Bohemia - Revision history

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References

New page

'''Bohemia''' (Czech: ''Čechy''; German: ''Böhmen'') is a region in [[central Europe]], occupying the ancient kingdom of that name, currently the [[Czech Republic]]. It is often used to refer to the whole of this latter country, including [[Moravia]] and a tiny part of [[Silesia]] in historical contexts. It formed part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until 1919 when the [[Plutocracy|plutocratic]] [[liberal]] [[Entente Powers|Western Allies]] created the new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of the Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czecho-Slovakia]].

It has an area of 52,750 km² and 6.25 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by [[Germany]] and [[Moravia]]. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the [[Giant Mountains]] within the [[Sudetenland|Sudeten]] mountains.

==Historical chronology==
: See [[Slavs]]
The original inhabitants of what became Bohemia and Moravia were the Celtic ''Boii'' people. In Roman times they migrated as far west as [[France|Gaul]] to be replaced by the German Markomanni and Quades (or Quandi) peoples who maintained the Danube as part of their frontier against the Romans; the Markomanni wars are well recorded. Archaeological work 22km south of Brünn (Brno) shows that the Romans had a major town there. They in turn migrated early in the sixth century into Bavaria, leaving behind substantial but scattered German settlers. In the 10th century Bohemia consisted largely of [[Slavs|Slav]] tribes who had migrated over the Carpathians. In this century the so-called "Czech" tribes around [[Prague]] (who claimed to trace their descent from the legendary '''Premysl''') began to outdistance the chiefs of other tribes. They became [[Christian]]ized. During this period the [[Holy Roman Empire|Emperor]] Otto II (r.973-983) was busy subduing their leader, '''Boleslav I''' (929-67)who had attempted to create an independent state.<ref>Previté-Orton, C.W., ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', 2 vols, Cambridge University Press UK, 1952, pps: 441, 740-1.</ref>

After the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, the kingdom of Bohemia was ruled by the German [[House of Luxemburg]] and then, by inheritance, by the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs]]. By the second half of the 13th century (1200s) onwards the areas known today as the [[Sudetenland]] were already settled by ethnic Germans, many of whom had been invited in by the Bohemian kings – especially by Přemysl Otakar II and Wenceslaus II. The crown passed to the Habsburgs who gradually integrated the Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.

==Monarchs==
* '''Boleslav II''' (r.967-99), the Czech leader, extends his rule over [[Moravia]] and some Polish lands.
* '''Emperor Henry II''' - In 1003 Bohemia became part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] to whom the Czech leaders had to pay homage as vassals for their autonomous province.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.451.</ref>
* '''Bratislav I''' (r.1034-55) revolts against German rule but is defeated (1041).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref> In revenge his son Spitignev II temporarily expelled the Germans from Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>
* German colonisation permanently spreads to the boundary of the rivers Leitha and March (1043).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>
* '''Vratislav II''' (1061-92), in 1085, is made a Duke by the Emperor, and awarded the dignity of Cup-bearer of the Empire, which gave the Dukes a voice in German affairs.<ref>Previte-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
* '''Lothar III''' (Emperor from 1133) subdued Duke '''Sobeslav''' of Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.558.</ref>
* '''Vratislav I''', (1140-73) created (a vassal) '''King''' in 1158 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, for his services to the Empire.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
* '''Premysl Otakar I''' (1197-1230) received a Golden Bull from HRE Emperor Frederick II, who also recognised the Czech custom of mixture of seniority and election to their now Royal House. '''The investiture of the kingdom was retained by the Emperor'''.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
* Bohemia largely escapes the Mongol invasions of 1241.
* '''Premysl Otakar II''' (1253-78), also Margrave of Moravia, was a supporter of the [[Teutonic Knights]] after whom they named their new city of [[Königsberg]] (King's town). He laid a claim to the vacant duchies of Austria (parts of which he had occupied) and Styria, etc., which led to wars with [[Hungary]]. He suffers rebellion in Bohemia, and is defeated and killed in battle on the Marchfield by a coalition of forces, 26 August 1278.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741-2.</ref>
* '''Rudolf von Habsburg''', elected Duke of Austria, King of the Romans (1273-91). Gains Moravia.
* '''Wenceslas II''' (only son of Premysl Otakar II)(1278-1305) was also expansionist and acquired [[Silesia]] and parts of a divided [[Poland]], where he was also crowned King in 1300. (He married [1] Jutta (d.1297), daughter of Albert von Habsburg, Duke of Austria and King of the Romans 1298-1308, by whom he had his issue.) In 1301 he entered the lists for the vacant throne of Hungary on behalf of his son Wenceslas (whose daughter Agnes (d.1296) had married Rudolph von Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1282-1290) and who died ''v.p.''). This failed and this latter son and heir was murdered in 1306. Thus the Premyslids were ''extinguished'' and the Bohemian throne fell vacant.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, pps: 742 and 801.</ref>
* '''Henry''', Duke of Carinthia (who had married Anne (d.1313) elder daughter of Wenceslas II) is chosen '''King of Bohemia''' in right of his wife in 1307, but was driven out in 1310.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.801-2.</ref>
* '''John of Luxemburg''' (son of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Henry VII), '''King of Bohemia''' (1310-1346), married Elizabeth, younger daughter of Wenceslas II. Otto von Habsburg (son of Albert d.1308) (d.1339) married, secondly, Anna, daughter of King John of Bohemia (d.1338).
* '''John Henry of Luxemburg''', Margrave of [[Moravia]] (1335-1375), younger son of King John, married Margaret von Habsburg (d.1366).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.796-7.</ref>
* '''Charles VII of Luxemburg''' (1346-78), King of Bohemia (eldest son of King John), Holy Roman Emperor in 1347.
* '''Wenceslas IV of Luxemburg''' (1378-1419), King of Bohemia (eldest son of Charles IV), Holy Roman Emperor 1378-1400 (when he was deposed). He had no issue. Crown passes to the House of Austria.
* '''Albert von Habsburg''', King of Bohemia and Hungary. Holy Roman Emperor 1437-39. He married Elizabeth (d.1442), daughter of King Sigismund of Hungary, second son of Charles IV of Luxemburg. They had:
* '''Ladislas von Habsburg''', "Postumus", King of Bohemia and Hungary (1452-57).

