Eugenics - Revision history

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	[[Category:Genetics]]		[[Category:Genetics]]
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	~~[[et:Eugeenika]]~~
	~~[[fr:Eugénisme]]~~
	~~[[es:Eugenesia]]~~
	~~[[sk:Eugenika]]~~
	~~[[sv:Eugenik]]~~

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	~~[[de:Eugenik]]~~
	[[et:Eugeenika]]		[[et:Eugeenika]]
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	The decline of the eugenics movement in Western countries is argued to be due to the adoption of it by [[National Socialist Germany]], and practices promoted by people such as [[Ernst Rüdin]]. It is sometimes even assumed that eugenics ceased to be practiced worldwide after the Second World War. However, many other countries had eugenic policies, such as involuntary sterilizations, both long before and long after the Second World War, such as Sweden. (See also the section on [[National Socialist Germany]] below for more details on this subject.)		The decline of the eugenics movement in Western countries is argued to be due to the adoption of it by [[National Socialist Germany]], and practices promoted by people such as [[Ernst Rüdin]]. It is sometimes even assumed that eugenics ceased to be practiced worldwide after the Second World War. However, many other countries had eugenic policies, such as involuntary sterilizations, both long before and long after the Second World War, such as Sweden. (See also the section on [[National Socialist Germany]] below for more details on this subject.)

	Another view is that the support for eugenics in the Western World was relatively strong into the 1960s. "''Then in the late 1960s, the majority of jewish social scientists and journalists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] did an about-face, reversing their position to one of harsh denunciation of eugenics, and since there was no organized opposition, their beliefs became both the academic orthodoxy and the “conventional wisdom.” This has lasted to the present day.''" One explanation for this is the birth of [[The ~~Holocaust~~]] Memorial Movement. Another argued explanation is that [[genetics denialism]], which must also deny the significance of eugenics, increased in influence during this time period. It has also been argued that some eugenics and genetics opponents must have known that the opposition lacked scientific support, but the opposition to eugenics/genetics (which was perceived as having contributed to the ~~Holocaust~~) was perceived as morally right, even if this meant deliberate lying.<ref name=cc/>		Another view is that the support for eugenics in the Western World was relatively strong into the 1960s. "''Then in the late 1960s, the majority of jewish social scientists and journalists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] did an about-face, reversing their position to one of harsh denunciation of eugenics, and since there was no organized opposition, their beliefs became both the academic orthodoxy and the “conventional wisdom.” This has lasted to the present day.''" One explanation for this is the birth of [[The Holohoax]] Memorial Movement. Another argued explanation is that [[genetics denialism]], which must also deny the significance of eugenics, increased in influence during this time period. It has also been argued that some eugenics and genetics opponents must have known that the opposition lacked scientific support, but the opposition to eugenics/genetics (which was perceived as having contributed to the Holohoax) was perceived as morally right, even if this meant deliberate lying.<ref name=cc/>

	It has even been argued that some jewish opponents may have had other motivations:		It has even been argued that some jewish opponents may have had other motivations:
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	See the articles on [[Ernst Rüdin]] and [[Hans F. K. Günther]] on these German eugenicists.		See the articles on [[Ernst Rüdin]] and [[Hans F. K. Günther]] on these German eugenicists.

	Revisionist historians agree that jews were persecuted. Deliberate genocide of [[jews]] during [[the ~~Holocaust~~]] is, however, disputed by [[~~Holocaust~~ revisionists]]. Such actions have often been claimed to have had eugenic motivations. This view has been criticized.		Revisionist historians agree that jews were persecuted. Deliberate genocide of [[jews]] during [[the Holohoax]] is, however, disputed by [[Holohoax revisionists]]. Such actions have often been claimed to have had eugenic motivations. This view has been criticized.

	[[Richard Lynn]] (not a ~~Holocaust~~ revisionist) thus writes:		[[Richard Lynn]] (not a Holohoax revisionist) thus writes:

	:"''Hitler did not regard the jews as genetically inferior. No one could have reached such a conclusion in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s because it was a matter of common knowledge and observation that the jews were exceptionally talented. jews were prominent in business, the professions, and intellectual life. Although they constituted only approximately 1 percent of the population, jews won 10 out of 32 Nobel Prizes awarded [after nominations] to German citizens between 1905 and 1931 and were thus over-represented among this highly elite group by a factor of approximately 30 (Gordon, 1984). Anyone who asserted that the jews were genetically inferior and hence eugenically undesirable would have forfeited all credibility, and Hitler certainly did not do so. [...] Hitler believed that the jews and the Aryans were the two most talented races and that they were in competition to secure world supremacy. Thus, he wrote in ''Mein Kampf'' that the jews are "the mightiest counterpart to the Aryan" (p. 64). He feared that the outcome of the struggle between these two peoples might easily be "the final victory of this little nation" (p. 300). [...] The correct understanding of Hitler's views on the jews has been summarized by MacDonald (1998): "Hitler believed that races, including the jews, are in a struggle for world domination, and he had a very great respect for the ability of jews to carry on their struggle" (p. 146). The frequent assertion that Hitler exterminated the jews on eugenics grounds is a misunderstanding of his position.''"<ref name=ear>Lynn, Richard, ''Eugenics: A Reassessment'', 2001, Praeger</ref>		:"''Hitler did not regard the jews as genetically inferior. No one could have reached such a conclusion in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s because it was a matter of common knowledge and observation that the jews were exceptionally talented. jews were prominent in business, the professions, and intellectual life. Although they constituted only approximately 1 percent of the population, jews won 10 out of 32 Nobel Prizes awarded [after nominations] to German citizens between 1905 and 1931 and were thus over-represented among this highly elite group by a factor of approximately 30 (Gordon, 1984). Anyone who asserted that the jews were genetically inferior and hence eugenically undesirable would have forfeited all credibility, and Hitler certainly did not do so. [...] Hitler believed that the jews and the Aryans were the two most talented races and that they were in competition to secure world supremacy. Thus, he wrote in ''Mein Kampf'' that the jews are "the mightiest counterpart to the Aryan" (p. 64). He feared that the outcome of the struggle between these two peoples might easily be "the final victory of this little nation" (p. 300). [...] The correct understanding of Hitler's views on the jews has been summarized by MacDonald (1998): "Hitler believed that races, including the jews, are in a struggle for world domination, and he had a very great respect for the ability of jews to carry on their struggle" (p. 146). The frequent assertion that Hitler exterminated the jews on eugenics grounds is a misunderstanding of his position.''"<ref name=ear>Lynn, Richard, ''Eugenics: A Reassessment'', 2001, Praeger</ref>

