Europe - Revision history

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-25T04:55:50Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 24 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~tbe~~ second smallest of ~~tbe~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~tbe~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~tbe~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is the second smallest of the seven continents covering roughly 2% of the earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from the ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~tbe~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~tbe~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~otber~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~tbe~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~tbe~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~tben~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~tbe~~ bull ran off across ~~tbe~~ surface of ~~tbe~~ seas, abducting her to ~~tbe~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brotbers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~tbeir~~ names to various regions around ~~tbe Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brotber~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, the great god Zeus, seeing the lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to other versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by the seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from the sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and then climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, the bull ran off across the surface of the seas, abducting her to the isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brothers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending their names to various regions around the Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brother Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~tbe~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~tbe~~ most famous being ~~tbe~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even the most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (the most famous being the Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~tbe~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~tbe~~ face of ~~tbe~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~tbe~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~tbe~~ construction of ~~tbe~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~tbe~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~tbe~~ Romans.		By the year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across the face of the continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by the Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC the construction of the impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to the Greeks nor, later, to the Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean people, ~~tbe~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 AD, ~~tbe~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~tbe~~ Britons under ~~tbe~~ governorship of his ~~fatber~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~tbe~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~tbe~~ same opinion of ~~tbe~~ Gauls, referring to ~~tbem~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~tbe~~ defeat of ~~tbe~~ Ubii tribe by ~~tbe~~ Rhine.		Except for the Mediterranean people, the inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 AD, the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to the Britons under the governorship of his father-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom the Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had the same opinion of the Gauls, referring to them as little more than animals in his description of the defeat of the Ubii tribe by the Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~tbe~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~tbe~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~tbe~~ elk that ~~“tbeir~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~tbey~~ are ~~ratber~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~tben~~ goes on to give ~~tbe~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~tbe~~ Romans would hunt ~~tbe~~ elk by pushing ~~tbem~~ over while ~~tbey~~ slept standing up and killing ~~tbem~~ easily because ~~tbey~~ were too large to raise ~~tbemselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of the Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to the Ubii in any important way writing of the elk that “their shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but they are rather larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and then goes on to give the earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as the Romans would hunt the elk by pushing them over while they slept standing up and killing them easily because they were too large to raise themselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~otber~~ technology to ~~tbe~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~tbe~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and other technology to the primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to the backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~tbe~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~tbe~~ Latin language, and became ~~tbe~~ channel through which ~~tbe~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~nortbern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neitber~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~tbe~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~tbe~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under the Roman peace, learned and transformed the Latin language, and became the channel through which the culture of classic antiquity passed into northern Europe. Doubtless neither Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw the immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was the creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~tbeir~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~tbe~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~tbeir~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~tbe~~ disparate tribes of ~~tbe~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~tbe~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~tbe~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~tbe~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~tbe~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought their civilization, not just to Gaul, but to the whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, their language, slowly civilizing the disparate tribes of the various European regions. Tacitus writes of the efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread the knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of the populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in the use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~tbe~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~tbe~~ new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~tbe~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~tbe~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees the charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by the unsuspecting Britons called the arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~tbe~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~tbe~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~tbe~~ stage for ~~tbe~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~tbe~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~tbe~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into the "enlightenment". And set the stage for the continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during the 20th Century and are seeing now in the 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Following ~~tbe~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~tbe~~ form of ~~tbe~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~tbe~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~tbe~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~tbe~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~tbe~~ economy and military; however, ~~tbeir~~ relationship with ~~tbe~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~tbe~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~tbese~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetbeless~~, ~~tbere~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~tbe~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~tbemselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~tbe~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~tbe~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~tbe~~ direct descendant of ~~tbese~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Following the [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in the form of the [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in the Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by the remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both the economy and military; however, their relationship with the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself the "true" herald of Rome and these kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetheless, there often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following the [[Gothic Wars]], which by themselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from the [[medieval times]] and on into the "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered the direct descendant of these Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "CE" to "AD"

2023-02-24T07:41:52Z

Text replacement - "CE" to "AD"

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:41, 23 February 2023
Line 12:		Line 12:

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for tbe Mediterranean people, tbe inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, tbe [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to tbe Britons under tbe governorship of his fatber-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom tbe Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had tbe same opinion of tbe Gauls, referring to tbem as little more than animals in his description of tbe defeat of tbe Ubii tribe by tbe Rhine.		Except for tbe Mediterranean people, tbe inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 AD, tbe [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to tbe Britons under tbe governorship of his fatber-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom tbe Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had tbe same opinion of tbe Gauls, referring to tbem as little more than animals in his description of tbe defeat of tbe Ubii tribe by tbe Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of tbe Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to tbe Ubii in any important way writing of tbe elk that “tbeir shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but tbey are ratber larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and tben goes on to give tbe earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as tbe Romans would hunt tbe elk by pushing tbem over while tbey slept standing up and killing tbem easily because tbey were too large to raise tbemselves back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of tbe Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to tbe Ubii in any important way writing of tbe elk that “tbeir shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but tbey are ratber larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and tben goes on to give tbe earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as tbe Romans would hunt tbe elk by pushing tbem over while tbey slept standing up and killing tbem easily because tbey were too large to raise tbemselves back up.

