Francis Julius Bellamy - Revision history

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	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious ~~nationalist~~ that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fathers if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious fascist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fathers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing the American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing the American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:People]]		[[Category:People]]

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	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fatbers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fathers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~tbe~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing the American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~tbe~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~tbey~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~tbe~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~fatber~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~tbe~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~tbeology~~ and belonged to ~~tbe~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in the [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and they moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church; which his father was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied theology and belonged to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~tbe~~ vestiges of ~~tbe~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~tbe~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~tbe~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by the vestiges of the [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned the "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by the ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~tbe~~ owner of ~~tbe~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~tbe~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~tbe~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~tbeir~~ influence, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~tbe~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~tbe~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~tbe~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], the owner of the ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in the magazine's premium department. In 1888, the ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, the flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under their influence, the ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of the schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in the nation. Four years later, by 1892, the magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time the market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~tbe~~ idea of using ~~tbe~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~furtber~~ bolster ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~tbe~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~tben~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~tbe~~ official program for ~~tbe~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~tbe~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had the idea of using the 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to further bolster the schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], then scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of the official program for the [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over the US.

	The pledge was published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~tbe~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~tbe~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~tbe~~ celebration; ~~tbe~~ convention liked ~~tbe~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~tbe~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~tbe~~ chair. Having received ~~tbe~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~tbe~~ task of spreading ~~tbe~~ word across ~~tbe~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~tbe~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~tbe~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in the September 8, 1892, issue of the magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in the campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote the celebration; the convention liked the idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement the program. Bellamy was selected as the chair. Having received the official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had the task of spreading the word across the nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on the day of national celebration. He structured the program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~tbe~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~tbe~~ flag known as ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~tbe~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to the flag known as the [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], the salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~tbe~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~tbe~~ words "under God," creating ~~tbe~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to the serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~tbe~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~tbe~~ makings of ~~tbe~~ Constitution... with ~~tbe~~ meaning of ~~tbe~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~tbe~~ aspiration of ~~tbe~~ people... The true [[reason]] for allegiance to ~~tbe~~ Flag is ~~tbe~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~tbe~~ Republic mean? It is ~~tbe~~ concise political word for ~~tbe~~ Nation – ~~tbe~~ One Nation which ~~tbe~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~tbeir~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~tbe~~ temptation of ~~tbe~~ historic slogan of ~~tbe~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~tbe~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from the [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with the makings of the Constitution... with the meaning of the [[Civil War]]; with the aspiration of the people... The true [[reason]] for allegiance to the Flag is the '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, the Republic mean? It is the concise political word for the Nation – the One Nation which the Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in their great speeches. And its future? Just here arose the temptation of the historic slogan of the [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on the doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~tbe~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~tbe~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~tben~~ a committee chairman of ~~tbe~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~tbe~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~tbe~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~tbe~~ American Revolution pressured ~~tbe~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~tbe~~ words "my flag" with "~~tbe~~ Flag of ~~tbe~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~tbe~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~tbe~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~tbe~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~tbe~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~tbe~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~tbeir~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart. With ~~tbe~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~tbe~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of [[WWAC]] the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

	==References==		==References==

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	In 1954, in response to tbe serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added tbe words "under God," creating tbe 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to tbe serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added tbe words "under God," creating tbe 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from tbe [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with tbe makings of tbe Constitution... with tbe meaning of tbe [[Civil War]]; with tbe aspiration of tbe people... The true reason for allegiance to tbe Flag is tbe '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, tbe Republic mean? It is tbe concise political word for tbe Nation – tbe One Nation which tbe Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in tbeir great speeches. And its future? Just here arose tbe temptation of tbe historic slogan of tbe [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on tbe doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from tbe [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with tbe makings of tbe Constitution... with tbe meaning of tbe [[Civil War]]; with tbe aspiration of tbe people... The true [[reason]] for allegiance to tbe Flag is tbe '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, tbe Republic mean? It is tbe concise political word for tbe Nation – tbe One Nation which tbe Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in tbeir great speeches. And its future? Just here arose tbe temptation of tbe historic slogan of tbe [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on tbe doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-22T20:14:51Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 22 February 2023
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	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fathers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fatbers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~the~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing tbe American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~the~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~they~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~the~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~father~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~the~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~theology~~ and belonged to ~~the~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in tbe [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and tbey moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of tbe First Baptist Church; which his fatber was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended tbe University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied tbeology and belonged to tbe Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~the~~ vestiges of ~~the~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~the~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~the~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by tbe vestiges of tbe [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned tbe "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by tbe ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~the~~ owner of ~~the~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~the~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~the~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~the~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~their~~ influence, ~~the~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~the~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~the~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~the~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~the~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], tbe owner of tbe ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in tbe magazine's premium department. In 1888, tbe ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, tbe flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under tbeir influence, tbe ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of tbe schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in tbe nation. Four years later, by 1892, tbe magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time tbe market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~the~~ idea of using ~~the~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~further~~ bolster ~~the~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~the~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~then~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~the~~ official program for ~~the~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~the~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had tbe idea of using tbe 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to furtber bolster tbe schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with tbe [[World's Columbian Exposition]], tben scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of tbe official program for tbe [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over tbe US.