	A 2008 study stated:		A 2008 study stated:
	:"''The author investigates the charge that eugenics represents a “[[slippery slope\|slippery path]]” that led to the ~~Holocaust~~, and concludes that this widely popularized allegation is not supported by the facts. In a documented “timeline” he shows that during the period 1927 through 1939 many of the leading proponents of the eugenics movement were jewish, and that the 1930s movement [in Germany] aimed at the political and genetic exclusion of jews from Germany.''"<ref>''Eugenics and the ~~Holocaust~~: 1927-1939'' http://www.mankindquarterly.org/archive/issue/48-4/2</ref>		:"''The author investigates the charge that eugenics represents a “[[slippery slope\|slippery path]]” that led to the Holohoax, and concludes that this widely popularized allegation is not supported by the facts. In a documented “timeline” he shows that during the period 1927 through 1939 many of the leading proponents of the eugenics movement were jewish, and that the 1930s movement [in Germany] aimed at the political and genetic exclusion of jews from Germany.''"<ref>''Eugenics and the Holohoax: 1927-1939'' http://www.mankindquarterly.org/archive/issue/48-4/2</ref>

	Ideological views which include that different groups are in necessary and justified struggles with one another are no new phenomena created by eugenics (or the science of genetics). Such views can be found, for example, in the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), which approvingly describes exterminations of various perceived enemies of jews, and in ideological justifications for communist exterminations of groups perceived as obstacles to the future communist utopia, despite communists opposing eugenics and even genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory by supporting [[Lysenkoism]].		Ideological views which include that different groups are in necessary and justified struggles with one another are no new phenomena created by eugenics (or the science of genetics). Such views can be found, for example, in the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), which approvingly describes exterminations of various perceived enemies of jews, and in ideological justifications for communist exterminations of groups perceived as obstacles to the future communist utopia, despite communists opposing eugenics and even genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory by supporting [[Lysenkoism]].

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	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	[[File:Sir Francis Galton.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Englishman Sir [[Francis Galton]], founder of the Eugenics Movement. He produced over 340 papers and books. Selective breeding was suggested at least as far back as [[Plato]], who believed human reproduction should be controlled by government. He recorded these ideals in The Republic: "The best men must have intercourse with the best women as frequently as possible, and the opposite is true of the very inferior." Plato proposed that the process be concealed from the public via a form of lottery (Plato, The Republic, [http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.6.v.html Book VI]). Other ancient examples include Sparta's purported practice of infanticide. However, they would leave all babies outside for a length of time, and the survivors were considered stronger, while many "weaker" babies perished.]]		[[File:Sir Francis Galton.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Englishman Sir [[Francis Galton]], founder of the Eugenics Movement. He produced over 340 papers and books. Selective breeding was suggested at least as far back as [[Plato]], who believed human reproduction should be controlled by government. He recorded these ideals in The Republic: "The best men must have intercourse with the best women as frequently as possible, and the opposite is true of the very inferior." Plato proposed that the process be concealed from the public via a form of lottery (Plato, The Republic, [http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.6.v.html Book VI]). Other ancient examples include Sparta's purported practice of infanticide. However, they would leave all babies outside for a length of time, and the survivors were considered stronger, while many "weaker" babies perished.]]
	The word eugenics etymologically derives from the Greek word ''eus'' ("good" or "well") and the suffix - ''genēs'' ("born"), ''eugenes'' "“well-born”) and was coined by [[Francis Galton]] in 1883.		The word eugenics etymologically derives from the Greek word ''eus'' ("good" or "well") and the suffix - ''genēs'' ("born"), ''eugenes'' "“well-born”) and was coined by [[Francis Galton]] in 1883.