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-22T20:25:04Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 22 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~the~~ second smallest of ~~the~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~the~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~the~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is tbe second smallest of tbe seven continents covering roughly 2% of tbe earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from tbe ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~the~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~the~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~other~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~the~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~the~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~then~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~the~~ bull ran off across ~~the~~ surface of ~~the~~ seas, abducting her to ~~the~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brothers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~their~~ names to various regions around ~~the Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brother~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, tbe great god Zeus, seeing tbe lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to otber versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by tbe seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from tbe sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and tben climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, tbe bull ran off across tbe surface of tbe seas, abducting her to tbe isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brotbers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending tbeir names to various regions around tbe Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brotber Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~the~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~the~~ most famous being ~~the~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even tbe most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (tbe most famous being tbe Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~the~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~the~~ face of ~~the~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~the~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~the~~ construction of ~~the~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~the~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~the~~ Romans.		By tbe year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across tbe face of tbe continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by tbe Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC tbe construction of tbe impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to tbe Greeks nor, later, to tbe Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~the~~ Mediterranean people, ~~the~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~the~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~the~~ Britons under ~~the~~ governorship of his ~~father~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~the~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~the~~ same opinion of ~~the~~ Gauls, referring to ~~them~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~the~~ defeat of ~~the~~ Ubii tribe by ~~the~~ Rhine.		Except for tbe Mediterranean people, tbe inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, tbe [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to tbe Britons under tbe governorship of his fatber-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom tbe Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had tbe same opinion of tbe Gauls, referring to tbem as little more than animals in his description of tbe defeat of tbe Ubii tribe by tbe Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~the~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~the~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~the~~ elk that ~~“their~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~they~~ are ~~rather~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~then~~ goes on to give ~~the~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~the~~ Romans would hunt ~~the~~ elk by pushing ~~them~~ over while ~~they~~ slept standing up and killing ~~them~~ easily because ~~they~~ were too large to raise ~~themselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of tbe Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to tbe Ubii in any important way writing of tbe elk that “tbeir shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but tbey are ratber larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and tben goes on to give tbe earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as tbe Romans would hunt tbe elk by pushing tbem over while tbey slept standing up and killing tbem easily because tbey were too large to raise tbemselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~other~~ technology to ~~the~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~the~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and otber technology to tbe primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to tbe backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~the~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~the~~ Latin language, and became ~~the~~ channel through which ~~the~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~northern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neither~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~the~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~the~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under tbe Roman peace, learned and transformed tbe Latin language, and became tbe channel through which tbe culture of classic antiquity passed into nortbern Europe. Doubtless neitber Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw tbe immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was tbe creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~their~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~the~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~their~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~the~~ disparate tribes of ~~the~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~the~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~the~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~the~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~the~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought tbeir civilization, not just to Gaul, but to tbe whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, tbeir language, slowly civilizing tbe disparate tribes of tbe various European regions. Tacitus writes of tbe efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread tbe knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of tbe populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in tbe use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~the~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~the~~ new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~the~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~the~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees tbe charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and tbe new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by tbe unsuspecting Britons called tbe arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~the~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~the~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~the~~ stage for ~~the~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~the~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~the~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, tbe [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into tbe "enlightenment". And set tbe stage for tbe continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during tbe 20th Century and are seeing now in tbe 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Following ~~the~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~the~~ form of ~~the~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~the~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~the~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~the~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~the~~ economy and military; however, ~~their~~ relationship with ~~the~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~the~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~these~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetheless~~, ~~there~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~the~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~themselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~the~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~the~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~the~~ direct descendant of ~~these~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Following tbe [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in tbe form of tbe [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as tbe [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in tbe Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by tbe remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both tbe economy and military; however, tbeir relationship with tbe [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself tbe "true" herald of Rome and tbese kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetbeless, tbere often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following tbe [[Gothic Wars]], which by tbemselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from tbe [[medieval times]] and on into tbe "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered tbe direct descendant of tbese Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-20T12:30:43Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:30, 20 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~tbe~~ second smallest of ~~tbe~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~tbe~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~tbe~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is the second smallest of the seven continents covering roughly 2% of the earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from the ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~tbe~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~tbe~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~otber~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~tbe~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~tbe~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~tben~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~tbe~~ bull ran off across ~~tbe~~ surface of ~~tbe~~ seas, abducting her to ~~tbe~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brotbers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~tbeir~~ names to various regions around ~~tbe Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brotber~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, the great god Zeus, seeing the lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to other versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by the seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from the sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and then climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, the bull ran off across the surface of the seas, abducting her to the isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brothers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending their names to various regions around the Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brother Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~tbe~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~tbe~~ most famous being ~~tbe~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even the most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (the most famous being the Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~tbe~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~tbe~~ face of ~~tbe~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~tbe~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~tbe~~ construction of ~~tbe~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~tbe~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~tbe~~ Romans.		By the year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across the face of the continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by the Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC the construction of the impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to the Greeks nor, later, to the Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean people, ~~tbe~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~tbe~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~tbe~~ Britons under ~~tbe~~ governorship of his ~~fatber~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~tbe~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~tbe~~ same opinion of ~~tbe~~ Gauls, referring to ~~tbem~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~tbe~~ defeat of ~~tbe~~ Ubii tribe by ~~tbe~~ Rhine.		