British Nationalist Party - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T23:56:32Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:56, 28 April 2024
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	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom		\| country = the United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: ~~tbe~~ BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: the BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
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	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~tbe~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of the UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~tbe~~ party reached its apex in ~~tbe~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~tbe~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~tbe~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, the party reached its apex in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on the London Assembly and two Members of the European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~tbe~~ 1960s, ~~tbe~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of ~~tbe~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~tbe~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~tbe~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~tbe~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of the 1960s, the BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of the Fascist [[National Front]]. During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~tbe~~ 1999 party election. ~~tbe~~ new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~tbe~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~tbe~~ 2000s, to ~~tbe~~ extent that it became ~~tbe~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in the 1999 party election. the new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~tbe~~ iconography of ~~tbe~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses the iconography of the Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~tbe~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? ~~tbe~~ 2004 elections and ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~tbe~~ ideology of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~tbe~~ wrong party on ~~tbe~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~tbe~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~tbe~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~tbe~~ political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~tbe~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~tbe~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~tbe~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~tbe~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~tbe~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~tbe~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described the BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? the 2004 elections and the British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: the ideology of the British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is the wrong party on the wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which the historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including the historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], the political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate the party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of the construction of 'in-groups' in the 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of the British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: the routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin the BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, the BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~tbe~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under the latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T18:29:55Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 26 April 2024
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~the~~ ideological evolution of ~~the~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on tbe ideological evolution of tbe British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~the~~ United Kingdom		\| country = tbe United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: ~~the~~ BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: tbe BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
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	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~the~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~the~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in tbe United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of tbe UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~the~~ party reached its apex in ~~the~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~the~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~the~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, tbe party reached its apex in tbe 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on tbe London Assembly and two Members of tbe European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~the~~ 1960s, ~~the~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of ~~the~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~the~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~the~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~the~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of tbe 1960s, tbe BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of tbe Fascist [[National Front]]. During tbe 1980s and 1990s, tbe BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating tbe organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~the~~ 1999 party election. ~~the~~ new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~the~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~the~~ 2000s, to ~~the~~ extent that it became ~~the~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in tbe 1999 party election. tbe new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden tbe BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout tbe 2000s, to tbe extent that it became tbe most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~the~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~the~~ iconography of ~~the~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of tbe United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses tbe iconography of tbe Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~the~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? ~~the~~ 2004 elections and ~~the~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~the~~ ideology of ~~the~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~the~~ wrong party on ~~the~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~the~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~the~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~the~~ political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~the~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~the~~ ideological evolution of ~~the~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~the~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~the~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~the~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~the~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~the~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~the~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described tbe BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? tbe 2004 elections and tbe British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: tbe ideology of tbe British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is tbe wrong party on tbe wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which tbe historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including tbe historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], tbe political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate tbe party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on tbe ideological evolution of tbe British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of tbe construction of 'in-groups' in tbe 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of tbe British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: tbe routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin tbe BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, tbe BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~the~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under tbe latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category:Political(.*)\]\]" to ""