	== History ==		== History ==
	[[File:Eugenics & heredity poster .~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Poster promoting eugenics; ''"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilised men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination; we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and the sick; we institute poor-laws; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilised societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly any one is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed."'' – [[Charles Darwin]], in: ''The Descent of Man'']]		[[File:Eugenics & heredity poster .png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Poster promoting eugenics; ''"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilised men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination; we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and the sick; we institute poor-laws; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilised societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly any one is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed."'' – [[Charles Darwin]], in: ''The Descent of Man'']]
	[[File:Eugenics Congress 1932.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Book of papers presented at the international 3rd Eugenics Congress, 1932]]		[[File:Eugenics Congress 1932.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Book of papers presented at the international 3rd Eugenics Congress, 1932]]
	[[File:Eugenics Review.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Before [[WWII]], the Eugenics Society was one of the largest pressure groups in the UK.]]		[[File:Eugenics Review.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Before [[WWII]], the Eugenics Society was one of the largest pressure groups in the UK.]]
	Certain early historical practices may have had eugenic effects, but before an accurate understanding of genetics it is not clear that such effects were intended. However, humans must early have realized that at least the physical appearance of the offspring of humans and animals is influenced by the characteristics of the parents. Early agricultural treatises described selective breeding of animals and plants.		Certain early historical practices may have had eugenic effects, but before an accurate understanding of genetics it is not clear that such effects were intended. However, humans must early have realized that at least the physical appearance of the offspring of humans and animals is influenced by the characteristics of the parents. Early agricultural treatises described selective breeding of animals and plants.

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	== Specific countries/groups ==		== Specific countries/groups ==
	[[File:Eugenics Research Poster by American Philosophical Society.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Eugenics Research Poster by American Philosophical Society]]		[[File:Eugenics Research Poster by American Philosophical Society.png\|thumb\|300px\|Eugenics Research Poster by American Philosophical Society]]
	There was popular, elite and governmental support for eugenics in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Great Britain]], [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Italy]], and other countries. Eugenics societies existed worldwide, including a small army of scientists, to promote eugenics. They held annual conferences where the papers read would be published in ''Proceedings'' volumes.		There was popular, elite and governmental support for eugenics in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Great Britain]], [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Italy]], and other countries. Eugenics societies existed worldwide, including a small army of scientists, to promote eugenics. They held annual conferences where the papers read would be published in ''Proceedings'' volumes.

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	* ''“My firm conviction is that if wide-spread Eugenic reforms are not adopted during the next hundred years or so, our [[Western Civilization]] is inevitably destined to such a slow and gradual decay as that which has been experienced in the past by every great ancient civilization. The size and the importance of the [[United States]] throws on you a special responsibility in your endeavours to '''safeguard the future of our race'''. Those who are attending your Congress will be aiding in this endeavour, and though you will gain no thanks from your own generation, posterity will, I believe, learn to realize the great dept it owes to all the workers in this field.”'' ― Leonard Darwin, English politician, economist and eugenicist. He was a son of the naturalist Charles Darwin, and also a mentor to Ronald Fisher, a statistician and evolutionary biologist.		* ''“My firm conviction is that if wide-spread Eugenic reforms are not adopted during the next hundred years or so, our [[Western Civilization]] is inevitably destined to such a slow and gradual decay as that which has been experienced in the past by every great ancient civilization. The size and the importance of the [[United States]] throws on you a special responsibility in your endeavours to '''safeguard the future of our race'''. Those who are attending your Congress will be aiding in this endeavour, and though you will gain no thanks from your own generation, posterity will, I believe, learn to realize the great dept it owes to all the workers in this field.”'' ― Leonard Darwin, English politician, economist and eugenicist. He was a son of the naturalist Charles Darwin, and also a mentor to Ronald Fisher, a statistician and evolutionary biologist.
	[[File:German Eugenics legislation 1933.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|German Eugenics Legislation published on 25 July 1933 in the "Reich Law Gazette"]]		[[File:German Eugenics legislation 1933.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|German Eugenics Legislation published on 25 July 1933 in the "Reich Law Gazette"]]
	===Germany===		===Germany===
	[[File:Neues-Volk-1-March-1936-p.-37.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Eugenicists operated nationally and internationally, fostering collaboration, in theory, and practice. In the mid-1930s, Germany stated correctly that their programme of compulsory sterilisation was in no way different from other similar legislation introduced in countries such as the USA and Sweden, and planned in Japan and in other European countries such as Britain, Hungary, and Poland. “We are not alone,” they said, garnering international support for their plans to eliminate [[Hereditary hygiene\|hereditary disease offspring]] from society.]]		[[File:Neues-Volk-1-March-1936-p.-37.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Eugenicists operated nationally and internationally, fostering collaboration, in theory, and practice. In the mid-1930s, Germany stated correctly that their programme of compulsory sterilisation was in no way different from other similar legislation introduced in countries such as the USA and Sweden, and planned in Japan and in other European countries such as Britain, Hungary, and Poland. “We are not alone,” they said, garnering international support for their plans to eliminate [[Hereditary hygiene\|hereditary disease offspring]] from society.]]
	====Racial hygiene====		====Racial hygiene====
	{{main\|Racial hygiene}}		{{main\|Racial hygiene}}

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	[[Category:Eugenics]]		[[Category:Eugenics]]
	[[Category:Genetics]]		[[Category:Genetics]]