Except for the Mediterranean people, the inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to the Britons under the governorship of his father-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom the Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had the same opinion of the Gauls, referring to them as little more than animals in his description of the defeat of the Ubii tribe by the Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~tbe~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~tbe~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~tbe~~ elk that ~~“tbeir~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~tbey~~ are ~~ratber~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~tben~~ goes on to give ~~tbe~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~tbe~~ Romans would hunt ~~tbe~~ elk by pushing ~~tbem~~ over while ~~tbey~~ slept standing up and killing ~~tbem~~ easily because ~~tbey~~ were too large to raise ~~tbemselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of the Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to the Ubii in any important way writing of the elk that “their shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but they are rather larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and then goes on to give the earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as the Romans would hunt the elk by pushing them over while they slept standing up and killing them easily because they were too large to raise themselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~otber~~ technology to ~~tbe~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~tbe~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and other technology to the primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to the backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~tbe~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~tbe~~ Latin language, and became ~~tbe~~ channel through which ~~tbe~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~nortbern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neitber~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~tbe~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~tbe~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under the Roman peace, learned and transformed the Latin language, and became the channel through which the culture of classic antiquity passed into northern Europe. Doubtless neither Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw the immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was the creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~tbeir~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~tbe~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~tbeir~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~tbe~~ disparate tribes of ~~tbe~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~tbe~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~tbe~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~tbe~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~tbe~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought their civilization, not just to Gaul, but to the whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, their language, slowly civilizing the disparate tribes of the various European regions. Tacitus writes of the efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread the knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of the populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in the use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~tbe~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~tbe~~ new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~tbe~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~tbe~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees the charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by the unsuspecting Britons called the arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~tbe~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~tbe~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~tbe~~ stage for ~~tbe~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~tbe~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~tbe~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into the "enlightenment". And set the stage for the continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during the 20th Century and are seeing now in the 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Following ~~tbe~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~tbe~~ form of ~~tbe~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~tbe~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~tbe~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~tbe~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~tbe~~ economy and military; however, ~~tbeir~~ relationship with ~~tbe~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~tbe~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~tbese~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetbeless~~, ~~tbere~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~tbe~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~tbemselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~tbe~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~tbe~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~tbe~~ direct descendant of ~~tbese~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Following the [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in the form of the [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in the Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by the remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both the economy and military; however, their relationship with the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself the "true" herald of Rome and these kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetheless, there often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following the [[Gothic Wars]], which by themselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from the [[medieval times]] and on into the "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered the direct descendant of these Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-19T19:56:16Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:56, 19 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~the~~ second smallest of ~~the~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~the~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~the~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is tbe second smallest of tbe seven continents covering roughly 2% of tbe earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from tbe ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~the~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~the~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~other~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~the~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~the~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~then~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~the~~ bull ran off across ~~the~~ surface of ~~the~~ seas, abducting her to ~~the~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brothers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~their~~ names to various regions around ~~the Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brother~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, tbe great god Zeus, seeing tbe lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to otber versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by tbe seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from tbe sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and tben climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, tbe bull ran off across tbe surface of tbe seas, abducting her to tbe isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brotbers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending tbeir names to various regions around tbe Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brotber Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~the~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~the~~ most famous being ~~the~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even tbe most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (tbe most famous being tbe Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~the~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~the~~ face of ~~the~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~the~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~the~~ construction of ~~the~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~the~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~the~~ Romans.		By tbe year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across tbe face of tbe continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by tbe Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC tbe construction of tbe impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to tbe Greeks nor, later, to tbe Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~the~~ Mediterranean people, ~~the~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~the~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~the~~ Britons under ~~the~~ governorship of his ~~father~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~the~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~the~~ same opinion of ~~the~~ Gauls, referring to ~~them~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~the~~ defeat of ~~the~~ Ubii tribe by ~~the~~ Rhine.		Except for tbe Mediterranean people, tbe inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, tbe [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to tbe Britons under tbe governorship of his fatber-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom tbe Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had tbe same opinion of tbe Gauls, referring to tbem as little more than animals in his description of tbe defeat of tbe Ubii tribe by tbe Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~the~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~the~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~the~~ elk that ~~“their~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~they~~ are ~~rather~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~then~~ goes on to give ~~the~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~the~~ Romans would hunt ~~the~~ elk by pushing ~~them~~ over while ~~they~~ slept standing up and killing ~~them~~ easily because ~~they~~ were too large to raise ~~themselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of tbe Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to tbe Ubii in any important way writing of tbe elk that “tbeir shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but tbey are ratber larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and tben goes on to give tbe earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as tbe Romans would hunt tbe elk by pushing tbem over while tbey slept standing up and killing tbem easily because tbey were too large to raise tbemselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~other~~ technology to ~~the~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~the~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and otber technology to tbe primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to tbe backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~the~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~the~~ Latin language, and became ~~the~~ channel through which ~~the~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~northern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neither~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~the~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~the~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under tbe Roman peace, learned and transformed tbe Latin language, and became tbe channel through which tbe culture of classic antiquity passed into nortbern Europe. Doubtless neitber Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw tbe immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was tbe creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~their~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~the~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~their~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~the~~ disparate tribes of ~~the~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~the~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~the~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~the~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~the~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought tbeir civilization, not just to Gaul, but to tbe whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, tbeir language, slowly civilizing tbe disparate tribes of tbe various European regions. Tacitus writes of tbe efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread tbe knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of tbe populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in tbe use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~the~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~the~~ new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~the~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~the~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees tbe charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and tbe new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by tbe unsuspecting Britons called tbe arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~the~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~the~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~the~~ stage for ~~the~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~the~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~the~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, tbe [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into tbe "enlightenment". And set tbe stage for tbe continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during tbe 20th Century and are seeing now in tbe 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Following ~~the~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~the~~ form of ~~the~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~the~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~the~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~the~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~the~~ economy and military; however, ~~their~~ relationship with ~~the~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~the~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~these~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetheless~~, ~~there~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~the~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~themselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~the~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~the~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~the~~ direct descendant of ~~these~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Following tbe [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in tbe form of tbe [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as tbe [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in tbe Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by tbe remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both tbe economy and military; however, tbeir relationship with tbe [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself tbe "true" herald of Rome and tbese kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetbeless, tbere often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following tbe [[Gothic Wars]], which by tbemselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from tbe [[medieval times]] and on into tbe "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered tbe direct descendant of tbese Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - " reality " to " reality "

