Erich Priebke - Revision history

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	[[Category:the Ulrich von Hutten Medal]]		[[Category:the Ulrich von Hutten Medal]]
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	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Erich Priebke II.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|305px\|Priebke during his leader training]]		[[File:Erich Priebke II.png\|thumb\|305px\|Priebke during his leader training]]
	[[File:Erich Priebke with his wife Alicia at a Schulz family carnival party in Argentina.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|305px\|Erich Priebke with his wife Alicia at a Schulz family carnival party in Argentina]]		[[File:Erich Priebke with his wife Alicia at a Schulz family carnival party in Argentina.png\|thumb\|305px\|Erich Priebke with his wife Alicia at a Schulz family carnival party in Argentina]]
	[[File:Erich Priebke during is first trial in 1996.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|305px\|Erich Priebke during is first trial in 1996]]		[[File:Erich Priebke during is first trial in 1996.png\|thumb\|305px\|Erich Priebke during is first trial in 1996]]
	Priebke grew up with his uncle and maternal aunt after his parents died. He was a trained hotel manager and worked in various hotels in Europe (including the Savoy Hotel in London and on the Italian Riviera) until 1935. He had been a member of the [[NSDAP]] since 1933 (membership number 3,280,478). When he returned to Germany in 1936, on the recommendation of a cousin, he became an interpreter and translator for Italian in the Gestapo press office. He was soon promoted to civil servant (''Beamter'') and taken over into the Gestapo's criminal investigation service, where he was responsible for contact with other police services, especially with fascist Italy. On 1 January 1938, he was promoted to ''Kriminalassistent-Anwarter i. V.'' and in 1940, after graduating from the SS leader school (''Führerschule'') to ''Kriminalkommissar''. He subsequently worked in Office IV (“research and combat against enemies”) at the [[Reich Security Main Office]] (RSHA).		Priebke grew up with his uncle and maternal aunt after his parents died. He was a trained hotel manager and worked in various hotels in Europe (including the Savoy Hotel in London and on the Italian Riviera) until 1935. He had been a member of the [[NSDAP]] since 1933 (membership number 3,280,478). When he returned to Germany in 1936, on the recommendation of a cousin, he became an interpreter and translator for Italian in the Gestapo press office. He was soon promoted to civil servant (''Beamter'') and taken over into the Gestapo's criminal investigation service, where he was responsible for contact with other police services, especially with fascist Italy. On 1 January 1938, he was promoted to ''Kriminalassistent-Anwarter i. V.'' and in 1940, after graduating from the SS leader school (''Führerschule'') to ''Kriminalkommissar''. He subsequently worked in Office IV (“research and combat against enemies”) at the [[Reich Security Main Office]] (RSHA).
	===WWII===		===WWII===
	[[File:Erich Priebke IV.~~jpg~~\|right\|315px]]		[[File:Erich Priebke IV.png\|right\|315px]]
	[[File:Erich Priebke V.~~jpg~~\|right\|315px]]		[[File:Erich Priebke V.png\|right\|315px]]
	He was transferred to Rome by [[Reinhard Heydrich]] after the commander of Rome's security police and SD, [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Kappler,_Herbert Herbert Kappler], requested an employee. Priebke saw himself as “number two” behind Kappler. From February 1941, Priebke worked at the German embassy in Rome as a liaison officer with the Italian police, ultimately with the rank of SS-Hauptstürmführer. He experienced the [[Massacre on the Via Rasella]] and was involved in the bloody response. After Rome was evacuated, he served in Brescia. In May 1945 in Bozen, he became a British [[prisoner of war]] (POW).		He was transferred to Rome by [[Reinhard Heydrich]] after the commander of Rome's security police and SD, [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Kappler,_Herbert Herbert Kappler], requested an employee. Priebke saw himself as “number two” behind Kappler. From February 1941, Priebke worked at the German embassy in Rome as a liaison officer with the Italian police, ultimately with the rank of SS-Hauptstürmführer. He experienced the [[Massacre on the Via Rasella]] and was involved in the bloody response. After Rome was evacuated, he served in Brescia. In May 1945 in Bozen, he became a British [[prisoner of war]] (POW).