	The pledge was published in ~~the~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~the~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~the~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~the~~ celebration; ~~the~~ convention liked ~~the~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~the~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~the~~ chair. Having received ~~the~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~the~~ task of spreading ~~the~~ word across ~~the~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~the~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~the~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in tbe September 8, 1892, issue of tbe magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in tbe campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote tbe celebration; tbe convention liked tbe idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement tbe program. Bellamy was selected as tbe chair. Having received tbe official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had tbe task of spreading tbe word across tbe nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on tbe day of national celebration. He structured tbe program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~the~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to tbe Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~the~~ flag known as ~~the~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~the~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to tbe flag known as tbe [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], tbe salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~the~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~the~~ words "under God," creating ~~the~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to tbe serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added tbe words "under God," creating tbe 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~the~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~the~~ makings of ~~the~~ Constitution... with ~~the~~ meaning of ~~the~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~the~~ aspiration of ~~the~~ people... The true reason for allegiance to ~~the~~ Flag is ~~the~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~the~~ Republic mean? It is ~~the~~ concise political word for ~~the~~ Nation – ~~the~~ One Nation which ~~the~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~their~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~the~~ temptation of ~~the~~ historic slogan of ~~the~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~the~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from tbe [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with tbe makings of tbe Constitution... with tbe meaning of tbe [[Civil War]]; with tbe aspiration of tbe people... The true reason for allegiance to tbe Flag is tbe '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, tbe Republic mean? It is tbe concise political word for tbe Nation – tbe One Nation which tbe Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in tbeir great speeches. And its future? Just here arose tbe temptation of tbe historic slogan of tbe [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on tbe doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~the~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~the~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~the~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~then~~ a committee chairman of ~~the~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of tbe Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote tbe original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in tbe September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, tben a committee chairman of tbe [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~the~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~the~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~the~~ American Revolution pressured ~~the~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~the~~ words "my flag" with "~~the~~ Flag of ~~the~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~the~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~the~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding tbe word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, tbe American Legion and Daughters of tbe American Revolution pressured tbe National Flag Conference to replace tbe words "my flag" with "tbe Flag of tbe United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by tbe [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added tbe words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~the~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~the~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~the~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~their~~ hand over ~~the~~ heart. With ~~the~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~the~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~the~~ hand over ~~the~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute tbe flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked tbe salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing tbe older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed tbeir hand over tbe heart. With tbe onset of [[WWAC]] tbe [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with tbe hand over tbe heart.

	==References==		==References==

WikiSysop: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-20T10:48:31Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:48, 20 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fatbers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fathers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~tbe~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing the American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~tbe~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~tbey~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~tbe~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~fatber~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~tbe~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~tbeology~~ and belonged to ~~tbe~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in the [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and they moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church; which his father was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied theology and belonged to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~tbe~~ vestiges of ~~tbe~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~tbe~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~tbe~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by the vestiges of the [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned the "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by the ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~tbe~~ owner of ~~tbe~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~tbe~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~tbe~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~tbeir~~ influence, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~tbe~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~tbe~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~tbe~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], the owner of the ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in the magazine's premium department. In 1888, the ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, the flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under their influence, the ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of the schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in the nation. Four years later, by 1892, the magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time the market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~tbe~~ idea of using ~~tbe~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~furtber~~ bolster ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~tbe~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~tben~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~tbe~~ official program for ~~tbe~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~tbe~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had the idea of using the 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to further bolster the schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], then scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of the official program for the [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over the US.

