caesar´s main heir.

	=== The revolutionary ===		=== The revolutionary ===

	Back in Rome Octavian accepted ~~tbe~~ testament (May 44) and since that time he called himself "Gaius Julius Caesar", but we will call him Octavian. In honour of his adoptive father he organized great games where a comet appeared from which people thought that it was Caesar. So 42 B.C. Caesar was officialy elevated to a God. Octavian began to recruit new soldiers and veterans what was against ~~tbe~~ law but Cicero tolerated it. He marched on Rome but could not reach his aims. After that he formed an alliance with Cicero. Because of this he became senator and ''propraetor''. He legalized ~~tbe~~ commandership of Brutus in ~~tbe~~ East and of Cassius in Syria. Together they fought against Mark Antony and defeated him in ~~tbe~~ Mutinian War.		Back in Rome Octavian accepted the testament (May 44) and since that time he called himself "Gaius Julius Caesar", but we will call him Octavian. In honour of his adoptive father he organized great games where a comet appeared from which people thought that it was Caesar. So 42 B.C. Caesar was officialy elevated to a God. Octavian began to recruit new soldiers and veterans what was against the law but Cicero tolerated it. He marched on Rome but could not reach his aims. After that he formed an alliance with Cicero. Because of this he became senator and ''propraetor''. He legalized the commandership of Brutus in the East and of Cassius in Syria. Together they fought against Mark Antony and defeated him in the Mutinian War.

	He now wanted to become consul but ~~tbe~~ senate refused that so he marched on Rome a second time. He was successful and become ~~tbe~~ youngest consul in ~~tbe~~ history of Rome.		He now wanted to become consul but the senate refused that so he marched on Rome a second time. He was successful and become the youngest consul in the history of Rome.

	==External links==		==External links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:00, 26 April 2024
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	[[File:Augustus.png\|thumb\|300px\|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered ~~the~~ first Roman Emperor, although during ~~the~~ civil wars during ~~the~~ late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions\|legions]] were destroyed at ~~the~~ [[Battle of ~~the~~ Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, ~~the~~ borders of ~~the~~ Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]		[[File:Augustus.png\|thumb\|300px\|Statue of Augustus, 1st century; Augustus is historically considered tbe first Roman Emperor, although during tbe civil wars during tbe late Roman Republic generals such as his adoptive father [[Julius Caesar]] had for a time autocratic powers. During his rule, many new territories were added. However, when attempting to conquer western [[Germania]], three [[Roman legions\|legions]] were destroyed at tbe [[Battle of tbe Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9. After Augustus, tbe borders of tbe Roman Empire were, with some exceptions, relatively stable and there was a long, relatively peaceful period, Pax Romana.]]
	'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was ~~the~~ founder of ~~the~~ [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as ~~the~~ first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.		'''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' (''Octavianus''), was tbe founder of tbe [[Roman Empire]]; he reigned as tbe first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Battle of ~~the~~ Teutoburg Forest II.png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Battle of ~~the~~ Teutoburg Forest]]]]		[[File:Battle of tbe Teutoburg Forest II.png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Battle of tbe Teutoburg Forest]]]]
	The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as ~~the~~ [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by ~~the~~ [[Roman Senate\|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after ~~the~~ deaths of ~~the~~ consuls [[Aulus Hirtius\|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus\|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under ~~the~~ competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at ~~the~~ [[Battle of Actium]] by ~~the~~ armies of Octavian in 31 BC.		The young Octavius was adopted by his great uncle, [[Julius Caesar]] and came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] in a [[military dictatorship]] known as tbe [[Second Triumvirate]]. As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces<ref>Some provinces were governed by tbe [[Roman Senate\|Senate]].</ref> as an autocrat, seizing consular power after tbe deaths of tbe consuls [[Aulus Hirtius\|Hirtius]] and [[Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus\|Pansa]] and having himself perpetually re-elected. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under tbe competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at tbe [[Battle of Actium]] by tbe armies of Octavian in 31 BC.

