French State - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist\|2}}
	[[Category:France\| ]]		[[Category:France\| ]]
	[[Category:Claimed mass killings]]		[[Category:Claimed mass killings]]

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	[[File:Vichy flag.png\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the French State.]]		[[File:Vichy flag.png\|thumb\|300px\|Flag of the French State.]]
	[[File:Petain National Revolution.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\| Poster for the National Revolution of the French State, with Marshal Pétain.]]		[[File:Petain National Revolution.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\| Poster for the National Revolution of the French State, with Marshal Pétain.]]
	The '''French State '''(French: '''État Français''') was the new proclaimed name for [[France]] in succession to the discredited [[French Third Republic]], which was dissolved after the National Assembly voted (569 votes to 80) to give full plenary powers to the Cabinet under the authority and signature of the Premier, Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]], on 10 July 1940.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', Robert Hale, London, 1957, from p.30: "The Death of the Third Republic".</ref><ref>Huddleston, Sisley, ''France, The Tragic Years 1939-1947'', Devin-Adair publishers, New York, 1955, p.xviii.</ref> (Plenary powers were regularly voted into the hands of France's Premiers.<ref>Plenary power is granted to a body or person in absolute terms, with no review of or limitations upon the exercise of that power.</ref>) The old [[French Revolution]]ary slogan "Liberty, equality, fraternity" was replaced with "Work, family, fatherland".		The '''French State '''(French: '''État Français''') was the new proclaimed name for [[France]] in succession to the discredited [[French Third Republic]], which was dissolved after the National Assembly voted (569 votes to 80) to give full plenary powers to the Cabinet under the authority and signature of the Premier, Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]], on 10 July 1940.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', Robert Hale, London, 1957, from p.30: "The Death of the Third Republic".</ref><ref>Huddleston, Sisley, ''France, The Tragic Years 1939-1947'', Devin-Adair publishers, New York, 1955, p.xviii.</ref> (Plenary powers were regularly voted into the hands of France's Premiers.<ref>Plenary power is granted to a body or person in absolute terms, with no review of or limitations upon the exercise of that power.</ref>) The old [[French Revolution]]ary slogan "Liberty, equality, fraternity" was replaced with "Work, family, fatherland".

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	==Evacuation and armistice==		==Evacuation and armistice==
	[[File:France during the war.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|France, military demarcations 1940–1944]]		[[File:France during the war.png\|thumb\|300px\|France, military demarcations 1940–1944]]
	[[File:French army defeated May 1940.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Defeated French soldiers in May 1940]]		[[File:French army defeated May 1940.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Defeated French soldiers in May 1940]]
	Following the approach of the German armies the elected French Government had evacuated [[Paris]] (which fell on 14 June 1940) and fled to Tours, then [[Bordeaux]], where, following the [[Battle of France]], there was a Cabinet crisis, the majority of whom accepted the military reports that France was defeated and wanted to ask Germany for an armistice to halt the killing. The Premier, [[Paul Reynard]], and a minority of his Cabinet, did not agree and resigned, Reynard recommending to France's President, Albert Le Brun, that he invite Marshall [[Philippe Pétain]] to form a new Cabinet. On June 17 President Lebrun confirmed Pétain as the new Premier, who then reshuffled his Cabinet.<ref>Werth, 1957, p.3.</ref> This, the legal Government of France, still at Bordeaux, subsequently requested an immediate armistice with the [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], which was agreed and signed on 22 June 1940, at which time France left the war and became neutral.		Following the approach of the German armies the elected French Government had evacuated [[Paris]] (which fell on 14 June 1940) and fled to Tours, then [[Bordeaux]], where, following the [[Battle of France]], there was a Cabinet crisis, the majority of whom accepted the military reports that France was defeated and wanted to ask Germany for an armistice to halt the killing. The Premier, [[Paul Reynard]], and a minority of his Cabinet, did not agree and resigned, Reynard recommending to France's President, Albert Le Brun, that he invite Marshall [[Philippe Pétain]] to form a new Cabinet. On June 17 President Lebrun confirmed Pétain as the new Premier, who then reshuffled his Cabinet.<ref>Werth, 1957, p.3.</ref> This, the legal Government of France, still at Bordeaux, subsequently requested an immediate armistice with the [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], which was agreed and signed on 22 June 1940, at which time France left the war and became neutral.

