Baltic baron - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T23:19:32Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 28 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	A '''Baltic baron''' ({{lang-de\|Baltischer [[Freiherr]]}}) was generally someone of noble ethnic German ancestry who resided in ~~tbe~~ [[Baltic States]] of [[Estonia]], [[Livonia]], and [[Latvia\|Kurland]]. Most were descendants of ~~tbe~~ [[Teutonic Knights]] who had 'stayed on'. [[Baltic Germans]] were similar but tended to be of ~~tbe~~ merchant classes.		A '''Baltic baron''' ({{lang-de\|Baltischer [[Freiherr]]}}) was generally someone of noble ethnic German ancestry who resided in the [[Baltic States]] of [[Estonia]], [[Livonia]], and [[Latvia\|Kurland]]. Most were descendants of the [[Teutonic Knights]] who had 'stayed on'. [[Baltic Germans]] were similar but tended to be of the merchant classes.

	==Service==		==Service==
	This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to Swedish kings in ~~tbe~~ 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when ~~tbe~~ Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia and ~~tbe~~ Oeselian lands belonged to them. Subsequently, following [[Peter ~~tbe~~ Great]]'s conquests of these provinces		This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to Swedish kings in the 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when the Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia and the Oeselian lands belonged to them. Subsequently, following [[Peter the Great]]'s conquests of these provinces
	Russian Tsars used ~~tbe~~ Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government as well as in ~~tbe~~ army and navy.		Russian Tsars used the Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government as well as in the army and navy.

	==Treaty of Nystad==		==Treaty of Nystad==
	During ~~tbe~~ northern wars Peter ~~tbe~~ Great had occupied all Swedish possessions on ~~tbe~~ eastern Baltic coast. In ~~tbe~~ Treaty Nystad, King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized ~~tbe~~ transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and southeast Finland and part of ~~tbe~~ [[Karelian Isthmus]] to Russia in exchange for two million silver [[Swedish riksdaler\|thaler]], while Russia returned ~~tbe~~ bulk of Finland to Swedish rule.<ref>{{lang-ru\| РГАДА. Рукописный отдел библиотеки Московской Синодальной типографии. Фонд 381, ед.хр.805. Л.6.}} Original handwritten text of ~~tbe~~ Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref><ref>{{in lang\|ru}} [http://law.edu.ru/norm/norm.asp?normID=1119383 Ништадтский мирный договор между Россией и Швецией, 30 августа 1721 г.] Text of ~~tbe~~ Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref>		During the northern wars Peter the Great had occupied all Swedish possessions on the eastern Baltic coast. In the Treaty Nystad, King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized the transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and southeast Finland and part of the [[Karelian Isthmus]] to Russia in exchange for two million silver [[Swedish riksdaler\|thaler]], while Russia returned the bulk of Finland to Swedish rule.<ref>{{lang-ru\| РГАДА. Рукописный отдел библиотеки Московской Синодальной типографии. Фонд 381, ед.хр.805. Л.6.}} Original handwritten text of the Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref><ref>{{in lang\|ru}} [http://law.edu.ru/norm/norm.asp?normID=1119383 Ништадтский мирный договор между Россией и Швецией, 30 августа 1721 г.] Text of the Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref>

	Importantly, ~~tbe~~ Treaty enshrined ~~tbe~~ rights of ~~tbe~~ German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their [[Lutheran]] religion, and ~~tbe~~ German language; this special position in ~~tbe~~ [[Russian Empire]] was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars and [[Russian Emperor\|Emperors]] from Peter ~~tbe~~ Great (reigned 1682-1725) onwards.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Imperial Russian foreign policy \|last= Ragsdale \|first= Hugh \|author2=V. N. Ponomarev \|year=1993 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn= 978-0-521-44229-9 \|page=42}}</ref>.		Importantly, the Treaty enshrined the rights of the German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their [[Lutheran]] religion, and the German language; this special position in the [[Russian Empire]] was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars and [[Russian Emperor\|Emperors]] from Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) onwards.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Imperial Russian foreign policy \|last= Ragsdale \|first= Hugh \|author2=V. N. Ponomarev \|year=1993 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn= 978-0-521-44229-9 \|page=42}}</ref>.

