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	[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was the F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with the American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with the publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as the intellectual foundation for the Welfare Reform Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil society to put government back in its place.]]		[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was the F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with the American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with the publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as the intellectual foundation for the Welfare [[Reform]] Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By the [[People]]: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil [[society]] to put [[government]] back in its place.]]
	'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an American political scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].		'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an [[American]] [[political]] scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].

	==Life==		==Life==

	Over his career, the married father of four has published dozens of books and articles. His book ''Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980'' (1984), which discussed the American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced government policy. However, he may be most known for ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', co-authored with the late Richard Herrnstein in 1994, which discusses the role of [[IQ]] in American society. Murray and Herrnstein discussed how the distribution of intelligence across [[race]]s seemed to be different, with [[blacks]] on average having a lower IQ than [[whites]] and whites lower than [[Asians]].		Over his career, the married father of four has published dozens of books and articles. His book ''Losing Ground: American [[Social]] Policy 1950–1980'' (1984), which discussed the American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced government policy. However, he may be most known for ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', co-authored with the late Richard Herrnstein in 1994, which discusses the role of [[IQ]] in American society. Murray and Herrnstein discussed how the distribution of [[intelligence]] across [[race]]s seemed to be different, with [[blacks]] on average having a lower IQ than [[whites]] and whites lower than [[Asians]].

	Murray recommended the elimination of all [[Affirmative action\|racial preference programs]] and the issuance of educational vouchers. He also advocated the repeal of all income transfer programs. In their place, he supported the reinstatement of short-term unemployment insurance. Murray concluded that human beings need self-respect born of satisfaction with their own achievements to be happy, and that the modern state too often deprives people of the opportunity to do things for themselves and their communities.		Murray recommended the elimination of all [[Affirmative action\|racial preference programs]] and the issuance of educational vouchers. He also advocated the repeal of all income transfer programs. In their place, he supported the reinstatement of short-term unemployment insurance. Murray concluded that human beings need [[self]]-respect born of satisfaction with their own achievements to be happy, and that the modern state too often deprives people of the opportunity to do things for themselves and their communities.

	Later books include ''[[Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950]]'' (2003), ''Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010'' (2012), and ''[[Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class]]'' (2020). His articles have appeared in many publications including ''Commentary'', ''The New Republic'', ''National Review'', ''The New Criterion'', ''The Weekly Standard'', ''The Washington Post'', ''The Public Interest'', ''Wall Street Journal'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''. His awards include the American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award and the Bradley Prize.		Later books include ''[[Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950]]'' (2003), ''Coming Apart: The State of [[White]] [[America]], 1960–2010'' (2012), and ''[[Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class]]'' (2020). His articles have appeared in many publications including ''Commentary'', ''The New [[Republic]]'', ''National Review'', ''The New Criterion'', ''The Weekly Standard'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''The Public Interest'', ''Wall Street Journal'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''. His awards include the American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award and the Bradley Prize.