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	'''Eugenics''' ( yoo-JEN-iks); from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well'; is ~~tbe~~ natural removal or weeding out of weak, disabling, and unhealthy genomes from ~~tbe~~ gene-pool while simultaneously promoting genes that are physically and mentally, healthy. It is a set of scientific practices that aim to improve ~~tbe genetic quality~~ of ~~tbe human~~ population. Historically, this was done ~~tbe~~ way farmers cull plants and animals, by preventing ~~tbe~~ reproduction of people found to have genetic illness and/or promoting ~~tbe~~ reproduction of those with favorable traits.		'''Eugenics''' ( yoo-JEN-iks); from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well'; is the natural removal or weeding out of weak, disabling, and unhealthy genomes from the gene-pool while simultaneously promoting genes that are physically and mentally, healthy. It is a set of scientific practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of the human population. Historically, this was done the way farmers cull plants and animals, by preventing the reproduction of people found to have genetic illness and/or promoting the reproduction of those with favorable traits.
	<br>		<br>
	In recent years, ~~tbe~~ term has seen a revival in bioethical discussions on ~~tbe~~ usage of new technologies such as CRISPR and genetic screening. Modern bioethicists who advocate eugenics characterize it as a way of enhancing individual traits, regardless of group membership. Many still stigmatize eugenics as [[racism]] or ~~anotber~~ form of discrimination.		In recent years, the term has seen a revival in bioethical discussions on the usage of new technologies such as CRISPR and genetic screening. Modern bioethicists who advocate eugenics characterize it as a way of enhancing individual traits, regardless of group membership. Many still stigmatize eugenics as [[racism]] or another form of discrimination.
	<br>		<br>
	The concept predates ~~tbe~~ term; [[Plato]] suggested applying ~~tbese~~ [[fascist]] principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BC. Early advocates of eugenics in ~~tbe~~ 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people in all ways (higher IQ, more beautiful, taller, etc).		The concept predates the term; [[Plato]] suggested applying these [[fascist]] principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BC. Early advocates of eugenics in the 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people in all ways (higher IQ, more beautiful, taller, etc).
	<br>		<br>
	While eugenic principles have been practiced as early as [[ancient Greece]], by ~~tbe~~ [[Spartans]], ~~tbe~~ contemporary history of eugenics began in ~~tbe~~ late 19th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in ~~tbe United~~ Kingdom, and ~~tben~~ spread to many countries, including ~~tbe~~ [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and most [[European]] countries. People from across ~~tbe~~ political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve ~~tbe~~ quality of ~~tbeir~~ populations' genetic stock.		While eugenic principles have been practiced as early as [[ancient Greece]], by the [[Spartans]], the contemporary history of eugenics began in the late 19th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in the United Kingdom, and then spread to many countries, including the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and most [[European]] countries. People from across the political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve the quality of their populations' genetic stock.
	<br>		<br>
	Such programs included many measures: encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, marriage prohibitions and sterilization of people who were born with crippling genetic defects. In some countries sterilization of criminals were also included, especially if violent criminal behavior (rapists, murderers) ran in ~~tbe~~ family.		Such programs included many measures: encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, marriage prohibitions and sterilization of people who were born with crippling genetic defects. In some countries sterilization of criminals were also included, especially if violent criminal behavior (rapists, murderers) ran in the family.
	<br>		<br>
	In ~~tbe~~ decades ~~following tbe~~ [[Communist]] win of [[WW2]], many countries began to abandon eugenics policies, although some Western countries (~~tbe United~~ States, Canada, and Sweden among ~~tbem~~) continued to carry out sterilizations and abortion programs such as Planned Parenthood by [[Margaret Sanger]]. Communist policy instead promotes [[dysgenics]] which seeks to reproduce lower IQ, easier to control populations.		In the decades following the [[Communist]] win of [[WW2]], many countries began to abandon eugenics policies, although some Western countries (the United States, Canada, and Sweden among them) continued to carry out sterilizations and abortion programs such as Planned Parenthood by [[Margaret Sanger]]. Communist policy instead promotes [[dysgenics]] which seeks to reproduce lower IQ, easier to control populations.
	<br>		<br>
	Since ~~tbe~~ 1980s and 1990s, with new assisted reproductive technology procedures available, such as gestational surrogacy (available since 1985), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (available since 1989), and cytoplasmic transfer (first performed in 1996), we now posses technology which may create a possible revival of a more potent form of eugenics which previously was ~~tbe~~ stuff of Science [[Category:Science]] fiction.		Since the 1980s and 1990s, with new assisted reproductive technology procedures available, such as gestational surrogacy (available since 1985), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (available since 1989), and cytoplasmic transfer (first performed in 1996), we now posses technology which may create a possible revival of a more potent form of eugenics which previously was the stuff of Science [[Category:Science]] fiction.
	<br>		<br>
	Modern examples of eugenics include CRISPR which can genetically edit ~~tbe~~ DNA sequence itself. This can be done to embryos, changing ~~tbeir~~ genetics as ~~tbey~~ grow, or even to adults through injection. One example of adult genetic editing is ~~tbe~~ mRNA [[Covid 19]] injections. These reportedly add genetic code to produce spike proteins in human cells. The long term effects of ~~tbese~~ injections is yet to be determined, but around 5 billion people have been vaccinated, with many receiving between two and five doses of mRNA.		Modern examples of eugenics include CRISPR which can genetically edit the DNA sequence itself. This can be done to embryos, changing their genetics as they grow, or even to adults through injection. One example of adult genetic editing is the mRNA [[Covid 19]] injections. These reportedly add genetic code to produce spike proteins in human cells. The long term effects of these injections is yet to be determined, but around 5 billion people have been vaccinated, with many receiving between two and five doses of mRNA.
	<br>		<br>
	A major scientific criticism is that eugenics policies may eventually lead to a loss of genetic diversity, ~~tbereby~~ resulting in inbreeding depression due to a loss of genetic variation. Mixing races, sub-races, and even family lines until ~~tbey~~ are indistinguishable would be a very bad thing. Too much of this, and suppressed genetic illness can become dominant, even epidemic.		A major scientific criticism is that eugenics policies may eventually lead to a loss of genetic diversity, thereby resulting in inbreeding depression due to a loss of genetic variation. Mixing races, sub-races, and even family lines until they are indistinguishable would be a very bad thing. Too much of this, and suppressed genetic illness can become dominant, even epidemic.