	==Independence==		==Independence==
	[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and ~~tbe~~ latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against ~~tbe~~ aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as ~~tbe~~ German [[Freikorps]]. With independence ~~tbe~~ government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of ~~tbe~~ large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in ~~tbe~~ hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore ~~tbe~~ brunt of left-wing and fascist agrarian reform (as in ~~tbe~~ new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of ~~tbe~~ agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break ~~tbe~~ disproportionate political and economic power of ~~tbe~~ German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all ~~tbe~~ estates belonging to ~~tbe~~ Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to ~~tbe~~ implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to ~~tbe~~ dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than ~~tbe~~ life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>		[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and the latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against the aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as the German [[Freikorps]]. With independence the government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of the large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in the hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore the brunt of left-wing and fascist agrarian reform (as in the new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of the agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break the disproportionate political and economic power of the German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all the estates belonging to the Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to the implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to the dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than the life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>

	Apart from ~~tbe~~ landed estate owners ~~tbe~~ rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon ~~tbe~~ old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by ~~tbe~~ State also hit ~~tbe~~ Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against ~~tbe~~ Bank of Latvia came to ~~tbe~~ conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into ~~tbe~~ coffers of ~~tbe~~ Latvian State. Nothing could prevent ~~tbe~~ Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home ~~tbe~~ attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to ~~tbe~~ Baltic in 1919 wrote of ~~tbe~~ Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than ~~tbe~~ [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys ~~tbe~~ extreme position of ~~tbe~~ Baltic peoples on ~~tbe~~ subject of ~~tbe~~ Baltic Barons. The ruined and ~~tbe~~ dispossessed drifted to ~~tbe~~ cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in ~~tbe~~ Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed ~~tbe~~ role of spokesman for ~~tbe~~ German Balts at ~~tbe~~ German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that ~~tbe~~ internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed ~~tbe~~ position of ~~tbe~~ German minority in ~~tbe~~ Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>		Apart from the landed estate owners the rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon the old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by the State also hit the Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against the Bank of Latvia came to the conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into the coffers of the Latvian State. Nothing could prevent the Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home the attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to the Baltic in 1919 wrote of the Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than the [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys the extreme position of the Baltic peoples on the subject of the Baltic Barons. The ruined and the dispossessed drifted to the cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in the Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed the role of spokesman for the German Balts at the German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that the internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed the position of the German minority in the Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>

	The Baltic Barons and ~~tbe~~ Baltic Germans in general were given ~~tbe~~ new and lasting label of ''Auslandsdeutsch'' by ~~tbe~~ ''Auswärtiges Amt'' who now grudgingly entered into negotiations with ~~tbe~~ Baltic governments on their behalf, especially in relation to compensation for their ruination. Of ~~tbe~~ 84,000 German Balts twenty thousand or so emigrated to Germany during ~~tbe~~ course of 1920-21. More followed during ~~tbe~~ inter-war years.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.50-55.</ref>		The Baltic Barons and the Baltic Germans in general were given the new and lasting label of ''Auslandsdeutsch'' by the ''Auswärtiges Amt'' who now grudgingly entered into negotiations with the Baltic governments on their behalf, especially in relation to compensation for their ruination. Of the 84,000 German Balts twenty thousand or so emigrated to Germany during the course of 1920-21. More followed during the inter-war years.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.50-55.</ref>