==See also==
* [[Sudetenland]]
* [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Central Europe]]
[[Category:Bohemia]]
[[category:Austrian Empire]]
[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:Czechoslovakia]]

[[de:Böhmen]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 28 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Bohemia''' (Czech: ''Čechy''; German: ''Böhmen'') is a region in [[central Europe]], occupying ~~tbe~~ ancient kingdom of that name, currently ~~tbe~~ [[Czech Republic]]. It is often used to refer to ~~tbe~~ whole of this latter country, including [[Moravia]] and a tiny part of [[Silesia]] in historical contexts. It formed part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until 1919 when ~~tbe~~ [[Plutocracy\|plutocratic]] [[liberal]] [[Entente Powers\|Western Allies]] created ~~tbe~~ new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of ~~tbe~~ Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czecho-Slovakia]].		'''Bohemia''' (Czech: ''Čechy''; German: ''Böhmen'') is a region in [[central Europe]], occupying the ancient kingdom of that name, currently the [[Czech Republic]]. It is often used to refer to the whole of this latter country, including [[Moravia]] and a tiny part of [[Silesia]] in historical contexts. It formed part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until 1919 when the [[Plutocracy\|plutocratic]] [[liberal]] [[Entente Powers\|Western Allies]] created the new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of the Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czecho-Slovakia]].

	It has an area of 52,750 km² and 6.25 million of ~~tbe~~ Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by [[Germany]] and [[Moravia]]. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as ~~tbe~~ Bohemian Forest, ~~tbe~~ Ore Mountains, and ~~tbe~~ [[Giant Mountains]] within ~~tbe~~ [[Sudetenland\|Sudeten]] mountains.		It has an area of 52,750 km² and 6.25 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by [[Germany]] and [[Moravia]]. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the [[Giant Mountains]] within the [[Sudetenland\|Sudeten]] mountains.