	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:Philosophy]]		[[Category:Philosophy]]

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	'''Eugenics''' ( yoo-JEN-iks); from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well'; is ~~the~~ natural removal or weeding out of weak, disabling, and unhealthy genomes from ~~the~~ gene-pool while simultaneously promoting genes that are physically and mentally, healthy. It is a set of scientific practices that aim to improve ~~the genetic quality~~ of ~~the human~~ population. Historically, this was done ~~the~~ way farmers cull plants and animals, by preventing ~~the~~ reproduction of people found to have genetic illness and/or promoting ~~the~~ reproduction of those with favorable traits.		'''Eugenics''' ( yoo-JEN-iks); from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well'; is tbe natural removal or weeding out of weak, disabling, and unhealthy genomes from tbe gene-pool while simultaneously promoting genes that are physically and mentally, healthy. It is a set of scientific practices that aim to improve tbe genetic quality of tbe human population. Historically, this was done tbe way farmers cull plants and animals, by preventing tbe reproduction of people found to have genetic illness and/or promoting tbe reproduction of those with favorable traits.
	<br>		<br>
	In recent years, ~~the~~ term has seen a revival in bioethical discussions on ~~the~~ usage of new technologies such as CRISPR and genetic screening. Modern bioethicists who advocate eugenics characterize it as a way of enhancing individual traits, regardless of group membership. Many still stigmatize eugenics as [[racism]] or ~~another~~ form of discrimination.		In recent years, tbe term has seen a revival in bioethical discussions on tbe usage of new technologies such as CRISPR and genetic screening. Modern bioethicists who advocate eugenics characterize it as a way of enhancing individual traits, regardless of group membership. Many still stigmatize eugenics as [[racism]] or anotber form of discrimination.
	<br>		<br>
	The concept predates ~~the~~ term; [[Plato]] suggested applying ~~these~~ [[fascist]] principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BC. Early advocates of eugenics in ~~the~~ 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people in all ways (higher IQ, more beautiful, taller, etc).		The concept predates tbe term; [[Plato]] suggested applying tbese [[fascist]] principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BC. Early advocates of eugenics in tbe 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people in all ways (higher IQ, more beautiful, taller, etc).
	<br>		<br>
	While eugenic principles have been practiced as early as [[ancient Greece]], by ~~the~~ [[Spartans]], ~~the~~ contemporary history of eugenics began in ~~the~~ late 19th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in ~~the United~~ Kingdom, and ~~then~~ spread to many countries, including ~~the~~ [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and most [[European]] countries. People from across ~~the~~ political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve ~~the~~ quality of ~~their~~ populations' genetic stock.		While eugenic principles have been practiced as early as [[ancient Greece]], by tbe [[Spartans]], tbe contemporary history of eugenics began in tbe late 19th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in tbe United Kingdom, and tben spread to many countries, including tbe [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and most [[European]] countries. People from across tbe political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve tbe quality of tbeir populations' genetic stock.
	<br>		<br>
	Such programs included many measures: encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, marriage prohibitions and sterilization of people who were born with crippling genetic defects. In some countries sterilization of criminals were also included, especially if violent criminal behavior (rapists, murderers) ran in ~~the~~ family.		Such programs included many measures: encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, marriage prohibitions and sterilization of people who were born with crippling genetic defects. In some countries sterilization of criminals were also included, especially if violent criminal behavior (rapists, murderers) ran in tbe family.
	<br>		<br>
	In ~~the~~ decades ~~following the~~ [[Communist]] win of [[WW2]], many countries began to abandon eugenics policies, although some Western countries (~~the United~~ States, Canada, and Sweden among ~~them~~) continued to carry out sterilizations and abortion programs such as Planned Parenthood by [[Margaret Sanger]]. Communist policy instead promotes [[dysgenics]] which seeks to reproduce lower IQ, easier to control populations.		In tbe decades following tbe [[Communist]] win of [[WW2]], many countries began to abandon eugenics policies, although some Western countries (tbe United States, Canada, and Sweden among tbem) continued to carry out sterilizations and abortion programs such as Planned Parenthood by [[Margaret Sanger]]. Communist policy instead promotes [[dysgenics]] which seeks to reproduce lower IQ, easier to control populations.
	<br>		<br>
	Since ~~the~~ 1980s and 1990s, with new assisted reproductive technology procedures available, such as gestational surrogacy (available since 1985), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (available since 1989), and cytoplasmic transfer (first performed in 1996), we now posses technology which may create a possible revival of a more potent form of eugenics which previously was ~~the~~ stuff of Science [[Category:Science]] fiction.		Since tbe 1980s and 1990s, with new assisted reproductive technology procedures available, such as gestational surrogacy (available since 1985), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (available since 1989), and cytoplasmic transfer (first performed in 1996), we now posses technology which may create a possible revival of a more potent form of eugenics which previously was tbe stuff of Science [[Category:Science]] fiction.
	<br>		<br>
	Modern examples of eugenics include CRISPR which can genetically edit ~~the~~ DNA sequence itself. This can be done to embryos, changing ~~their~~ genetics as ~~they~~ grow, or even to adults through injection. One example of adult genetic editing is ~~the~~ mRNA [[Covid 19]] injections. These reportedly add genetic code to produce spike proteins in human cells. The long term effects of ~~these~~ injections is yet to be determined, but around 5 billion people have been vaccinated, with many receiving between two and five doses of mRNA.		Modern examples of eugenics include CRISPR which can genetically edit tbe DNA sequence itself. This can be done to embryos, changing tbeir genetics as tbey grow, or even to adults through injection. One example of adult genetic editing is tbe mRNA [[Covid 19]] injections. These reportedly add genetic code to produce spike proteins in human cells. The long term effects of tbese injections is yet to be determined, but around 5 billion people have been vaccinated, with many receiving between two and five doses of mRNA.
	<br>		<br>
	A major scientific criticism is that eugenics policies may eventually lead to a loss of genetic diversity, ~~thereby~~ resulting in inbreeding depression due to a loss of genetic variation. Mixing races, sub-races, and even family lines until ~~they~~ are indistinguishable would be a very bad thing. Too much of this, and suppressed genetic illness can become dominant, even epidemic.		A major scientific criticism is that eugenics policies may eventually lead to a loss of genetic diversity, tbereby resulting in inbreeding depression due to a loss of genetic variation. Mixing races, sub-races, and even family lines until tbey are indistinguishable would be a very bad thing. Too much of this, and suppressed genetic illness can become dominant, even epidemic.