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	Paul Reynard had now become delusional about the serious state of affairs and entertained fantasies about the entire government, including the Chamber and the Senate, decamping to Africa (with 900,000 troops), or forming a ("indefencible") 'redoubt' in [[Brittany]], a "pipe-dream"<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, p.460.</ref> with the obvious intention that the government could then, if necessary, flee to England. The USA told Reynard that they were not going to join the war and sent their best wishes. Britain was slowly pulling out (by June 16th this was complete.<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, p.376.</ref>). The French army was shattered and torn to pieces and its commanders were urging the government to sue for an honourable armistice. On June 15th Édouard Herriot, Leader of the Chambers announced that there was nothing to be gained at this point in time by calling a meeting of the Chamber. Churchill had told Reynard, at Tours, that he 'understood the painful need to seek an armistice'. General Weygand told Reynard that the government could not leave France. There were thirteen members of the Government who wanted to ask for an armistice and only six who did not. At 11 a.m. on '''June 16th''' the Cabinet met. They heard firstly from the leaders of the Chamber and the Senate.		Paul Reynard had now become delusional about the serious state of affairs and entertained fantasies about the entire government, including the Chamber and the Senate, decamping to Africa (with 900,000 troops), or forming a ("indefencible") 'redoubt' in [[Brittany]], a "pipe-dream"<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, p.460.</ref> with the obvious intention that the government could then, if necessary, flee to England. The USA told Reynard that they were not going to join the war and sent their best wishes. Britain was slowly pulling out (by June 16th this was complete.<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, p.376.</ref>). The French army was shattered and torn to pieces and its commanders were urging the government to sue for an honourable armistice. On June 15th Édouard Herriot, Leader of the Chambers announced that there was nothing to be gained at this point in time by calling a meeting of the Chamber. Churchill had told Reynard, at Tours, that he 'understood the painful need to seek an armistice'. General Weygand told Reynard that the government could not leave France. There were thirteen members of the Government who wanted to ask for an armistice and only six who did not. At 11 a.m. on '''June 16th''' the Cabinet met. They heard firstly from the leaders of the Chamber and the Senate.
	[[File:French Government June 1940.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|New French Cabinet on 16 June 1940. Marshal Pétain in centre (dark suit). General Weygand is on his left.]]		[[File:French Government June 1940.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|New French Cabinet on 16 June 1940. Marshal Pétain in centre (dark suit). General Weygand is on his left.]]
	President Lebrun then took the Chair. Petain announced he wished to resign from the government due to its indecisions and the catastrophic war he had always opposed. This was refused by the President. The Cabinet broke off and resumed at 5.15 p.m. They retired again at 7.30 p.m. and resumed at 10 p.m. Reynaud having suddenly grasped that most of the government were against him and the way he had handled the crisis, formally announced his resignation, after just two and a half months in office. President Lebrun said later it was "a clear enough indication of the wishes of the majority". (One of the last actions of this Cabinet was to despatch France's gold reserves to Dakar<ref>in [[Senegal]], capital of French West Africa.</ref> on two warships.) Reynard recommended to President Lebrun that Marshal Pétain be invited to form a new Cabinet<ref>Werth, 1957, p.30.</ref> and left the meeting followed by Mandel, Marin, Campinchi (see above) and Rio.		President Lebrun then took the Chair. Petain announced he wished to resign from the government due to its indecisions and the catastrophic war he had always opposed. This was refused by the President. The Cabinet broke off and resumed at 5.15 p.m. They retired again at 7.30 p.m. and resumed at 10 p.m. Reynaud having suddenly grasped that most of the government were against him and the way he had handled the crisis, formally announced his resignation, after just two and a half months in office. President Lebrun said later it was "a clear enough indication of the wishes of the majority". (One of the last actions of this Cabinet was to despatch France's gold reserves to Dakar<ref>in [[Senegal]], capital of French West Africa.</ref> on two warships.) Reynard recommended to President Lebrun that Marshal Pétain be invited to form a new Cabinet<ref>Werth, 1957, p.30.</ref> and left the meeting followed by Mandel, Marin, Campinchi (see above) and Rio.