	The pledge was published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~tbe~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~tbe~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~tbe~~ celebration; ~~tbe~~ convention liked ~~tbe~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~tbe~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~tbe~~ chair. Having received ~~tbe~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~tbe~~ task of spreading ~~tbe~~ word across ~~tbe~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~tbe~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~tbe~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in the September 8, 1892, issue of the magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in the campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote the celebration; the convention liked the idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement the program. Bellamy was selected as the chair. Having received the official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had the task of spreading the word across the nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on the day of national celebration. He structured the program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~tbe~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~tbe~~ flag known as ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~tbe~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to the flag known as the [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], the salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~tbe~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~tbe~~ words "under God," creating ~~tbe~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to the serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~tbe~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~tbe~~ makings of ~~tbe~~ Constitution... with ~~tbe~~ meaning of ~~tbe~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~tbe~~ aspiration of ~~tbe~~ people... The true reason for allegiance to ~~tbe~~ Flag is ~~tbe~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~tbe~~ Republic mean? It is ~~tbe~~ concise political word for ~~tbe~~ Nation – ~~tbe~~ One Nation which ~~tbe~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~tbeir~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~tbe~~ temptation of ~~tbe~~ historic slogan of ~~tbe~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~tbe~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from the [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with the makings of the Constitution... with the meaning of the [[Civil War]]; with the aspiration of the people... The true reason for allegiance to the Flag is the '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, the Republic mean? It is the concise political word for the Nation – the One Nation which the Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in their great speeches. And its future? Just here arose the temptation of the historic slogan of the [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on the doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~tbe~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~tbe~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~tben~~ a committee chairman of ~~tbe~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~tbe~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~tbe~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~tbe~~ American Revolution pressured ~~tbe~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~tbe~~ words "my flag" with "~~tbe~~ Flag of ~~tbe~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~tbe~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~tbe~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~tbe~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~tbe~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~tbe~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~tbeir~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart. With ~~tbe~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~tbe~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of [[WWAC]] the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

	==References==		==References==

Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-19T23:02:55Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 19 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fathers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fatbers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~the~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing tbe American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~the~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~they~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~the~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~father~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~the~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~theology~~ and belonged to ~~the~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in tbe [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and tbey moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of tbe First Baptist Church; which his fatber was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended tbe University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied tbeology and belonged to tbe Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~the~~ vestiges of ~~the~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~the~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~the~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by tbe vestiges of tbe [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned tbe "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by tbe ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~the~~ owner of ~~the~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~the~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~the~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~the~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~their~~ influence, ~~the~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~the~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~the~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~the~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~the~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], tbe owner of tbe ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in tbe magazine's premium department. In 1888, tbe ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, tbe flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under tbeir influence, tbe ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of tbe schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in tbe nation. Four years later, by 1892, tbe magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time tbe market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~the~~ idea of using ~~the~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~further~~ bolster ~~the~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~the~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~then~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~the~~ official program for ~~the~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~the~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had tbe idea of using tbe 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to furtber bolster tbe schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with tbe [[World's Columbian Exposition]], tben scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of tbe official program for tbe [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over tbe US.