	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:Philosophy]]		[[Category:Philosophy]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:32, 20 February 2024
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	The decline of the eugenics movement in Western countries is argued to be due to the adoption of it by [[National Socialist Germany]], and practices promoted by people such as [[Ernst Rüdin]]. It is sometimes even assumed that eugenics ceased to be practiced worldwide after the Second World War. However, many other countries had eugenic policies, such as involuntary sterilizations, both long before and long after the Second World War, such as Sweden. (See also the section on [[National Socialist Germany]] below for more details on this subject.)		The decline of the eugenics movement in Western countries is argued to be due to the adoption of it by [[National Socialist Germany]], and practices promoted by people such as [[Ernst Rüdin]]. It is sometimes even assumed that eugenics ceased to be practiced worldwide after the Second World War. However, many other countries had eugenic policies, such as involuntary sterilizations, both long before and long after the Second World War, such as Sweden. (See also the section on [[National Socialist Germany]] below for more details on this subject.)

	Another view is that the support for eugenics in the Western World was relatively strong into the 1960s. "''Then in the late 1960s, the majority of ~~Jewish~~ social scientists and journalists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] did an about-face, reversing their position to one of harsh denunciation of eugenics, and since there was no organized opposition, their beliefs became both the academic orthodoxy and the “conventional wisdom.” This has lasted to the present day.''" One explanation for this is the birth of [[The Holocaust]] Memorial Movement. Another argued explanation is that [[genetics denialism]], which must also deny the significance of eugenics, increased in influence during this time period. It has also been argued that some eugenics and genetics opponents must have known that the opposition lacked scientific support, but the opposition to eugenics/genetics (which was perceived as having contributed to the Holocaust) was perceived as morally right, even if this meant deliberate lying.<ref name=cc/>		Another view is that the support for eugenics in the Western World was relatively strong into the 1960s. "''Then in the late 1960s, the majority of jewish social scientists and journalists in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] did an about-face, reversing their position to one of harsh denunciation of eugenics, and since there was no organized opposition, their beliefs became both the academic orthodoxy and the “conventional wisdom.” This has lasted to the present day.''" One explanation for this is the birth of [[The Holocaust]] Memorial Movement. Another argued explanation is that [[genetics denialism]], which must also deny the significance of eugenics, increased in influence during this time period. It has also been argued that some eugenics and genetics opponents must have known that the opposition lacked scientific support, but the opposition to eugenics/genetics (which was perceived as having contributed to the Holocaust) was perceived as morally right, even if this meant deliberate lying.<ref name=cc/>

	It has even been argued that some ~~Jewish~~ opponents may have had other motivations:		It has even been argued that some jewish opponents may have had other motivations:
	: ''The fact that ~~Jewish~~ activists have dominated the anti-eugenics movement in the West and that they tend to hold hostile views toward the traditional people and culture of the West suggest that their opposition to eugenics may also have another motive lurking in the background besides their hatred for anything associated with [[National Socialism]]: facilitating the genetic decline of the West as an outgroup. ~~Jewish~~ promotion of massive non-White immigration may also be similarly motivated.''<ref name=cc/>		: ''The fact that jewish activists have dominated the anti-eugenics movement in the West and that they tend to hold hostile views toward the traditional people and culture of the West suggest that their opposition to eugenics may also have another motive lurking in the background besides their hatred for anything associated with [[National Socialism]]: facilitating the genetic decline of the West as an outgroup. jewish promotion of massive non-White immigration may also be similarly motivated.''<ref name=cc/>

	Other forms of opposition to eugenics are religious. This may be due to factors such as religious opposition to contraception, to [[abortion]] (including also of embryos and therefore several modern eugenic methods), and to genetic changes generally due to [[creationist]] beliefs. Regardless, when eugenics and religion previously both were stronger forces in Western countries, then the eugenics movement sometimes had religious support, for reasons such as altruism and concern for weakest members of society, demonstrating that the situation can change.		Other forms of opposition to eugenics are religious. This may be due to factors such as religious opposition to contraception, to [[abortion]] (including also of embryos and therefore several modern eugenic methods), and to genetic changes generally due to [[creationist]] beliefs. Regardless, when eugenics and religion previously both were stronger forces in Western countries, then the eugenics movement sometimes had religious support, for reasons such as altruism and concern for weakest members of society, demonstrating that the situation can change.
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	See the articles on [[Ernst Rüdin]] and [[Hans F. K. Günther]] on these German eugenicists.		See the articles on [[Ernst Rüdin]] and [[Hans F. K. Günther]] on these German eugenicists.