	==Notables==		==Notables==
	* Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampf (1854-1918), General in ~~tbe~~ Russian Army notable for his defeat at ~~tbe~~ [[Battle of Tannenberg]]. He was born in ~~tbe~~ manor of Konofer (now Konuvere, Märjamaa parish, [[Estonia]]) in ~~tbe~~ then Governorate of Estonia.		* Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampf (1854-1918), General in the Russian Army notable for his defeat at the [[Battle of Tannenberg]]. He was born in the manor of Konofer (now Konuvere, Märjamaa parish, [[Estonia]]) in the then Governorate of Estonia.
	* [[Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven\|Friedrich Philipp Johann Freiherr (Baron) von Freytag-Loringhoven]] (1855–1924), was born at Gut Overlack (Patkula) near Helme, [[Estonia]], and was a professional highly-decorated army officer and author.		* [[Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven\|Friedrich Philipp Johann Freiherr (Baron) von Freytag-Loringhoven]] (1855–1924), was born at Gut Overlack (Patkula) near Helme, [[Estonia]], and was a professional highly-decorated army officer and author.
	* Pyotr Nikolayevich Freiherr [Baron] Wrangel (1878-1928) was born in Novalexandrovsk, Kovno Governorate in ~~tbe~~ Russian Empire (now Zarasai, [[Lithuania]]). The Baltic noble Wrangel family was part of ~~tbe~~ old German nobility, appearing in old "Livland" (Livonia) with ~~tbe~~ [[Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Order]]. An officer in ~~tbe~~ Imperial Russian Army, during ~~tbe~~ later stages of ~~tbe~~ [[Russian Civil War]] Baron Wrangel was ~~tbe~~ last commanding General of ~~tbe~~ anti-Bolshevik [[White Army]] in Southern Russia.<ref>Wrangel, Alexis, ''General Wrangel - Russia's White Crusader'', Cooper/Octobus Books,London, 1990, ISBN: 0-85052-8909</ref>		* Pyotr Nikolayevich Freiherr [Baron] Wrangel (1878-1928) was born in Novalexandrovsk, Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire (now Zarasai, [[Lithuania]]). The Baltic noble Wrangel family was part of the old German nobility, appearing in old "Livland" (Livonia) with the [[Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Order]]. An officer in the Imperial Russian Army, during the later stages of the [[Russian Civil War]] Baron Wrangel was the last commanding General of the anti-Bolshevik [[White Army]] in Southern Russia.<ref>Wrangel, Alexis, ''General Wrangel - Russia's White Crusader'', Cooper/Octobus Books,London, 1990, ISBN: 0-85052-8909</ref>
	* Count Johann (Ivan) Alexandrovich von Benckendorff (1882–1919), a member of ~~tbe~~ Baltic German nobility, Second Secretary at ~~tbe~~ Russian Embassy in Berlin, and a Gentleman of ~~tbe~~ Russian Court. He owned a large country house and estate in ~~tbe~~ Governorate of Estonia, Jendel (Jäneda), where he was shot dead on 19 April 1919 by a local peasant.<ref>Ikonnikov, Nicolas, ''La Noblesse de Russie'', Second edition, Paris, 1962, vol.2, p.301.</ref>		* Count Johann (Ivan) Alexandrovich von Benckendorff (1882–1919), a member of the Baltic German nobility, Second Secretary at the Russian Embassy in Berlin, and a Gentleman of the Russian Court. He owned a large country house and estate in the Governorate of Estonia, Jendel (Jäneda), where he was shot dead on 19 April 1919 by a local peasant.<ref>Ikonnikov, Nicolas, ''La Noblesse de Russie'', Second edition, Paris, 1962, vol.2, p.301.</ref>
	* Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr [Baron] von Ungern-Sternberg (1886-1921) from ~~tbe~~ Governorate of Estonia. He was an anti-[[Bolshevik]] General in ~~tbe~~ [[Russian Civil War]] and then an independent warlord who intervened in [[Mongolia]] against [[China]]. He was an ultra-conservative monarchist.		* Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr [Baron] von Ungern-Sternberg (1886-1921) from the Governorate of Estonia. He was an anti-[[Bolshevik]] General in the [[Russian Civil War]] and then an independent warlord who intervened in [[Mongolia]] against [[China]]. He was an ultra-conservative monarchist.

	==Sources==		==Sources==

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T17:03:37Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:03, 26 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	A '''Baltic baron''' ({{lang-de\|Baltischer [[Freiherr]]}}) was generally someone of noble ethnic German ancestry who resided in ~~the~~ [[Baltic States]] of [[Estonia]], [[Livonia]], and [[Latvia\|Kurland]]. Most were descendants of ~~the~~ [[Teutonic Knights]] who had 'stayed on'. [[Baltic Germans]] were similar but tended to be of ~~the~~ merchant classes.		A '''Baltic baron''' ({{lang-de\|Baltischer [[Freiherr]]}}) was generally someone of noble ethnic German ancestry who resided in tbe [[Baltic States]] of [[Estonia]], [[Livonia]], and [[Latvia\|Kurland]]. Most were descendants of tbe [[Teutonic Knights]] who had 'stayed on'. [[Baltic Germans]] were similar but tended to be of tbe merchant classes.