	: ''Murray was born in 1943 in Newton, Iowa, a small town in which the main employer was the Maytag Corporation. The sense of community and trust to be found in America’s small towns has been a reference point for much of his work, which often focuses on the disintegration of community in the second half of the twentieth century. Murray attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1965, he joined the Peace Corps and assisted villagers in the Thai countryside. After two years with the Corps, Murray remained in Thailand for several years, working for social research firms. This work in Thailand informed Murray’s doctoral [[dissertation]] in political science at M.I.T. During his time in Thai villages, Murray had come to see that aid programs were not necessarily beneficial. Speedy change unsettled village life and displaced traditions that had evolved over decades or centuries, and he observed that governments often do not understand the priorities of their citizens. After completing his Ph.D., Murray went to work in Washington, D.C., for the American Institutes for Research (AIR), a nonpartisan social research organization. There Murray worked on evaluations of government programs in the areas of welfare, public education, criminal justice, and the prevention of family breakdown. Murray left AIR to write about the failures of government welfare programs. Taking a position with the Manhattan Institute, in 1984 he published his first heralded book, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980. Murray showed that the welfare policies advanced under Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” often worsened rather than improved the condition of the poor. The book was the first of Murray’s books to generate national controversy. His 1988 book, In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, dealt with the question of how one goes about living a worthwhile and satisfying life. This subject reappeared in different ways in his later books American Exceptionalism and The Curmudgeon’s Guide to Getting Ahead. In both books, Murray speaks of the importance to an individual of honest and meaningful labor. Implicit in this simple idea is a critique of nearly all government welfare programs, which can rob the individual of the satisfactions of personal effort, striving, and achievement. In Pursuit includes examples of the failure of government initiatives such as job-training programs. In 1989 Murray published a detailed history of [[NASA]]’S Apollo program, written in collaboration with his wife, Catherine Bly Cox. Unlike Tom Wolfe’s book about the Mercury astronauts, The Right Stuff, Murray and Cox’s Apollo focused on the engineers and scientists who created the U.S. lunar landing program.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919192808/https://contemporarythinkers.org/charles-murray/biography/ Charles Murray]</ref>		: ''Murray was born in 1943 in Newton, Iowa, a small town in which the main employer was the Maytag Corporation. The sense of community and [[trust]] to be found in America’s small towns has been a [[reference]] point for much of his work, which often focuses on the disintegration of community in the second half of the twentieth century. Murray attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1965, he joined the [[Peace]] Corps and assisted villagers in the Thai countryside. After two years with the Corps, Murray remained in Thailand for several years, working for social research firms. This work in Thailand informed Murray’s doctoral [[dissertation]] in political [[science]] at M.I.T. During his [[time]] in Thai villages, Murray had come to see that aid programs were not necessarily beneficial. Speedy change unsettled village life and displaced traditions that had evolved over decades or centuries, and he observed that governments often do not understand the priorities of their citizens. After completing his Ph.D., Murray went to work in Washington, D.C., for the American Institutes for Research (AIR), a nonpartisan social research organization. There Murray worked on evaluations of government programs in the areas of welfare, public education, criminal [[justice]], and the prevention of family breakdown. Murray [[left]] AIR to write about the failures of government welfare programs. Taking a position with the Manhattan Institute, in 1984 he published his first heralded book, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980. Murray showed that the welfare policies advanced under Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” often worsened rather than improved the condition of the poor. The book was the first of Murray’s books to generate national controversy. His 1988 book, In Pursuit: Of [[Happiness]] and Good Government, dealt with the question of how one goes about living a worthwhile and satisfying life. This [[subject]] reappeared in different ways in his later books American Exceptionalism and The Curmudgeon’s Guide to Getting Ahead. In both books, Murray speaks of the importance to an individual of honest and meaningful labor. Implicit in this simple [[idea]] is a critique of nearly all government welfare programs, which can rob the individual of the satisfactions of personal effort, striving, and achievement. In Pursuit includes examples of the failure of government initiatives such as job-training programs. In 1989 Murray published a detailed [[history]] of [[NASA]]’S [[Apollo]] program, written in collaboration with his wife, Catherine Bly Cox. Unlike Tom Wolfe’s book about the Mercury astronauts, The Right Stuff, Murray and Cox’s Apollo focused on the engineers and scientists who created the U.S. lunar landing program.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919192808/https://contemporarythinkers.org/charles-murray/biography/ Charles Murray]</ref>

	==Quotes==		==Quotes==
	* ''Libertarianism is a vision of how people should be able to live their lives—as individuals, striving to realize the best they have within them; together, cooperating for the common good without compulsion. It is a vision of how people may endow their lives with meaning—living according to their deepest beliefs and taking responsibility for the consequences of their actions.''<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/murray-charles-1943 Murray, Charles] ([https://archive.ph/7L7Qu Archive])</ref>		* ''[[Libertarianism]] is a vision of how people should be able to live their lives—as individuals, striving to realize the best they have within them; together, cooperating for the common good without compulsion. It is a vision of how people may endow their lives with meaning—living according to their deepest beliefs and taking responsibility for the consequences of their actions.''<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/murray-charles-1943 Murray, Charles] ([https://archive.ph/7L7Qu Archive])</ref>
	==Bibliography (excerpt)==		==Bibliography (excerpt)==

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	* Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.		* Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.
	* In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.		* In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.
	* Real Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to Reality, Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.		* [[Real]] Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to [[Reality]], Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.
	* Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.		* Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.
	* The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.		* The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.
	* By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.		* By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.
	* Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017		* Human [[Diversity]]: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017
	* Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979		* Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979

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	==References==		==References==
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	[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was the F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with the American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with the publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as the intellectual foundation for the Welfare Reform Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil society to put government back in its place.]]		[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was the F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with the American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with the publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as the intellectual foundation for the Welfare Reform Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil society to put government back in its place.]]
	'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an American political scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].		'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an American political scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].

