Causes of World War I - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

2024-04-28T23:27:14Z

Text replacement - "tbe " to "the "

Show changes

Bacchus: Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

2024-04-26T17:15:33Z

Text replacement - " the " to " tbe "

Show changes

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-28T23:04:51Z

Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 28 February 2024
Line 280:		Line 280:

	[[Category:America]]		[[Category:America]]
	~~[[de:Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - ".jpg|" to ".png|"

2024-02-22T23:18:35Z

Text replacement - ".jpg|" to ".png|"

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.)British(.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-22T18:03:06Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*)British(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:03, 22 February 2024
Line 278:		Line 278:

	[[Category:France]]		[[Category:France]]
	~~[[Category:British Empire]]~~
	[[Category:America]]		[[Category:America]]
	[[de:Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges]]		[[de:Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.)Russian(.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-22T01:36:45Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*)Russian(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:36, 21 February 2024
Line 273:		Line 273:
	[[Category:Revisionism]]		[[Category:Revisionism]]
	[[Category:The Great War]]		[[Category:The Great War]]
	~~[[Category:Russian Empire]]~~
	[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]		[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]
	[[Category:Serbia]]		[[Category:Serbia]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2024-02-21T00:35:38Z

Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 20 February 2024
Line 105:		Line 105:

	===Opposition & Support for the War===		===Opposition & Support for the War===
	Some ~~Jewish~~ political activists, both of the [[Bolshevik]] and [[Zionist]] variety, favored the war seeing it as an opportunity for the destruction and breakup of empires. [[Vladimir Lenin]] asserted that [[imperialism]] was responsible for the war. He drew upon the economic theories of [[Karl Marx]]. The trade union and socialist movements, controlled by Communists and their fellow-travellers, had long voiced their opposition to a war, which they argued, meant only that workers would kill other workers in the interest of [[capitalism]]. Once war was declared, however, the vast majority of socialists and trade unions backed their governments. The exceptions were the Bolsheviks ''en bloc'', the Italian Socialist Party, and individuals such as [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and their followers in [[Germany]]. There were also small anti-war groups in Britain and France. Other opposition came from [[conscientious objector]]s - some socialist, some religious - who refused to fight. In Britain 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Many suffered years of prison, including solitary confinement and bread and water diets. Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need apply". Many countries also jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included [[socialist]] activists Eugene Debs in the United States, and [[Bertrand Russell]] in Britain.		Some jewish political activists, both of the [[Bolshevik]] and [[Zionist]] variety, favored the war seeing it as an opportunity for the destruction and breakup of empires. [[Vladimir Lenin]] asserted that [[imperialism]] was responsible for the war. He drew upon the economic theories of [[Karl Marx]]. The trade union and socialist movements, controlled by Communists and their fellow-travellers, had long voiced their opposition to a war, which they argued, meant only that workers would kill other workers in the interest of [[capitalism]]. Once war was declared, however, the vast majority of socialists and trade unions backed their governments. The exceptions were the Bolsheviks ''en bloc'', the Italian Socialist Party, and individuals such as [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and their followers in [[Germany]]. There were also small anti-war groups in Britain and France. Other opposition came from [[conscientious objector]]s - some socialist, some religious - who refused to fight. In Britain 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Many suffered years of prison, including solitary confinement and bread and water diets. Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need apply". Many countries also jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included [[socialist]] activists Eugene Debs in the United States, and [[Bertrand Russell]] in Britain.

	English economist John A. Hobson, had predicted that unlimited competition for expanding markets would lead to a global conflict; and [[Cordell Hull]], later the American Secretary of State under [[Franklin Roosevelt]], a free-trader, believed that trade barriers were the root cause of both World Wars. In 1944, he had significant input to the [[Bretton Woods Agreement]] to reduce trade barriers and eliminate what he saw as the cause of the conflicts.		English economist John A. Hobson, had predicted that unlimited competition for expanding markets would lead to a global conflict; and [[Cordell Hull]], later the American Secretary of State under [[Franklin Roosevelt]], a free-trader, believed that trade barriers were the root cause of both World Wars. In 1944, he had significant input to the [[Bretton Woods Agreement]] to reduce trade barriers and eliminate what he saw as the cause of the conflicts.