	[[File:France Marshal Petain and Pierre Laval c1942.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[[Marshal Pétain]] and [[Pierre Laval]] circa 1942.]]		[[File:France Marshal Petain and Pierre Laval c1942.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[[Marshal Pétain]] and [[Pierre Laval]] circa 1942.]]
	President Lebrun immediately "appealed to Marshal Pétain" to form a new Cabinet, which he did that night, "displaying still further proof of his devotion to our country". Here is his first Cabinet<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, p.373-6.</ref>:		President Lebrun immediately "appealed to Marshal Pétain" to form a new Cabinet, which he did that night, "displaying still further proof of his devotion to our country". Here is his first Cabinet<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, p.373-6.</ref>:
	[[File:France Allied bombing of 44 churches WWII.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Book on the [[United States Army Air Force]] bombings of neutral France.]]		[[File:France Allied bombing of 44 churches WWII.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Book on the [[United States Army Air Force]] bombings of neutral France.]]
	Ministers:		Ministers:
	*Premier: Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]].		*Premier: Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]].
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	*Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: François Charles-Roux.		*Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: François Charles-Roux.

	[[File:France propaganda poster after the bombing of Rouen by the RAF, April 1944..~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Poster referring to the [[Royal Air Force\|RAF]] bombing of Rouen in April 1944.]]		[[File:France propaganda poster after the bombing of Rouen by the RAF, April 1944..png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Poster referring to the [[Royal Air Force\|RAF]] bombing of Rouen in April 1944.]]
	General Maxime Weygand remained Army Commander-in-Chief. He issued an arrest warrant for General de Gaulle, who was accused of treasonous activities and acting against the French government. De Gaulle now secretly arranged with the British Ambassador Jackson and General Spears to help him flee to England.<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, pps:374-6 & 380-381.</ref> The Cabinet agreed to use [[Spain]] as their mediator with Germany, and at 1 a.m. (17th) the Marshal sent for Senor de Lequerica, the Spanish Ambassador. A few moments later Paul Baudouin told Biddle, the [[USA]] ambassador, that "the carnage had to stop".		General Maxime Weygand remained Army Commander-in-Chief. He issued an arrest warrant for General de Gaulle, who was accused of treasonous activities and acting against the French government. De Gaulle now secretly arranged with the British Ambassador Jackson and General Spears to help him flee to England.<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963, pps:374-6 & 380-381.</ref> The Cabinet agreed to use [[Spain]] as their mediator with Germany, and at 1 a.m. (17th) the Marshal sent for Senor de Lequerica, the Spanish Ambassador. A few moments later Paul Baudouin told Biddle, the [[USA]] ambassador, that "the carnage had to stop".