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	~~[[Category:Gestapo personnel]]~~

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	~~[[Category:SS officers]]~~

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	==Death==		==Death==
	Priebke died in Rome on 11 October 2013, at the age of 100, from natural causes. His last request, that his remains be returned to Argentina so he could be buried alongside his wife, was denied by the Argentinian government. His hometown in Germany also refused to take his body, over fears that his place of burial could become a pilgrimage site for ~~nationalists~~. The Diocese of Rome had refused Giachini’s request to allow a funeral to take place in a church or chapel.		Priebke died in Rome on 11 October 2013, at the age of 100, from natural causes. His last request, that his remains be returned to Argentina so he could be buried alongside his wife, was denied by the Argentinian government. His hometown in Germany also refused to take his body, over fears that his place of burial could become a pilgrimage site for fascists. The Diocese of Rome had refused Giachini’s request to allow a funeral to take place in a church or chapel.

	Father Florian Abrahamowicz offered to hold the funeral ceremony for Erich Priebke in the city of Albano Laziale. During the funeral service, the police prevented clashes from breaking out between sympathizers and the invading [[antifa]] mob. The funeral eventually took place, albeit without the presence of any of his relatives, because his family was unable to enter the city due to the leftist rioting and menace. Eventually, the coffin containing Priebke's body was seized by the Italian authorities, taken to a military base near Rome and then buried "in a secret location" as his lawyer and confidant Paolo Giachini stated. Giachini said the agreement "satisfie[d] the family and ethical and spiritual requirements."		Father Florian Abrahamowicz offered to hold the funeral ceremony for Erich Priebke in the city of Albano Laziale. During the funeral service, the police prevented clashes from breaking out between sympathizers and the invading [[antifa]] mob. The funeral eventually took place, albeit without the presence of any of his relatives, because his family was unable to enter the city due to the leftist rioting and menace. Eventually, the coffin containing Priebke's body was seized by the Italian authorities, taken to a military base near Rome and then buried "in a secret location" as his lawyer and confidant Paolo Giachini stated. Giachini said the agreement "satisfie[d] the family and ethical and spiritual requirements."

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	In 1996, he was convicted of alleged "[[war criminal\|war crimes]]" in [[Italy]], for participating in the reprisal at the Ardeatine caves in [[Rome]] on 24 March 1944. 335 Italians (mostly criminals from jail) were executed there as atonement for a [[terror]] attack that had claimed the lives of 34 South Tyrolian policemen (another eight police soldiers died in the following days) from the 11th Company/III. Bataillon/SS-Polizeiregiment "Bozen" (a military police battalion from [[South Tyrol]]) and of several Italian civilians. Priebke was one of those who was held responsible for this legal mass execution. After the defeat of [[National socialist Germany]], he got help to flee to [[Argentina]] where he lived for over 50 years.		In 1996, he was convicted of alleged "[[war criminal\|war crimes]]" in [[Italy]], for participating in the reprisal at the Ardeatine caves in [[Rome]] on 24 March 1944. 335 Italians (mostly criminals from jail) were executed there as atonement for a [[terror]] attack that had claimed the lives of 34 South Tyrolian policemen (another eight police soldiers died in the following days) from the 11th Company/III. Bataillon/SS-Polizeiregiment "Bozen" (a military police battalion from [[South Tyrol]]) and of several Italian civilians. Priebke was one of those who was held responsible for this legal mass execution. After the defeat of [[National socialist Germany]], he got help to flee to [[Argentina]] where he lived for over 50 years.

	In 1991, Priebke's participation in the Rome execution was denounced in Esteban Buch's book.<ref>Esteban Buch (1991), ''El pintor de la Suiza Argentina'', Editorial Sudamericana ([[Buenos Aires]]). ISBN 978-950-07-0663-6</ref> In 1994, 50 years after the [[anti-German]] [[Massacre on the Via Rasella]] and the ordered response by the SS, Priebke felt he could now talk about the incident and was interviewed by an American ABC News reporter Sam Donaldson. This woke the revenge hunger of [[~~Jews~~]] and their lackeys, and led to his extradition to [[Italy]] and a trial which would last more than four years.		In 1991, Priebke's participation in the Rome execution was denounced in Esteban Buch's book.<ref>Esteban Buch (1991), ''El pintor de la Suiza Argentina'', Editorial Sudamericana ([[Buenos Aires]]). ISBN 978-950-07-0663-6</ref> In 1994, 50 years after the [[anti-German]] [[Massacre on the Via Rasella]] and the ordered response by the SS, Priebke felt he could now talk about the incident and was interviewed by an American ABC News reporter Sam Donaldson. This woke the revenge hunger of [[jews]] and their lackeys, and led to his extradition to [[Italy]] and a trial which would last more than four years.