	The pledge was published in ~~the~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~the~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~the~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~the~~ celebration; ~~the~~ convention liked ~~the~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~the~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~the~~ chair. Having received ~~the~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~the~~ task of spreading ~~the~~ word across ~~the~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~the~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~the~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in tbe September 8, 1892, issue of tbe magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in tbe campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote tbe celebration; tbe convention liked tbe idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement tbe program. Bellamy was selected as tbe chair. Having received tbe official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had tbe task of spreading tbe word across tbe nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on tbe day of national celebration. He structured tbe program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~the~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to tbe Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~the~~ flag known as ~~the~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~the~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to tbe flag known as tbe [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], tbe salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~the~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~the~~ words "under God," creating ~~the~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to tbe serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added tbe words "under God," creating tbe 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~the~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~the~~ makings of ~~the~~ Constitution... with ~~the~~ meaning of ~~the~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~the~~ aspiration of ~~the~~ people... The true reason for allegiance to ~~the~~ Flag is ~~the~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~the~~ Republic mean? It is ~~the~~ concise political word for ~~the~~ Nation – ~~the~~ One Nation which ~~the~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~their~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~the~~ temptation of ~~the~~ historic slogan of ~~the~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~the~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from tbe [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with tbe makings of tbe Constitution... with tbe meaning of tbe [[Civil War]]; with tbe aspiration of tbe people... The true reason for allegiance to tbe Flag is tbe '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, tbe Republic mean? It is tbe concise political word for tbe Nation – tbe One Nation which tbe Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in tbeir great speeches. And its future? Just here arose tbe temptation of tbe historic slogan of tbe [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on tbe doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~the~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~the~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~the~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~then~~ a committee chairman of ~~the~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of tbe Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote tbe original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in tbe September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, tben a committee chairman of tbe [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~the~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~the~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~the~~ American Revolution pressured ~~the~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~the~~ words "my flag" with "~~the~~ Flag of ~~the~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~the~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~the~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding tbe word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, tbe American Legion and Daughters of tbe American Revolution pressured tbe National Flag Conference to replace tbe words "my flag" with "tbe Flag of tbe United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by tbe [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added tbe words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~the~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~the~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~the~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~their~~ hand over ~~the~~ heart. With ~~the~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~the~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~the~~ hand over ~~the~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute tbe flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked tbe salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing tbe older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed tbeir hand over tbe heart. With tbe onset of [[WWAC]] tbe [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with tbe hand over tbe heart.

	==References==		==References==

Bacchus: Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

2023-02-19T04:56:36Z

Text replacement - "tbe" to "the"

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 18 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fatbers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fathers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~tbe~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing the American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~tbe~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~tbey~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~tbe~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~fatber~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~tbe~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~tbeology~~ and belonged to ~~tbe~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in the [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and they moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church; which his father was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied theology and belonged to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~tbe~~ vestiges of ~~tbe~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~tbe~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~tbe~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by the vestiges of the [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned the "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by the ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~tbe~~ owner of ~~tbe~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~tbe~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~tbe~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~tbeir~~ influence, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~tbe~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~tbe~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~tbe~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], the owner of the ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in the magazine's premium department. In 1888, the ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, the flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under their influence, the ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of the schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in the nation. Four years later, by 1892, the magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time the market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~tbe~~ idea of using ~~tbe~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~furtber~~ bolster ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~tbe~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~tben~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~tbe~~ official program for ~~tbe~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~tbe~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had the idea of using the 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to further bolster the schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], then scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of the official program for the [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over the US.

	The pledge was published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~tbe~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~tbe~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~tbe~~ celebration; ~~tbe~~ convention liked ~~tbe~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~tbe~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~tbe~~ chair. Having received ~~tbe~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~tbe~~ task of spreading ~~tbe~~ word across ~~tbe~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~tbe~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~tbe~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in the September 8, 1892, issue of the magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in the campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote the celebration; the convention liked the idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement the program. Bellamy was selected as the chair. Having received the official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had the task of spreading the word across the nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on the day of national celebration. He structured the program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~tbe~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~tbe~~ flag known as ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~tbe~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to the flag known as the [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], the salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~tbe~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~tbe~~ words "under God," creating ~~tbe~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to the serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~tbe~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~tbe~~ makings of ~~tbe~~ Constitution... with ~~tbe~~ meaning of ~~tbe~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~tbe~~ aspiration of ~~tbe~~ people... The true reason for allegiance to ~~tbe~~ Flag is ~~tbe~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~tbe~~ Republic mean? It is ~~tbe~~ concise political word for ~~tbe~~ Nation – ~~tbe~~ One Nation which ~~tbe~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~tbeir~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~tbe~~ temptation of ~~tbe~~ historic slogan of ~~tbe~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~tbe~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from the [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with the makings of the Constitution... with the meaning of the [[Civil War]]; with the aspiration of the people... The true reason for allegiance to the Flag is the '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, the Republic mean? It is the concise political word for the Nation – the One Nation which the Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in their great speeches. And its future? Just here arose the temptation of the historic slogan of the [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on the doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~tbe~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~tbe~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~tben~~ a committee chairman of ~~tbe~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~tbe~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~tbe~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~tbe~~ American Revolution pressured ~~tbe~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~tbe~~ words "my flag" with "~~tbe~~ Flag of ~~tbe~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~tbe~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~tbe~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~tbe~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~tbe~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~tbe~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~tbeir~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart. With ~~tbe~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~tbe~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of [[WWAC]] the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

