Critical theory - Revision history

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	==Comment==		==Comment==
	[[File:Frankfurt-School III.~~jpg~~\|right\|340px]]		[[File:Frankfurt-School III.png\|right\|340px]]
	This first paragraph has the virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding the other. Mixing the two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on the second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.		This first paragraph has the virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding the other. Mixing the two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on the second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.

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	{{Europhobia}}		{{Europhobia}}
	[[Category:Cultural Marxism]]		[[Category:Cultural Marxism]]
	~~[[Category:New World Order]]~~

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[[File:Frankfurt School Cultural Marxism.png|330px|thumb|The History of the [[Frankfurt School]] and how it went west]]
'''Critical theory''' in the humanities and social sciences is the [[Marxist]] interpretation and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social science and humanities disciplines. The term has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and the other in literary criticism. Though until recently these two meanings had little to do with each other, since the 1970s there has been some overlap between these disciplines. This has led to "critical theory" becoming an umbrella term for an array of theories in English-speaking academia. This article focuses primarily on the differences and similarities between the two senses of the term critical theory.

==Comment==
[[File:Frankfurt-School III.jpg|right|340px]]
This first paragraph has the virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding the other. Mixing the two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on the second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.

==Different meanings of critical theory==
The first meaning of the term '''critical theory''' was that defined by [[Max Horkheimer]] of the [[Frankfurt School]] of social science in his 1937 essay ''Traditional and Critical Theory'': Critical theory is social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it. Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of [[Marxian]] theory, critiquing both the model of science put forward by [[logical positivism]] and what he and his colleagues saw as the covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox [[Marxism]] and [[communism]].

Core concepts are:
*(1) That critical social theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity (i.e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time), and
*(2) That Critical Theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Although this conception of critical theory originated with the Frankfurt School, it also prevails among other recent social scientists, such as [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Louis Althusser]] and arguably [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Bryan Reynolds]], as well as certain [[feminist]] theorists and social scientists.

This version of "critical" theory derives from [[Kant]]'s (18th-Century) and [[Marx]]'s (19th Century) use of the term "[[critique]]", as in Kant's ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' and Marx's concept that his work ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (''Capital'') forms a "critique of political economy". For Kant's [[transcendental idealism]], "critique" means examining and establishing the limits of the validity of a faculty, type, or body of knowledge, especially through accounting for the limitations imposed by the fundamental, irreducible concepts in use in that knowledge system. Early on, Kant's notion associated critique with the disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved the critique of dogmatic [[theological]] and [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] ideas and was intertwined with the enhancement of ethical autonomy and the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] critique of superstition and irrational authority. Marx explicitly developed this notion into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]," "Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways; the point is to change it". [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm]

In the 1960's, [[Jürgen Habermas]] raised the epistemological discussion to a new level in his ''Knowledge and Human Interests'', by identifying critical [[knowledge]] as based on principles that differentiated it either from the [[natural sciences]] or the [[humanities]], through its orientation to self-reflection and emancipation.

The term ''critical theory'', in the sociological or philosophical and non-literary sense, now loosely groups all sorts of work, e.g. that of the Frankfurt School, [[Michel Foucault]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], and [[feminist theory]], that has in common the critique of domination, an emancipatory interest, and the fusion of social/cultural analysis, explanation, and interpretation with social/cultural critique.

==See Also==
* [[Critical race theory]]
* [[Cultural Marxism]]
* [[Frankfurt School]]
* [[Pilpul]]
* [[Political correctness]]
* [[Whiteness studies]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ULLZm_x_YE Cultural Theory: Frankfurt School Critical Theory] [[youtube]] video.
{{Europhobia}}
[[Category:Cultural Marxism]]
[[Category:New World Order]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:26, 28 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Frankfurt School Cultural Marxism.png\|330px\|thumb\|The History of ~~tbe~~ [[Frankfurt School]] and how it went west]]		[[File:Frankfurt School Cultural Marxism.png\|330px\|thumb\|The History of the [[Frankfurt School]] and how it went west]]
	'''Critical theory''' in ~~tbe~~ humanities and social sciences is ~~tbe~~ [[Marxist]] interpretation and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social science and humanities disciplines. The term has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and ~~tbe~~ other in literary criticism. Though until recently these two meanings had little to do with each other, since ~~tbe~~ 1970s there has been some overlap between these disciplines. This has led to "critical theory" becoming an umbrella term for an array of theories in English-speaking academia. This article focuses primarily on ~~tbe~~ differences and similarities between ~~tbe~~ two senses of ~~tbe~~ term critical theory.		'''Critical theory''' in the humanities and social sciences is the [[Marxist]] interpretation and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social science and humanities disciplines. The term has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and the other in literary criticism. Though until recently these two meanings had little to do with each other, since the 1970s there has been some overlap between these disciplines. This has led to "critical theory" becoming an umbrella term for an array of theories in English-speaking academia. This article focuses primarily on the differences and similarities between the two senses of the term critical theory.