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	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401114848/https://www.michigandaily.com/government/students-attempt-shut-down-speech-controversial-social-scientist-charles-murray/ ''Students attempt to shut down speech by controversial social scientist Charles Murray'']		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401114848/https://www.michigandaily.com/government/students-attempt-shut-down-speech-controversial-social-scientist-charles-murray/ ''Students attempt to shut down speech by controversial social scientist Charles Murray'']
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	[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from ~~tbe~~ Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was ~~tbe~~ F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at ~~tbe~~ American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at ~~tbe~~ Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with ~~tbe~~ American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with ~~tbe~~ publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as ~~tbe~~ intellectual foundation for ~~tbe~~ Welfare [[Reform]] Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By ~~tbe~~ [[People]]: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil [[society]] to put [[government]] back in its place.]]		[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was the F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with the American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with the publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as the intellectual foundation for the Welfare [[Reform]] Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By the [[People]]: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil [[society]] to put [[government]] back in its place.]]
	'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an [[American]] [[political]] scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of ~~tbe~~ American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].		'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an [[American]] [[political]] scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].

	==Life==		==Life==

	Over his career, ~~tbe~~ married father of four has published dozens of books and articles. His book ''Losing Ground: American [[Social]] Policy 1950–1980'' (1984), which discussed ~~tbe~~ American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced government policy. However, he may be most known for ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', co-authored with ~~tbe~~ late Richard Herrnstein in 1994, which discusses ~~tbe~~ role of [[IQ]] in American society. Murray and Herrnstein discussed how ~~tbe~~ distribution of [[intelligence]] across [[race]]s seemed to be different, with [[blacks]] on average having a lower IQ than [[whites]] and whites lower than [[Asians]].		Over his career, the married father of four has published dozens of books and articles. His book ''Losing Ground: American [[Social]] Policy 1950–1980'' (1984), which discussed the American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced government policy. However, he may be most known for ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', co-authored with the late Richard Herrnstein in 1994, which discusses the role of [[IQ]] in American society. Murray and Herrnstein discussed how the distribution of [[intelligence]] across [[race]]s seemed to be different, with [[blacks]] on average having a lower IQ than [[whites]] and whites lower than [[Asians]].

	Murray recommended ~~tbe~~ elimination of all [[Affirmative action\|racial preference programs]] and ~~tbe~~ issuance of educational vouchers. He also advocated ~~tbe~~ repeal of all income transfer programs. In their place, he supported ~~tbe~~ reinstatement of short-term unemployment insurance. Murray concluded that human beings need [[self]]-respect born of satisfaction with their own achievements to be happy, and that ~~tbe~~ modern state too often deprives people of ~~tbe~~ opportunity to do things for themselves and their communities.		Murray recommended the elimination of all [[Affirmative action\|racial preference programs]] and the issuance of educational vouchers. He also advocated the repeal of all income transfer programs. In their place, he supported the reinstatement of short-term unemployment insurance. Murray concluded that human beings need [[self]]-respect born of satisfaction with their own achievements to be happy, and that the modern state too often deprives people of the opportunity to do things for themselves and their communities.

	Later books include ''[[Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in ~~tbe~~ Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950]]'' (2003), ''Coming Apart: The State of [[White]] [[America]], 1960–2010'' (2012), and ''[[Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class]]'' (2020). His articles have appeared in many publications including ''Commentary'', ''The New [[Republic]]'', ''National Review'', ''The New Criterion'', ''The Weekly Standard'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''The Public Interest'', ''Wall Street Journal'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''. His awards include ~~tbe~~ American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award and ~~tbe~~ Bradley Prize.		Later books include ''[[Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950]]'' (2003), ''Coming Apart: The State of [[White]] [[America]], 1960–2010'' (2012), and ''[[Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class]]'' (2020). His articles have appeared in many publications including ''Commentary'', ''The New [[Republic]]'', ''National Review'', ''The New Criterion'', ''The Weekly Standard'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''The Public Interest'', ''Wall Street Journal'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''. His awards include the American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award and the Bradley Prize.