	==Service==		==Service==
	This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to Swedish kings in ~~the~~ 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when ~~the~~ Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia and ~~the~~ Oeselian lands belonged to them. Subsequently, following [[Peter ~~the~~ Great]]'s conquests of these provinces		This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to Swedish kings in tbe 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when tbe Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia and tbe Oeselian lands belonged to them. Subsequently, following [[Peter tbe Great]]'s conquests of these provinces
	Russian Tsars used ~~the~~ Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government as well as in ~~the~~ army and navy.		Russian Tsars used tbe Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government as well as in tbe army and navy.

	==Treaty of Nystad==		==Treaty of Nystad==
	During ~~the~~ northern wars Peter ~~the~~ Great had occupied all Swedish possessions on ~~the~~ eastern Baltic coast. In ~~the~~ Treaty Nystad, King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized ~~the~~ transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and southeast Finland and part of ~~the~~ [[Karelian Isthmus]] to Russia in exchange for two million silver [[Swedish riksdaler\|thaler]], while Russia returned ~~the~~ bulk of Finland to Swedish rule.<ref>{{lang-ru\| РГАДА. Рукописный отдел библиотеки Московской Синодальной типографии. Фонд 381, ед.хр.805. Л.6.}} Original handwritten text of ~~the~~ Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref><ref>{{in lang\|ru}} [http://law.edu.ru/norm/norm.asp?normID=1119383 Ништадтский мирный договор между Россией и Швецией, 30 августа 1721 г.] Text of ~~the~~ Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref>		During tbe northern wars Peter tbe Great had occupied all Swedish possessions on tbe eastern Baltic coast. In tbe Treaty Nystad, King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized tbe transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and southeast Finland and part of tbe [[Karelian Isthmus]] to Russia in exchange for two million silver [[Swedish riksdaler\|thaler]], while Russia returned tbe bulk of Finland to Swedish rule.<ref>{{lang-ru\| РГАДА. Рукописный отдел библиотеки Московской Синодальной типографии. Фонд 381, ед.хр.805. Л.6.}} Original handwritten text of tbe Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref><ref>{{in lang\|ru}} [http://law.edu.ru/norm/norm.asp?normID=1119383 Ништадтский мирный договор между Россией и Швецией, 30 августа 1721 г.] Text of tbe Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref>

	Importantly, ~~the~~ Treaty enshrined ~~the~~ rights of ~~the~~ German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their [[Lutheran]] religion, and ~~the~~ German language; this special position in ~~the~~ [[Russian Empire]] was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars and [[Russian Emperor\|Emperors]] from Peter ~~the~~ Great (reigned 1682-1725) onwards.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Imperial Russian foreign policy \|last= Ragsdale \|first= Hugh \|author2=V. N. Ponomarev \|year=1993 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn= 978-0-521-44229-9 \|page=42}}</ref>.		Importantly, tbe Treaty enshrined tbe rights of tbe German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their [[Lutheran]] religion, and tbe German language; this special position in tbe [[Russian Empire]] was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars and [[Russian Emperor\|Emperors]] from Peter tbe Great (reigned 1682-1725) onwards.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Imperial Russian foreign policy \|last= Ragsdale \|first= Hugh \|author2=V. N. Ponomarev \|year=1993 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn= 978-0-521-44229-9 \|page=42}}</ref>.