	==Comment==		==Comment==
	[[File:Frankfurt-School III.png\|right\|340px]]		[[File:Frankfurt-School III.png\|right\|340px]]
	This first paragraph has ~~tbe~~ virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding ~~tbe~~ other. Mixing ~~tbe~~ two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on ~~tbe~~ second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.		This first paragraph has the virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding the other. Mixing the two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on the second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.

	==Different meanings of critical theory==		==Different meanings of critical theory==
	The first meaning of ~~tbe~~ term '''critical theory''' was that defined by [[Max Horkheimer]] of ~~tbe~~ [[Frankfurt School]] of social science in his 1937 essay ''Traditional and Critical Theory'': Critical theory is social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it. Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of [[Marxian]] theory, critiquing both ~~tbe~~ model of science put forward by [[logical positivism]] and what he and his colleagues saw as ~~tbe~~ covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox [[Marxism]] and [[communism]].		The first meaning of the term '''critical theory''' was that defined by [[Max Horkheimer]] of the [[Frankfurt School]] of social science in his 1937 essay ''Traditional and Critical Theory'': Critical theory is social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it. Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of [[Marxian]] theory, critiquing both the model of science put forward by [[logical positivism]] and what he and his colleagues saw as the covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox [[Marxism]] and [[communism]].

	Core concepts are:		Core concepts are:
	*(1) That critical social theory should be directed at ~~tbe~~ totality of society in its historical specificity (i.e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time), and		*(1) That critical social theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity (i.e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time), and
	*(2) That Critical Theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all ~~tbe~~ major social sciences, including economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Although this conception of critical theory originated with ~~tbe~~ Frankfurt School, it also prevails among other recent social scientists, such as [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Louis Althusser]] and arguably [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Bryan Reynolds]], as well as certain [[feminist]] theorists and social scientists.		*(2) That Critical Theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Although this conception of critical theory originated with the Frankfurt School, it also prevails among other recent social scientists, such as [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Louis Althusser]] and arguably [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Bryan Reynolds]], as well as certain [[feminist]] theorists and social scientists.

	This version of "critical" theory derives from [[Kant]]'s (18th-Century) and [[Marx]]'s (19th Century) use of ~~tbe~~ term "[[critique]]", as in Kant's ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' and Marx's concept that his work ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (''Capital'') forms a "critique of political economy". For Kant's [[transcendental idealism]], "critique" means examining and establishing ~~tbe~~ limits of ~~tbe~~ validity of a faculty, type, or body of knowledge, especially through accounting for ~~tbe~~ limitations imposed by ~~tbe~~ fundamental, irreducible concepts in use in that knowledge system. Early on, Kant's notion associated critique with ~~tbe~~ disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved ~~tbe~~ critique of dogmatic [[theological]] and [[metaphysics\|metaphysical]] ideas and was intertwined with ~~tbe~~ enhancement of ethical autonomy and ~~tbe~~ [[Age of Enlightenment\|Enlightenment]] critique of superstition and irrational authority. Marx explicitly developed this notion into ~~tbe~~ critique of ideology and linked it with ~~tbe~~ practice of social revolution, as in ~~tbe~~ famous 11th of his "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]," "Philosophers have only interpreted ~~tbe~~ world in certain ways; ~~tbe~~ point is to change it". [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm]		This version of "critical" theory derives from [[Kant]]'s (18th-Century) and [[Marx]]'s (19th Century) use of the term "[[critique]]", as in Kant's ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' and Marx's concept that his work ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (''Capital'') forms a "critique of political economy". For Kant's [[transcendental idealism]], "critique" means examining and establishing the limits of the validity of a faculty, type, or body of knowledge, especially through accounting for the limitations imposed by the fundamental, irreducible concepts in use in that knowledge system. Early on, Kant's notion associated critique with the disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved the critique of dogmatic [[theological]] and [[metaphysics\|metaphysical]] ideas and was intertwined with the enhancement of ethical autonomy and the [[Age of Enlightenment\|Enlightenment]] critique of superstition and irrational authority. Marx explicitly developed this notion into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]," "Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways; the point is to change it". [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm]