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:World War I" to "Category:The Great War"

2024-02-18T01:58:29Z

Text replacement - "Category:World War I" to "Category:The Great War"

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 17 February 2024
Line 272:		Line 272:
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:Revisionism]]		[[Category:Revisionism]]
	[[Category:~~World~~ War I]]		[[Category:The Great War]]
	[[Category:Russian Empire]]		[[Category:Russian Empire]]
	[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]		[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-15T18:00:10Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:00, 15 February 2024
Line 60:		Line 60:
	'''[[Germany]]''' had no arguments with any country and wished to remain in that position. They wanted peace.<ref>''The German White Book'', English translation, issued by the German Government August 1914, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1914.</ref><ref>''The German White Book Concerning the Responsibility of the Authors of the War'', translated by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of International Law, New York, 1924, 2018 reprint.</ref>		'''[[Germany]]''' had no arguments with any country and wished to remain in that position. They wanted peace.<ref>''The German White Book'', English translation, issued by the German Government August 1914, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1914.</ref><ref>''The German White Book Concerning the Responsibility of the Authors of the War'', translated by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of International Law, New York, 1924, 2018 reprint.</ref>

	A [[Balkan]] war between '''[[Serbia]]''' and '''[[Austria-Hungary]]''' was considered by some inevitable, as the Pan-Slav movement<ref>Portal, Roger, ''The Slavs'', London, 1969, p.18-20.</ref>, which was motivated by ethnic and religious loyalties, and a rivalry with Austria dating back to at least the [[Crimean War]] period, grew and became more aggressive.<ref>Owen, 1927, pps:17-19.</ref><ref>Fabre-Luce, Alfred, ''The Limitations of Victory''. London, 1926, "The East and Europe" chapter IV, commencing page 82.</ref> The rise of ethnic nationalism, particularly the 'Greater Serbia' movement, where anti-Austrian sentiment was perhaps most fervent, fuelled matters in this region. The increasing Serbian ~~nationalist~~ sentiment also coincided with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the new Balkan nations had practically pushed Turkey out of Europe, the next target was inevitably Austria-Hungary.<ref>Geiss, 1967, p.17.</ref> The Balkan League had been partly organised by the energetic and formidable Baron Nicholas Hartwig, who, as Russian Ambassador in [[Belgrade]] from 1909, had worked tirelessly to undermine [[Austria-Hungary]] and promote Pan-Slavism under Russian patronage.<ref>"Time is working for Serbia" Sazanov repeated, in a 23rd April 1914 despatch to Russia's Baron Hartwig in Belgrade. "Serbia's promised land is situated in the territory of Austria-Hungary and not where the Bulgarians are." Fabre-Luce, 1926, p.221n.</ref><ref>Bassett, Richard, ''For God and Kaiser'' - The Imperial Austrian Army from 1619 to 1918, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2015, p.418. ISBN: 978-0-300-17858-6</ref>		A [[Balkan]] war between '''[[Serbia]]''' and '''[[Austria-Hungary]]''' was considered by some inevitable, as the Pan-Slav movement<ref>Portal, Roger, ''The Slavs'', London, 1969, p.18-20.</ref>, which was motivated by ethnic and religious loyalties, and a rivalry with Austria dating back to at least the [[Crimean War]] period, grew and became more aggressive.<ref>Owen, 1927, pps:17-19.</ref><ref>Fabre-Luce, Alfred, ''The Limitations of Victory''. London, 1926, "The East and Europe" chapter IV, commencing page 82.</ref> The rise of ethnic nationalism, particularly the 'Greater Serbia' movement, where anti-Austrian sentiment was perhaps most fervent, fuelled matters in this region. The increasing Serbian fascist sentiment also coincided with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the new Balkan nations had practically pushed Turkey out of Europe, the next target was inevitably Austria-Hungary.<ref>Geiss, 1967, p.17.</ref> The Balkan League had been partly organised by the energetic and formidable Baron Nicholas Hartwig, who, as Russian Ambassador in [[Belgrade]] from 1909, had worked tirelessly to undermine [[Austria-Hungary]] and promote Pan-Slavism under Russian patronage.<ref>"Time is working for Serbia" Sazanov repeated, in a 23rd April 1914 despatch to Russia's Baron Hartwig in Belgrade. "Serbia's promised land is situated in the territory of Austria-Hungary and not where the Bulgarians are." Fabre-Luce, 1926, p.221n.</ref><ref>Bassett, Richard, ''For God and Kaiser'' - The Imperial Austrian Army from 1619 to 1918, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2015, p.418. ISBN: 978-0-300-17858-6</ref>