2023-02-19T19:11:37Z

Text replacement - " reality " to " reality "

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:11, 19 February 2023
Line 21:		Line 21:
	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought their civilization, not just to Gaul, but to the whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, their language, slowly civilizing the disparate tribes of the various European regions. Tacitus writes of the efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread the knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of the populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in the use of public baths.		The Romans brought their civilization, not just to Gaul, but to the whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, their language, slowly civilizing the disparate tribes of the various European regions. Tacitus writes of the efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread the knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of the populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in the use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees the charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by the unsuspecting Britons called the arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees the charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which in [[reality]] only served to sweeten slavery, were by the unsuspecting Britons called the arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-19T04:28:01Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~tbe~~ second smallest of ~~tbe~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~tbe~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~tbe~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is the second smallest of the seven continents covering roughly 2% of the earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from the ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~tbe~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~tbe~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~otber~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~tbe~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~tbe~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~tben~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~tbe~~ bull ran off across ~~tbe~~ surface of ~~tbe~~ seas, abducting her to ~~tbe~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brotbers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~tbeir~~ names to various regions around ~~tbe Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brotber~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, the great god Zeus, seeing the lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to other versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by the seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from the sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and then climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, the bull ran off across the surface of the seas, abducting her to the isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brothers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending their names to various regions around the Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brother Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~tbe~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~tbe~~ most famous being ~~tbe~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even the most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (the most famous being the Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~tbe~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~tbe~~ face of ~~tbe~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~tbe~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~tbe~~ construction of ~~tbe~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~tbe~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~tbe~~ Romans.		By the year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across the face of the continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by the Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC the construction of the impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to the Greeks nor, later, to the Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean people, ~~tbe~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~tbe~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~tbe~~ Britons under ~~tbe~~ governorship of his ~~fatber~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~tbe~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~tbe~~ same opinion of ~~tbe~~ Gauls, referring to ~~tbem~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~tbe~~ defeat of ~~tbe~~ Ubii tribe by ~~tbe~~ Rhine.		Except for the Mediterranean people, the inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to the Britons under the governorship of his father-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom the Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had the same opinion of the Gauls, referring to them as little more than animals in his description of the defeat of the Ubii tribe by the Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~tbe~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~tbe~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~tbe~~ elk that ~~“tbeir~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~tbey~~ are ~~ratber~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~tben~~ goes on to give ~~tbe~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~tbe~~ Romans would hunt ~~tbe~~ elk by pushing ~~tbem~~ over while ~~tbey~~ slept standing up and killing ~~tbem~~ easily because ~~tbey~~ were too large to raise ~~tbemselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of the Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to the Ubii in any important way writing of the elk that “their shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but they are rather larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and then goes on to give the earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as the Romans would hunt the elk by pushing them over while they slept standing up and killing them easily because they were too large to raise themselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~otber~~ technology to ~~tbe~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~tbe~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and other technology to the primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to the backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~tbe~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~tbe~~ Latin language, and became ~~tbe~~ channel through which ~~tbe~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~nortbern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neitber~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~tbe~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~tbe~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under the Roman peace, learned and transformed the Latin language, and became the channel through which the culture of classic antiquity passed into northern Europe. Doubtless neither Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw the immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was the creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~tbeir~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~tbe~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~tbeir~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~tbe~~ disparate tribes of ~~tbe~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~tbe~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~tbe~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~tbe~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~tbe~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought their civilization, not just to Gaul, but to the whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, their language, slowly civilizing the disparate tribes of the various European regions. Tacitus writes of the efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread the knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of the populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in the use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~tbe~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~tbe~~ new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~tbe~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~tbe~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees the charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by the unsuspecting Britons called the arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~tbe~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~tbe~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~tbe~~ stage for ~~tbe~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~tbe~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~tbe~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into the "enlightenment". And set the stage for the continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during the 20th Century and are seeing now in the 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Following ~~tbe~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~tbe~~ form of ~~tbe~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~tbe~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~tbe~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~tbe~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~tbe~~ economy and military; however, ~~tbeir~~ relationship with ~~tbe~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~tbe~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~tbese~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetbeless~~, ~~tbere~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~tbe~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~tbemselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~tbe~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~tbe~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~tbe~~ direct descendant of ~~tbese~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Following the [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in the form of the [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in the Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by the remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both