German Expellees - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-29T01:54:13Z

Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 28 February 2024
Line 66:		Line 66:
	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]
	[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]		[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]

	~~[[de:Vertriebene]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - ".jpg|" to ".png|"

2024-02-22T23:06:29Z

Text replacement - ".jpg|" to ".png|"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, 22 February 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Flucht und Vertreibung.png\|thumb\|340px\|Flight and expulsion]]		[[File:Flucht und Vertreibung.png\|thumb\|340px\|Flight and expulsion]]
	[[File:Professor Manfred Schatz „Die Vertreibung“.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|340px\|"Die Vertreibung" from artist Professor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Schatz,_Manfred Manfred Schatz]]]		[[File:Professor Manfred Schatz „Die Vertreibung“.png\|thumb\|340px\|"Die Vertreibung" from artist Professor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Schatz,_Manfred Manfred Schatz]]]
	'''German expellees''' (German: '''Heimatvertriebene''': "homeland expellees") are victims of forced expulsion (as planned during the [[Potsdam Conference]]) and ethnic cleansing of [[German]] nationals (''Reichsdeutsche'') and ethnic Germans (''[[Volksdeutsche]]'') from (especially from eastern regions of the [[German Empire]] at the end of [[World War I]] and the first years afterwards, but also during 1945 and in the first three years after [[World War II]] 1946–48 (mainly by Communist [[Poland]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]] etc., with the help of the [[Soviet Union\|Red Army]]). A quarter of this population died or were killed during the expulsions and many German children were kidnapped and turned over to [[Slavs\|Slav]] families.		'''German expellees''' (German: '''Heimatvertriebene''': "homeland expellees") are victims of forced expulsion (as planned during the [[Potsdam Conference]]) and ethnic cleansing of [[German]] nationals (''Reichsdeutsche'') and ethnic Germans (''[[Volksdeutsche]]'') from (especially from eastern regions of the [[German Empire]] at the end of [[World War I]] and the first years afterwards, but also during 1945 and in the first three years after [[World War II]] 1946–48 (mainly by Communist [[Poland]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]] etc., with the help of the [[Soviet Union\|Red Army]]). A quarter of this population died or were killed during the expulsions and many German children were kidnapped and turned over to [[Slavs\|Slav]] families.

	==History==		==History==
	[[File:Germans expelled from the east in Berlin in 1945.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|340px\|Expellees of [[Eastern Germany]] in Berlin in 1945]]		[[File:Germans expelled from the east in Berlin in 1945.png\|thumb\|340px\|Expellees of [[Eastern Germany]] in Berlin in 1945]]
	[[File:Gedenktafel Brünn.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|340px\|The [[Brünn]] death march (German: [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCnner_Todesmarsch ''Brünner Todesmarsch'']; For decades, various estimates assumed that the "Brünn death march" included around 20,000 to 35,000 German civilians, and isolated figures of over 40,000 were also given. However, thanks to [[Czechoslovakia\|Czech]] files (→ [[Czech Hell]]), the number of participants in the march can now be reliably given as at least 27,000. This corresponds to almost exactly half of Brünn's German population of around 53,000 at the time. Estimates of the number of victims of the “Brünn death march” varied widely. More recent studies from the 1990s lead to a figure of around 5,200 deaths, mostly women and children.)]]		[[File:Gedenktafel Brünn.png\|thumb\|340px\|The [[Brünn]] death march (German: [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCnner_Todesmarsch ''Brünner Todesmarsch'']; For decades, various estimates assumed that the "Brünn death march" included around 20,000 to 35,000 German civilians, and isolated figures of over 40,000 were also given. However, thanks to [[Czechoslovakia\|Czech]] files (→ [[Czech Hell]]), the number of participants in the march can now be reliably given as at least 27,000. This corresponds to almost exactly half of Brünn's German population of around 53,000 at the time. Estimates of the number of victims of the “Brünn death march” varied widely. More recent studies from the 1990s lead to a figure of around 5,200 deaths, mostly women and children.)]]