	==Life==		==Life==
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	==The trials==		==The trials==
	===The extradition of Priebke===		===The extradition of Priebke===
	Donaldson's news report showed how openly Priebke could live in Argentina, and how little remorse he felt for his actions. This caused strong reactions by revenge-hungry ~~Jews~~. Argentine authorities arrested Priebke. Because of his old age and poor health, he was at first not imprisoned, but rather held under house arrest at his home in Bariloche, where he had lived since 1949.		Donaldson's news report showed how openly Priebke could live in Argentina, and how little remorse he felt for his actions. This caused strong reactions by revenge-hungry jews. Argentine authorities arrested Priebke. Because of his old age and poor health, he was at first not imprisoned, but rather held under house arrest at his home in Bariloche, where he had lived since 1949.

	The extradition of Priebke had several delays - his lawyers used tactics like demanding all Italian documents be translated to [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], a process which could have taken two years. The Argentine court eventually denied the process, but appeals and other delays caused the extradition case to take more than a year. His lawyers made arguments that the case was expired since [[murder]] cases expire after 15 years.		The extradition of Priebke had several delays - his lawyers used tactics like demanding all Italian documents be translated to [[Spanish language\|Spanish]], a process which could have taken two years. The Argentine court eventually denied the process, but appeals and other delays caused the extradition case to take more than a year. His lawyers made arguments that the case was expired since [[murder]] cases expire after 15 years.

	In March 1995, after nine months of delays, the president of the ~~Jewish~~ organization [[B'nai B'rith]] was promised by, among others, the Argentine president Carlos Menem, that the case would soon be closed, and that Priebke was to be transferred to Italy by the end of the month. In spite of these promises, the Supreme Court of Argentina decided that the case was to be transferred to the local court in Bariloche where the case was originally brought up. This opened the possibility for years of delays from future appeals, while Priebke could live at his home.		In March 1995, after nine months of delays, the president of the jewish organization [[B'nai B'rith]] was promised by, among others, the Argentine president Carlos Menem, that the case would soon be closed, and that Priebke was to be transferred to Italy by the end of the month. In spite of these promises, the Supreme Court of Argentina decided that the case was to be transferred to the local court in Bariloche where the case was originally brought up. This opened the possibility for years of delays from future appeals, while Priebke could live at his home.

	In May 1995, an Argentine federal judge accepted the Italian demand for extradition on the grounds that cases of crimes against humanity could not expire. But there were more appeals and rumours that the court might change the ruling. In August of the same year, it was judged that Priebke was not to be extradited because the case had expired. To put pressure on the Argentine government, ~~Jewish~~ ruled Germany demanded extradition the same day. The Italian military prosecutor, Antonio Intelisano, argued that FN agreements which Argentina was signatory to, expressly state that cases of alleged [[war crime\|war criminals]] and crimes against humanity do not expire.		In May 1995, an Argentine federal judge accepted the Italian demand for extradition on the grounds that cases of crimes against humanity could not expire. But there were more appeals and rumours that the court might change the ruling. In August of the same year, it was judged that Priebke was not to be extradited because the case had expired. To put pressure on the Argentine government, jewish ruled Germany demanded extradition the same day. The Italian military prosecutor, Antonio Intelisano, argued that FN agreements which Argentina was signatory to, expressly state that cases of alleged [[war crime\|war criminals]] and crimes against humanity do not expire.

	After seventeen months of delays, the Argentine supreme court decided that Priebke was to be extradited to Italy. He was put on a direct flight from Bariloche to Ciampino, a military airport close to the Ardeatine caves, where the executions had been carried out many years earlier.		After seventeen months of delays, the Argentine supreme court decided that Priebke was to be extradited to Italy. He was put on a direct flight from Bariloche to Ciampino, a military airport close to the Ardeatine caves, where the executions had been carried out many years earlier.
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	In court, Priebke declared himself not guilty. He did not deny what he had done, but he denied any moral or crimonal responsibility. The Italian terrorists, who were behind the attack on the young South-Tyrolian soldiers, were the criminals – not according to Priebke or "the Germans", but according to the internatiol law of armed conflict/war (''Kriegsvölkerrecht''). The order came directly from Adolf Hitler, his supreme commander, and it was a legitimate punishment. During the trial it became clear that Priebke had personally shot two Italians. This was also in his testimony from 1945 before he managed to escape.		In court, Priebke declared himself not guilty. He did not deny what he had done, but he denied any moral or crimonal responsibility. The Italian terrorists, who were behind the attack on the young South-Tyrolian soldiers, were the criminals – not according to Priebke or "the Germans", but according to the internatiol law of armed conflict/war (''Kriegsvölkerrecht''). The order came directly from Adolf Hitler, his supreme commander, and it was a legitimate punishment. During the trial it became clear that Priebke had personally shot two Italians. This was also in his testimony from 1945 before he managed to escape.