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	Four French battleships and the same number of destroyers were presently at Alexandria, [[Egypt]], and were ordered to sail immediately ("swiftly") for [[Beirut]]. However, British Admiral Cunningham advised French Admiral Godfroy that he was [illegally] detaining the French ships in Alexandria. Admiral Darlan telegraphed Admiral Godfroy that the British action was "inadmissible from any point of view" and that they were making a diplomatic protest in London. On '''June 30th''' The German armistice commission gave their explicit consent that the '''French fleet''' could be stationed outside the German occupation zone.<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963 pps:477, 492.</ref>		Four French battleships and the same number of destroyers were presently at Alexandria, [[Egypt]], and were ordered to sail immediately ("swiftly") for [[Beirut]]. However, British Admiral Cunningham advised French Admiral Godfroy that he was [illegally] detaining the French ships in Alexandria. Admiral Darlan telegraphed Admiral Godfroy that the British action was "inadmissible from any point of view" and that they were making a diplomatic protest in London. On '''June 30th''' The German armistice commission gave their explicit consent that the '''French fleet''' could be stationed outside the German occupation zone.<ref>Benoist-Méchin, 1963 pps:477, 492.</ref>
	[[File:Overlord Plan - Combined Bomber Offensive and German depositions 6 June 1944.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|right\|[[Normandy landings\|Map of the western Allies invasion plan of France.]]; The invasion force included 7,000 ships and landing craft manned by over 195,000 naval personnel from eight allied countries. More than 150,000 troops from England, Canada and the United States landed on D-Day. Casualties from the three countries during the landing numbered 10,300. By 30 June 1944, over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies had landed on the five beaches of the Normandy shores.]]		[[File:Overlord Plan - Combined Bomber Offensive and German depositions 6 June 1944.png\|thumb\|300px\|right\|[[Normandy landings\|Map of the western Allies invasion plan of France.]]; The invasion force included 7,000 ships and landing craft manned by over 195,000 naval personnel from eight allied countries. More than 150,000 troops from England, Canada and the United States landed on D-Day. Casualties from the three countries during the landing numbered 10,300. By 30 June 1944, over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies had landed on the five beaches of the Normandy shores.]]
	It will be seen from the chronology of events above that, like the Kings of Belgium & Denmark, the overwhelming majority of the French government were unwilling to leave France and abandon their people to their fate. The continuing legal government of France remained in the homeland.		It will be seen from the chronology of events above that, like the Kings of Belgium & Denmark, the overwhelming majority of the French government were unwilling to leave France and abandon their people to their fate. The continuing legal government of France remained in the homeland.

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	: ''Before the Communists joined the active anti-German resistance in France, the Gaullist 'party' lacked real dynamic vigour and was merely engaging in wishful thinking. Now, thanks to the Communists, who constitute by far the most highly organised Party, and the best-armed Party, and counting among their members real experts in the art of underground propaganda, sabotage, guerilla warfare and outright murder, the [[anti-German]] movement has acquired the dynamic vigour which it lacked. Instead of appearing to be vulgar terrorists (which they are) they have now acquired, through their association with the 'Free French', a patriotic halo. But de Gaulle is not using ''them''; it is ''they'' who are using de Gaulle.''<ref>Werth, 1957, p.90.</ref>		: ''Before the Communists joined the active anti-German resistance in France, the Gaullist 'party' lacked real dynamic vigour and was merely engaging in wishful thinking. Now, thanks to the Communists, who constitute by far the most highly organised Party, and the best-armed Party, and counting among their members real experts in the art of underground propaganda, sabotage, guerilla warfare and outright murder, the [[anti-German]] movement has acquired the dynamic vigour which it lacked. Instead of appearing to be vulgar terrorists (which they are) they have now acquired, through their association with the 'Free French', a patriotic halo. But de Gaulle is not using ''them''; it is ''they'' who are using de Gaulle.''<ref>Werth, 1957, p.90.</ref>
	[[File:France Marshal Philippe Petain on trial.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Marshal Pétain's defence counsel speaks during the [[show trial]] in July 1945.]]		[[File:France Marshal Philippe Petain on trial.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Marshal Pétain's defence counsel speaks during the [[show trial]] in July 1945.]]