	After the defeat of the Turks, Austria-Hungary had in 1878 occupied the former Ottoman province of '''[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]''', which had a large Serb minority population. It was subsequently formally annexed as part of Austria-Hungary in 1908. Despite the model administration given to the two provinces over the 30 year period, they were open to destabilisation by neighbouring Serbia.<ref>Portal, 1969, p.378-9.</ref> In 1903 the relatively pro-Austrian Serbian ruling dynasty, the Obrenovics, were brutally murdered in a ''putsch'' by Serbian Officers, and the pro-Russian Karadjordjevic family were installed in their place. The latter were far more robust in pursuing a 'Greater Serbia' expansionist policy, and encouraged closer ties with Russia, which supported the Pan-Slav movement.<ref>Bassett, 2015, p.414-7.</ref> "Russia financed the Pan-Slav movement, especially using Serbia as their instrument, subsidising the Serbian press and its offices for that purpose."<ref>Owen, 1927, p.17</ref> Yet in the Second Balkan Wars of 1912, Austria-Hungary "by its loyal and disinterested attitude gave Serbia a chance to become nearly twice the size it was before".<ref>Geiss, 1967, p.148: telegram of Count Berchtold to the Austrian Ambassador in [[St.Petersburg]], 20 July 1914.</ref> German Chancellor Bethmann-Holweg wrote:"Serbian mischief-making goes back over a long term of years. The Greater Serbia chauvinism appeared in particularly marked form during the Bosnian crisis. The Greater Serbia propaganda has since been continually increasing in extent and intensity under the very eyes of official Serbia and with its tacit consent. This propaganda has led to the latest outrage [the assassinations]."<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.149, telegram no.100, Despatch from German Imperial Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg to the German Ambassadors at [[St. Petersburg]], Paris and London, July 21, 1914.</ref>		After the defeat of the Turks, Austria-Hungary had in 1878 occupied the former Ottoman province of '''[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]''', which had a large Serb minority population. It was subsequently formally annexed as part of Austria-Hungary in 1908. Despite the model administration given to the two provinces over the 30 year period, they were open to destabilisation by neighbouring Serbia.<ref>Portal, 1969, p.378-9.</ref> In 1903 the relatively pro-Austrian Serbian ruling dynasty, the Obrenovics, were brutally murdered in a ''putsch'' by Serbian Officers, and the pro-Russian Karadjordjevic family were installed in their place. The latter were far more robust in pursuing a 'Greater Serbia' expansionist policy, and encouraged closer ties with Russia, which supported the Pan-Slav movement.<ref>Bassett, 2015, p.414-7.</ref> "Russia financed the Pan-Slav movement, especially using Serbia as their instrument, subsidising the Serbian press and its offices for that purpose."<ref>Owen, 1927, p.17</ref> Yet in the Second Balkan Wars of 1912, Austria-Hungary "by its loyal and disinterested attitude gave Serbia a chance to become nearly twice the size it was before".<ref>Geiss, 1967, p.148: telegram of Count Berchtold to the Austrian Ambassador in [[St.Petersburg]], 20 July 1914.</ref> German Chancellor Bethmann-Holweg wrote:"Serbian mischief-making goes back over a long term of years. The Greater Serbia chauvinism appeared in particularly marked form during the Bosnian crisis. The Greater Serbia propaganda has since been continually increasing in extent and intensity under the very eyes of official Serbia and with its tacit consent. This propaganda has led to the latest outrage [the assassinations]."<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.149, telegram no.100, Despatch from German Imperial Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg to the German Ambassadors at [[St. Petersburg]], Paris and London, July 21, 1914.</ref>
Line 221:		Line 221:

	===Italy===		===Italy===
	It became clear almost from the day of the assassination that the Italians would not support their Allies in the 5th Treaty of the Triple Alliance, signed by all contracting parties at Vienna on 5th December 1912.<ref>Fay, 1928, vol.ii, pps:547-551, Treaty given in full.</ref> This is evidenced in numerous telegrams from the German Ambassador at Rome, von Flotow, to the Foreign Office in Berlin where he reported Italy was attempting to raise hair-splitting issues of nationality and International Law regarding the actual assassination, and citing "the deep-seated convictions of the Italian people to liberal principles."<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.106, no.42.</ref> The Italian Secretary of State, the Marquis di San Giuliano, said on July 16th that he saw "so many dark clouds on the horizon of Austro-Italian relations"<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.125, no.64.</ref>, and that "Serbia's ~~nationalist~~ strivings cannot be suppressed."<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.159, no.120.</ref> On 24 July the Italian Prime Minister, Salandra, and San Giuliano told the German Ambassador that they felt Austria's actions against Serbia were incompatible with Article 7 of the ''Triple Alliance'' and did not consider herself committed.<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.183, no.156.</ref>		It became clear almost from the day of the assassination that the Italians would not support their Allies in the 5th Treaty of the Triple Alliance, signed by all contracting parties at Vienna on 5th December 1912.<ref>Fay, 1928, vol.ii, pps:547-551, Treaty given in full.</ref> This is evidenced in numerous telegrams from the German Ambassador at Rome, von Flotow, to the Foreign Office in Berlin where he reported Italy was attempting to raise hair-splitting issues of nationality and International Law regarding the actual assassination, and citing "the deep-seated convictions of the Italian people to liberal principles."<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.106, no.42.</ref> The Italian Secretary of State, the Marquis di San Giuliano, said on July 16th that he saw "so many dark clouds on the horizon of Austro-Italian relations"<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.125, no.64.</ref>, and that "Serbia's fascist strivings cannot be suppressed."<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.159, no.120.</ref> On 24 July the Italian Prime Minister, Salandra, and San Giuliano told the German Ambassador that they felt Austria's actions against Serbia were incompatible with Article 7 of the ''Triple Alliance'' and did not consider herself committed.<ref>Schucking & Montgelas, 1924, p.183, no.156.</ref>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.)German(.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-12T22:06:21Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*)German(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:06, 12 February 2024
Line 276:		Line 276:
	[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]		[[Category:Austria-Hungary]]
	[[Category:Serbia]]		[[Category:Serbia]]
	~~[[Category:Germany]]~~
	[[Category:France]]		[[Category:France]]
	[[Category:British Empire]]		[[Category:British Empire]]
	[[Category:America]]		[[Category:America]]
	[[de:Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges]]		[[de:Vorgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 22 February 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:„In Treue fest“, Kaiser Wilhelm II. und Kaiser Franz Josef I., Ölgemälde von von E. Bieler, Berlin, um 1910.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The Emperors of Germany and Austria]]		[[File:„In Treue fest“, Kaiser Wilhelm II. und Kaiser Franz Josef I., Ölgemälde von von E. Bieler, Berlin, um 1910.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The Emperors of Germany and Austria]]
	[[File:Tsar_Nicholas_2nd.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[[Nicholas II of Russia\|Nicholas II]], Emperor of Russia]]		[[File:Tsar_Nicholas_2nd.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[[Nicholas II of Russia\|Nicholas II]], Emperor of Russia]]
	[[File:Poincare larger.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|President Poincare of France]]		[[File:Poincare larger.png\|300px\|thumb\|President Poincare of France]]
	The '''Causes of World War 1''' or '''The Great War''' (1914 to 1918) deals with assertions of immediate responsibility for the outbreak of this large scale, [[World War I\|fratricidal military conflict]] in which between nine and thirty million people died as a result.<ref>Nitti, Francesco S., former Prime Minister of Italy, ''Peaceless Europe'', London & New York, 1922, p.3, where he states 30 million died as a result of The Great War.</ref> This page concentrates mainly, but not exclusively, upon the chronology of what took place following the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand<ref>Cassels, L., ''The Archduke and the Assassin'', Fdk. Muller, London, 1984, ISBN: 0-584-11011-1</ref><ref>King, G., & Woolmans, S., ''The Assassination of the Archduke'', St.Martin's Press, New York, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-250-00016-3</ref> with some background relating to alliances.		The '''Causes of World War 1''' or '''The Great War''' (1914 to 1918) deals with assertions of immediate responsibility for the outbreak of this large scale, [[World War I\|fratricidal military conflict]] in which between nine and thirty million people died as a result.<ref>Nitti, Francesco S., former Prime Minister of Italy, ''Peaceless Europe'', London & New York, 1922, p.3, where he states 30 million died as a result of The Great War.</ref> This page concentrates mainly, but not exclusively, upon the chronology of what took place following the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand<ref>Cassels, L., ''The Archduke and the Assassin'', Fdk. Muller, London, 1984, ISBN: 0-584-11011-1</ref><ref>King, G., & Woolmans, S., ''The Assassination of the Archduke'', St.Martin's Press, New York, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-250-00016-3</ref> with some background relating to alliances.