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 25 February 2024
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	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	~~[[Category:Political parties]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:58, 12 September 2023
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	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom		\| country = the United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: ~~tbe~~ BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: the BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
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	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~tbe~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of the UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~tbe~~ party reached its apex in ~~tbe~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~tbe~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~tbe~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, the party reached its apex in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on the London Assembly and two Members of the European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~tbe~~ 1960s, ~~tbe~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and ~~otber~~ former members of ~~tbe~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~tbe~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~tbe~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~tbe~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of the 1960s, the BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of the Fascist [[National Front]]. During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~tbe~~ 1999 party election. ~~tbe~~ new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~tbe~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~tbe~~ 2000s, to ~~tbe~~ extent that it became ~~tbe~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in the 1999 party election. the new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~tbe~~ iconography of ~~tbe~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses the iconography of the Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~tbe~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? ~~tbe~~ 2004 elections and ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~tbe~~ ideology of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~tbe~~ wrong party on ~~tbe~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~tbe~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~tbe~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~tbe~~ political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~tbe~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~tbe~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~tbe~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~tbe~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~tbe~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~tbe~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described the BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? the 2004 elections and the British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: the ideology of the British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is the wrong party on the wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which the historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including the historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], the political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate the party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of the construction of 'in-groups' in the 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of the British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: the routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin the BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, the BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~tbe~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under the latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	[[Category:Political parties]]		[[Category:Political parties]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-09-08T21:58:27Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 8 September 2023
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~the~~ ideological evolution of ~~the~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on tbe ideological evolution of tbe British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~the~~ United Kingdom		\| country = tbe United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: ~~the~~ BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: tbe BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
Line 24:		Line 24:
	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~the~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~the~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in tbe United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of tbe UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~the~~ party reached its apex in ~~the~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~the~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~the~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, tbe party reached its apex in tbe 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on tbe London Assembly and two Members of tbe European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~the~~ 1960s, ~~the~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and ~~other~~ former members of ~~the~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~the~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~the~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~the~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of tbe 1960s, tbe BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and otber former members of tbe Fascist [[National Front]]. During tbe 1980s and 1990s, tbe BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating tbe organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~the~~ 1999 party election. ~~the~~ new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~the~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~the~~ 2000s, to ~~the~~ extent that it became ~~the~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in tbe 1999 party election. tbe new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden tbe BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout tbe 2000s, to tbe extent that it became tbe most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~the~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~the~~ iconography of ~~the~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of tbe United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses tbe iconography of tbe Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~the~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? ~~the~~ 2004 elections and ~~the~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~the~~ ideology of ~~the~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~the~~ wrong party on ~~the~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~the~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~the~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~the~~ political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~the~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~the~~ ideological evolution of ~~the~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~the~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~the~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~the~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~the~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~the~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~the~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described tbe BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? tbe 2004 elections and tbe British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: tbe ideology of tbe British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is tbe wrong party on tbe wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which tbe historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including tbe historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], tbe political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate tbe party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on tbe ideological evolution of tbe British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of tbe construction of 'in-groups' in tbe 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of tbe British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: tbe routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin tbe BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, tbe BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~the~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under tbe latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	[[Category:Political parties]]		[[Category:Political parties]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "oTher" to "other"

2023-03-13T21:00:44Z

Text replacement - "oTher" to "other"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:00, 13 March 2023
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	Founded in 1982, the party reached its apex in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on the London Assembly and two Members of the European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, the party reached its apex in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on the London Assembly and two Members of the European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of the 1960s, the BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and ~~oTher~~ former members of the Fascist [[National Front]]. During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of the 1960s, the BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of the Fascist [[National Front]]. During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in the 1999 party election. the new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in the 1999 party election. the new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

WikiSysop: Text replacement - " The " to " the "

2023-02-27T08:26:48Z

Text replacement - " The " to " the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, 26 February 2023
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~The~~ ideological evolution of ~~The~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~The~~ United Kingdom		\| country = the United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: ~~The~~ BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: the BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
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	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~The~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~The~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of the UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~The~~ party reached its apex in ~~The~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~The~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~The~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, the party reached its apex in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on the London Assembly and two Members of the European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~The~~ 1960s, ~~The~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and oTher former members of ~~The~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~The~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~The~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~The~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of the 1960s, the BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and oTher former members of the Fascist [[National Front]]. During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~The~~ 1999 party election. ~~The~~ new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~The~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~The~~ 2000s, to ~~The~~ extent that it became ~~The~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in the 1999 party election. the new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~The~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~The~~ iconography of ~~The~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses the iconography of the Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~The~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? ~~The~~ 2004 elections and ~~The~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~The~~ ideology of ~~The~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~The~~ wrong party on ~~The~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~The~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~The~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~The~~ political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~The~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on ~~The~~ ideological evolution of ~~The~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~The~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~The~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~The~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~The~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~The~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~The~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described the BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? the 2004 elections and the British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: the ideology of the British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is the wrong party on the wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which the historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including the historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], the political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate the party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of the construction of 'in-groups' in the 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of the British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: the routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin the BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, the BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~The~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under the latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	[[Category:Political parties]]		[[Category:Political parties]]

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "tbe" to "The"

2023-02-14T12:53:20Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "The"

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:53, 14 February 2023
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	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing ~~clotbes~~? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on The ideological evolution of The British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom		\| country = The United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: The BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-~~tbe~~-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-~~tbe~~-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: The BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-The-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
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	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~tbe~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in The United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of The UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~tbe~~ party reached its apex in ~~tbe~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~tbe~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~tbe~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, The party reached its apex in The 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on The London Assembly and two Members of The European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~tbe~~ 1960s, ~~tbe~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and ~~otber~~ former members of ~~tbe~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~tbe~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~tbe~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~tbe~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of The 1960s, The BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and oTher former members of The Fascist [[National Front]]. During The 1980s and 1990s, The BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating The organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~tbe~~ 1999 party election. The new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~tbe~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~tbe~~ 2000s, to ~~tbe~~ extent that it became ~~tbe~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in The 1999 party election. The new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden The BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout The 2000s, to The extent that it became The most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~tbe~~ iconography of ~~tbe~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of The United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses The iconography of The Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~tbe~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~tbe~~ ideology of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.~~tbefarright~~ \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.~~tbefarright~~ \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~tbe~~ wrong party on ~~tbe~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> ~~Otbers~~ have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~tbe~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~tbe~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~tbe~~ political ~~tbeologian~~ Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~tbe~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing ~~clotbes~~? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~tbe~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~tbe~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~tbe~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~tbe~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~tbe~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described The BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and The British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: The ideology of The British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.Theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.Thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is The wrong party on The wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.Theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> OThers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which The historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including The historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], The political Theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate The party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing cloThes? Reflections on The ideological evolution of The British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of The construction of 'in-groups' in The 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of The British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: The routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin The BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, The BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~tbe~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under The latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	[[Category:Political parties]]		[[Category:Political parties]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-14T06:03:47Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:03, 13 February 2023
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing ~~clothes~~? Reflections on ~~the~~ ideological evolution of ~~the~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing clotbes? Reflections on tbe ideological evolution of tbe British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~the~~ United Kingdom		\| country = tbe United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: The BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-~~the~~-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-~~the~~-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: The BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-tbe-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-tbe-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
Line 24:		Line 24:
	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~the~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~the~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in tbe United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of tbe UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~the~~ party reached its apex in ~~the~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~the~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~the~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, tbe party reached its apex in tbe 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on tbe London Assembly and two Members of tbe European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~the~~ 1960s, ~~the~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and ~~other~~ former members of ~~the~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~the~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~the~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~the~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of tbe 1960s, tbe BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and otber former members of tbe Fascist [[National Front]]. During tbe 1980s and 1990s, tbe BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating tbe organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~the~~ 1999 party election. The new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~the~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~the~~ 2000s, to ~~the~~ extent that it became ~~the~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in tbe 1999 party election. The new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden tbe BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout tbe 2000s, to tbe extent that it became tbe most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~the~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~the~~ iconography of ~~the~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of tbe United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses tbe iconography of tbe Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~the~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and ~~the~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~the~~ ideology of ~~the~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.~~theguardian~~.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.~~thefarright~~ \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.~~theguardian~~.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.~~thefarright~~ \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~the~~ wrong party on ~~the~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.~~theguardian~~.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.~~theguardian~~.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> ~~Others~~ have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~the~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~the~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~the~~ political ~~theologian~~ Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~the~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing ~~clothes~~? Reflections on ~~the~~ ideological evolution of ~~the~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~the~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~the~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~the~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~the~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~the~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~the~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described tbe BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and tbe British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: tbe ideology of tbe British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.tbeguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.tbefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.tbeguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.tbefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is tbe wrong party on tbe wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.tbeguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.tbeguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> Otbers have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which tbe historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including tbe historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], tbe political tbeologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate tbe party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing clotbes? Reflections on tbe ideological evolution of tbe British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of tbe construction of 'in-groups' in tbe 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of tbe British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: tbe routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin tbe BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, tbe BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~the~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under tbe latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	[[Category:Political parties]]		[[Category:Political parties]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-06T09:30:25Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:30, 6 February 2023
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	\| foundation = 1982		\| foundation = 1982
	\| ideology =		\| ideology =
	*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing ~~clotbes~~? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>		*[[Fascism]]<ref name="bnpelection2004" /><ref name="informaworld.com">{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|year=2007 \|title=Changing course or changing clothes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Copsey\|2004}}</ref><ref name="bnplondonbomb">{{harvnb\|Wood\|Finlay\|2008}}</ref>
	\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>		\| headquarters = PO Box 213<br />Wigton<br />Cumbria<br />CA7 7AL<ref>{{Cite web \|title=View registration: British National Party \|url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP3960 \|publisher=[[The Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
	\| international =		\| international =
	\| website = bnp.org.uk		\| website = bnp.org.uk
	\| country = ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom		\| country = the United Kingdom
	\| name_native =		\| name_native =
	\| founder = John Tyndall		\| founder = John Tyndall
	\| dissolution =		\| dissolution =
	\| membership_year =		\| membership_year =
	\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: The BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-~~tbe~~-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-~~tbe~~-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>		\| membership = 500<ref name="Independent membership article">{{Cite web \|last=Bolton \|first=Doug \|date=15 April 2015 \|title=General Election 2015: The BNP has almost vanished from British politics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-the-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033148/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-the-bnp-has-almost-vanished-from-british-politics-10176194.html \|archive-date=17 April 2015 \|access-date=19 April 2015 \|website=The Independent}}</ref> <small>(estimate, 2015)</small>
	\| newspaper = Identity		\| newspaper = Identity
	\| youth_wing = BNP Youth		\| youth_wing = BNP Youth
Line 24:		Line 24:
	\| europarl =		\| europarl =
	\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}		\| colours = {{Color box\|#CE2029\|border=silver}} Red {{Color box\|#FFFFFF\|border=silver}} White {{Color box\|#000080\|border=silver}} Blue}}
	The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of ~~tbe~~ UKs Government.		The '''British National Party''' ('''BNP''') is a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria and is currently headed by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of the UKs Government.