	Revisionist historians agree that ~~Jews~~ were persecuted. Deliberate genocide of [[~~Jews~~]] during [[the Holocaust]] is, however, disputed by [[Holocaust revisionists]]. Such actions have often been claimed to have had eugenic motivations. This view has been criticized.		Revisionist historians agree that jews were persecuted. Deliberate genocide of [[jews]] during [[the Holocaust]] is, however, disputed by [[Holocaust revisionists]]. Such actions have often been claimed to have had eugenic motivations. This view has been criticized.

	[[Richard Lynn]] (not a Holocaust revisionist) thus writes:		[[Richard Lynn]] (not a Holocaust revisionist) thus writes:

	:"''Hitler did not regard the ~~Jews~~ as genetically inferior. No one could have reached such a conclusion in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s because it was a matter of common knowledge and observation that the ~~Jews~~ were exceptionally talented. ~~Jews~~ were prominent in business, the professions, and intellectual life. Although they constituted only approximately 1 percent of the population, ~~Jews~~ won 10 out of 32 Nobel Prizes awarded [after nominations] to German citizens between 1905 and 1931 and were thus over-represented among this highly elite group by a factor of approximately 30 (Gordon, 1984). Anyone who asserted that the ~~Jews~~ were genetically inferior and hence eugenically undesirable would have forfeited all credibility, and Hitler certainly did not do so. [...] Hitler believed that the ~~Jews~~ and the Aryans were the two most talented races and that they were in competition to secure world supremacy. Thus, he wrote in ''Mein Kampf'' that the ~~Jews~~ are "the mightiest counterpart to the Aryan" (p. 64). He feared that the outcome of the struggle between these two peoples might easily be "the final victory of this little nation" (p. 300). [...] The correct understanding of Hitler's views on the ~~Jews~~ has been summarized by MacDonald (1998): "Hitler believed that races, including the ~~Jews~~, are in a struggle for world domination, and he had a very great respect for the ability of ~~Jews~~ to carry on their struggle" (p. 146). The frequent assertion that Hitler exterminated the ~~Jews~~ on eugenics grounds is a misunderstanding of his position.''"<ref name=ear>Lynn, Richard, ''Eugenics: A Reassessment'', 2001, Praeger</ref>		:"''Hitler did not regard the jews as genetically inferior. No one could have reached such a conclusion in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s because it was a matter of common knowledge and observation that the jews were exceptionally talented. jews were prominent in business, the professions, and intellectual life. Although they constituted only approximately 1 percent of the population, jews won 10 out of 32 Nobel Prizes awarded [after nominations] to German citizens between 1905 and 1931 and were thus over-represented among this highly elite group by a factor of approximately 30 (Gordon, 1984). Anyone who asserted that the jews were genetically inferior and hence eugenically undesirable would have forfeited all credibility, and Hitler certainly did not do so. [...] Hitler believed that the jews and the Aryans were the two most talented races and that they were in competition to secure world supremacy. Thus, he wrote in ''Mein Kampf'' that the jews are "the mightiest counterpart to the Aryan" (p. 64). He feared that the outcome of the struggle between these two peoples might easily be "the final victory of this little nation" (p. 300). [...] The correct understanding of Hitler's views on the jews has been summarized by MacDonald (1998): "Hitler believed that races, including the jews, are in a struggle for world domination, and he had a very great respect for the ability of jews to carry on their struggle" (p. 146). The frequent assertion that Hitler exterminated the jews on eugenics grounds is a misunderstanding of his position.''"<ref name=ear>Lynn, Richard, ''Eugenics: A Reassessment'', 2001, Praeger</ref>

	A 2008 study stated:		A 2008 study stated:
	:"''The author investigates the charge that eugenics represents a “[[slippery slope\|slippery path]]” that led to the Holocaust, and concludes that this widely popularized allegation is not supported by the facts. In a documented “timeline” he shows that during the period 1927 through 1939 many of the leading proponents of the eugenics movement were ~~Jewish~~, and that the 1930s movement [in Germany] aimed at the political and genetic exclusion of ~~Jews~~ from Germany.''"<ref>''Eugenics and the Holocaust: 1927-1939'' http://www.mankindquarterly.org/archive/issue/48-4/2</ref>		:"''The author investigates the charge that eugenics represents a “[[slippery slope\|slippery path]]” that led to the Holocaust, and concludes that this widely popularized allegation is not supported by the facts. In a documented “timeline” he shows that during the period 1927 through 1939 many of the leading proponents of the eugenics movement were jewish, and that the 1930s movement [in Germany] aimed at the political and genetic exclusion of jews from Germany.''"<ref>''Eugenics and the Holocaust: 1927-1939'' http://www.mankindquarterly.org/archive/issue/48-4/2</ref>

	Ideological views which include that different groups are in necessary and justified struggles with one another are no new phenomena created by eugenics (or the science of genetics). Such views can be found, for example, in the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), which approvingly describes exterminations of various perceived enemies of ~~Jews~~, and in ideological justifications for communist exterminations of groups perceived as obstacles to the future communist utopia, despite communists opposing eugenics and even genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory by supporting [[Lysenkoism]].		Ideological views which include that different groups are in necessary and justified struggles with one another are no new phenomena created by eugenics (or the science of genetics). Such views can be found, for example, in the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), which approvingly describes exterminations of various perceived enemies of jews, and in ideological justifications for communist exterminations of groups perceived as obstacles to the future communist utopia, despite communists opposing eugenics and even genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory by supporting [[Lysenkoism]].