	==Independence==		==Independence==
	[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and ~~the~~ latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against ~~the~~ aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as ~~the~~ German [[Freikorps]]. With independence ~~the~~ government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of ~~the~~ large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in ~~the~~ hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore ~~the~~ brunt of left-wing and fascist agrarian reform (as in ~~the~~ new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of ~~the~~ agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break ~~the~~ disproportionate political and economic power of ~~the~~ German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all ~~the~~ estates belonging to ~~the~~ Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to ~~the~~ implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to ~~the~~ dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than ~~the~~ life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>		[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and tbe latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against tbe aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as tbe German [[Freikorps]]. With independence tbe government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of tbe large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in tbe hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore tbe brunt of left-wing and fascist agrarian reform (as in tbe new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of tbe agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break tbe disproportionate political and economic power of tbe German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all tbe estates belonging to tbe Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to tbe implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to tbe dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than tbe life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>

	Apart from ~~the~~ landed estate owners ~~the~~ rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon ~~the~~ old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by ~~the~~ State also hit ~~the~~ Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against ~~the~~ Bank of Latvia came to ~~the~~ conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into ~~the~~ coffers of ~~the~~ Latvian State. Nothing could prevent ~~the~~ Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home ~~the~~ attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to ~~the~~ Baltic in 1919 wrote of ~~the~~ Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than ~~the~~ [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys ~~the~~ extreme position of ~~the~~ Baltic peoples on ~~the~~ subject of ~~the~~ Baltic Barons. The ruined and ~~the~~ dispossessed drifted to ~~the~~ cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in ~~the~~ Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed ~~the~~ role of spokesman for ~~the~~ German Balts at ~~the~~ German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that ~~the~~ internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed ~~the~~ position of ~~the~~ German minority in ~~the~~ Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>		Apart from tbe landed estate owners tbe rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon tbe old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by tbe State also hit tbe Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against tbe Bank of Latvia came to tbe conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into tbe coffers of tbe Latvian State. Nothing could prevent tbe Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home tbe attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to tbe Baltic in 1919 wrote of tbe Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than tbe [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys tbe extreme position of tbe Baltic peoples on tbe subject of tbe Baltic Barons. The ruined and tbe dispossessed drifted to tbe cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in tbe Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed tbe role of spokesman for tbe German Balts at tbe German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that tbe internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed tbe position of tbe German minority in tbe Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>

	The Baltic Barons and ~~the~~ Baltic Germans in general were given ~~the~~ new and lasting label of ''Auslandsdeutsch'' by ~~the~~ ''Auswärtiges Amt'' who now grudgingly entered into negotiations with ~~the~~ Baltic governments on their behalf, especially in relation to compensation for their ruination. Of ~~the~~ 84,000 German Balts twenty thousand or so emigrated to Germany during ~~the~~ course of 1920-21. More followed during ~~the~~ inter-war years.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.50-55.</ref>		The Baltic Barons and tbe Baltic Germans in general were given tbe new and lasting label of ''Auslandsdeutsch'' by tbe ''Auswärtiges Amt'' who now grudgingly entered into negotiations with tbe Baltic governments on their behalf, especially in relation to compensation for their ruination. Of tbe 84,000 German Balts twenty thousand or so emigrated to Germany during tbe course of 1920-21. More followed during tbe inter-war years.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.50-55.</ref>