	: ''Murray was born in 1943 in Newton, Iowa, a small town in which ~~tbe~~ main employer was ~~tbe~~ Maytag Corporation. The sense of community and [[trust]] to be found in America’s small towns has been a [[reference]] point for much of his work, which often focuses on ~~tbe~~ disintegration of community in ~~tbe~~ second half of ~~tbe~~ twentieth century. Murray attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1965, he joined ~~tbe~~ [[Peace]] Corps and assisted villagers in ~~tbe~~ Thai countryside. After two years with ~~tbe~~ Corps, Murray remained in Thailand for several years, working for social research firms. This work in Thailand informed Murray’s doctoral [[dissertation]] in political [[science]] at M.I.T. During his [[time]] in Thai villages, Murray had come to see that aid programs were not necessarily beneficial. Speedy change unsettled village life and displaced traditions that had evolved over decades or centuries, and he observed that governments often do not understand ~~tbe~~ priorities of their citizens. After completing his Ph.D., Murray went to work in Washington, D.C., for ~~tbe~~ American Institutes for Research (AIR), a nonpartisan social research organization. There Murray worked on evaluations of government programs in ~~tbe~~ areas of welfare, public education, criminal [[justice]], and ~~tbe~~ prevention of family breakdown. Murray [[left]] AIR to write about ~~tbe~~ failures of government welfare programs. Taking a position with ~~tbe~~ Manhattan Institute, in 1984 he published his first heralded book, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980. Murray showed that ~~tbe~~ welfare policies advanced under Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” often worsened rather than improved ~~tbe~~ condition of ~~tbe~~ poor. The book was ~~tbe~~ first of Murray’s books to generate national controversy. His 1988 book, In Pursuit: Of [[Happiness]] and Good Government, dealt with ~~tbe~~ question of how one goes about living a worthwhile and satisfying life. This [[subject]] reappeared in different ways in his later books American Exceptionalism and The Curmudgeon’s Guide to Getting Ahead. In both books, Murray speaks of ~~tbe~~ importance to an individual of honest and meaningful labor. Implicit in this simple [[idea]] is a critique of nearly all government welfare programs, which can rob ~~tbe~~ individual of ~~tbe~~ satisfactions of personal effort, striving, and achievement. In Pursuit includes examples of ~~tbe~~ failure of government initiatives such as job-training programs. In 1989 Murray published a detailed [[history]] of [[NASA]]’S [[Apollo]] program, written in collaboration with his wife, Catherine Bly Cox. Unlike Tom Wolfe’s book about ~~tbe~~ Mercury astronauts, The Right Stuff, Murray and Cox’s Apollo focused on ~~tbe~~ engineers and scientists who created ~~tbe~~ U.S. lunar landing program.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919192808/https://contemporarythinkers.org/charles-murray/biography/ Charles Murray]</ref>		: ''Murray was born in 1943 in Newton, Iowa, a small town in which the main employer was the Maytag Corporation. The sense of community and [[trust]] to be found in America’s small towns has been a [[reference]] point for much of his work, which often focuses on the disintegration of community in the second half of the twentieth century. Murray attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1965, he joined the [[Peace]] Corps and assisted villagers in the Thai countryside. After two years with the Corps, Murray remained in Thailand for several years, working for social research firms. This work in Thailand informed Murray’s doctoral [[dissertation]] in political [[science]] at M.I.T. During his [[time]] in Thai villages, Murray had come to see that aid programs were not necessarily beneficial. Speedy change unsettled village life and displaced traditions that had evolved over decades or centuries, and he observed that governments often do not understand the priorities of their citizens. After completing his Ph.D., Murray went to work in Washington, D.C., for the American Institutes for Research (AIR), a nonpartisan social research organization. There Murray worked on evaluations of government programs in the areas of welfare, public education, criminal [[justice]], and the prevention of family breakdown. Murray [[left]] AIR to write about the failures of government welfare programs. Taking a position with the Manhattan Institute, in 1984 he published his first heralded book, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980. Murray showed that the welfare policies advanced under Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” often worsened rather than improved the condition of the poor. The book was the first of Murray’s books to generate national controversy. His 1988 book, In Pursuit: Of [[Happiness]] and Good Government, dealt with the question of how one goes about living a worthwhile and satisfying life. This [[subject]] reappeared in different ways in his later books American Exceptionalism and The Curmudgeon’s Guide to Getting Ahead. In both books, Murray speaks of the importance to an individual of honest and meaningful labor. Implicit in this simple [[idea]] is a critique of nearly all government welfare programs, which can rob the individual of the satisfactions of personal effort, striving, and achievement. In Pursuit includes examples of the failure of government initiatives such as job-training programs. In 1989 Murray published a detailed [[history]] of [[NASA]]’S [[Apollo]] program, written in collaboration with his wife, Catherine Bly Cox. Unlike Tom Wolfe’s book about the Mercury astronauts, The Right Stuff, Murray and Cox’s Apollo focused on the engineers and scientists who created the U.S. lunar landing program.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919192808/https://contemporarythinkers.org/charles-murray/biography/ Charles Murray]</ref>