	The ''Volksdeutsche'' had largely lived in lands which at times were ruled by German or [[Holy Roman Empire]] connected rulers, and were given State rights as German settlers. In the case of Bohemian Germans, they lived in a land which for for 1200 years was part of the Holy Roman Empire or fully German lands. The Bohemian Germans (later known as ''Sudeten-Germans''; [[Sudetendeutschland]]) and the people of parts of [[Silesia]], [[Posen]], and [[West Prussia]], former German citizens, had since 1919 lived in the newly created "[[Polish Corridor]]" and millions were already evicted and expelled by brutal oppression by Polish and Czech [[Slavs]] as well as [[anti-German]] [[Bolsheviks]] between 1919 and 1939.		The ''Volksdeutsche'' had largely lived in lands which at times were ruled by German or [[Holy Roman Empire]] connected rulers, and were given State rights as German settlers. In the case of Bohemian Germans, they lived in a land which for for 1200 years was part of the Holy Roman Empire or fully German lands. The Bohemian Germans (later known as ''Sudeten-Germans''; [[Sudetendeutschland]]) and the people of parts of [[Silesia]], [[Posen]], and [[West Prussia]], former German citizens, had since 1919 lived in the newly created "[[Polish Corridor]]" and millions were already evicted and expelled by brutal oppression by Polish and Czech [[Slavs]] as well as [[anti-German]] [[Bolsheviks]] between 1919 and 1939.

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.) of (.)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-22T01:55:35Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*) of (.*)\]\]" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:55, 21 February 2024
Line 66:		Line 66:
	[[Category:Definitions]]		[[Category:Definitions]]
	[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]		[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]
	~~[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]~~
	[[de:Vertriebene]]		[[de:Vertriebene]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:words" to "Category:Definitions"

2024-02-19T01:06:47Z

Text replacement - "Category:words" to "Category:Definitions"

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 18 February 2024
Line 64:		Line 64:
	[[Category:history]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:Allied atrocities]]		[[Category:Allied atrocities]]
	[[Category:~~words~~]]		[[Category:Definitions]]
	[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]		[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]
	[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]		[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
	[[de:Vertriebene]]		[[de:Vertriebene]]

Bacchus: Text replacement - "Category:Germans" to ""

2024-02-09T10:34:37Z

Text replacement - "Category:Germans" to ""

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:34, 9 February 2024
Line 60:		Line 60:
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	~~[[Category:Germans]]~~
	[[Category:WWAC]]		[[Category:WWAC]]
	[[Category:history]]		[[Category:history]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:World War II" to "Category:WWAC"

2024-02-08T11:57:07Z

Text replacement - "Category:World War II" to "Category:WWAC"

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:57, 8 February 2024
Line 61:		Line 61:
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	[[Category:Germans]]		[[Category:Germans]]
	[[Category:~~World War II~~]]		[[Category:WWAC]]
	[[Category:history]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:Allied atrocities]]		[[Category:Allied atrocities]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

2024-02-08T03:58:36Z

Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 7 February 2024
Line 62:		Line 62:
	[[Category:Germans]]		[[Category:Germans]]
	[[Category:World War II]]		[[Category:World War II]]
	[[Category:~~German~~ history]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:Allied atrocities]]		[[Category:Allied atrocities]]
	[[Category:~~German~~ words]]		[[Category:words]]
	[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]		[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]
	[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]		[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
	[[de:Vertriebene]]		[[de:Vertriebene]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "{{reflist}}" to "{{reflist|2}}"

2024-02-07T06:18:59Z

Text replacement - "{{reflist}}" to "{{reflist|2}}"

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:18, 6 February 2024
Line 59:		Line 59:

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	[[Category:Germans]]		[[Category:Germans]]
	[[Category:World War II]]		[[Category:World War II]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-06T21:40:51Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:40, 6 February 2024
(No difference)

en>Crusader: /* References */

2023-11-19T23:58:43Z

References

New page

[[File:Flucht und Vertreibung.png|thumb|340px|Flight and expulsion]]
[[File:Professor Manfred Schatz „Die Vertreibung“.jpg|thumb|340px|"Die Vertreibung" from artist Professor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Schatz,_Manfred Manfred Schatz]]]
'''German expellees''' (German: '''Heimatvertriebene''': "homeland expellees") are victims of forced expulsion (as planned during the [[Potsdam Conference]]) and ethnic cleansing of [[German]] nationals (''Reichsdeutsche'') and ethnic Germans (''[[Volksdeutsche]]'') from (especially from eastern regions of the [[German Empire]] at the end of [[World War I]] and the first years afterwards, but also during 1945 and in the first three years after [[World War II]] 1946–48 (mainly by Communist [[Poland]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]] etc., with the help of the [[Soviet Union|Red Army]]). A quarter of this population died or were killed during the expulsions and many German children were kidnapped and turned over to [[Slavs|Slav]] families.