	==Historical chronology==		==Historical chronology==
	: See [[Slavs]]		: See [[Slavs]]
	The original inhabitants of what became Bohemia and Moravia were ~~tbe~~ Celtic ''Boii'' people. In Roman times they migrated as far west as [[France\|Gaul]] to be replaced by ~~tbe~~ German Markomanni and Quades (or Quandi) peoples who maintained ~~tbe~~ Danube as part of their frontier against ~~tbe~~ Romans; ~~tbe~~ Markomanni wars are well recorded. Archaeological work 22km south of Brünn (Brno) shows that ~~tbe~~ Romans had a major town there. They in turn migrated early in ~~tbe~~ sixth century into Bavaria, leaving behind substantial but scattered German settlers. In ~~tbe~~ 10th century Bohemia consisted largely of [[Slavs\|Slav]] tribes who had migrated over ~~tbe~~ Carpathians. In this century ~~tbe~~ so-called "Czech" tribes around [[Prague]] (who claimed to trace their descent from ~~tbe~~ legendary '''Premysl''') began to outdistance ~~tbe~~ chiefs of other tribes. They became [[Christian]]ized. During this period ~~tbe~~ [[Holy Roman Empire\|Emperor]] Otto II (r.973-983) was busy subduing their leader, '''Boleslav I''' (929-67)who had attempted to create an independent state.<ref>Previté-Orton, C.W., ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', 2 vols, Cambridge University Press UK, 1952, pps: 441, 740-1.</ref>		The original inhabitants of what became Bohemia and Moravia were the Celtic ''Boii'' people. In Roman times they migrated as far west as [[France\|Gaul]] to be replaced by the German Markomanni and Quades (or Quandi) peoples who maintained the Danube as part of their frontier against the Romans; the Markomanni wars are well recorded. Archaeological work 22km south of Brünn (Brno) shows that the Romans had a major town there. They in turn migrated early in the sixth century into Bavaria, leaving behind substantial but scattered German settlers. In the 10th century Bohemia consisted largely of [[Slavs\|Slav]] tribes who had migrated over the Carpathians. In this century the so-called "Czech" tribes around [[Prague]] (who claimed to trace their descent from the legendary '''Premysl''') began to outdistance the chiefs of other tribes. They became [[Christian]]ized. During this period the [[Holy Roman Empire\|Emperor]] Otto II (r.973-983) was busy subduing their leader, '''Boleslav I''' (929-67)who had attempted to create an independent state.<ref>Previté-Orton, C.W., ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', 2 vols, Cambridge University Press UK, 1952, pps: 441, 740-1.</ref>

	After ~~tbe~~ extinction of ~~tbe~~ Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, ~~tbe~~ kingdom of Bohemia was ruled by ~~tbe~~ German [[House of Luxemburg]] and then, by inheritance, by ~~tbe~~ [[Habsburg Monarchy\|Habsburgs]]. By ~~tbe~~ second half of ~~tbe~~ 13th century (1200s) onwards ~~tbe~~ areas known today as ~~tbe~~ [[Sudetenland]] were already settled by ethnic Germans, many of whom had been invited in by ~~tbe~~ Bohemian kings – especially by Přemysl Otakar II and Wenceslaus II. The crown passed to ~~tbe~~ Habsburgs who gradually integrated ~~tbe~~ Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.		After the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, the kingdom of Bohemia was ruled by the German [[House of Luxemburg]] and then, by inheritance, by the [[Habsburg Monarchy\|Habsburgs]]. By the second half of the 13th century (1200s) onwards the areas known today as the [[Sudetenland]] were already settled by ethnic Germans, many of whom had been invited in by the Bohemian kings – especially by Přemysl Otakar II and Wenceslaus II. The crown passed to the Habsburgs who gradually integrated the Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.

