David Curtiss Stephenson - Revision history

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			'''David Curtiss "Steve" Stephenson''' also '''D. C. Stephenson''' (21 August 1891 – 28 June 1966) was an [[American]] politician who in 1923 was appointed [[Grand Dragon]] (state leader) of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] in [[Indiana]] and head of recruiting for seven other states. Later that year, he led those groups to [[independence]] from the [[Ku Klux Klan\|national KKK organization]]. Stephenson was a successful coal dealer from [[Indianapolis]] who rose in the [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican Party]]. He had close relationships with numerous Indiana politicians, including Governor [[Edward L. Jackson]], a Klan member elected to office in 1924.

	'''David Curtiss "Steve" Stephenson''' also '''D. C. Stephenson''' (21 August 1891 – 28 June 1966) was an American politician who in 1923 was appointed [[Grand Dragon]] (state leader) of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] in [[Indiana]] and head of recruiting for seven other states. Later that year, he led those groups to independence from the [[Ku Klux Klan\|national KKK organization]]. Stephenson was a successful coal dealer from [[Indianapolis]] who rose in the [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican Party]]. He had close relationships with numerous Indiana politicians, including Governor [[Edward L. Jackson]], a Klan member elected to office in 1924.		In 1925 Stephenson was tried and convicted in a notorious abduction, [[rape]] and murder (actual suicide) of a young [[white]] schoolteacher, a state education official. His trial, conviction and imprisonment ended the portrayal of Klan [[leaders]] as law abiding. Denied a pardon by Governor Jackson, in 1927 he started talking with reporters of the ''[[Indianapolis Times]]'' and released a list of elected and other officials in the pay of the Klan. This led to a wave of indictments in Indiana, more national scandal, the rapid loss of tens of thousands of members, and the end of the second wave of Klan activity in the late 1920s.

	In 1925 Stephenson was tried and convicted in a notorious abduction, rape and murder (actual suicide) of a young white schoolteacher, a state education official. His trial, conviction and imprisonment ended the portrayal of Klan leaders as law abiding. Denied a pardon by Governor Jackson, in 1927 he started talking with reporters of the ''[[Indianapolis Times]]'' and released a list of elected and other officials in the pay of the Klan. This led to a wave of indictments in Indiana, more national scandal, the rapid loss of tens of thousands of members, and the end of the second wave of Klan activity in the late 1920s.

	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	Stephenson was born in [[Houston, Texas]], and moved as a child with his family to [[Maysville, Oklahoma]]. After some public schooling, he started work as a printer's apprentice and was active in the [[Socialist Party of America\|Socialist Party]].		Stephenson was born in [[Houston, Texas]], and moved as a child with his family to [[Maysville, Oklahoma]]. After some public schooling, he started work as a printer's apprentice and was active in the [[Socialist Party of America\|Socialist Party]].

	During [[World War I]], he enlisted in the Army and completed officers' training. He never served overseas. His training proved useful in his organizing and leading groups.<ref name="Moore"/>		During [[World War I]], he enlisted in the Army and completed officers' training. He never served overseas. His training proved useful in his organizing and leading groups.<ref [[name]]="Moore"/>

	==Career==		==Career==
	In 1920 at the age of 29, he moved to [[Evansville, Indiana]], where he worked for a retail coal company. He joined the [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party]] and in 1922, ran unsuccessfully for a Democratic [[United States House of Representatives\|Congressional]] nomination.<ref>Gray, Ralph D.; ''Indiana History: A Book of Readings'' (1995), p 306. Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32629-X.</ref> He was said to have already "married and abandoned two wives" before settling in Evansville.<ref name="Moore">[http://books.google.com/books?id=a1eSbL0kxk8C&pg=PA13&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false Leonard J. Moore, ''Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928''], Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997, p. 14</ref>		In 1920 at the age of 29, he moved to [[Evansville, Indiana]], where he worked for a retail coal company. He joined the [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party]] and in 1922, ran unsuccessfully for a Democratic [[United States House of Representatives\|Congressional]] nomination.<ref>Gray, Ralph D.; ''Indiana [[History]]: A Book of Readings'' (1995), p 306. Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32629-X.</ref> He was said to have already "married and abandoned two wives" before settling in Evansville.<ref name="Moore">[http://books.google.com/books?id=a1eSbL0kxk8C&pg=PA13&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false Leonard J. Moore, ''Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928''], Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997, p. 14</ref>

	Joseph M. Huffington, whom the [[Ku Klux Klan]] had sent from Texas as an agent for organizing in Evansville, recruited Stephenson to the group's inner circle. The historian Leonard Moore characterized them as both young men on the make. The Evansville Klavern became the most powerful in the state, and Stephenson soon contributed to attracting numerous new members. More than 5400 men, or 23 percent of the native-born white men in [[Vanderburgh County, Indiana\|Vanderburgh County]], ultimately joined the Klan.<ref name="Moore"/>		Joseph M. Huffington, whom the [[Ku Klux Klan]] had sent from Texas as an agent for organizing in Evansville, recruited Stephenson to the group's inner circle. The historian Leonard Moore characterized them as both young men on the make. The Evansville Klavern became the most powerful in the state, and Stephenson soon contributed to attracting numerous new members. More than 5400 men, or 23 percent of the native-born white men in [[Vanderburgh County, Indiana\|Vanderburgh County]], ultimately joined the Klan.<ref name="Moore"/>

	Building on the momentum, Stephenson set up a base in Indianapolis, where he helped create the Klan's state newspaper, ''[[Fiery Cross (Indianapolis)\|Fiery Cross]].'' He quickly recruited new agents and organizers, building on news about the organization. Protestant ministers were offered free memberships. From July 1922 to July 1923, nearly 2,000 new members joined the Klan in Indiana each week.<ref>Moore (1997), ''Citizen Klansmen'', pp. 16-17</ref> [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], who led recruiting for the national organization, maintained close ties to state leaders throughout 1921-1922 and especially to Stephenson, as Indiana by then had the largest state organization. Stephenson backed Evans in November 1922 when he unseated [[William J. Simmons]] as [[Imperial Wizard]] of the national KKK. Evans had ambitions to make the Klan a political force in the country.		Building on the momentum, Stephenson set up a base in Indianapolis, where he helped create the Klan's state newspaper, ''[[Fiery Cross (Indianapolis)\|Fiery Cross]].'' He quickly recruited new agents and organizers, building on news about the organization. Protestant ministers were offered free memberships. From July 1922 to July 1923, nearly 2,000 new members joined the Klan in Indiana each week.<ref>Moore (1997), ''Citizen Klansmen'', pp. 16-17</ref> [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], who led recruiting for the national organization, maintained close ties to state leaders throughout 1921-1922 and especially to Stephenson, as Indiana by then had the largest state organization. Stephenson backed Evans in November 1922 when he unseated [[William J. Simmons]] as [[Imperial Wizard]] of the national KKK. Evans had ambitions to make the Klan a [[political]] force in the country.

	After Evans won, he officially appointed Stephenson as [[Grand Dragon]] of Indiana. Privately he made him head of recruiting for seven other states north of Mississippi. In the 1920s, Klan membership in these states grew dramatically. In Indiana, membership grew to nearly 250,000 or about one third of all white males in the state. Stephenson acquired great wealth and political power by leading the Klan; agents received a portion of fees paid by new recruits, and he began to wield other power. Evans appointed Stephenson as Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan at a 1923 [[Independence Day (United States)\|Fourth of July]] gathering of the Ku Klux Klan in [[Kokomo, Indiana]], with more than 100,000 members and their families attending.<ref>Moore (1997), ''Citizen Klansmen'', pp. 17-19</ref> Stephenson said,		After Evans won, he officially appointed Stephenson as [[Grand Dragon]] of Indiana. Privately he made him head of recruiting for seven other states north of Mississippi. In the 1920s, Klan membership in these states grew dramatically. In Indiana, membership grew to nearly 250,000 or about one third of all white males in the state. Stephenson acquired great wealth and political power by leading the Klan; agents received a portion of fees paid by new recruits, and he began to wield other power. Evans appointed Stephenson as Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan at a 1923 [[Independence Day (United States)\|Fourth of July]] gathering of the Ku Klux Klan in [[Kokomo, Indiana]], with more than 100,000 members and their families attending.<ref>Moore (1997), ''Citizen Klansmen'', pp. 17-19</ref> Stephenson said,
	<blockquote>"My worthy subjects, citizens of the Invisible Empire, Klansmen all, greetings. It grieves me to be late. The President of the United States kept me unduly long counseling on matters of state. Only my plea that this is the time and the place of my coronation obtained for me surcease from his prayers for guidance."</blockquote><ref name="Lutholtz"/>		<blockquote>"My worthy subjects, citizens of the Invisible [[Empire]], Klansmen all, greetings. It grieves me to be late. The President of the United States kept me unduly long counseling on matters of state. Only my plea that this is the [[time]] and the place of my coronation obtained for me surcease from his prayers for guidance."</blockquote><ref name="Lutholtz"/>

	Encouraged by his success, in September 1923, Stephenson severed his ties with the existing national organization of the KKK, and formed a rival KKK made up of the chapters he led. That year Stephenson changed his affiliation from the Democratic to [[Republican Party (United States)\|the Republican Party]], which predominated in Indiana and much of the Midwest. He notably supported [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] [[Edward L. Jackson]], a Klan member, when he ran (successfully) for [[Governor of Indiana\|governor]] in 1924. Stephenson was noted for having claimed, "I am the law in Indiana."<ref name="Lutholtz"/>		Encouraged by his success, in September 1923, Stephenson severed his ties with the existing national organization of the KKK, and formed a rival KKK made up of the chapters he led. That year Stephenson changed his affiliation from the Democratic to [[Republican Party (United States)\|the Republican Party]], which predominated in Indiana and much of the Midwest. He notably supported [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] [[Edward L. Jackson]], a Klan member, when he ran (successfully) for [[Governor of Indiana\|governor]] in 1924. Stephenson was noted for having claimed, "I am the law in Indiana."<ref name="Lutholtz"/>

	==Convicted of murder==		==Convicted of murder==
	Publicly a [[Prohibition]]ist and a defender of "[[Protestantism\|Protestant]] womanhood," Stephenson was tried in 1925 for the rape and murder of [[Madge Oberholtzer]], a young state employee. The scandal of the charges and trial, in which he was convicted, led to the rapid decline in the "Second Wave" of Klan activity. Stephenson was convicted of the abduction, forced intoxication, and rape of Oberholtzer. (She ran a state program to combat adult illiteracy.) His abuse led to her suicide attempt and eventual death, so he was also charged with murder. Stephenson had bitten her so many times in his attack that the attending doctor described her condition as having been “chewed by a cannibal.”<ref>{{cite news		Publicly a [[Prohibition]]ist and a defender of "[[Protestantism\|Protestant]] womanhood," Stephenson was tried in 1925 for the rape and murder of [[Madge Oberholtzer]], a young state employee. The scandal of the charges and trial, in which he was convicted, led to the rapid decline in the "Second Wave" of Klan activity. Stephenson was convicted of the abduction, forced intoxication, and rape of Oberholtzer. (She ran a state program to combat adult illiteracy.) His abuse led to her suicide attempt and eventual death, so he was also charged with murder. Stephenson had bitten her so many times in his [[attack]] that the attending doctor described her condition as having been “chewed by a cannibal.”<ref>{{cite news
	\| title = Stephenson Sentenced		\| title = Stephenson Sentenced
	\| work = Indianapolis News		\| work = Indianapolis News
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	\| isbn = 1-55753-046-7}}</ref>		\| isbn = 1-55753-046-7}}</ref>

	After his conviction, Governor Jackson refused to grant clemency or commute his sentence. On 9 September 1927, Stephenson released lists of public officials who were or had been on the Klan payroll and was interviewed by the ''[[Indianapolis Times]]'', which proceeded with an extended investigation of the Klan's political ties.<ref name="Center"/> (The ''Times'' won a Pulitzer Prize for its investigative reporting.<ref name="Center"/>) This publicity and the state's crackdown on Klan activity sped up the decline of the organization by the end of the 1920s. The KKK suffered a dramatic national loss in reputation and its membership rapidly fell from 5 million in 1925; soon few members were counted in the previous stronghold of the Midwest.		After his conviction, Governor Jackson refused to grant clemency or commute his sentence. On 9 September 1927, Stephenson released lists of public officials who were or had been on the Klan payroll and was interviewed by the ''[[Indianapolis Times]]'', which proceeded with an extended investigation of the Klan's political ties.<ref name="Center"/> (The ''Times'' won a Pulitzer Prize for its investigative reporting.<ref name="Center"/>) This [[publicity]] and the state's crackdown on Klan activity sped up the decline of the organization by the end of the 1920s. The KKK suffered a dramatic national loss in reputation and its membership rapidly fell from 5 million in 1925; soon few members were counted in the previous stronghold of the Midwest.

	The state filed indictments against Governor Jackson; George V. "Cap" Coffin, chairman of the Marion County Republican Party; and attorney Robert I. Marsh, charging them with conspiring to bribe former Governor [[Warren McCray]]. The mayor of Indianapolis, [[John L. Duvall\|John Duvall]], was convicted and sentenced to jail for 30 days (and barred from political service for four years). Some Republican commissioners of [[Marion County, Indiana\|Marion County]] resigned from their posts after being charged with accepting bribes from the Klan and Stephenson.<ref name="Center">[http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/the-golden-era-of-indiana-1900-1941 "Indiana and the Ku Klux Klan"], Center for History</ref>		The state filed indictments against Governor Jackson; George V. "Cap" Coffin, chairman of the Marion County [[Republican]] Party; and attorney Robert I. Marsh, charging them with conspiring to bribe former Governor [[Warren McCray]]. The mayor of Indianapolis, [[John L. Duvall\|John Duvall]], was convicted and sentenced to jail for 30 days (and barred from political service for four years). Some Republican commissioners of [[Marion County, Indiana\|Marion County]] resigned from their posts after being charged with accepting bribes from the Klan and Stephenson.<ref name="Center">[http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/the-golden-era-of-indiana-1900-1941 "Indiana and the Ku Klux Klan"], Center for History</ref>