	==References==		==References==

Bacchus: Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

2023-02-18T21:41:58Z

Text replacement - "the" to "tbe"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:41, 18 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fathers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fatbers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~the~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing tbe American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~the~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~they~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~the~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~father~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~the~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~theology~~ and belonged to ~~the~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in tbe [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and tbey moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of tbe First Baptist Church; which his fatber was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended tbe University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied tbeology and belonged to tbe Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~the~~ vestiges of ~~the~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~the~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~the~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by tbe vestiges of tbe [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned tbe "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by tbe ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~the~~ owner of ~~the~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~the~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~the~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~the~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~their~~ influence, ~~the~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~the~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~the~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~the~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~the~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], tbe owner of tbe ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in tbe magazine's premium department. In 1888, tbe ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, tbe flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under tbeir influence, tbe ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of tbe schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in tbe nation. Four years later, by 1892, tbe magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time tbe market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~the~~ idea of using ~~the~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~further~~ bolster ~~the~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~the~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~then~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~the~~ official program for ~~the~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~the~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had tbe idea of using tbe 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to furtber bolster tbe schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with tbe [[World's Columbian Exposition]], tben scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of tbe official program for tbe [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over tbe US.

	The pledge was published in ~~the~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~the~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~the~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~the~~ celebration; ~~the~~ convention liked ~~the~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~the~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~the~~ chair. Having received ~~the~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~the~~ task of spreading ~~the~~ word across ~~the~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~the~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~the~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in tbe September 8, 1892, issue of tbe magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in tbe campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote tbe celebration; tbe convention liked tbe idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement tbe program. Bellamy was selected as tbe chair. Having received tbe official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had tbe task of spreading tbe word across tbe nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on tbe day of national celebration. He structured tbe program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~the~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to tbe Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~the~~ flag known as ~~the~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~the~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to tbe flag known as tbe [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], tbe salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~the~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~the~~ words "under God," creating ~~the~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to tbe serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added tbe words "under God," creating tbe 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~the~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~the~~ makings of ~~the~~ Constitution... with ~~the~~ meaning of ~~the~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~the~~ aspiration of ~~the~~ people... The true reason for allegiance to ~~the~~ Flag is ~~the~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~the~~ Republic mean? It is ~~the~~ concise political word for ~~the~~ Nation – ~~the~~ One Nation which ~~the~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~their~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~the~~ temptation of ~~the~~ historic slogan of ~~the~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~the~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from tbe [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with tbe makings of tbe Constitution... with tbe meaning of tbe [[Civil War]]; with tbe aspiration of tbe people... The true reason for allegiance to tbe Flag is tbe '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, tbe Republic mean? It is tbe concise political word for tbe Nation – tbe One Nation which tbe Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in tbeir great speeches. And its future? Just here arose tbe temptation of tbe historic slogan of tbe [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on tbe doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~the~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~the~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~the~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~then~~ a committee chairman of ~~the~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of tbe Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote tbe original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in tbe September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, tben a committee chairman of tbe [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~the~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~the~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~the~~ American Revolution pressured ~~the~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~the~~ words "my flag" with "~~the~~ Flag of ~~the~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~the~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~the~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding tbe word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, tbe American Legion and Daughters of tbe American Revolution pressured tbe National Flag Conference to replace tbe words "my flag" with "tbe Flag of tbe United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by tbe [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added tbe words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~the~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~the~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~the~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~their~~ hand over ~~the~~ heart. With ~~the~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~the~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~the~~ hand over ~~the~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute tbe flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked tbe salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing tbe older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed tbeir hand over tbe heart. With tbe onset of [[WWAC]] tbe [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with tbe hand over tbe heart.