	Founded in 1982, ~~tbe~~ party reached its apex in ~~tbe~~ 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on ~~tbe~~ London Assembly and two Members of ~~tbe~~ European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>		Founded in 1982, the party reached its apex in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in Local Government, one seat on the London Assembly and two Members of the European Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=British National Party\|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/british-national-party \|access-date=27 May 2022 \|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

	Taking its name from a defunct party of ~~tbe~~ 1960s, ~~tbe~~ BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and ~~otber~~ former members of ~~tbe~~ Fascist [[National Front]]. During ~~tbe~~ 1980s and 1990s, ~~tbe~~ BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating ~~tbe~~ organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .		Taking its name from a defunct party of the 1960s, the BNP was created by [[John Tyndall]] and other former members of the Fascist [[National Front]]. During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly - instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the organizations "[[Blood and Honour]]" and "[[Combat 18]]" .

	A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in ~~tbe~~ 1999 party election. The new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden ~~tbe~~ BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout ~~tbe~~ 2000s, to ~~tbe~~ extent that it became ~~tbe~~ most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.		A growing modernist faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership leading to his loss in the 1999 party election. The new leader [[Nick Griffin]] sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout the 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful Fascist party in British history.

	== Ideology ==		== Ideology ==

	[[File:Flag of ~~tbe~~ United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses ~~tbe~~ iconography of ~~tbe~~ Union flag prominently on its published material.]]		[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.png\|thumb\|right\|The BNP uses the iconography of the Union flag prominently on its published material.]]