	===Last visit to Paris===		===Last visit to Paris===

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	On '''10 May 1940''', the 'phoney war' ended and the [[Battle of France\|Germans finally invaded]]. Efforts through diplomatic channels to persuade France to leave the war having failed<ref>Muggeridge, Malcolm, editor, ''Ciano's Diplomatic Papers'', Odhams Press Ltd., London, 1948, p.306-7.</ref>. Marshall Petain (in Madrid) stated that "France's greatest mistake had been to enter the war."<ref>''Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945'' by an editorial board, Series D, vol.viii, US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1954, pps: 19, 24, 88, 197, 414.</ref> By May 15th things were going badly and Reynaud said "Oh, if only the Marshall were here!" He then recalled Marshal Pétain to Paris<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, p.99.</ref> as "the last chance". [[Louis Marin]] and [[Jean Ybarnégaray]] now entered the Cabinet.<ref>Werth, 1942, p.351.</ref> At 10 a.m. on '''May 16th''' General Héring, Military Governor of Paris, advised that the entire government, including the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, should be evacuated from Paris. Transference of the government to Tours was ordered and preparations commenced. General [[Maxime Weygand]], who was in [[Beirut]], was ordered to return to France immediately. Meanwhile, on the same day, [[USA]] President Roosevelt told the USA Congress that "he would devote all his energies to warding off being dragged into the armed conflict in Europe".<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, p.104 & 109.</ref>		On '''10 May 1940''', the 'phoney war' ended and the [[Battle of France\|Germans finally invaded]]. Efforts through diplomatic channels to persuade France to leave the war having failed<ref>Muggeridge, Malcolm, editor, ''Ciano's Diplomatic Papers'', Odhams Press Ltd., London, 1948, p.306-7.</ref>. Marshall Petain (in Madrid) stated that "France's greatest mistake had been to enter the war."<ref>''Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945'' by an editorial board, Series D, vol.viii, US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1954, pps: 19, 24, 88, 197, 414.</ref> By May 15th things were going badly and Reynaud said "Oh, if only the Marshall were here!" He then recalled Marshal Pétain to Paris<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, p.99.</ref> as "the last chance". [[Louis Marin]] and [[Jean Ybarnégaray]] now entered the Cabinet.<ref>Werth, 1942, p.351.</ref> At 10 a.m. on '''May 16th''' General Héring, Military Governor of Paris, advised that the entire government, including the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, should be evacuated from Paris. Transference of the government to Tours was ordered and preparations commenced. General [[Maxime Weygand]], who was in [[Beirut]], was ordered to return to France immediately. Meanwhile, on the same day, [[USA]] President Roosevelt told the USA Congress that "he would devote all his energies to warding off being dragged into the armed conflict in Europe".<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, p.104 & 109.</ref>

	On '''May 18th''' Reynard asked Marshal Pétain to join the government as Deputy Premier. The Marshal agreed. Reynard then also reshuffled his Cabinet: he took over National Defence from Daladier who became Minister of Foreign Affairs; the ~~Jewish~~ Georges Mandel became Minister of the Interior, César Campinchi, Minister of Marine. On the same day Churchill sent a long confidential note to the Lord President asking him to examine 'the consequences and problems which would arise if it were necessary to withdraw the British Expeditionary Force from France.....' The following day the French Cabinet decreed General Weygand should replace General Gamelin as Commander-in-Chief. Weygand told Reynard "I cannot guarantee success". On '''May 23rd''' the R.A.F evacuated its final base in France, the airfield at Merville; the next day began the B.E.F retreat to the ports. In a conversation with [[Paul Baudouin]], Premier Reynard asked: "If Germany were to make reasonable peace proposals, would public opinion allow us to reject them?" On the '''25th''' Campinchi agreed with other Cabinet members, including Weygand, that peace talks must be started in the near future.<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, pps:114-118, 136, 148, 156.</ref> On '''May 26th''' it was announced that the King of [[Belgium]] would prefer to remain in his country and share his people's trials than to seek sanctuary in London. He was rudely and outrageously attacked in a public broadcast by [[Paul Reynard]].		On '''May 18th''' Reynard asked Marshal Pétain to join the government as Deputy Premier. The Marshal agreed. Reynard then also reshuffled his Cabinet: he took over National Defence from Daladier who became Minister of Foreign Affairs; the jewish Georges Mandel became Minister of the Interior, César Campinchi, Minister of Marine. On the same day Churchill sent a long confidential note to the Lord President asking him to examine 'the consequences and problems which would arise if it were necessary to withdraw the British Expeditionary Force from France.....' The following day the French Cabinet decreed General Weygand should replace General Gamelin as Commander-in-Chief. Weygand told Reynard "I cannot guarantee success". On '''May 23rd''' the R.A.F evacuated its final base in France, the airfield at Merville; the next day began the B.E.F retreat to the ports. In a conversation with [[Paul Baudouin]], Premier Reynard asked: "If Germany were to make reasonable peace proposals, would public opinion allow us to reject them?" On the '''25th''' Campinchi agreed with other Cabinet members, including Weygand, that peace talks must be started in the near future.<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, pps:114-118, 136, 148, 156.</ref> On '''May 26th''' it was announced that the King of [[Belgium]] would prefer to remain in his country and share his people's trials than to seek sanctuary in London. He was rudely and outrageously attacked in a public broadcast by [[Paul Reynard]].