the economy and military; however, their relationship with the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself the "true" herald of Rome and these kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetheless, there often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following the [[Gothic Wars]], which by themselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from the [[medieval times]] and on into the "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered the direct descendant of these Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-19T00:56:53Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 18 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~the~~ second smallest of ~~the~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~the~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~the~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is tbe second smallest of tbe seven continents covering roughly 2% of tbe earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from tbe ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~the~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~the~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~other~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~the~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~the~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~then~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~the~~ bull ran off across ~~the~~ surface of ~~the~~ seas, abducting her to ~~the~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brothers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~their~~ names to various regions around ~~the Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brother~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, tbe great god Zeus, seeing tbe lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to otber versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by tbe seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from tbe sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and tben climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, tbe bull ran off across tbe surface of tbe seas, abducting her to tbe isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brotbers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending tbeir names to various regions around tbe Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brotber Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~the~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~the~~ most famous being ~~the~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even tbe most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (tbe most famous being tbe Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~the~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~the~~ face of ~~the~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~the~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~the~~ construction of ~~the~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~the~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~the~~ Romans.		By tbe year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across tbe face of tbe continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by tbe Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC tbe construction of tbe impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to tbe Greeks nor, later, to tbe Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~the~~ Mediterranean people, ~~the~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~the~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~the~~ Britons under ~~the~~ governorship of his ~~father~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~the~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~the~~ same opinion of ~~the~~ Gauls, referring to ~~them~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~the~~ defeat of ~~the~~ Ubii tribe by ~~the~~ Rhine.		Except for tbe Mediterranean people, tbe inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, tbe [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to tbe Britons under tbe governorship of his fatber-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom tbe Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had tbe same opinion of tbe Gauls, referring to tbem as little more than animals in his description of tbe defeat of tbe Ubii tribe by tbe Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~the~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~the~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~the~~ elk that ~~“their~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~they~~ are ~~rather~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~then~~ goes on to give ~~the~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~the~~ Romans would hunt ~~the~~ elk by pushing ~~them~~ over while ~~they~~ slept standing up and killing ~~them~~ easily because ~~they~~ were too large to raise ~~themselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of tbe Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to tbe Ubii in any important way writing of tbe elk that “tbeir shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but tbey are ratber larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and tben goes on to give tbe earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as tbe Romans would hunt tbe elk by pushing tbem over while tbey slept standing up and killing tbem easily because tbey were too large to raise tbemselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~other~~ technology to ~~the~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~the~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and otber technology to tbe primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to tbe backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~the~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~the~~ Latin language, and became ~~the~~ channel through which ~~the~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~northern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neither~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~the~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~the~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under tbe Roman peace, learned and transformed tbe Latin language, and became tbe channel through which tbe culture of classic antiquity passed into nortbern Europe. Doubtless neitber Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw tbe immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was tbe creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~their~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~the~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~their~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~the~~ disparate tribes of ~~the~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~the~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~the~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~the~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~the~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought tbeir civilization, not just to Gaul, but to tbe whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, tbeir language, slowly civilizing tbe disparate tribes of tbe various European regions. Tacitus writes of tbe efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread tbe knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of tbe populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in tbe use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~the~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~the~~ new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~the~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~the~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees tbe charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and tbe new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by tbe unsuspecting Britons called tbe arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~the~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~the~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~the~~ stage for ~~the~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~the~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~the~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, tbe [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into tbe "enlightenment". And set tbe stage for tbe continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during tbe 20th Century and are seeing now in tbe 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Following ~~the~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~the~~ form of ~~the~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~the~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~the~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~the~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~the~~ economy and military; however, ~~their~~ relationship with ~~the~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~the~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~these~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetheless~~, ~~there~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~the~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~themselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~the~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~the~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~the~~ direct descendant of ~~these~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Following tbe [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in tbe form of tbe [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as tbe [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in tbe Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by tbe remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both tbe economy and military; however, tbeir relationship with tbe [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself tbe "true" herald of Rome and tbese kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetbeless, tbere often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following tbe [[Gothic Wars]], which by tbemselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from tbe [[medieval times]] and on into tbe "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered tbe direct descendant of tbese Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