	==Quotes==		==Quotes==
	* ''[[Libertarianism]] is a vision of how people should be able to live their lives—as individuals, striving to realize ~~tbe~~ best they have within them; together, cooperating for ~~tbe~~ common good without compulsion. It is a vision of how people may endow their lives with meaning—living according to their deepest beliefs and taking responsibility for ~~tbe~~ consequences of their actions.''<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/murray-charles-1943 Murray, Charles] ([https://archive.ph/7L7Qu Archive])</ref>		* ''[[Libertarianism]] is a vision of how people should be able to live their lives—as individuals, striving to realize the best they have within them; together, cooperating for the common good without compulsion. It is a vision of how people may endow their lives with meaning—living according to their deepest beliefs and taking responsibility for the consequences of their actions.''<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/murray-charles-1943 Murray, Charles] ([https://archive.ph/7L7Qu Archive])</ref>
	==Bibliography (excerpt)==		==Bibliography (excerpt)==

	* A Behavioral Study of Rural Modernization: Social and Economic Change in Thai Villages, Praeger Publishers, 1977.		* A Behavioral Study of Rural Modernization: Social and Economic Change in Thai Villages, Praeger Publishers, 1977.
	* Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and ~~tbe~~ Chronic Delinquent (with Louis A. Cox, Jr.), SAGE Publishing, 1979.		* Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and the Chronic Delinquent (with Louis A. Cox, Jr.), SAGE Publishing, 1979.
	* Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980, Basic Books, 1984, ISBN 0465042317. Analyzes welfare reform.		* Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980, Basic Books, 1984, ISBN 0465042317. Analyzes welfare reform.
	* In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0671687433.		* In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0671687433.
	* Apollo: The Race to ~~tbe~~ Moon (with Catherine Bly Cox), Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 978-0671706258.		* Apollo: The Race to the Moon (with Catherine Bly Cox), Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 978-0671706258.
	* The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (with Richard J. Herrnstein), Free Press, 1994, ISBN 0029146739.		* The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (with Richard J. Herrnstein), Free Press, 1994, ISBN 0029146739.
	* What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Broadway Books, 1997, ISBN 0553069284.		* What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Broadway Books, 1997, ISBN 0553069284.
Line 26:		Line 26:
	* Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press, 1998.		* Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press, 1998.
	* The Underclass Revisited, AEI Press, 1999.		* The Underclass Revisited, AEI Press, 1999.
	* Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in ~~tbe~~ Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.		* Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.
	* In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.		* In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.
	* [[Real]] Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to [[Reality]], Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.		* [[Real]] Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to [[Reality]], Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.
	* Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.		* Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.
	* The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.		* The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.
	* By ~~tbe~~ People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.		* By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.
	* Human [[Diversity]]: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017		* Human [[Diversity]]: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017
	* Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979		* Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:30, 26 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from ~~the~~ Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was ~~the~~ F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at ~~the~~ American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at ~~the~~ Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with ~~the~~ American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with ~~the~~ publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as ~~the~~ intellectual foundation for ~~the~~ Welfare [[Reform]] Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By ~~the~~ [[People]]: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil [[society]] to put [[government]] back in its place.]]		[[File:Dr. Charles Alan Murray.png\|thumb\|350px\|Dr. Charles A. Murray has Ph.D. in political science from tbe Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.A. in history from Harvard University. He was tbe F. A. Hayek Chair in Cultural Studies at tbe American Enterprise Institute. He has been Senior Fellow at tbe Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Research Scientist with tbe American Institutes for Research, Peace Corps Volunteer and US-AID contractor in [[Thailand]]. He first came to national attention in 1984 with tbe publication of “Losing Ground,” which has been credited as tbe intellectual foundation for tbe Welfare [[Reform]] Act of 1996. His recent book, ''“By tbe [[People]]: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission”'' (Crown Forum, 2015) urges Americans to stem governmental overreach and use America’s unique civil [[society]] to put [[government]] back in its place.]]
	'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an [[American]] [[political]] scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of ~~the~~ American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].		'''Charles Alan Murray''' (b. 8 January 1943) is an [[American]] [[political]] scientist, sociologist, and author. Since 1990, Murray has been a fellow of tbe American Enterprise Institute, a patriotic think tank. He identifies as a [[libertarian]]. [[Left-wing]] agitators, [[BLM]], [[Antifa]] and other enemies of [[free speech]] accuse him of being a "[[white supremacist]]" because of his academic views on [[race and intelligence]].