	Priebke was found not guilty, for the reason of acting under legitimate orders. On 1 August 1996, orders were given for the immediate release of Priebke. The Italian minister of justice later told the public that Priebke might be arrested again, depending on whether or not he was going to be extradited to Germany, where he was to be charged with ''murder''. The courts were blocked by primarily ~~Jewish~~ demonstrators for over seven hours after Priebke's trial.		Priebke was found not guilty, for the reason of acting under legitimate orders. On 1 August 1996, orders were given for the immediate release of Priebke. The Italian minister of justice later told the public that Priebke might be arrested again, depending on whether or not he was going to be extradited to Germany, where he was to be charged with ''murder''. The courts were blocked by primarily jewish demonstrators for over seven hours after Priebke's trial.

	The judges voted two against, one for, sentencing the 83 year old Priebke for taking part of the reprisal action, which he himself had freely admitted. There were strong reactions from family members of the victims, who claimed that the judges put no value on human lives. Shimon Samuels, the leader of the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]], said in a [[propaganda]] speech that with this ruling, Italy was permitting crimes against humanity.		The judges voted two against, one for, sentencing the 83 year old Priebke for taking part of the reprisal action, which he himself had freely admitted. There were strong reactions from family members of the victims, who claimed that the judges put no value on human lives. Shimon Samuels, the leader of the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]], said in a [[propaganda]] speech that with this ruling, Italy was permitting crimes against humanity.
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	The case was appealed by the prosecutors. The day after, Germany asked Italy to keep Priebke imprisoned until their demand to have him extradited was processed, as they wanted him put on trial for the murders of two people that he had personally shot. Outside the courthouse there were demonstrations.		The case was appealed by the prosecutors. The day after, Germany asked Italy to keep Priebke imprisoned until their demand to have him extradited was processed, as they wanted him put on trial for the murders of two people that he had personally shot. Outside the courthouse there were demonstrations.

	The Court of Cassation voided the decision of the first trial in 1997, ordering a new trial for Priebke due to further ~~Jewish~~ pressure. He was sentenced to 15 years. These were reduced to 10 years because of his age and alleged ill health. Furthermore, in March 1997 it was decided that Priebke could not be extradited to Germany. The reason for this was that he was now going through a trial which was for the same things that Germany wanted him tried for. He was not to be tried for the same crime twice.		The Court of Cassation voided the decision of the first trial in 1997, ordering a new trial for Priebke due to further jewish pressure. He was sentenced to 15 years. These were reduced to 10 years because of his age and alleged ill health. Furthermore, in March 1997 it was decided that Priebke could not be extradited to Germany. The reason for this was that he was now going through a trial which was for the same things that Germany wanted him tried for. He was not to be tried for the same crime twice.

	A week before [[Easter]], the pretrial prisoner moved from the Regina Coeli prison to the monastery for house arrest. The 17 Franciscans around Father Andrea Stefani patiently accepted the march of the carabinieri in the vineyards. The monks made room at the head of the table in the dining room for their guest, who prayed with them and whom they called "Brother Erich."		A week before [[Easter]], the pretrial prisoner moved from the Regina Coeli prison to the monastery for house arrest. The 17 Franciscans around Father Andrea Stefani patiently accepted the march of the carabinieri in the vineyards. The monks made room at the head of the table in the dining room for their guest, who prayed with them and whom they called "Brother Erich."
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	Priebke appealed the case to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in [[Strasbourg]], where he stated he had no choice but to obey Hitler's orders. On 20 March 2004, over 100 people gathered in a room of the Centro Letterario in Trieste to show their support for the Priebke, who was still under house arrest. Priebke’s wife, Alice, née Stoll, even led a public rally in Rome demanding her husband’s pardon and release from house arrest.		Priebke appealed the case to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in [[Strasbourg]], where he stated he had no choice but to obey Hitler's orders. On 20 March 2004, over 100 people gathered in a room of the Centro Letterario in Trieste to show their support for the Priebke, who was still under house arrest. Priebke’s wife, Alice, née Stoll, even led a public rally in Rome demanding her husband’s pardon and release from house arrest.

	On 12 June 2007, he received authorization to leave his home for working reasons, to work at his lawyer's office in Rome. This led to angry protests from revenge-hungry ~~Jewish~~ groups and the judge's decision was overturned. In 2003, Senator Antonio Serena (National Alliance) argued that Priebke should have been pardoned by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, arguing that Priebke was suffering from "cruel and pointless behaviours" from a "~~Jewish~~ lobby that spreads hate".		On 12 June 2007, he received authorization to leave his home for working reasons, to work at his lawyer's office in Rome. This led to angry protests from revenge-hungry jewish groups and the judge's decision was overturned. In 2003, Senator Antonio Serena (National Alliance) argued that Priebke should have been pardoned by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, arguing that Priebke was suffering from "cruel and pointless behaviours" from a "jewish lobby that spreads hate".