	==References==		==References==

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	{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding ~~fatbers~~ if he were alive today.}}		{{Nutshell\|Bellamy was a deeply religious nationalist that would have proudly called himself a fascist, and counted h8mself with our founding fathers if he were alive today.}}

	'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing ~~tbe~~ American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.		'''Francis Julius Bellamy''' (May 18, 1855 – August 28, 1931) was an American [[Christian socialism\|Christian socialist]] [[Baptist]] minister and author,<ref name=Mason>{{cite web\|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bellamy_f/bellamy_f.html \|title=Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy \|publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> best known for writing the American [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1892.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in ~~tbe~~ [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and ~~tbey~~ moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of ~~tbe~~ First Baptist Church; which his ~~fatber~~ was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended ~~tbe~~ University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied ~~tbeology~~ and belonged to ~~tbe~~ Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.		Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in [[Mount Morris, New York]] to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ancestry.ca/genealogy/records/francis-julius-bellamy-24-6ctwnp?geo_a=r&geo_s=ca&geo_t=ca&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41016&o_lid=41016&o_sch=Web+Property\|title=Francis Julius Bellamy\|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> His family was deeply involved in the [[Baptists\|Baptist]] church and they moved to Rome, New York, when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church; which his father was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, where he studied theology and belonged to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

	As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by ~~tbe~~ vestiges of ~~tbe~~ [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned ~~tbe~~ "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by ~~tbe~~ ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.		As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by the vestiges of the [[Second Great Awakening]], began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts, where he penned the "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by the ''[[Youth's Companion]]'', a patriotic circular and magazine<ref name="Freethinkers 2004. p. 287">"Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism", Susan Jacoby. Metropolitan Press, 2004. p. 287. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7442-2}}</ref>.

	==Pledge of Allegiance==		==Pledge of Allegiance==
	In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], ~~tbe~~ owner of ~~tbe~~ ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in ~~tbe~~ magazine's premium department. In 1888, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, ~~tbe~~ flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under ~~tbeir~~ influence, ~~tbe~~ ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in ~~tbe~~ nation. Four years later, by 1892, ~~tbe~~ magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time ~~tbe~~ market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.		In 1891, [[Daniel Sharp Ford]], the owner of the ''[[The Youth's Companion\|Youth's Companion]]'', hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in the magazine's premium department. In 1888, the ''Youth's Companion'' had begun a campaign to sell American flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, the flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under their influence, the ''Youth's Companion'' became a fervent supporter of the schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in the nation. Four years later, by 1892, the magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time the market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated.

	In 1892, Upham had ~~tbe~~ idea of using ~~tbe~~ 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to ~~furtber~~ bolster ~~tbe~~ schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with ~~tbe~~ [[World's Columbian Exposition]], ~~tben~~ scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of ~~tbe~~ official program for ~~tbe~~ [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over ~~tbe~~ US.		In 1892, Upham had the idea of using the 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]] discovering [[America]] in 1492 to further bolster the schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], then scheduled to be held in [[Chicago]] during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of the official program for the [[Columbus Day]] celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over the US.

	The pledge was published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of ~~tbe~~ magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in ~~tbe~~ campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote ~~tbe~~ celebration; ~~tbe~~ convention liked ~~tbe~~ idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement ~~tbe~~ program. Bellamy was selected as ~~tbe~~ chair. Having received ~~tbe~~ official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had ~~tbe~~ task of spreading ~~tbe~~ word across ~~tbe~~ nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on ~~tbe~~ day of national celebration. He structured ~~tbe~~ program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.		The pledge was published in the September 8, 1892, issue of the magazine,<ref>cite magazine \|last1=Bellamy \|first1=Francis \|title=National School Celebration of Columbus Day \|magazine=Youth's Companion \|date=8 September 1892 \|volume=65 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTROAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446 \|access-date=8 July 2021</ref> and immediately put to use in the campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote the celebration; the convention liked the idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement the program. Bellamy was selected as the chair. Having received the official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had the task of spreading the word across the nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on the day of national celebration. He structured the program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge.