==History==
[[File:Germans expelled from the east in Berlin in 1945.jpg|thumb|340px|Expellees of [[Eastern Germany]] in Berlin in 1945]]
[[File:Gedenktafel Brünn.jpg|thumb|340px|The [[Brünn]] death march (German: [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCnner_Todesmarsch ''Brünner Todesmarsch'']; For decades, various estimates assumed that the "Brünn death march" included around 20,000 to 35,000 German civilians, and isolated figures of over 40,000 were also given. However, thanks to [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] files (→ [[Czech Hell]]), the number of participants in the march can now be reliably given as at least 27,000. This corresponds to almost exactly half of Brünn's German population of around 53,000 at the time. Estimates of the number of victims of the “Brünn death march” varied widely. More recent studies from the 1990s lead to a figure of around 5,200 deaths, mostly women and children.)]]

The ''Volksdeutsche'' had largely lived in lands which at times were ruled by German or [[Holy Roman Empire]] connected rulers, and were given State rights as German settlers. In the case of Bohemian Germans, they lived in a land which for for 1200 years was part of the Holy Roman Empire or fully German lands. The Bohemian Germans (later known as ''Sudeten-Germans''; [[Sudetendeutschland]]) and the people of parts of [[Silesia]], [[Posen]], and [[West Prussia]], former German citizens, had since 1919 lived in the newly created "[[Polish Corridor]]" and millions were already evicted and expelled by brutal oppression by Polish and Czech [[Slavs]] as well as [[anti-German]] [[Bolsheviks]] between 1919 and 1939.

===WWII===
Many Germans fled their areas, homes and towns of residence under evacuation orders of the German government in early 1945, or made their own decisions to leave, in 1945-1948. Others remained but were later expelled by the new communist authorities. The majority of the flights and expulsions occurred in areas of today's [[Czech Republic]], [[Poland]] and [[Russia]]. Others occurred in territories of today's [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Serbia]] (predominantly in the Vojvodina region), [[Lithuania]], [[Slovenia]] and other regions of Central and Eastern Europe. Numerous atrocities occurred during the expulsions and flight, such as [[Claimed mass killings of Germans by the WWII Allies|mass killings]] and [[Mass rapes by Allied forces during World War II|mass rapes]]. More generally, there were various Allied atrocities during and after the war causing millions of deaths. It is estimated that another 2 to 5 million [[ethnic German]] refugees died, many from starvation.

This forced migration of ethnic Germans from [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], East [[Pomerania]], East [[Brandenburg]], [[Saxony]] east of the Neisse, [[Sudetenland]] and other regions resulted in the transfer of about 16.5 million people and was the largest of several similar post-[[World War II]] migrations orchestrated by the victorious [[Plutocracy|plutocratic]] [[Western Allies]] and the [[communist]] [[Soviet Union]]. Over the course of the seventy years since the end of the war, estimates of total deaths of German civilians have been rising based upon new materials. Although the German government's official estimate of deaths due to the expulsions stands at 2.2 million this like the deaths from Allied bombings has been played down. The [[debate]] about the number of deaths and their causes continues to be the subject of heated controversy: new materials, since 2014, estimate that there were up to 12 million civilian German war and post-war victims of World War II.