	: ''At the beginning of June 2007, Priebke's lawyer ensured that he was allowed to move freely in Rome with restrictions and notification to the police. Amos Luzzatto, a leading representative of the ~~Jewish~~ community, accused the court of trying to avoid Priebke's prison sentence. On 19 June 2007, the relaxation of the house arrest was withdrawn. Priebke's defense attorneys argued on his behalf that he acted out of order, which his accusers denied. Priebke's old age and poor health are also cited by critics of the procedure as reasons for a possible pardon or amnesty. In October 2010, relaxation of the house arrest was granted again.''		: ''At the beginning of June 2007, Priebke's lawyer ensured that he was allowed to move freely in Rome with restrictions and notification to the police. Amos Luzzatto, a leading representative of the jewish community, accused the court of trying to avoid Priebke's prison sentence. On 19 June 2007, the relaxation of the house arrest was withdrawn. Priebke's defense attorneys argued on his behalf that he acted out of order, which his accusers denied. Priebke's old age and poor health are also cited by critics of the procedure as reasons for a possible pardon or amnesty. In October 2010, relaxation of the house arrest was granted again.''

	As of 2011, his health has been reported to be fading and he has been confined to his apartment, but he still maintained a lively correspondence with patriots all over the world, for example with the [https://web.archive.org/web/20230528023420/https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Deutschherrenklub Deutschherrenklub] in [[Berlin]]. A number of Italian conservative figures defended Priebke on the grounds that he was only acting to obey orders: Italian journalist Indro Montanelli, who had lost two friends in the massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine, nonetheless wrote a private letter to Priebke that was later published in ''Il Giornale'' on 2013 by Fausto Biloslavo, arguing that he was only following orders; similar points of view were expressed by Vittorio Feltri, Giampiero Mughini, Vittorio Sgarbi, Guido Ceronetti, Anna Maria Ortese and Massimo Fini.		As of 2011, his health has been reported to be fading and he has been confined to his apartment, but he still maintained a lively correspondence with patriots all over the world, for example with the [https://web.archive.org/web/20230528023420/https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Deutschherrenklub Deutschherrenklub] in [[Berlin]]. A number of Italian conservative figures defended Priebke on the grounds that he was only acting to obey orders: Italian journalist Indro Montanelli, who had lost two friends in the massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine, nonetheless wrote a private letter to Priebke that was later published in ''Il Giornale'' on 2013 by Fausto Biloslavo, arguing that he was only following orders; similar points of view were expressed by Vittorio Feltri, Giampiero Mughini, Vittorio Sgarbi, Guido Ceronetti, Anna Maria Ortese and Massimo Fini.
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	*In 2007, two stamps printed by the Post of Finland, sent by Erich Priebke to his son, caused some quarrel in [[Argentina]]. In [[Finland]], it is possible to buy stamps with one's own picture on them, and according to the post officials, nobody knew that the man in the image was Priebke.		*In 2007, two stamps printed by the Post of Finland, sent by Erich Priebke to his son, caused some quarrel in [[Argentina]]. In [[Finland]], it is possible to buy stamps with one's own picture on them, and according to the post officials, nobody knew that the man in the image was Priebke.

	*In June 2007, Erich Priebke had his work permit revoked by an Italian magistrate after a day of protests. The magistrate cited that Priebke had failed to adequately communicate his movements. He was supposed to be working in his lawyer's offices as a clerk and a translator, given his knowledge of German, Spanish, English and French languages. The issue of a work permit to Priebke sparked outrage, particularly in the Italian ~~Jewish~~ community.		*In June 2007, Erich Priebke had his work permit revoked by an Italian magistrate after a day of protests. The magistrate cited that Priebke had failed to adequately communicate his movements. He was supposed to be working in his lawyer's offices as a clerk and a translator, given his knowledge of German, Spanish, English and French languages. The issue of a work permit to Priebke sparked outrage, particularly in the Italian jewish community.

	* In June 2010, Erich Priebke was discussed as the right-wing [[NPD]]'s candidate for the office of Federal President (''Bundespräsident'').		* In June 2010, Erich Priebke was discussed as the right-wing [[NPD]]'s candidate for the office of Federal President (''Bundespräsident'').

Erich Priebke - Revision history

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