	==Monarchs==		==Monarchs==
	* '''Boleslav II''' (r.967-99), ~~tbe~~ Czech leader, extends his rule over [[Moravia]] and some Polish lands.		* '''Boleslav II''' (r.967-99), the Czech leader, extends his rule over [[Moravia]] and some Polish lands.
	* '''Emperor Henry II''' - In 1003 Bohemia became part of ~~tbe~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]] to whom ~~tbe~~ Czech leaders had to pay homage as vassals for their autonomous province.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.451.</ref>		* '''Emperor Henry II''' - In 1003 Bohemia became part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] to whom the Czech leaders had to pay homage as vassals for their autonomous province.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.451.</ref>
	* '''Bratislav I''' (r.1034-55) revolts against German rule but is defeated (1041).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref> In revenge his son Spitignev II temporarily expelled ~~tbe~~ Germans from Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>		* '''Bratislav I''' (r.1034-55) revolts against German rule but is defeated (1041).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref> In revenge his son Spitignev II temporarily expelled the Germans from Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>
	* German colonisation permanently spreads to ~~tbe~~ boundary of ~~tbe~~ rivers Leitha and March (1043).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>		* German colonisation permanently spreads to the boundary of the rivers Leitha and March (1043).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>
	* '''Vratislav II''' (1061-92), in 1085, is made a Duke by ~~tbe~~ Emperor, and awarded ~~tbe~~ dignity of Cup-bearer of ~~tbe~~ Empire, which gave ~~tbe~~ Dukes a voice in German affairs.<ref>Previte-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>		* '''Vratislav II''' (1061-92), in 1085, is made a Duke by the Emperor, and awarded the dignity of Cup-bearer of the Empire, which gave the Dukes a voice in German affairs.<ref>Previte-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
	* '''Lothar III''' (Emperor from 1133) subdued Duke '''Sobeslav''' of Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.558.</ref>		* '''Lothar III''' (Emperor from 1133) subdued Duke '''Sobeslav''' of Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.558.</ref>
	* '''Vratislav I''', (1140-73) created (a vassal) '''King''' in 1158 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, for his services to ~~tbe~~ Empire.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>		* '''Vratislav I''', (1140-73) created (a vassal) '''King''' in 1158 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, for his services to the Empire.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
	* '''Premysl Otakar I''' (1197-1230) received a Golden Bull from HRE Emperor Frederick II, who also recognised ~~tbe~~ Czech custom of mixture of seniority and election to their now Royal House. '''The investiture of ~~tbe~~ kingdom was retained by ~~tbe~~ Emperor'''.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>		* '''Premysl Otakar I''' (1197-1230) received a Golden Bull from HRE Emperor Frederick II, who also recognised the Czech custom of mixture of seniority and election to their now Royal House. '''The investiture of the kingdom was retained by the Emperor'''.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
	* Bohemia largely escapes ~~tbe~~ Mongol invasions of 1241.		* Bohemia largely escapes the Mongol invasions of 1241.
	* '''Premysl Otakar II''' (1253-78), also Margrave of Moravia, was a supporter of ~~tbe~~ [[Teutonic Knights]] after whom they named their new city of [[Königsberg]] (King's town). He laid a claim to ~~tbe~~ vacant duchies of Austria (parts of which he had occupied) and Styria, etc., which led to wars with [[Hungary]]. He suffers rebellion in Bohemia, and is defeated and killed in battle on ~~tbe~~ Marchfield by a coalition of forces, 26 August 1278.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741-2.</ref>		* '''Premysl Otakar II''' (1253-78), also Margrave of Moravia, was a supporter of the [[Teutonic Knights]] after whom they named their new city of [[Königsberg]] (King's town). He laid a claim to the vacant duchies of Austria (parts of which he had occupied) and Styria, etc., which led to wars with [[Hungary]]. He suffers rebellion in Bohemia, and is defeated and killed in battle on the Marchfield by a coalition of forces, 26 August 1278.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741-2.</ref>