	==Notables==		==Notables==
	* Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampf (1854-1918), General in ~~the~~ Russian Army notable for his defeat at ~~the~~ [[Battle of Tannenberg]]. He was born in ~~the~~ manor of Konofer (now Konuvere, Märjamaa parish, [[Estonia]]) in ~~the~~ then Governorate of Estonia.		* Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampf (1854-1918), General in tbe Russian Army notable for his defeat at tbe [[Battle of Tannenberg]]. He was born in tbe manor of Konofer (now Konuvere, Märjamaa parish, [[Estonia]]) in tbe then Governorate of Estonia.
	* [[Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven\|Friedrich Philipp Johann Freiherr (Baron) von Freytag-Loringhoven]] (1855–1924), was born at Gut Overlack (Patkula) near Helme, [[Estonia]], and was a professional highly-decorated army officer and author.		* [[Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven\|Friedrich Philipp Johann Freiherr (Baron) von Freytag-Loringhoven]] (1855–1924), was born at Gut Overlack (Patkula) near Helme, [[Estonia]], and was a professional highly-decorated army officer and author.
	* Pyotr Nikolayevich Freiherr [Baron] Wrangel (1878-1928) was born in Novalexandrovsk, Kovno Governorate in ~~the~~ Russian Empire (now Zarasai, [[Lithuania]]). The Baltic noble Wrangel family was part of ~~the~~ old German nobility, appearing in old "Livland" (Livonia) with ~~the~~ [[Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Order]]. An officer in ~~the~~ Imperial Russian Army, during ~~the~~ later stages of ~~the~~ [[Russian Civil War]] Baron Wrangel was ~~the~~ last commanding General of ~~the~~ anti-Bolshevik [[White Army]] in Southern Russia.<ref>Wrangel, Alexis, ''General Wrangel - Russia's White Crusader'', Cooper/Octobus Books,London, 1990, ISBN: 0-85052-8909</ref>		* Pyotr Nikolayevich Freiherr [Baron] Wrangel (1878-1928) was born in Novalexandrovsk, Kovno Governorate in tbe Russian Empire (now Zarasai, [[Lithuania]]). The Baltic noble Wrangel family was part of tbe old German nobility, appearing in old "Livland" (Livonia) with tbe [[Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Order]]. An officer in tbe Imperial Russian Army, during tbe later stages of tbe [[Russian Civil War]] Baron Wrangel was tbe last commanding General of tbe anti-Bolshevik [[White Army]] in Southern Russia.<ref>Wrangel, Alexis, ''General Wrangel - Russia's White Crusader'', Cooper/Octobus Books,London, 1990, ISBN: 0-85052-8909</ref>
	* Count Johann (Ivan) Alexandrovich von Benckendorff (1882–1919), a member of ~~the~~ Baltic German nobility, Second Secretary at ~~the~~ Russian Embassy in Berlin, and a Gentleman of ~~the~~ Russian Court. He owned a large country house and estate in ~~the~~ Governorate of Estonia, Jendel (Jäneda), where he was shot dead on 19 April 1919 by a local peasant.<ref>Ikonnikov, Nicolas, ''La Noblesse de Russie'', Second edition, Paris, 1962, vol.2, p.301.</ref>		* Count Johann (Ivan) Alexandrovich von Benckendorff (1882–1919), a member of tbe Baltic German nobility, Second Secretary at tbe Russian Embassy in Berlin, and a Gentleman of tbe Russian Court. He owned a large country house and estate in tbe Governorate of Estonia, Jendel (Jäneda), where he was shot dead on 19 April 1919 by a local peasant.<ref>Ikonnikov, Nicolas, ''La Noblesse de Russie'', Second edition, Paris, 1962, vol.2, p.301.</ref>
	* Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr [Baron] von Ungern-Sternberg (1886-1921) from ~~the~~ Governorate of Estonia. He was an anti-[[Bolshevik]] General in ~~the~~ [[Russian Civil War]] and then an independent warlord who intervened in [[Mongolia]] against [[China]]. He was an ultra-conservative monarchist.		* Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr [Baron] von Ungern-Sternberg (1886-1921) from tbe Governorate of Estonia. He was an anti-[[Bolshevik]] General in tbe [[Russian Civil War]] and then an independent warlord who intervened in [[Mongolia]] against [[China]]. He was an ultra-conservative monarchist.

	==Sources==		==Sources==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.)Russian(.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-22T01:38:40Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*)Russian(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:38, 21 February 2024
Line 31:		Line 31:

	[[Category:nobility\| ]]		[[Category:nobility\| ]]
	~~[[Category:Russian Empire]]~~
	[[Category:Latvia]]		[[Category:Latvia]]
	[[Category:Estonia]]		[[Category:Estonia]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-15T17:48:27Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:48, 15 February 2024
Line 11:		Line 11:

	==Independence==		==Independence==
	[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and the latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against the aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as the German [[Freikorps]]. With independence the government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of the large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in the hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore the brunt of left-wing and ~~nationalist~~ agrarian reform (as in the new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of the agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break the disproportionate political and economic power of the German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all the estates belonging to the Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to the implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to the dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than the life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>		[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and the latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against the aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as the German [[Freikorps]]. With independence the government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of the large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in the hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore the brunt of left-wing and fascist agrarian reform (as in the new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of the agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break the disproportionate political and economic power of the German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all the estates belonging to the Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to the implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to the dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than the life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>