Line 81:		Line 81:

	===Arms Race===		===Arms Race===
	[[File:Austria_Tegetthof_battleship_WW1.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The 1st new Austrian dreadnought battleship, the ''Tegetthof'' (launched 1912).]]		[[File:Austria_Tegetthof_battleship_WW1.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The 1st new Austrian dreadnought battleship, the ''Tegetthof'' (launched 1912).]]
	The cost of modernising and new armaments was felt by all the Great Powers in Europe. The total arms spending by Britain, Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Italy increased by 50% between 1908 and 1913, inflated greatly by naval budgets.		The cost of modernising and new armaments was felt by all the Great Powers in Europe. The total arms spending by Britain, Germany, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Italy increased by 50% between 1908 and 1913, inflated greatly by naval budgets.

Line 112:		Line 112:

	==July Crisis and Declarations of War==		==July Crisis and Declarations of War==
	[[File:Franz-Ferdinand.~~jpg~~\|350px\|thumb\|right\|Archduke Franz-Ferdinand and his wife leave Sarajevo Town Hall shortly before their murders, 28 June 1914.]]		[[File:Franz-Ferdinand.png\|350px\|thumb\|right\|Archduke Franz-Ferdinand and his wife leave Sarajevo Town Hall shortly before their murders, 28 June 1914.]]
	===The Prophecy===		===The Prophecy===
	In February 1913, following Serbian provocations, Austria-Hungary's Chief of Staff, Conrad von Hoetzendorf, proposed a war to crush Serbia. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand angrily objected:		In February 1913, following Serbian provocations, Austria-Hungary's Chief of Staff, Conrad von Hoetzendorf, proposed a war to crush Serbia. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand angrily objected: