Eastern fascism - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-15T23:37:22Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 15 February 2024
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese ~~nationalist~~]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: the Blue Shirts \|journal = the China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> the [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Fascist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during the World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese fascist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: the Blue Shirts \|journal = the China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> the [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Fascist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during the World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. the Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement the Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|~~nationalistic~~]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. the Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement the Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|fascistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

2024-02-15T23:22:42Z

Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 15 February 2024
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: the Blue Shirts \|journal = the China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> the [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[~~Nationalist~~ Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during the World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: the Blue Shirts \|journal = the China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> the [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Fascist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during the World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. the Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement the Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. the Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement the Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

WikiSysop: Text replacement - " The " to " the "

2023-02-27T08:01:52Z

Text replacement - " The " to " the "

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:01, 26 February 2023
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: ~~The~~ Blue Shirts \|journal = ~~The~~ China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> ~~The~~ [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within ~~The~~ KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and ~~The~~ Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and ~~The~~ Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between ~~The~~ [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to ~~The~~ [[Declarations of war during ~~The~~ World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: the Blue Shirts \|journal = the China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> the [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during the World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following ~~The~~ emergence of ideological challenges to ~~The~~ status quo. ~~The~~ Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such ~~The~~ Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement ~~The~~ Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that ~~The~~ New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of ~~The~~ Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. the Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement the Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "tbe" to "The"

2023-02-14T15:13:59Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "The"

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:13, 14 February 2023
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within ~~tbe~~ KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and ~~tbe~~ Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and ~~tbe~~ Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between ~~tbe~~ [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to ~~tbe~~ [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within The KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and The Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and The Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between The [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to The [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following ~~tbe~~ emergence of ideological challenges to ~~tbe~~ status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such ~~tbe~~ Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that ~~tbe~~ New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of ~~tbe~~ Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following The emergence of ideological challenges to The status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such The Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that The New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of The Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

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2023-02-14T00:15:21Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:15, 13 February 2023
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within ~~the~~ KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and ~~the~~ Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and ~~the~~ Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between ~~the~~ [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to ~~the~~ [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within tbe KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and tbe Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and tbe Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between tbe [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to tbe [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following ~~the~~ emergence of ideological challenges to ~~the~~ status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such ~~the~~ Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that ~~the~~ New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of ~~the~~ Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following tbe emergence of ideological challenges to tbe status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such tbe Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that tbe New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of tbe Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

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2023-02-06T12:15:35Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:15, 6 February 2023
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within ~~tbe~~ KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and ~~tbe~~ Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and ~~tbe~~ Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between ~~tbe~~ [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to ~~tbe~~ [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following ~~tbe~~ emergence of ideological challenges to ~~tbe~~ status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such ~~tbe~~ Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that ~~tbe~~ New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of ~~tbe~~ Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

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2023-02-05T07:25:57Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:25, 4 February 2023
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	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within ~~the~~ KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and ~~the~~ Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and ~~the~~ Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between ~~the~~ [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to ~~the~~ [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within tbe KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and tbe Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and tbe Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between tbe [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to tbe [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following ~~the~~ emergence of ideological challenges to ~~the~~ status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such ~~the~~ Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that ~~the~~ New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of ~~the~~ Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following tbe emergence of ideological challenges to tbe status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such tbe Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that tbe New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of tbe Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

Bacchus: Text replacement - "The Great WarI" to "The World's War Against Communism"

2022-12-07T01:28:02Z

Text replacement - "The Great WarI" to "The World's War Against Communism"

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 6 December 2022
Line 3:		Line 3:

	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during The ~~Great WarI~~\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during The World's War Against Communism\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

Bacchus: Text replacement - "World War I" to "The Great War"

2022-12-06T23:14:16Z

Text replacement - "World War I" to "The Great War"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:14, 6 December 2022
Line 3:		Line 3:

	====Kuomintang====		====Kuomintang====
	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during ~~World War II~~\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during The Great WarI\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

	====New Life Movement====		====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>

Bacchus: /* Kuomintang */

2022-11-26T19:01:34Z

Kuomintang

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:01, 26 November 2022
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	The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during World War II\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.		The [[Kuomintang]], a [[Chinese nationalism\|Chinese nationalist]] political party, had, a history of fascism under [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s leadership.<ref>{{cite journal \|first = Lloyd \|last = Eastman \|title = Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts \|journal = The China Quarterly \|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/652110 \|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|issue = 49 \|pages = 1–31 \|publisher = Cambridge University Press \|jstor = 652110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first = Stanley\|last = Payne \|title = A History of Fascism 1914-1945 \|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&pg=PA337\|access-date=2 February 2021 \|year=2021 \|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press \|page=337\|isbn = 9780299148744 }}</ref> The [[Blue Shirts Society]], a [[Fascism\|fascist]] organization within the KMT that modeled itself after [[Benito Mussolini\|Mussolini]]'s [[blackshirts]], was anti-foreign and anti-[[communist]], and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref name=DaiLi>{{cite book\|author=Frederic E. Wakeman\|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-23407-9\|page=75\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man [[Dai Li]] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Fenby\|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|access-date=28 June 2010\|year=2005\|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers\|isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1\|page=414\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C\|archive-date=5 February 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Close [[Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)\|Sino-German ties]] also promoted cooperation between the [[Nationalist Government]] and [[Nazi Germany]] until diplomatic ties were cut off in 1941 due to the [[Declarations of war during World War II\|declaration of war by China against fascist countries]], including Germany, Japan, and Italy.

			====New Life Movement====
	The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>		The [[New Life Movement]] was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon [[Confucianism]], mixed with [[Christianity]], [[nationalism]] and [[authoritarianism]] that have some similarities to [[fascism]].<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A2g1y80xsQbIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=New+Life+Movement The Revolution and Its Past] (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</ref> It rejected [[individualism]] and [[liberalism]], while also opposing [[socialism]] and [[communism]]. Some historians regard this movement as imitating [[Nazism]] and being a neo-[[Nationalism\|nationalistic]] movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. [[Frederic Wakeman]] suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<ref>Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." ''The China Quarterly'' 150: 395–432.</ref>