	After ~~the~~ demise of ~~the~~ Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored ~~the~~ outward facade of ~~the~~ [[Roman Republic]], with governmental power vested in ~~the~~ [[Roman Senate]], but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several years to work out ~~the~~ exact framework by which a formally republican state could be led by a sole ruler, ~~the~~ result of which became known as ~~the~~ [[Roman Empire]]. The emperorship was never an office like ~~the~~ [[Roman dictator]]ship which Caesar and [[Sulla]] had held before him; indeed, he declined it when ~~the~~ Roman populace "entreated him to take on ~~the~~ dictatorship".<ref name="ccaa 35">CCAA, Erich S. Gruen, ''Augustus and ~~the~~ Making of ~~the~~ Principate'', 35.</ref> By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by ~~the~~ Senate, including those of [[tribune]] of ~~the~~ plebs and [[Roman censor\|censor]]. He was [[Roman consul\|consul]] until 23 BC. <ref> The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, p.153 </ref>		After tbe demise of tbe Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored tbe outward facade of tbe [[Roman Republic]], with governmental power vested in tbe [[Roman Senate]], but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several years to work out tbe exact framework by which a formally republican state could be led by a sole ruler, tbe result of which became known as tbe [[Roman Empire]]. The emperorship was never an office like tbe [[Roman dictator]]ship which Caesar and [[Sulla]] had held before him; indeed, he declined it when tbe Roman populace "entreated him to take on tbe dictatorship".<ref name="ccaa 35">CCAA, Erich S. Gruen, ''Augustus and tbe Making of tbe Principate'', 35.</ref> By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by tbe Senate, including those of [[tribune]] of tbe plebs and [[Roman censor\|censor]]. He was [[Roman consul\|consul]] until 23 BC. <ref> The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, p.153 </ref>

	His substantive power stemmed from financial success and resources gained in conquest, ~~the~~ building of patronage relationships throughout ~~the~~ Empire, ~~the~~ loyalty of many military soldiers and veterans, ~~the~~ authority of ~~the~~ many honors granted by ~~the~~ Senate, and ~~the~~ respect of ~~the~~ people. Augustus' control over ~~the~~ majority of Rome's [[legion]]s established an armed threat that could be used against ~~the~~ Senate, allowing him to coerce ~~the~~ Senate's decisions. With his ability to eliminate senatorial opposition by means of arms, ~~the~~ Senate became docile towards his paramount position of leadership.<!--tautology:pick one-->		His substantive power stemmed from financial success and resources gained in conquest, tbe building of patronage relationships throughout tbe Empire, tbe loyalty of many military soldiers and veterans, tbe authority of tbe many honors granted by tbe Senate, and tbe respect of tbe people. Augustus' control over tbe majority of Rome's [[legion]]s established an armed threat that could be used against tbe Senate, allowing him to coerce tbe Senate's decisions. With his ability to eliminate senatorial opposition by means of arms, tbe Senate became docile towards his paramount position of leadership.<!--tautology:pick one-->

	The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as ~~the~~ ''[[Pax Romana]]'', or ''Roman peace''. Despite continuous frontier wars, and one [[Year of Four Emperors\|year-long civil war]] over ~~the~~ imperial succession, ~~the~~ Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus expanded ~~the~~ boundaries of ~~the~~ Roman Empire, secured ~~the~~ Empire's borders with [[client state]]s, and made peace with [[Parthia]] through diplomacy. He reformed ~~the~~ Roman system of taxation, developed [[Roman road\|networks of roads]] with an official [[courier]] system, established a standing army (and a small navy), established ~~the~~ [[Praetorian Guard]], and created official police and fire-fighting forces for Rome.		The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as tbe ''[[Pax Romana]]'', or ''Roman peace''. Despite continuous frontier wars, and one [[Year of Four Emperors\|year-long civil war]] over tbe imperial succession, tbe Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus expanded tbe boundaries of tbe Roman Empire, secured tbe Empire's borders with [[client state]]s, and made peace with [[Parthia]] through diplomacy. He reformed tbe Roman system of taxation, developed [[Roman road\|networks of roads]] with an official [[courier]] system, established a standing army (and a small navy), established tbe [[Praetorian Guard]], and created official police and fire-fighting forces for Rome.