	==Life==		==Life==

	Over his career, ~~the~~ married father of four has published dozens of books and articles. His book ''Losing Ground: American [[Social]] Policy 1950–1980'' (1984), which discussed ~~the~~ American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced government policy. However, he may be most known for ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', co-authored with ~~the~~ late Richard Herrnstein in 1994, which discusses ~~the~~ role of [[IQ]] in American society. Murray and Herrnstein discussed how ~~the~~ distribution of [[intelligence]] across [[race]]s seemed to be different, with [[blacks]] on average having a lower IQ than [[whites]] and whites lower than [[Asians]].		Over his career, tbe married father of four has published dozens of books and articles. His book ''Losing Ground: American [[Social]] Policy 1950–1980'' (1984), which discussed tbe American welfare system, was widely read and discussed, and influenced government policy. However, he may be most known for ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', co-authored with tbe late Richard Herrnstein in 1994, which discusses tbe role of [[IQ]] in American society. Murray and Herrnstein discussed how tbe distribution of [[intelligence]] across [[race]]s seemed to be different, with [[blacks]] on average having a lower IQ than [[whites]] and whites lower than [[Asians]].

	Murray recommended ~~the~~ elimination of all [[Affirmative action\|racial preference programs]] and ~~the~~ issuance of educational vouchers. He also advocated ~~the~~ repeal of all income transfer programs. In their place, he supported ~~the~~ reinstatement of short-term unemployment insurance. Murray concluded that human beings need [[self]]-respect born of satisfaction with their own achievements to be happy, and that ~~the~~ modern state too often deprives people of ~~the~~ opportunity to do things for themselves and their communities.		Murray recommended tbe elimination of all [[Affirmative action\|racial preference programs]] and tbe issuance of educational vouchers. He also advocated tbe repeal of all income transfer programs. In their place, he supported tbe reinstatement of short-term unemployment insurance. Murray concluded that human beings need [[self]]-respect born of satisfaction with their own achievements to be happy, and that tbe modern state too often deprives people of tbe opportunity to do things for themselves and their communities.

	Later books include ''[[Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in ~~the~~ Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950]]'' (2003), ''Coming Apart: The State of [[White]] [[America]], 1960–2010'' (2012), and ''[[Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class]]'' (2020). His articles have appeared in many publications including ''Commentary'', ''The New [[Republic]]'', ''National Review'', ''The New Criterion'', ''The Weekly Standard'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''The Public Interest'', ''Wall Street Journal'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''. His awards include ~~the~~ American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award and ~~the~~ Bradley Prize.		Later books include ''[[Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in tbe Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950]]'' (2003), ''Coming Apart: The State of [[White]] [[America]], 1960–2010'' (2012), and ''[[Human Diversity: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class]]'' (2020). His articles have appeared in many publications including ''Commentary'', ''The New [[Republic]]'', ''National Review'', ''The New Criterion'', ''The Weekly Standard'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''The Public Interest'', ''Wall Street Journal'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''. His awards include tbe American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award and tbe Bradley Prize.