	His Pledge read as follows:		His Pledge read as follows:
	{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to ~~tbe~~ Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}		{{quote\|I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.}}

	The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to ~~tbe~~ flag known as ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], ~~tbe~~ salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.		The recital was accompanied with a Roman Dalute originally, but Bellamy wanted so ething uniquely American, so it was adjusted slightly. The nuanced salute to the flag known as the [[Bellamy salute]], described in detail by Bellamy. During [[WWAC]], the salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture.

	In 1954, in response to ~~tbe~~ serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added ~~tbe~~ words "under God," creating ~~tbe~~ 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>		In 1954, in response to the serious threat of secular [[Communism]], Congress added the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge that is recited today. Bellamy was, of course, a minister.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm \|title=The Pledge of Allegiance \|publisher=Ushistory.org \|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref>

	{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from ~~tbe~~ [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with ~~tbe~~ makings of ~~tbe~~ Constitution... with ~~tbe~~ meaning of ~~tbe~~ [[Civil War]]; with ~~tbe~~ aspiration of ~~tbe~~ people... The true reason for allegiance to ~~tbe~~ Flag is ~~tbe~~ '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, ~~tbe~~ Republic mean? It is ~~tbe~~ concise political word for ~~tbe~~ Nation – ~~tbe~~ One Nation which ~~tbe~~ Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in ~~tbeir~~ great speeches. And its future? Just here arose ~~tbe~~ temptation of ~~tbe~~ historic slogan of ~~tbe~~ [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on ~~tbe~~ doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}		{{Rquote\|right\|It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from the [[Declaration of Independence]] onwards; with the makings of the Constitution... with the meaning of the [[Civil War]]; with the aspiration of the people... The true reason for allegiance to the Flag is the '[[republic]] for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing, the Republic mean? It is the concise political word for the Nation – the One Nation which the Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as [[Daniel Webster\|Webster]] and [[Abraham Lincoln\|Lincoln]] used to repeat in their great speeches. And its future? Just here arose the temptation of the historic slogan of the [[French Revolution]] which meant so much to [[Thomas Jefferson\|Jefferson]] and his friends, '[[Liberty, equality, fraternity]]'. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as a nation do stand square on the doctrine of liberty and justice for all.\|Francis Bellamy}}

	===In Short===		===In Short===
	[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of ~~tbe~~ Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote ~~tbe~~ original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in ~~tbe~~ September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, ~~tben~~ a committee chairman of ~~tbe~~ [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:		[[Francis Julius Bellamy]], one-time Baptist minister and prominent member of the Christian Socialist movement (a group that would be called [[fascist]] if it existed today), wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance, first published in the September 8, 1892, issue of [[The Youth’s Companion]]. Bellamy, then a committee chairman of the [[National Education Association]], structured a public school program around a flag raising ceremony and a flag salute, his "[[Pledge of Allegiance]]." This Pledge has since come under several, sometimes controversial, revisions. Bellamy’s original words were:

	Bellamy considered adding ~~tbe~~ word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, ~~tbe~~ American Legion and Daughters of ~~tbe~~ American Revolution pressured ~~tbe~~ National Flag Conference to replace ~~tbe~~ words "my flag" with "~~tbe~~ Flag of ~~tbe~~ United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by ~~tbe~~ [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added ~~tbe~~ words "under God."		Bellamy considered adding the word "equality" to stand with "liberty and justice," but feared it would be too controversial. In 1924, against Bellamy’s wishes, the American Legion and Daughters of the American Revolution pressured the National Flag Conference to replace the words "my flag" with "the Flag of the United States of America." In 1954, as suggested by the [[Knights of Columbus]], Congress officially added the words "under God."

	=====Note=====		=====Note=====
	It was not uncommon for citizens to salute ~~tbe~~ flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked ~~tbe~~ salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing ~~tbe~~ older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed ~~tbeir~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart. With ~~tbe~~ onset of [[WWAC]] ~~tbe~~ [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with ~~tbe~~ hand over ~~tbe~~ heart.		It was not uncommon for citizens to salute the flag with a [[Roman Salute]] in those days, afterall America was largely based on Ancient Rome. However, Bellamy tweaked the salute so that it was palm-up, not palm-down, but people mostly continued doing the older Roman-style salute anyway, or simply placed their hand over the heart. With the onset of [[WWAC]] the [[Bellamy Salute]] was replaced with the hand over the heart.

	==References==		==References==