	Also, extensive eugenics existed and continue to exist in many other countries (including Israel), both before and after the Second World War, without this causing mass murder.		Also, extensive eugenics existed and continue to exist in many other countries (including Israel), both before and after the Second World War, without this causing mass murder.
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	*Major Western Democracies <33%		*Major Western Democracies <33%

	=== ~~Jewish~~ and Israeli eugenics ===		=== jewish and Israeli eugenics ===
	See the article on [[~~Jews~~ and intelligence]] regarding possible "eugenic" explanations for a high ~~Jewish~~ intelligence. As for other historical cases before modern genetic science, it is dubious that such possible practices had a conscious goal of genetic improvement.		See the article on [[jews and intelligence]] regarding possible "eugenic" explanations for a high jewish intelligence. As for other historical cases before modern genetic science, it is dubious that such possible practices had a conscious goal of genetic improvement.

	~~Jewish~~ participation in modern eugenics has been argued to show a consistent support in [[Israel]] from its birth in 1948 to the present, and among the majority of ~~Jews~~ in the West until the late 1960s, at which time most ~~Jewish~~ social scientists and journalists reversed their previous support to vehement opposition.<ref name=cc>Against Good Breeding: Understanding ~~Jewish~~ Opposition to Eugenics. http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/07/against-good-breeding/</ref>		jewish participation in modern eugenics has been argued to show a consistent support in [[Israel]] from its birth in 1948 to the present, and among the majority of jews in the West until the late 1960s, at which time most jewish social scientists and journalists reversed their previous support to vehement opposition.<ref name=cc>Against Good Breeding: Understanding jewish Opposition to Eugenics. http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/07/against-good-breeding/</ref>

	"''Unlike the U.S. situation, this anti-eugenics view never even got off the ground in Israel. Behavioral scientist Aviad Raz (b. 1968) of Ben Gurion University is quite open in pointing out that both the word ‘eugenics’ and the actual practice of eugenics enjoy broad approval in that country, and objections to eugenics – at least as far as genetic screening combined with eugenic abortions – are a ‘non-issue’ in Israel: Eugenic ideologies and practices have persisted in Israel, in a thinly disguised mode, even after the holocaust, because they were an inherent and formative part of [[Zionism]] . . . [P]renatal genetic testing was eugenic and was indeed supported precisely for that reason, since ‘eugenic’ for them meant the improvement of the health of progeny and carried positive rather than negative connotations.''"<ref name=cc/>		"''Unlike the U.S. situation, this anti-eugenics view never even got off the ground in Israel. Behavioral scientist Aviad Raz (b. 1968) of Ben Gurion University is quite open in pointing out that both the word ‘eugenics’ and the actual practice of eugenics enjoy broad approval in that country, and objections to eugenics – at least as far as genetic screening combined with eugenic abortions – are a ‘non-issue’ in Israel: Eugenic ideologies and practices have persisted in Israel, in a thinly disguised mode, even after the holocaust, because they were an inherent and formative part of [[Zionism]] . . . [P]renatal genetic testing was eugenic and was indeed supported precisely for that reason, since ‘eugenic’ for them meant the improvement of the health of progeny and carried positive rather than negative connotations.''"<ref name=cc/>
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	In Israel, eugenics, abortion, and various modern reproductive/genetic technologies have been argued to not be controversial issues unlike in many Western countries, encouraged by the government, and widely used by the population. "''(It should be noted, however, that Palestinians are not encouraged to take part, as their fertility is seen as a threat to the state.)''"<ref name=cc/>		In Israel, eugenics, abortion, and various modern reproductive/genetic technologies have been argued to not be controversial issues unlike in many Western countries, encouraged by the government, and widely used by the population. "''(It should be noted, however, that Palestinians are not encouraged to take part, as their fertility is seen as a threat to the state.)''"<ref name=cc/>

	See the "History" section above regarding opposition by ~~Jews~~ to eugenics in Western countries.		See the "History" section above regarding opposition by jews to eugenics in Western countries.

	=== Singapore ===		=== Singapore ===
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	*[https://altright.com/2017/10/19/the-case-for-eugenics/ The Case For Eugenics]		*[https://altright.com/2017/10/19/the-case-for-eugenics/ The Case For Eugenics]
	*[https://www.amren.com/news/2008/08/ending_a_histor/ Ending a Historical Taboo]		*[https://www.amren.com/news/2008/08/ending_a_histor/ Ending a Historical Taboo]
	*[http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/07/against-good-breeding/ Against Good Breeding: Understanding ~~Jewish~~ Opposition to Eugenics]		*[http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/07/against-good-breeding/ Against Good Breeding: Understanding jewish Opposition to Eugenics]
	*[http://www.eugenics.net Future Generations Eugenics Portal]		*[http://www.eugenics.net Future Generations Eugenics Portal]
	*[http://www.whatwemaybe.org/ Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century by John Glad]		*[http://www.whatwemaybe.org/ Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century by John Glad]