	: ''Murray was born in 1943 in Newton, Iowa, a small town in which ~~the~~ main employer was ~~the~~ Maytag Corporation. The sense of community and [[trust]] to be found in America’s small towns has been a [[reference]] point for much of his work, which often focuses on ~~the~~ disintegration of community in ~~the~~ second half of ~~the~~ twentieth century. Murray attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1965, he joined ~~the~~ [[Peace]] Corps and assisted villagers in ~~the~~ Thai countryside. After two years with ~~the~~ Corps, Murray remained in Thailand for several years, working for social research firms. This work in Thailand informed Murray’s doctoral [[dissertation]] in political [[science]] at M.I.T. During his [[time]] in Thai villages, Murray had come to see that aid programs were not necessarily beneficial. Speedy change unsettled village life and displaced traditions that had evolved over decades or centuries, and he observed that governments often do not understand ~~the~~ priorities of their citizens. After completing his Ph.D., Murray went to work in Washington, D.C., for ~~the~~ American Institutes for Research (AIR), a nonpartisan social research organization. There Murray worked on evaluations of government programs in ~~the~~ areas of welfare, public education, criminal [[justice]], and ~~the~~ prevention of family breakdown. Murray [[left]] AIR to write about ~~the~~ failures of government welfare programs. Taking a position with ~~the~~ Manhattan Institute, in 1984 he published his first heralded book, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980. Murray showed that ~~the~~ welfare policies advanced under Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” often worsened rather than improved ~~the~~ condition of ~~the~~ poor. The book was ~~the~~ first of Murray’s books to generate national controversy. His 1988 book, In Pursuit: Of [[Happiness]] and Good Government, dealt with ~~the~~ question of how one goes about living a worthwhile and satisfying life. This [[subject]] reappeared in different ways in his later books American Exceptionalism and The Curmudgeon’s Guide to Getting Ahead. In both books, Murray speaks of ~~the~~ importance to an individual of honest and meaningful labor. Implicit in this simple [[idea]] is a critique of nearly all government welfare programs, which can rob ~~the~~ individual of ~~the~~ satisfactions of personal effort, striving, and achievement. In Pursuit includes examples of ~~the~~ failure of government initiatives such as job-training programs. In 1989 Murray published a detailed [[history]] of [[NASA]]’S [[Apollo]] program, written in collaboration with his wife, Catherine Bly Cox. Unlike Tom Wolfe’s book about ~~the~~ Mercury astronauts, The Right Stuff, Murray and Cox’s Apollo focused on ~~the~~ engineers and scientists who created ~~the~~ U.S. lunar landing program.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919192808/https://contemporarythinkers.org/charles-murray/biography/ Charles Murray]</ref>		: ''Murray was born in 1943 in Newton, Iowa, a small town in which tbe main employer was tbe Maytag Corporation. The sense of community and [[trust]] to be found in America’s small towns has been a [[reference]] point for much of his work, which often focuses on tbe disintegration of community in tbe second half of tbe twentieth century. Murray attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1965, he joined tbe [[Peace]] Corps and assisted villagers in tbe Thai countryside. After two years with tbe Corps, Murray remained in Thailand for several years, working for social research firms. This work in Thailand informed Murray’s doctoral [[dissertation]] in political [[science]] at M.I.T. During his [[time]] in Thai villages, Murray had come to see that aid programs were not necessarily beneficial. Speedy change unsettled village life and displaced traditions that had evolved over decades or centuries, and he observed that governments often do not understand tbe priorities of their citizens. After completing his Ph.D., Murray went to work in Washington, D.C., for tbe American Institutes for Research (AIR), a nonpartisan social research organization. There Murray worked on evaluations of government programs in tbe areas of welfare, public education, criminal [[justice]], and tbe prevention of family breakdown. Murray [[left]] AIR to write about tbe failures of government welfare programs. Taking a position with tbe Manhattan Institute, in 1984 he published his first heralded book, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980. Murray showed that tbe welfare policies advanced under Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” often worsened rather than improved tbe condition of tbe poor. The book was tbe first of Murray’s books to generate national controversy. His 1988 book, In Pursuit: Of [[Happiness]] and Good Government, dealt with tbe question of how one goes about living a worthwhile and satisfying life. This [[subject]] reappeared in different ways in his later books American Exceptionalism and The Curmudgeon’s Guide to Getting Ahead. In both books, Murray speaks of tbe importance to an individual of honest and meaningful labor. Implicit in this simple [[idea]] is a critique of nearly all government welfare programs, which can rob tbe individual of tbe satisfactions of personal effort, striving, and achievement. In Pursuit includes examples of tbe failure of government initiatives such as job-training programs. In 1989 Murray published a detailed [[history]] of [[NASA]]’S [[Apollo]] program, written in collaboration with his wife, Catherine Bly Cox. Unlike Tom Wolfe’s book about tbe Mercury astronauts, The Right Stuff, Murray and Cox’s Apollo focused on tbe engineers and scientists who created tbe U.S. lunar landing program.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919192808/https://contemporarythinkers.org/charles-murray/biography/ Charles Murray]</ref>