	==Later years==		==Later years==
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	==Cultural references==		==Cultural references==
	*[[John Heard (actor)\|John Heard]] portrayed Stephenson in the television miniseries ''[[Cross of Fire]]'' (1989).		*[[John Heard (actor)\|John Heard]] portrayed Stephenson in the television miniseries ''[[Cross of Fire]]'' (1989).
	*In [[Daniel Easterman]]'s alternate history [[novel]] ''[[K is for Killing]]'' (1997), Stephenson is featured as the sinister power behind the throne after the [[isolationism\|isolationist]] Senator [[Charles Lindbergh]] is elected [[President of the United States]]. Easterman reflected the documented predatory sexual behavior of Stephenson in the novel. He was portrayed as a politically savvy but unstable ally of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>Easterman, Daniel. ''K is for Killing'', London, England: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1997</ref>		*In [[Daniel Easterman]]'s alternate history [[novel]] ''[[K is for Killing]]'' (1997), Stephenson is featured as the sinister power behind the throne after the [[isolationism\|isolationist]] Senator [[Charles Lindbergh]] is elected [[President of the United States]]. Easterman reflected the documented predatory sexual behavior of Stephenson in the novel. He was portrayed as a politically savvy but unstable ally of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>Easterman, Daniel. ''K is for Killing'', [[London]], England: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1997</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	~~[[Category:Ku Klux Klan leaders]]~~
	~~[[Category:Crime in Indiana]]~~

	~~[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]~~
	~~[[Category:Indiana Democrats]]~~
	~~[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Indiana]]~~



	~~[[Category:Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons]]~~







	{{wikipedia}}		{{wikipedia}}

			[[Category:Pages with broken file links\|Stephenson, D. C.]]
			[[Category:People]]
			[[Category:Ku Klux Klan]]

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	==Later years==		==Later years==
	On 7 January 1941, the [[Valparaiso, Indiana\|Valparaiso]] ''[[Vidette-Messenger]]'' reported that Governor [[M. Clifford Townsend\|Townsend]], a Democrat, was considering granting an early parole to Stephenson. No parole was approved that year. Stephenson was paroled on 23 March 1950 by a Democratic administration, but violated parole by disappearing on or before 25 September 1950. On 15 December 1950, he was captured in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota\|Minneapolis]] and returned to custody. He was sentenced in 1951 to serve 10 years in prison. In 1953, he pleaded for release, denying that he had ever been a leader of the Klan. [[File:D.C. Stewphenson.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|right\|180px\|Grave marker located at USVA Mountain Home National Cemetery in Johnson City, Tennessee]]On 22 December 1956, the state paroled him, on condition that he leave Indiana and never return.<ref name="Lutholtz"/> Stephenson relocated to [[Seymour, Indiana]], where he soon married Martha Dickinson (they were separated less than a year later).		On 7 January 1941, the [[Valparaiso, Indiana\|Valparaiso]] ''[[Vidette-Messenger]]'' reported that Governor [[M. Clifford Townsend\|Townsend]], a Democrat, was considering granting an early parole to Stephenson. No parole was approved that year. Stephenson was paroled on 23 March 1950 by a Democratic administration, but violated parole by disappearing on or before 25 September 1950. On 15 December 1950, he was captured in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota\|Minneapolis]] and returned to custody. He was sentenced in 1951 to serve 10 years in prison. In 1953, he pleaded for release, denying that he had ever been a leader of the Klan. [[File:D.C. Stewphenson.png\|thumb\|right\|180px\|Grave marker located at USVA Mountain Home National Cemetery in Johnson City, Tennessee]]On 22 December 1956, the state paroled him, on condition that he leave Indiana and never return.<ref name="Lutholtz"/> Stephenson relocated to [[Seymour, Indiana]], where he soon married Martha Dickinson (they were separated less than a year later).

	Stephenson then moved to [[Jonesborough, Tennessee]] (the town name was briefly spelled as "Jonesboro" during this time), where he was employed at the [[Jonesborough, Tennessee\|Jonesboro]] ''[[Herald & Tribune]]'',<ref>"Notre Dame Vs. the Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan". By Todd Tucker</ref> and where he married Martha Murray Sutton without having been divorced from Dickinson.		Stephenson then moved to [[Jonesborough, Tennessee]] (the town name was briefly spelled as "Jonesboro" during this time), where he was employed at the [[Jonesborough, Tennessee\|Jonesboro]] ''[[Herald & Tribune]]'',<ref>"Notre Dame Vs. the Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan". By Todd Tucker</ref> and where he married Martha Murray Sutton without having been divorced from Dickinson.

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	{{wikipedia}}		{{wikipedia}}

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==