	Apart from the landed estate owners the rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon the old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by the State also hit the Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against the Bank of Latvia came to the conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into the coffers of the Latvian State. Nothing could prevent the Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home the attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to the Baltic in 1919 wrote of the Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than the [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys the extreme position of the Baltic peoples on the subject of the Baltic Barons. The ruined and the dispossessed drifted to the cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in the Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed the role of spokesman for the German Balts at the German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that the internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed the position of the German minority in the Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>		Apart from the landed estate owners the rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon the old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by the State also hit the Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against the Bank of Latvia came to the conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into the coffers of the Latvian State. Nothing could prevent the Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home the attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to the Baltic in 1919 wrote of the Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than the [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys the extreme position of the Baltic peoples on the subject of the Baltic Barons. The ruined and the dispossessed drifted to the cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in the Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed the role of spokesman for the German Balts at the German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that the internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed the position of the German minority in the Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "" to "{{Reflist|2}}"

2024-02-13T21:54:35Z

Text replacement - "<references/>" to "{{Reflist|2}}"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 13 February 2024
Line 25:		Line 25:

	==Sources==		==Sources==
	~~<references/>~~		{{Reflist\|2}}

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.)German(.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-12T08:02:12Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*)German(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:02, 11 February 2024
Line 29:		Line 29:

	[[Category:history]]		[[Category:history]]
	~~[[Category:Baltic Germans]]~~
	[[Category:nobility\| ]]		[[Category:nobility\| ]]
	[[Category:Russian Empire]]		[[Category:Russian Empire]]
	[[Category:Latvia]]		[[Category:Latvia]]
	[[Category:Estonia]]		[[Category:Estonia]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

2024-02-08T06:57:15Z

Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 7 February 2024
Line 28:		Line 28:


	[[Category:~~German~~ history]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:Baltic Germans]]		[[Category:Baltic Germans]]
	[[Category:~~German~~ nobility\| ]]		[[Category:nobility\| ]]
	[[Category:Russian Empire]]		[[Category:Russian Empire]]
	[[Category:Latvia]]		[[Category:Latvia]]
	[[Category:Estonia]]		[[Category:Estonia]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-06T21:56:34Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:56, 6 February 2024
(No difference)

en>Crusader: /* Treaty of Nystad */

2023-10-20T20:01:39Z

Treaty of Nystad

New page

A '''Baltic baron''' ({{lang-de|Baltischer [[Freiherr]]}}) was generally someone of noble ethnic German ancestry who resided in the [[Baltic States]] of [[Estonia]], [[Livonia]], and [[Latvia|Kurland]]. Most were descendants of the [[Teutonic Knights]] who had 'stayed on'. [[Baltic Germans]] were similar but tended to be of the merchant classes.

==Service==
This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to Swedish kings in the 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when the Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia and the Oeselian lands belonged to them. Subsequently, following [[Peter the Great]]'s conquests of these provinces
Russian Tsars used the Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government as well as in the army and navy.

==Treaty of Nystad==
During the northern wars Peter the Great had occupied all Swedish possessions on the eastern Baltic coast. In the Treaty Nystad, King Frederick I of Sweden formally recognized the transfer of Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and southeast Finland and part of the [[Karelian Isthmus]] to Russia in exchange for two million silver [[Swedish riksdaler|thaler]], while Russia returned the bulk of Finland to Swedish rule.<ref>{{lang-ru| РГАДА. Рукописный отдел библиотеки Московской Синодальной типографии. Фонд 381, ед.хр.805. Л.6.}} Original handwritten text of the Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref><ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://law.edu.ru/norm/norm.asp?normID=1119383 Ништадтский мирный договор между Россией и Швецией, 30 августа 1721 г.] Text of the Treaty of Nystad in Russian</ref>

Importantly, the Treaty enshrined the rights of the German Baltic nobility within Estonia and Livonia to maintain their financial system, their existing customs border, their self-government, their [[Lutheran]] religion, and the German language; this special position in the [[Russian Empire]] was reconfirmed by all Russian Tsars and [[Russian Emperor|Emperors]] from Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) onwards.<ref>{{cite book |title=Imperial Russian foreign policy |last= Ragsdale |first= Hugh |author2=V. N. Ponomarev |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-44229-9 |page=42}}</ref>.