	* '''Rudolf von Habsburg''', elected Duke of Austria, King of ~~tbe~~ Romans (1273-91). Gains Moravia.		* '''Rudolf von Habsburg''', elected Duke of Austria, King of the Romans (1273-91). Gains Moravia.
	* '''Wenceslas II''' (only son of Premysl Otakar II)(1278-1305) was also expansionist and acquired [[Silesia]] and parts of a divided [[Poland]], where he was also crowned King in 1300. (He married [1] Jutta (d.1297), daughter of Albert von Habsburg, Duke of Austria and King of ~~tbe~~ Romans 1298-1308, by whom he had his issue.) In 1301 he entered ~~tbe~~ lists for ~~tbe~~ vacant throne of Hungary on behalf of his son Wenceslas (whose daughter Agnes (d.1296) had married Rudolph von Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1282-1290) and who died ''v.p.''). This failed and this latter son and heir was murdered in 1306. Thus ~~tbe~~ Premyslids were ''extinguished'' and ~~tbe~~ Bohemian throne fell vacant.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, pps: 742 and 801.</ref>		* '''Wenceslas II''' (only son of Premysl Otakar II)(1278-1305) was also expansionist and acquired [[Silesia]] and parts of a divided [[Poland]], where he was also crowned King in 1300. (He married [1] Jutta (d.1297), daughter of Albert von Habsburg, Duke of Austria and King of the Romans 1298-1308, by whom he had his issue.) In 1301 he entered the lists for the vacant throne of Hungary on behalf of his son Wenceslas (whose daughter Agnes (d.1296) had married Rudolph von Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1282-1290) and who died ''v.p.''). This failed and this latter son and heir was murdered in 1306. Thus the Premyslids were ''extinguished'' and the Bohemian throne fell vacant.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, pps: 742 and 801.</ref>
	* '''Henry''', Duke of Carinthia (who had married Anne (d.1313) elder daughter of Wenceslas II) is chosen '''King of Bohemia''' in right of his wife in 1307, but was driven out in 1310.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.801-2.</ref>		* '''Henry''', Duke of Carinthia (who had married Anne (d.1313) elder daughter of Wenceslas II) is chosen '''King of Bohemia''' in right of his wife in 1307, but was driven out in 1310.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.801-2.</ref>
	* '''John of Luxemburg''' (son of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Henry VII), '''King of Bohemia''' (1310-1346), married Elizabeth, younger daughter of Wenceslas II. Otto von Habsburg (son of Albert d.1308) (d.1339) married, secondly, Anna, daughter of King John of Bohemia (d.1338).		* '''John of Luxemburg''' (son of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Henry VII), '''King of Bohemia''' (1310-1346), married Elizabeth, younger daughter of Wenceslas II. Otto von Habsburg (son of Albert d.1308) (d.1339) married, secondly, Anna, daughter of King John of Bohemia (d.1338).
	* '''John Henry of Luxemburg''', Margrave of [[Moravia]] (1335-1375), younger son of King John, married Margaret von Habsburg (d.1366).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.796-7.</ref>		* '''John Henry of Luxemburg''', Margrave of [[Moravia]] (1335-1375), younger son of King John, married Margaret von Habsburg (d.1366).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.796-7.</ref>
	* '''Charles VII of Luxemburg''' (1346-78), King of Bohemia (eldest son of King John), Holy Roman Emperor in 1347.		* '''Charles VII of Luxemburg''' (1346-78), King of Bohemia (eldest son of King John), Holy Roman Emperor in 1347.
	* '''Wenceslas IV of Luxemburg''' (1378-1419), King of Bohemia (eldest son of Charles IV), Holy Roman Emperor 1378-1400 (when he was deposed). He had no issue. Crown passes to ~~tbe~~ House of Austria.		* '''Wenceslas IV of Luxemburg''' (1378-1419), King of Bohemia (eldest son of Charles IV), Holy Roman Emperor 1378-1400 (when he was deposed). He had no issue. Crown passes to the House of Austria.
	* '''Albert von Habsburg''', King of Bohemia and Hungary. Holy Roman Emperor 1437-39. He married Elizabeth (d.1442), daughter of King Sigismund of Hungary, second son of Charles IV of Luxemburg. They had:		* '''Albert von Habsburg''', King of Bohemia and Hungary. Holy Roman Emperor 1437-39. He married Elizabeth (d.1442), daughter of King Sigismund of Hungary, second son of Charles IV of Luxemburg. They had:
	* '''Ladislas von Habsburg''', "Postumus", King of Bohemia and Hungary (1452-57).		* '''Ladislas von Habsburg''', "Postumus", King of Bohemia and Hungary (1452-57).