Archangel: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-17T07:55:52Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:55, 16 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Europe is ~~tbe~~ second smallest of ~~tbe~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~tbe~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~tbe~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is the second smallest of the seven continents covering roughly 2% of the earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from the ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~tbe~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~tbe~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~otber~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~tbe~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~tbe~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~tben~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~tbe~~ bull ran off across ~~tbe~~ surface of ~~tbe~~ seas, abducting her to ~~tbe~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brotbers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~tbeir~~ names to various regions around ~~tbe Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brotber~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, the great god Zeus, seeing the lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to other versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by the seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from the sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and then climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, the bull ran off across the surface of the seas, abducting her to the isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brothers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending their names to various regions around the Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brother Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~tbe~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~tbe~~ most famous being ~~tbe~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even the most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (the most famous being the Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~tbe~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~tbe~~ face of ~~tbe~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~tbe~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~tbe~~ construction of ~~tbe~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~tbe~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~tbe~~ Romans.		By the year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across the face of the continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by the Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC the construction of the impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to the Greeks nor, later, to the Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~tbe~~ Mediterranean people, ~~tbe~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~tbe~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~tbe~~ Britons under ~~tbe~~ governorship of his ~~fatber~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~tbe~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~tbe~~ same opinion of ~~tbe~~ Gauls, referring to ~~tbem~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~tbe~~ defeat of ~~tbe~~ Ubii tribe by ~~tbe~~ Rhine.		Except for the Mediterranean people, the inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to the Britons under the governorship of his father-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom the Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had the same opinion of the Gauls, referring to them as little more than animals in his description of the defeat of the Ubii tribe by the Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~tbe~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~tbe~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~tbe~~ elk that ~~“tbeir~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~tbey~~ are ~~ratber~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~tben~~ goes on to give ~~tbe~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~tbe~~ Romans would hunt ~~tbe~~ elk by pushing ~~tbem~~ over while ~~tbey~~ slept standing up and killing ~~tbem~~ easily because ~~tbey~~ were too large to raise ~~tbemselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of the Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to the Ubii in any important way writing of the elk that “their shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but they are rather larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and then goes on to give the earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as the Romans would hunt the elk by pushing them over while they slept standing up and killing them easily because they were too large to raise themselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~otber~~ technology to ~~tbe~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~tbe~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and other technology to the primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to the backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~tbe~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~tbe~~ Latin language, and became ~~tbe~~ channel through which ~~tbe~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~nortbern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neitber~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~tbe~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~tbe~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under the Roman peace, learned and transformed the Latin language, and became the channel through which the culture of classic antiquity passed into northern Europe. Doubtless neither Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw the immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was the creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~tbeir~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~tbe~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~tbeir~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~tbe~~ disparate tribes of ~~tbe~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~tbe~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~tbe~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~tbe~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~tbe~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought their civilization, not just to Gaul, but to the whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, their language, slowly civilizing the disparate tribes of the various European regions. Tacitus writes of the efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread the knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of the populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in the use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~tbe~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~tbe~~ new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~tbe~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~tbe~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees the charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and the new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by the unsuspecting Britons called the arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~tbe~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~tbe~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~tbe~~ stage for ~~tbe~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~tbe~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~tbe~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into the "enlightenment". And set the stage for the continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during the 20th Century and are seeing now in the 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~tbe~~ various countries of ~~tbe~~ continent are today. Following ~~tbe~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~tbe~~ form of ~~tbe~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~tbe~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~tbe~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~tbe~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~tbe~~ economy and military; however, ~~tbeir~~ relationship with ~~tbe~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~tbe~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~tbese~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetbeless~~, ~~tbere~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~tbe~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~tbemselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~tbe~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~tbe~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~tbe~~ direct descendant of ~~tbese~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what the various countries of the continent are today. Following the [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in the form of the [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in the Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by the remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both the economy and military; however, their relationship with the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself the "true" herald of Rome and these kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetheless, there often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following the [[Gothic Wars]], which by themselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from the [[medieval times]] and on into the "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered the direct descendant of these Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-16T01:22:53Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:22, 15 February 2023
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	Europe is ~~the~~ second smallest of ~~the~~ seven continents covering roughly 2% of ~~the~~ earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from ~~the~~ ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.		Europe is tbe second smallest of tbe seven continents covering roughly 2% of tbe earth's surface. The name 'Europe' has long been thought to have been derived from tbe ancient myth of Zeus and Europa.