==Independence==
[[Latvia]] (Letts) in particular was noted for its followers of [[Bolshevism]] and the latter were bitterly engaged throughout 1919 in a war against the aristocracy and Landed Estates, as well as the German [[Freikorps]]. With independence the government was firmly Left. In 1918 in [[Estonia]] 90% of the large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in the hands of these big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans bore the brunt of left-wing and nationalist agrarian reform (as in the new [[Czechoslovakia]]). The severity of the agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break the disproportionate political and economic power of the German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all the estates belonging to the Baltic Germans were taken over, together with other farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open. In Latvia, in contrast to the implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to the dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were rightly seen by most Baltic Germans as offering little more than the life-style of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation was to be considered later. The Baltic Germans lost at a stroke most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.<ref>Hiden, John, ''The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik'', Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.</ref>

Apart from the landed estate owners the rural ''Mittelstand'' dependent upon the old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by the State also hit the Baltic Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against the Bank of Latvia came to the conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into the coffers of the Latvian State. Nothing could prevent the Estonian and Latvian political parties from pressing home the attack on Baltic German wealth. The USA Commissioner to the Baltic in 1919 wrote of the Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than the [[Bolsheviks]]". His comment conveys the extreme position of the Baltic peoples on the subject of the Baltic Barons. The ruined and the dispossessed drifted to the cities and towns. The new left-wing government in [[Berlin]] was unsympathetic to their kin in the Baltic States and were bitterly attacked by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed the role of spokesman for the German Balts at the German Foreign Ministry (''Auswartiges Amt'') and argued that the internationally recognised Treaty of Nystad guaranteed the position of the German minority in the Baltic.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.</ref>

The Baltic Barons and the Baltic Germans in general were given the new and lasting label of ''Auslandsdeutsch'' by the ''Auswärtiges Amt'' who now grudgingly entered into negotiations with the Baltic governments on their behalf, especially in relation to compensation for their ruination. Of the 84,000 German Balts twenty thousand or so emigrated to Germany during the course of 1920-21. More followed during the inter-war years.<ref>Hiden, 1987, p.50-55.</ref>

==Notables==
* Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampf (1854-1918), General in the Russian Army notable for his defeat at the [[Battle of Tannenberg]]. He was born in the manor of Konofer (now Konuvere, Märjamaa parish, [[Estonia]]) in the then Governorate of Estonia.
* [[Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven|Friedrich Philipp Johann Freiherr (Baron) von Freytag-Loringhoven]] (1855–1924), was born at Gut Overlack (Patkula) near Helme, [[Estonia]], and was a professional highly-decorated army officer and author.
* Pyotr Nikolayevich Freiherr [Baron] Wrangel (1878-1928) was born in Novalexandrovsk, Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire (now Zarasai, [[Lithuania]]). The Baltic noble Wrangel family was part of the old German nobility, appearing in old "Livland" (Livonia) with the [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order]]. An officer in the Imperial Russian Army, during the later stages of the [[Russian Civil War]] Baron Wrangel was the last commanding General of the anti-Bolshevik [[White Army]] in Southern Russia.<ref>Wrangel, Alexis, ''General Wrangel - Russia's White Crusader'', Cooper/Octobus Books,London, 1990, ISBN: 0-85052-8909</ref>
* Count Johann (Ivan) Alexandrovich von Benckendorff (1882–1919), a member of the Baltic German nobility, Second Secretary at the Russian Embassy in Berlin, and a Gentleman of the Russian Court. He owned a large country house and estate in the Governorate of Estonia, Jendel (Jäneda), where he was shot dead on 19 April 1919 by a local peasant.<ref>Ikonnikov, Nicolas, ''La Noblesse de Russie'', Second edition, Paris, 1962, vol.2, p.301.</ref>
* Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr [Baron] von Ungern-Sternberg (1886-1921) from the Governorate of Estonia. He was an anti-[[Bolshevik]] General in the [[Russian Civil War]] and then an independent warlord who intervened in [[Mongolia]] against [[China]]. He was an ultra-conservative monarchist.

==Sources==
<references/>

[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:Baltic Germans]]
[[Category:German nobility| ]]
[[Category:Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Latvia]]
[[Category:Estonia]]