	On '''May 30th''' the evacuation from Dunkirk to England was in full swing, including French soldiers whom Reynard told England's General Spears "must be put straight into boats and returned to France". On '''May 31st''' at a Supreme War Council meeting in Paris the British delegation included Churchill. The evacuation from [[Norway]] was announced. Reynard again demanded that the 16,000 French troops must be returned urgently to France as well as the 15,000 evacuated, at this point, from Dunkirk. More would be evacuated today. Churchill then told Reynard that he "was not authorized by his government to promise [France]] further support of the Royal Air Force."<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, pps: 193. 203-205, 215.</ref> It was felt nation-wide that "Britain had deserted France".<ref>Werth, 1942, p.359.</ref>		On '''May 30th''' the evacuation from Dunkirk to England was in full swing, including French soldiers whom Reynard told England's General Spears "must be put straight into boats and returned to France". On '''May 31st''' at a Supreme War Council meeting in Paris the British delegation included Churchill. The evacuation from [[Norway]] was announced. Reynard again demanded that the 16,000 French troops must be returned urgently to France as well as the 15,000 evacuated, at this point, from Dunkirk. More would be evacuated today. Churchill then told Reynard that he "was not authorized by his government to promise [France]] further support of the Royal Air Force."<ref>Benoist-Méchin. 1963, pps: 193. 203-205, 215.</ref> It was felt nation-wide that "Britain had deserted France".<ref>Werth, 1942, p.359.</ref>
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	===Resistance===		===Resistance===
	There was a scattered 'resistance' movement, with a large [[Communist]] and [[~~Jewish~~]] influence, to some degree co-ordinated with the renegade [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s small movement which was based in England.<ref>Werth, 1957, chapter 8, "The Resistance".</ref> Admiral Darlan stated that the Resistance was "essentially communist". Werth writes:		There was a scattered 'resistance' movement, with a large [[Communist]] and [[jewish]] influence, to some degree co-ordinated with the renegade [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s small movement which was based in England.<ref>Werth, 1957, chapter 8, "The Resistance".</ref> Admiral Darlan stated that the Resistance was "essentially communist". Werth writes:
	:''It may be said, generally, all that was Right and Centre was solidly behind the French State; and that the 'Resistance', in so far as it was supported by any parties at all, derived its main support from elements which were chiefly on The Left.''<ref>Werth, 1957, p.147.</ref> and ''to this day, the competition [for due credit] between the Communist and non-Communist elements in the Resistance has not abated.''		:''It may be said, generally, all that was Right and Centre was solidly behind the French State; and that the 'Resistance', in so far as it was supported by any parties at all, derived its main support from elements which were chiefly on The Left.''<ref>Werth, 1957, p.147.</ref> and ''to this day, the competition [for due credit] between the Communist and non-Communist elements in the Resistance has not abated.''

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	*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2528/en/ Bitter Retrospective after Fifty Years, Open Letter from a Young Frenchman to a Former French Resistance Fighter]		*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2528/en/ Bitter Retrospective after Fifty Years, Open Letter from a Young Frenchman to a Former French Resistance Fighter]
	*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2364/en/ From the Editor ]		*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2364/en/ From the Editor ]
	*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2603/en/ ~~Jews~~ as Underground Fighters in the Second World War]		*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2603/en/ jews as Underground Fighters in the Second World War]
	*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2053/en/ Paris in the Third Reich]		*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2053/en/ Paris in the Third Reich]
	*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2751/en/ The Papon Trial]		*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2751/en/ The Papon Trial]