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:12, 26 April 2024
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	'''Bohemia''' (Czech: ''Čechy''; German: ''Böhmen'') is a region in [[central Europe]], occupying ~~the~~ ancient kingdom of that name, currently ~~the~~ [[Czech Republic]]. It is often used to refer to ~~the~~ whole of this latter country, including [[Moravia]] and a tiny part of [[Silesia]] in historical contexts. It formed part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until 1919 when ~~the~~ [[Plutocracy\|plutocratic]] [[liberal]] [[Entente Powers\|Western Allies]] created ~~the~~ new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of ~~the~~ Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czecho-Slovakia]].		'''Bohemia''' (Czech: ''Čechy''; German: ''Böhmen'') is a region in [[central Europe]], occupying tbe ancient kingdom of that name, currently tbe [[Czech Republic]]. It is often used to refer to tbe whole of this latter country, including [[Moravia]] and a tiny part of [[Silesia]] in historical contexts. It formed part of [[Austria-Hungary]] until 1919 when tbe [[Plutocracy\|plutocratic]] [[liberal]] [[Entente Powers\|Western Allies]] created tbe new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of tbe Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czecho-Slovakia]].

	It has an area of 52,750 km² and 6.25 million of ~~the~~ Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by [[Germany]] and [[Moravia]]. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as ~~the~~ Bohemian Forest, ~~the~~ Ore Mountains, and ~~the~~ [[Giant Mountains]] within ~~the~~ [[Sudetenland\|Sudeten]] mountains.		It has an area of 52,750 km² and 6.25 million of tbe Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by [[Germany]] and [[Moravia]]. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as tbe Bohemian Forest, tbe Ore Mountains, and tbe [[Giant Mountains]] within tbe [[Sudetenland\|Sudeten]] mountains.

	==Historical chronology==		==Historical chronology==
	: See [[Slavs]]		: See [[Slavs]]
	The original inhabitants of what became Bohemia and Moravia were ~~the~~ Celtic ''Boii'' people. In Roman times they migrated as far west as [[France\|Gaul]] to be replaced by ~~the~~ German Markomanni and Quades (or Quandi) peoples who maintained ~~the~~ Danube as part of their frontier against ~~the~~ Romans; ~~the~~ Markomanni wars are well recorded. Archaeological work 22km south of Brünn (Brno) shows that ~~the~~ Romans had a major town there. They in turn migrated early in ~~the~~ sixth century into Bavaria, leaving behind substantial but scattered German settlers. In ~~the~~ 10th century Bohemia consisted largely of [[Slavs\|Slav]] tribes who had migrated over ~~the~~ Carpathians. In this century ~~the~~ so-called "Czech" tribes around [[Prague]] (who claimed to trace their descent from ~~the~~ legendary '''Premysl''') began to outdistance ~~the~~ chiefs of other tribes. They became [[Christian]]ized. During this period ~~the~~ [[Holy Roman Empire\|Emperor]] Otto II (r.973-983) was busy subduing their leader, '''Boleslav I''' (929-67)who had attempted to create an independent state.<ref>Previté-Orton, C.W., ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', 2 vols, Cambridge University Press UK, 1952, pps: 441, 740-1.</ref>		The original inhabitants of what became Bohemia and Moravia were tbe Celtic ''Boii'' people. In Roman times they migrated as far west as [[France\|Gaul]] to be replaced by tbe German Markomanni and Quades (or Quandi) peoples who maintained tbe Danube as part of their frontier against tbe Romans; tbe Markomanni wars are well recorded. Archaeological work 22km south of Brünn (Brno) shows that tbe Romans had a major town there. They in turn migrated early in tbe sixth century into Bavaria, leaving behind substantial but scattered German settlers. In tbe 10th century Bohemia consisted largely of [[Slavs\|Slav]] tribes who had migrated over tbe Carpathians. In this century tbe so-called "Czech" tribes around [[Prague]] (who claimed to trace their descent from tbe legendary '''Premysl''') began to outdistance tbe chiefs of other tribes. They became [[Christian]]ized. During this period tbe [[Holy Roman Empire\|Emperor]] Otto II (r.973-983) was busy subduing their leader, '''Boleslav I''' (929-67)who had attempted to create an independent state.<ref>Previté-Orton, C.W., ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', 2 vols, Cambridge University Press UK, 1952, pps: 441, 740-1.</ref>

	After ~~the~~ extinction of ~~the~~ Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, ~~the~~ kingdom of Bohemia was ruled by ~~the~~ German [[House of Luxemburg]] and then, by inheritance, by ~~the~~ [[Habsburg Monarchy\|Habsburgs]]. By ~~the~~ second half of ~~the~~ 13th century (1200s) onwards ~~the~~ areas known today as ~~the~~ [[Sudetenland]] were already settled by ethnic Germans, many of whom had been invited in by ~~the~~ Bohemian kings – especially by Přemysl Otakar II and Wenceslaus II. The crown passed to ~~the~~ Habsburgs who gradually integrated ~~the~~ Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.		After tbe extinction of tbe Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, tbe kingdom of Bohemia was ruled by tbe German [[House of Luxemburg]] and then, by inheritance, by tbe [[Habsburg Monarchy\|Habsburgs]]. By tbe second half of tbe 13th century (1200s) onwards tbe areas known today as tbe [[Sudetenland]] were already settled by ethnic Germans, many of whom had been invited in by tbe Bohemian kings – especially by Přemysl Otakar II and Wenceslaus II. The crown passed to tbe Habsburgs who gradually integrated tbe Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.