	In ~~tbe~~ 1960's, [[Jürgen Habermas]] raised ~~tbe~~ epistemological discussion to a new level in his ''Knowledge and Human Interests'', by identifying critical [[knowledge]] as based on principles that differentiated it either from ~~tbe~~ [[natural sciences]] or ~~tbe~~ [[humanities]], through its orientation to self-reflection and emancipation.		In the 1960's, [[Jürgen Habermas]] raised the epistemological discussion to a new level in his ''Knowledge and Human Interests'', by identifying critical [[knowledge]] as based on principles that differentiated it either from the [[natural sciences]] or the [[humanities]], through its orientation to self-reflection and emancipation.

	The term ''critical theory'', in ~~tbe~~ sociological or philosophical and non-literary sense, now loosely groups all sorts of work, e.g. that of ~~tbe~~ Frankfurt School, [[Michel Foucault]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], and [[feminist theory]], that has in common ~~tbe~~ critique of domination, an emancipatory interest, and ~~tbe~~ fusion of social/cultural analysis, explanation, and interpretation with social/cultural critique.		The term ''critical theory'', in the sociological or philosophical and non-literary sense, now loosely groups all sorts of work, e.g. that of the Frankfurt School, [[Michel Foucault]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], and [[feminist theory]], that has in common the critique of domination, an emancipatory interest, and the fusion of social/cultural analysis, explanation, and interpretation with social/cultural critique.

	==See Also==		==See Also==

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 26 April 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Frankfurt School Cultural Marxism.png\|330px\|thumb\|The History of ~~the~~ [[Frankfurt School]] and how it went west]]		[[File:Frankfurt School Cultural Marxism.png\|330px\|thumb\|The History of tbe [[Frankfurt School]] and how it went west]]
	'''Critical theory''' in ~~the~~ humanities and social sciences is ~~the~~ [[Marxist]] interpretation and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social science and humanities disciplines. The term has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and ~~the~~ other in literary criticism. Though until recently these two meanings had little to do with each other, since ~~the~~ 1970s there has been some overlap between these disciplines. This has led to "critical theory" becoming an umbrella term for an array of theories in English-speaking academia. This article focuses primarily on ~~the~~ differences and similarities between ~~the~~ two senses of ~~the~~ term critical theory.		'''Critical theory''' in tbe humanities and social sciences is tbe [[Marxist]] interpretation and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social science and humanities disciplines. The term has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and tbe other in literary criticism. Though until recently these two meanings had little to do with each other, since tbe 1970s there has been some overlap between these disciplines. This has led to "critical theory" becoming an umbrella term for an array of theories in English-speaking academia. This article focuses primarily on tbe differences and similarities between tbe two senses of tbe term critical theory.

	==Comment==		==Comment==
	[[File:Frankfurt-School III.png\|right\|340px]]		[[File:Frankfurt-School III.png\|right\|340px]]
	This first paragraph has ~~the~~ virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding ~~the~~ other. Mixing ~~the~~ two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on ~~the~~ second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.		This first paragraph has tbe virtue of being moderately intelligible. It is also [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=turgid turgid] ie swollen; distended; inflated, overblown, or pompous. Society and literature are two different things. Understanding one can help understanding tbe other. Mixing tbe two together can lead to muddled thinking. If an article is not understood on tbe second or third reading consider whether it makes sense at all. [http://stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu/critical_theory_.htm Critical Theory And Critical Theorists] gives a list of those involved. A large most of them are Marxists. It does not explain critical theory.

	==Different meanings of critical theory==		==Different meanings of critical theory==
	The first meaning of ~~the~~ term '''critical theory''' was that defined by [[Max Horkheimer]] of ~~the~~ [[Frankfurt School]] of social science in his 1937 essay ''Traditional and Critical Theory'': Critical theory is social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it. Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of [[Marxian]] theory, critiquing both ~~the~~ model of science put forward by [[logical positivism]] and what he and his colleagues saw as ~~the~~ covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox [[Marxism]] and [[communism]].		The first meaning of tbe term '''critical theory''' was that defined by [[Max Horkheimer]] of tbe [[Frankfurt School]] of social science in his 1937 essay ''Traditional and Critical Theory'': Critical theory is social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it. Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of [[Marxian]] theory, critiquing both tbe model of science put forward by [[logical positivism]] and what he and his colleagues saw as tbe covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox [[Marxism]] and [[communism]].