	Much of ~~the~~ city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as ~~the~~ ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', which has survived. Upon his death in AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by ~~the~~ Senate, to be worshipped by ~~the~~ Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and ~~the~~ month of [[Sextilis]] was officially renamed [[August]] in his honour. He was succeeded by his stepson [[Tiberius]].		Much of tbe city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as tbe ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'', which has survived. Upon his death in AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by tbe Senate, to be worshipped by tbe Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and tbe month of [[Sextilis]] was officially renamed [[August]] in his honour. He was succeeded by his stepson [[Tiberius]].

	=== Heir of Caesar ===		=== Heir of Caesar ===

	Augustus was born as Gaius Octavius on September 23 of 63 B.C. in Velitrae, his family wasn´t important at all, although his father had been senator and ''praetor'' but he died early in 59 B.C. Soon Caesar recognized ~~the~~ capability of ~~the~~ young man and patronized him and so Octavius took part in some campaigns, because of his fortitude he should have been ''magister equitum'' in Caesar´s campaign against ~~the~~ Parthians. In Apollonia he heard of ~~the~~ death of Caesar and had to return to Rome. On ~~the~~ journey he was informed of his adoption by Julius Caesar, he now was Caesar´s main heir.		Augustus was born as Gaius Octavius on September 23 of 63 B.C. in Velitrae, his family wasn´t important at all, although his father had been senator and ''praetor'' but he died early in 59 B.C. Soon Caesar recognized tbe capability of tbe young man and patronized him and so Octavius took part in some campaigns, because of his fortitude he should have been ''magister equitum'' in Caesar´s campaign against tbe Parthians. In Apollonia he heard of tbe death of Caesar and had to return to Rome. On tbe journey he was informed of his adoption by Julius Caesar, he now was Caesar´s main heir.

	=== The revolutionary ===		=== The revolutionary ===

	Back in Rome Octavian accepted ~~the~~ testament (May 44) and since that time he called himself "Gaius Julius Caesar", but we will call him Octavian. In honour of his adoptive father he organized great games where a comet appeared from which people thought that it was Caesar. So 42 B.C. Caesar was officialy elevated to a God. Octavian began to recruit new soldiers and veterans what was against ~~the~~ law but Cicero tolerated it. He marched on Rome but could not reach his aims. After that he formed an alliance with Cicero. Because of this he became senator and ''propraetor''. He legalized ~~the~~ commandership of Brutus in ~~the~~ East and of Cassius in Syria. Together they fought against Mark Antony and defeated him in ~~the~~ Mutinian War.		Back in Rome Octavian accepted tbe testament (May 44) and since that time he called himself "Gaius Julius Caesar", but we will call him Octavian. In honour of his adoptive father he organized great games where a comet appeared from which people thought that it was Caesar. So 42 B.C. Caesar was officialy elevated to a God. Octavian began to recruit new soldiers and veterans what was against tbe law but Cicero tolerated it. He marched on Rome but could not reach his aims. After that he formed an alliance with Cicero. Because of this he became senator and ''propraetor''. He legalized tbe commandership of Brutus in tbe East and of Cassius in Syria. Together they fought against Mark Antony and defeated him in tbe Mutinian War.

	He now wanted to become consul but ~~the~~ senate refused that so he marched on Rome a second time. He was successful and become ~~the~~ youngest consul in ~~the~~ history of Rome.		He now wanted to become consul but tbe senate refused that so he marched on Rome a second time. He was successful and become tbe youngest consul in tbe history of Rome.

	==External links==		==External links==