	==Monarchs==		==Monarchs==
	* '''Boleslav II''' (r.967-99), ~~the~~ Czech leader, extends his rule over [[Moravia]] and some Polish lands.		* '''Boleslav II''' (r.967-99), tbe Czech leader, extends his rule over [[Moravia]] and some Polish lands.
	* '''Emperor Henry II''' - In 1003 Bohemia became part of ~~the~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]] to whom ~~the~~ Czech leaders had to pay homage as vassals for their autonomous province.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.451.</ref>		* '''Emperor Henry II''' - In 1003 Bohemia became part of tbe [[Holy Roman Empire]] to whom tbe Czech leaders had to pay homage as vassals for their autonomous province.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.451.</ref>
	* '''Bratislav I''' (r.1034-55) revolts against German rule but is defeated (1041).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref> In revenge his son Spitignev II temporarily expelled ~~the~~ Germans from Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>		* '''Bratislav I''' (r.1034-55) revolts against German rule but is defeated (1041).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref> In revenge his son Spitignev II temporarily expelled tbe Germans from Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>
	* German colonisation permanently spreads to ~~the~~ boundary of ~~the~~ rivers Leitha and March (1043).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>		* German colonisation permanently spreads to tbe boundary of tbe rivers Leitha and March (1043).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.459.</ref>
	* '''Vratislav II''' (1061-92), in 1085, is made a Duke by ~~the~~ Emperor, and awarded ~~the~~ dignity of Cup-bearer of ~~the~~ Empire, which gave ~~the~~ Dukes a voice in German affairs.<ref>Previte-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>		* '''Vratislav II''' (1061-92), in 1085, is made a Duke by tbe Emperor, and awarded tbe dignity of Cup-bearer of tbe Empire, which gave tbe Dukes a voice in German affairs.<ref>Previte-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
	* '''Lothar III''' (Emperor from 1133) subdued Duke '''Sobeslav''' of Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.558.</ref>		* '''Lothar III''' (Emperor from 1133) subdued Duke '''Sobeslav''' of Bohemia.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.558.</ref>
	* '''Vratislav I''', (1140-73) created (a vassal) '''King''' in 1158 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, for his services to ~~the~~ Empire.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>		* '''Vratislav I''', (1140-73) created (a vassal) '''King''' in 1158 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, for his services to tbe Empire.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
	* '''Premysl Otakar I''' (1197-1230) received a Golden Bull from HRE Emperor Frederick II, who also recognised ~~the~~ Czech custom of mixture of seniority and election to their now Royal House. '''The investiture of ~~the~~ kingdom was retained by ~~the~~ Emperor'''.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>		* '''Premysl Otakar I''' (1197-1230) received a Golden Bull from HRE Emperor Frederick II, who also recognised tbe Czech custom of mixture of seniority and election to their now Royal House. '''The investiture of tbe kingdom was retained by tbe Emperor'''.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741.</ref>
	* Bohemia largely escapes ~~the~~ Mongol invasions of 1241.		* Bohemia largely escapes tbe Mongol invasions of 1241.
	* '''Premysl Otakar II''' (1253-78), also Margrave of Moravia, was a supporter of ~~the~~ [[Teutonic Knights]] after whom they named their new city of [[Königsberg]] (King's town). He laid a claim to ~~the~~ vacant duchies of Austria (parts of which he had occupied) and Styria, etc., which led to wars with [[Hungary]]. He suffers rebellion in Bohemia, and is defeated and killed in battle on ~~the~~ Marchfield by a coalition of forces, 26 August 1278.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741-2.</ref>		* '''Premysl Otakar II''' (1253-78), also Margrave of Moravia, was a supporter of tbe [[Teutonic Knights]] after whom they named their new city of [[Königsberg]] (King's town). He laid a claim to tbe vacant duchies of Austria (parts of which he had occupied) and Styria, etc., which led to wars with [[Hungary]]. He suffers rebellion in Bohemia, and is defeated and killed in battle on tbe Marchfield by a coalition of forces, 26 August 1278.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, p.741-2.</ref>