	Various political scientists and historians have described ~~tbe~~ BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: ~~tbe~~ ideology of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.~~tbefarright~~ \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.~~tbefarright~~ \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is ~~tbe~~ wrong party on ~~tbe~~ wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.~~tbeguardian~~.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> ~~Otbers~~ have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which ~~tbe~~ historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including ~~tbe~~ historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], ~~tbe~~ political ~~tbeologian~~ Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate ~~tbe~~ party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing ~~clotbes~~? Reflections on ~~tbe~~ ideological evolution of ~~tbe~~ British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of ~~tbe~~ construction of 'in-groups' in ~~tbe~~ 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of ~~tbe~~ British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: ~~tbe~~ routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin ~~tbe~~ BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, ~~tbe~~ BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.		Various political scientists and historians have described the BNP as being [[fascism\|Fascist]] in ideology.<ref name="bnpelection2004">{{Cite journal \|last=Renton \|first=David \|date=1 March 2005 \|title='A day to make history'? The 2004 elections and the British National Party \|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] \|volume=1 \|issue=39 \|page=25 \|doi=10.1080/00313220500045170 \|s2cid=144972650}}</ref><ref name="thurlow2000">{{harvnb\|Thurlow\|2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=December 1994 \|title=Fascism: the ideology of the British National Party \|journal=[[Politics (academic journal)\|Politics]] \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=101–108 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9256.1994.tb00008.x \|s2cid=143846602}}<br />.<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Doward \|first=Jamie \|date=24 August 2003 \|title=Expelled BNP founder plans court battle \|work=[[The Observer]] \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.thefarright \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827060932/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/aug/24/uk.thefarright \|archive-date=27 August 2013}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Ignazi\|2003}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=15 October 2009 \|title=The BNP on Question Time is the wrong party on the wrong programme \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khLyJViZ?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/15/bnp-question-time-bbc-griffin \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news \|date=31 May 2009 \|title=David Cameron attacks 'fascist' BNP \|work=The Daily Telegraph\|location=London \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=13 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812041659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5395358/David-Cameron-attacks-fascist-BNP.html \|archive-date=12 August 2013}}<br />- {{Cite news \|last=Travis \|first=Alan \|date=16 October 2009 \|title=Alan Johnson says BBC should bar 'foul' BNP from Question Time \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5khMe4g5o?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2009/oct/16/alan-johnson-bnp-question-time \|archive-date=21 October 2009}}</ref> Others have instead described it as [[neo-fascism\|Neo-Fascist]], a term which the historian Nigel Copsey argued was more exact. Academic observers — including the historians Graham Macklin and [[Roger Griffin]], the political theologian Andrew P. Davey—have argued that Nick Griffin's reforms were little more than a cosmetic process to obfuscate the party's[[fascist]]roots.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Copsey \|first=Nigel \|date=February 2007 \|title=Changing course or changing clothes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999–2006 \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=61–82 \|doi=10.1080/00313220601118777 \|s2cid=145737620}}<br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Edwards \|first=Geraint O. \|date=May 2012 \|title=A comparative discourse analysis of the construction of 'in-groups' in the 2005 and 2010 Manifestos of the British National Party \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=[[Discourse & Society]] \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–258 \|doi=10.1177/0957926511433477 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529163950/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43917/1/WRRO_43917.pdf \|archive-date=29 May 2014 \|access-date=29 May 2014 \|s2cid=145395375}} <br />- {{Cite journal \|last=Rhodes \|first=James \|date=May 2009 \|title=The Banal National Party: the routine nature of legitimacy \|journal=Patterns of Prejudice \|volume=43 \|issue=2 \|pages=142–160 \|doi=10.1080/00313220902793898 \|s2cid=144304296}}<br />- {{harvnb\|Gottlieb\|Linehan\|2004\|pp=70–71}}</ref> According to Copsey, under Griffin the BNP was "fascism recalibrated – a form of Fascism to suit contemporary sensibilities". Macklin noted that despite Griffin's modernisation project, the BNP retained its ideological continuity with earlier Fascist groups and thus had not transformed itself into a genuinely "post-Fascist" party.

	The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under ~~tbe~~ latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".		The party employed militaristic rhetoric under both Tyndall and Griffin's leadership; under the latter for example its published material spoke of a "war without uniforms" and a "war for our survival as a people", calling it a "guerrilla army operating in occupied territory".


	[[Category:Groups]]		[[Category:Groups]]
	[[Category:Political parties]]		[[Category:Political parties]]