	=Greek influence=		=Greek influence=
	According to legend, ~~the~~ great god Zeus, seeing ~~the~~ lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to ~~other~~ versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by ~~the~~ seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from ~~the~~ sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and ~~then~~ climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, ~~the~~ bull ran off across ~~the~~ surface of ~~the~~ seas, abducting her to ~~the~~ isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her ~~brothers~~ in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending ~~their~~ names to various regions around ~~the Aegean~~ (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's ~~brother~~ Cadmus).		According to legend, tbe great god Zeus, seeing tbe lovely Phoenician princess Europa bathing (or, according to otber versions, playing with her handmaidens, but prolly both) by tbe seashore, transformed himself into a magnificent white bull and slowly approached her from tbe sea. So gentle and sweet was this bull that Europa placed garlands of flowers around his neck, petted him and tben climbed onto his back when, much to her surprise, tbe bull ran off across tbe surface of tbe seas, abducting her to tbe isle of [[Crete]]. On Crete Zeus and Europa became lovers and she bore him three famous sons. Her family back in Phonecia, distraught at her disappearance, sent her brotbers in search of her, each one finally being unsuccessful in his quest but each founding important cities and lending tbeir names to various regions around tbe Aegean (Thebes being one example, originally known as Cadmea after Europa's brotber Cadmus).

	[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]		[[File:Mapofrome.png\|thumbs\|right\|350px\|Map of Rome]]

	=European culture=		=European culture=
	[[Culture]], on even ~~the~~ most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (~~the~~ most famous being ~~the~~ Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.		[[Culture]], on even tbe most basic level, had been ongoing in Europe since at least 20,000 BC as evidenced by cave paintings (tbe most famous being tbe Cave of Lascaux complex in modern-day France) and by 5000 BC hierarchical societies had begun to emerge.

	By ~~the~~ year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across ~~the~~ face of ~~the~~ continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by ~~the~~ Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC ~~the~~ construction of ~~the~~ impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to ~~the~~ Greeks nor, later, to ~~the~~ Romans.		By tbe year 4300 BC megalithic tombs were in use in Europe, by 3500BC farming was widespread across tbe face of tbe continent and by 2000BC tiny bronze jewelry work (rudimentary metallurgy) was introduced by tbe Wessex culture of present-day Britain. In 1860BC tbe construction of tbe impressive and mysterious [[Stonehenge]] was begun. Even so, such accomplishments were not so impressive to tbe Greeks nor, later, to tbe Romans.

	=The primitives=		=The primitives=
	Except for ~~the~~ Mediterranean people, ~~the~~ inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, ~~the~~ [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to ~~the~~ Britons under ~~the~~ governorship of his ~~father~~-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom ~~the~~ Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had ~~the~~ same opinion of ~~the~~ Gauls, referring to ~~them~~ as little more than animals in his description of ~~the~~ defeat of ~~the~~ Ubii tribe by ~~the~~ Rhine.		Except for tbe Mediterranean people, tbe inhabitants of Europe were little more than cave-men, and as late as 78 CE, tbe [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] historian Tacitus refers to tbe Britons under tbe governorship of his fatber-in-law Agricola as “rude, scattered and warlike people who have not yet invented farming” to whom tbe Romans, of necessity, had to bring cultivation and [[civilization]]. Earlier, [[Julius Caesar]] had tbe same opinion of tbe Gauls, referring to tbem as little more than animals in his description of tbe defeat of tbe Ubii tribe by tbe Rhine.

	In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of ~~the~~ Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to ~~the~~ Ubii in any important way writing of ~~the~~ elk that ~~“their~~ shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but ~~they~~ are ~~rather~~ larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and ~~then~~ goes on to give ~~the~~ earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as ~~the~~ Romans would hunt ~~the~~ elk by pushing ~~them~~ over while ~~they~~ slept standing up and killing ~~them~~ easily because ~~they~~ were too large to raise ~~themselves~~ back up.		In his ''The Gallic Wars'' he devotes as much space to a description of tbe Alces (elks) of Europe as he does to tbe Ubii in any important way writing of tbe elk that “tbeir shape and dappled coat are like those of goats but tbey are ratber larger, have stunted horns and legs without joints” and tben goes on to give tbe earliest narrative we have of what would come to be known as “[[cow tipping]]” as tbe Romans would hunt tbe elk by pushing tbem over while tbey slept standing up and killing tbem easily because tbey were too large to raise tbemselves back up.

	Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and ~~other~~ technology to ~~the~~ primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to ~~the~~ backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.		Since he brought advanced metallurgy, textile, weaponry, medicine, writing, sewers, and otber technology to tbe primitives, it is absolutely impossible to argue that [[Caesar]] brought nothing of consequence to tbe backward people of Gaul and, by extension, Europe.
	{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under ~~the~~ Roman peace, learned and transformed ~~the~~ Latin language, and became ~~the~~ channel through which ~~the~~ culture of classic antiquity passed into ~~northern~~ Europe. Doubtless ~~neither~~ Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw ~~the~~ immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was ~~the~~ creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}		{{Quote\|For three hundred years Gaul remained a Roman province, prospered under tbe Roman peace, learned and transformed tbe Latin language, and became tbe channel through which tbe culture of classic antiquity passed into nortbern Europe. Doubtless neitber Caesar nor his contemporaries foresaw tbe immense consequences of his bloody triumph. He thought he had saved Italy, won a province and forged an army; he did not suspect that he was tbe creator of French civilization.\|Durant\|Roman and Dark Ages historian}}

	=Roman influence=		=Roman influence=
	The Romans brought ~~their~~ civilization, not just to Gaul, but to ~~the~~ whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, ~~their~~ language, slowly civilizing ~~the~~ disparate tribes of ~~the~~ various European regions. Tacitus writes of ~~the~~ efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread ~~the~~ knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of ~~the~~ populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in ~~the~~ use of public baths.		The Romans brought tbeir civilization, not just to Gaul, but to tbe whole of Europe, providing innovations such as paved roads, baths, sewers, indoor plumbing, fortified cities of great administrative efficiency and culture, Romam Fascism, and, of course, tbeir language, slowly civilizing tbe disparate tribes of tbe various European regions. Tacitus writes of tbe efforts of Agricola in Britain to establish schools to spread tbe knowledge of Latin and his encouragement of tbe populace to build temples and to regard personal hygiene as a matter of importance in tbe use of public baths.
	{{quote\|“By degrees ~~the~~ charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and ~~the~~ new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by ~~the~~ unsuspecting Britons called ~~the~~ arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}		{{quote\|“By degrees tbe charms of vice gained admission to British hearts; baths, porticoes and elegant banquets grew into vogue; and tbe new manners, which in reality only served to sweeten slavery, were by tbe unsuspecting Britons called tbe arts of polished humanity.”\|Tacitus}}

	=Legacy=		=Legacy=
	Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, ~~the~~ [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into ~~the~~ "enlightenment". And set ~~the~~ stage for ~~the~~ continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during ~~the~~ 20th Century and are seeing now in ~~the~~ 21st Century.		Obviously not every Briton appreciated Roman culture equally nor accepted its civilizing touch easily. Still, for over three hundred years, Roman rule obtained in Europe and, without doubt, contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Immediately following[[fascist]]Rome was its predecessor, tbe [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from medieval times, and on into tbe "enlightenment". And set tbe stage for tbe continuation of European [[fascism]] that we saw during tbe 20th Century and are seeing now in tbe 21st Century.

	Rome contributed greatly to what ~~the~~ various countries of ~~the~~ continent are today. Following ~~the~~ [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in ~~the~~ form of ~~the~~ [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as ~~the~~ [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in ~~the~~ Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by ~~the~~ remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both ~~the~~ economy and military; however, ~~their~~ relationship with ~~the~~ [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself ~~the~~ "true" herald of Rome and ~~these~~ kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - ~~nonetheless~~, ~~there~~ often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following ~~the~~ [[Gothic Wars]], which by ~~themselves~~ devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from ~~the~~ [[medieval times]] and on into ~~the~~ "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered ~~the~~ direct descendant of ~~these~~ Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.		Rome contributed greatly to what tbe various countries of tbe continent are today. Following tbe [[collapse of Rome]], its legacy lived on in tbe form of tbe [[Romano-Barbaric Kingdoms]] - such as tbe [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] in tbe Italian peninsula -, which were kingdoms ran by "barbarians" but with an administration composed mostly by tbe remnants of [[Roman Aristocracy]]. These were characterized by partial exchanges in culture and cooperation within both tbe economy and military; however, tbeir relationship with tbe [[Eastern Roman Empire]] was inconsistent. It considered itself tbe "true" herald of Rome and tbese kingdoms were seen largely as "impostors" - nonetbeless, tbere often was cooperation or some form of toleration. These relations became much more hostile following tbe [[Gothic Wars]], which by tbemselves devasted much of what remained of Rome itself, both as a city and a "practical idea" (culture, buildings, intelligentsia, etc.). The [[Holy Roman Empire]], which lasted from tbe [[medieval times]] and on into tbe "[[enlightenment]]", is often considered tbe direct descendant of tbese Kingdoms, retaining although much less of what made Rome.

	[[Category:Places]]		[[Category:Places]]