	* '''Rudolf von Habsburg''', elected Duke of Austria, King of ~~the~~ Romans (1273-91). Gains Moravia.		* '''Rudolf von Habsburg''', elected Duke of Austria, King of tbe Romans (1273-91). Gains Moravia.
	* '''Wenceslas II''' (only son of Premysl Otakar II)(1278-1305) was also expansionist and acquired [[Silesia]] and parts of a divided [[Poland]], where he was also crowned King in 1300. (He married [1] Jutta (d.1297), daughter of Albert von Habsburg, Duke of Austria and King of ~~the~~ Romans 1298-1308, by whom he had his issue.) In 1301 he entered ~~the~~ lists for ~~the~~ vacant throne of Hungary on behalf of his son Wenceslas (whose daughter Agnes (d.1296) had married Rudolph von Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1282-1290) and who died ''v.p.''). This failed and this latter son and heir was murdered in 1306. Thus ~~the~~ Premyslids were ''extinguished'' and ~~the~~ Bohemian throne fell vacant.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, pps: 742 and 801.</ref>		* '''Wenceslas II''' (only son of Premysl Otakar II)(1278-1305) was also expansionist and acquired [[Silesia]] and parts of a divided [[Poland]], where he was also crowned King in 1300. (He married [1] Jutta (d.1297), daughter of Albert von Habsburg, Duke of Austria and King of tbe Romans 1298-1308, by whom he had his issue.) In 1301 he entered tbe lists for tbe vacant throne of Hungary on behalf of his son Wenceslas (whose daughter Agnes (d.1296) had married Rudolph von Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1282-1290) and who died ''v.p.''). This failed and this latter son and heir was murdered in 1306. Thus tbe Premyslids were ''extinguished'' and tbe Bohemian throne fell vacant.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952, pps: 742 and 801.</ref>
	* '''Henry''', Duke of Carinthia (who had married Anne (d.1313) elder daughter of Wenceslas II) is chosen '''King of Bohemia''' in right of his wife in 1307, but was driven out in 1310.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.801-2.</ref>		* '''Henry''', Duke of Carinthia (who had married Anne (d.1313) elder daughter of Wenceslas II) is chosen '''King of Bohemia''' in right of his wife in 1307, but was driven out in 1310.<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.801-2.</ref>
	* '''John of Luxemburg''' (son of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Henry VII), '''King of Bohemia''' (1310-1346), married Elizabeth, younger daughter of Wenceslas II. Otto von Habsburg (son of Albert d.1308) (d.1339) married, secondly, Anna, daughter of King John of Bohemia (d.1338).		* '''John of Luxemburg''' (son of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Henry VII), '''King of Bohemia''' (1310-1346), married Elizabeth, younger daughter of Wenceslas II. Otto von Habsburg (son of Albert d.1308) (d.1339) married, secondly, Anna, daughter of King John of Bohemia (d.1338).
	* '''John Henry of Luxemburg''', Margrave of [[Moravia]] (1335-1375), younger son of King John, married Margaret von Habsburg (d.1366).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.796-7.</ref>		* '''John Henry of Luxemburg''', Margrave of [[Moravia]] (1335-1375), younger son of King John, married Margaret von Habsburg (d.1366).<ref>Previté-Orton, 1952 p.796-7.</ref>
	* '''Charles VII of Luxemburg''' (1346-78), King of Bohemia (eldest son of King John), Holy Roman Emperor in 1347.		* '''Charles VII of Luxemburg''' (1346-78), King of Bohemia (eldest son of King John), Holy Roman Emperor in 1347.
	* '''Wenceslas IV of Luxemburg''' (1378-1419), King of Bohemia (eldest son of Charles IV), Holy Roman Emperor 1378-1400 (when he was deposed). He had no issue. Crown passes to ~~the~~ House of Austria.		* '''Wenceslas IV of Luxemburg''' (1378-1419), King of Bohemia (eldest son of Charles IV), Holy Roman Emperor 1378-1400 (when he was deposed). He had no issue. Crown passes to tbe House of Austria.
	* '''Albert von Habsburg''', King of Bohemia and Hungary. Holy Roman Emperor 1437-39. He married Elizabeth (d.1442), daughter of King Sigismund of Hungary, second son of Charles IV of Luxemburg. They had:		* '''Albert von Habsburg''', King of Bohemia and Hungary. Holy Roman Emperor 1437-39. He married Elizabeth (d.1442), daughter of King Sigismund of Hungary, second son of Charles IV of Luxemburg. They had:
	* '''Ladislas von Habsburg''', "Postumus", King of Bohemia and Hungary (1452-57).		* '''Ladislas von Habsburg''', "Postumus", King of Bohemia and Hungary (1452-57).