	Core concepts are:		Core concepts are:
	*(1) That critical social theory should be directed at ~~the~~ totality of society in its historical specificity (i.e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time), and		*(1) That critical social theory should be directed at tbe totality of society in its historical specificity (i.e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time), and
	*(2) That Critical Theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all ~~the~~ major social sciences, including economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Although this conception of critical theory originated with ~~the~~ Frankfurt School, it also prevails among other recent social scientists, such as [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Louis Althusser]] and arguably [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Bryan Reynolds]], as well as certain [[feminist]] theorists and social scientists.		*(2) That Critical Theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all tbe major social sciences, including economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Although this conception of critical theory originated with tbe Frankfurt School, it also prevails among other recent social scientists, such as [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Louis Althusser]] and arguably [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Bryan Reynolds]], as well as certain [[feminist]] theorists and social scientists.

	This version of "critical" theory derives from [[Kant]]'s (18th-Century) and [[Marx]]'s (19th Century) use of ~~the~~ term "[[critique]]", as in Kant's ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' and Marx's concept that his work ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (''Capital'') forms a "critique of political economy". For Kant's [[transcendental idealism]], "critique" means examining and establishing ~~the~~ limits of ~~the~~ validity of a faculty, type, or body of knowledge, especially through accounting for ~~the~~ limitations imposed by ~~the~~ fundamental, irreducible concepts in use in that knowledge system. Early on, Kant's notion associated critique with ~~the~~ disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved ~~the~~ critique of dogmatic [[theological]] and [[metaphysics\|metaphysical]] ideas and was intertwined with ~~the~~ enhancement of ethical autonomy and ~~the~~ [[Age of Enlightenment\|Enlightenment]] critique of superstition and irrational authority. Marx explicitly developed this notion into ~~the~~ critique of ideology and linked it with ~~the~~ practice of social revolution, as in ~~the~~ famous 11th of his "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]," "Philosophers have only interpreted ~~the~~ world in certain ways; ~~the~~ point is to change it". [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm]		This version of "critical" theory derives from [[Kant]]'s (18th-Century) and [[Marx]]'s (19th Century) use of tbe term "[[critique]]", as in Kant's ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' and Marx's concept that his work ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (''Capital'') forms a "critique of political economy". For Kant's [[transcendental idealism]], "critique" means examining and establishing tbe limits of tbe validity of a faculty, type, or body of knowledge, especially through accounting for tbe limitations imposed by tbe fundamental, irreducible concepts in use in that knowledge system. Early on, Kant's notion associated critique with tbe disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved tbe critique of dogmatic [[theological]] and [[metaphysics\|metaphysical]] ideas and was intertwined with tbe enhancement of ethical autonomy and tbe [[Age of Enlightenment\|Enlightenment]] critique of superstition and irrational authority. Marx explicitly developed this notion into tbe critique of ideology and linked it with tbe practice of social revolution, as in tbe famous 11th of his "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]," "Philosophers have only interpreted tbe world in certain ways; tbe point is to change it". [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm]

	In ~~the~~ 1960's, [[Jürgen Habermas]] raised ~~the~~ epistemological discussion to a new level in his ''Knowledge and Human Interests'', by identifying critical [[knowledge]] as based on principles that differentiated it either from ~~the~~ [[natural sciences]] or ~~the~~ [[humanities]], through its orientation to self-reflection and emancipation.		In tbe 1960's, [[Jürgen Habermas]] raised tbe epistemological discussion to a new level in his ''Knowledge and Human Interests'', by identifying critical [[knowledge]] as based on principles that differentiated it either from tbe [[natural sciences]] or tbe [[humanities]], through its orientation to self-reflection and emancipation.

	The term ''critical theory'', in ~~the~~ sociological or philosophical and non-literary sense, now loosely groups all sorts of work, e.g. that of ~~the~~ Frankfurt School, [[Michel Foucault]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], and [[feminist theory]], that has in common ~~the~~ critique of domination, an emancipatory interest, and ~~the~~ fusion of social/cultural analysis, explanation, and interpretation with social/cultural critique.		The term ''critical theory'', in tbe sociological or philosophical and non-literary sense, now loosely groups all sorts of work, e.g. that of tbe Frankfurt School, [[Michel Foucault]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], and [[feminist theory]], that has in common tbe critique of domination, an emancipatory interest, and tbe fusion of social/cultural analysis, explanation, and interpretation with social/cultural critique.

	==See Also==		==See Also==