===Museum===
In June 2022, a new museum dedicated to the memory of both those who fled in dire circumstances, and the expulsions, was opened in Berlin<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/new-berlin-museum-confronts-fate-of-germanys-wwii-refugees/a-57959068</ref><ref>https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/06/21/berlin-museum-centering-on-germans-expelled-after-wwii-opens</ref>, with some degree of opposition.<ref>https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/en/content/museum-memorial-twenty-years-controversy-about-documentation-centre</ref> Needless to say, [[Poland]], which now occupies the German provinces – most of [[East Prussia]], [[West Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[Upper Silesia]], [[Pomerania]] and [[Danzig]], and which has 'blood on its hands', protested and "rejected" this new centre<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/poland-rejects-berlin-expellee-center/a-1681377</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-poland-idUSTRE51H6AX20090218</ref>, forcing the withdrawal of the nominated new museum Director, Erika Steinbach (then [[CDU]], since 2022 [[AfD]]), because she was a conservative<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/museum-director-dropped-after-protests-from-poland-1637736.html</ref> and president of the "Federation of Expellees" (''Bund der Vertriebenen'') from 1998 to 2014.

===Relations===
More than half a century later, relations between [[German partial unification|unified Germany]] and its [[East European]] neighbors remain somewhat difficult due to an often emotional controversy concerning the rights of expellees. Much of the controversy is spurred by contentious demands of some groups of the expellees or their descendants for revocation of expulsion decrees, official apologies, prosecution of perpetrators, restoration of, or compensation for, stolen properties.

==Poems==
Dr. h. c. [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Miegel,_Agnes Agnes Miegel] („Mutter Ostpreußen“), like [[Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel]] and many others an expellee from [[East Prussia]], wrote in "Farewell to Königsberg" (''Abschied von Königsberg''), one of her countless poems:

::''We wander away from the ruined streets,''
:: ''But we know those who leave you crying:''
:: ''If our eyes never see you again''
:: ''if we perish with our blood,''
:: ''With our belongings''
:: ''That there is still life in you, o mother,''
:: ''And that you, [[Königsberg]], are not mortal!''
==Quotes==
* ''"The expulsion of millions of Germans is the greatest crime in history!"'' – [[Pope Pius XII]] about the genocide of the German people during and after the Second World War

==See Also==
* [[Ludwig Fritsch]]
* [[Operation Hannibal]]
* [[Potsdam Conference]]
* [[Ravishing the women of conquered Europe]]
* [[Documents on the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans]]

==Further reading==
* Professor Theodor Schieder et al:
** ''The Expulsion of the German Population from the Territories East of the Oder-Neisse-Line'', vol. 1, Federal Ministry for Expellees, etc., Bonn 1954
** ''The Expulsion of the German Population from Czecho-Slovakia'', vol. iv., published by the Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, [[West Germany]], 1960
* Dr. [[Austin J. App]]: ''The Sudeten-German Tragedy'', Md., 1979
* [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]]
** [https://prussia.online/Data/Book/a-/a-terrible-revenge/Zayas%20A.-M.%20A%20Terrible%20Revenge%20(1994),%20OCR.pdf ''A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans'']. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994 ([https://prussia.online/Data/Book/a-/a-terrible-revenge/Zayas%20A.-M.%20A%20Terrible%20Revenge%20%281994%29%2C%20OCR.pdf Archive]); ISBN 1-4039-7308-3; second revised edition, Palgrave/Macmillan, New York 2006.
** [https://archive.org/details/germanexpelleesv0000deza ''The German expellees – Victims in War and Peace''], New York, 1993
*Gary B. Cohen: [https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/178402/The%20Expulsions%20of%20Ethnic%20Germans%20from%20East-Central%20Europe%20at%20the%20End%20of%20World%20War%20II.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 ''The Expulsions of Ethnic Germans from East-Central Europe at the End of World War II''], 2010
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228251945_The_Evils_of_Forced_Migration_Do_Integration_Policies_Alleviate_Migrants%27_Economic_Situations#pf25 ''The Evils of Forced Migration: Do Integration Policies Alleviate Migrants' Economic Situations?''], 2011 ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228251945_The_Evils_of_Forced_Migration_Do_Integration_Policies_Alleviate_Migrants'_Economic_Situations full text])

==External links==
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Aussig Massaker von Aussig]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wolfskind ''Wolfskinder'' (East Preußen)]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Lager_Friedland Lager Friedland]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zwangsarbeiter German forced laborers (in German)]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Ged%C3%A4chtnisst%C3%A4tte_Guthmannshausen Gedächtnisstätte Guthmannshausen], German memorial for the Heimatvertriebene

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Germans]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:Allied atrocities]]
[[Category:German words]]
[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
[[de:Vertriebene]]