	==Quotes==		==Quotes==
	* ''[[Libertarianism]] is a vision of how people should be able to live their lives—as individuals, striving to realize ~~the~~ best they have within them; together, cooperating for ~~the~~ common good without compulsion. It is a vision of how people may endow their lives with meaning—living according to their deepest beliefs and taking responsibility for ~~the~~ consequences of their actions.''<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/murray-charles-1943 Murray, Charles] ([https://archive.ph/7L7Qu Archive])</ref>		* ''[[Libertarianism]] is a vision of how people should be able to live their lives—as individuals, striving to realize tbe best they have within them; together, cooperating for tbe common good without compulsion. It is a vision of how people may endow their lives with meaning—living according to their deepest beliefs and taking responsibility for tbe consequences of their actions.''<ref>[https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/murray-charles-1943 Murray, Charles] ([https://archive.ph/7L7Qu Archive])</ref>
	==Bibliography (excerpt)==		==Bibliography (excerpt)==

	* A Behavioral Study of Rural Modernization: Social and Economic Change in Thai Villages, Praeger Publishers, 1977.		* A Behavioral Study of Rural Modernization: Social and Economic Change in Thai Villages, Praeger Publishers, 1977.
	* Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and ~~the~~ Chronic Delinquent (with Louis A. Cox, Jr.), SAGE Publishing, 1979.		* Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and tbe Chronic Delinquent (with Louis A. Cox, Jr.), SAGE Publishing, 1979.
	* Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980, Basic Books, 1984, ISBN 0465042317. Analyzes welfare reform.		* Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980, Basic Books, 1984, ISBN 0465042317. Analyzes welfare reform.
	* In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0671687433.		* In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0671687433.
	* Apollo: The Race to ~~the~~ Moon (with Catherine Bly Cox), Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 978-0671706258.		* Apollo: The Race to tbe Moon (with Catherine Bly Cox), Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 978-0671706258.
	* The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (with Richard J. Herrnstein), Free Press, 1994, ISBN 0029146739.		* The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (with Richard J. Herrnstein), Free Press, 1994, ISBN 0029146739.
	* What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Broadway Books, 1997, ISBN 0553069284.		* What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Broadway Books, 1997, ISBN 0553069284.
Line 26:		Line 26:
	* Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press, 1998.		* Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press, 1998.
	* The Underclass Revisited, AEI Press, 1999.		* The Underclass Revisited, AEI Press, 1999.
	* Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in ~~the~~ Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.		* Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in tbe Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.
	* In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.		* In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.
	* [[Real]] Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to [[Reality]], Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.		* [[Real]] Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing American Schools Back to [[Reality]], Crown Forum, August 2008, ISBN 978-0307405388.
	* Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.		* Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Crown Forum, 2012, ISBN 0307453421.
	* The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.		* The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, Crown Business, 2014, ISBN 978-0804141444.
	* By ~~the~~ People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.		* By tbe People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.
	* Human [[Diversity]]: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017		* Human [[Diversity]]: The Biology of Gender, Race, and Class, Twelve, 2020, ISBN 978-1538744017
	* Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979		* Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979