Hans Oster - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 09:50, 8 March 2024

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	\|birth_place=[[Dresden]], [[Kingdom of Saxony]], [[German Empire]]		\|birth_place=[[Dresden]], [[Kingdom of Saxony]], [[German Empire]]
	\|death_place=[[Flossenbürg concentration camp]], [[National Socialist Germany]]<br />{{Coord\|49.734958\|12.35577\|display=inline\|region:DE-BY_type:landmark\|name=Execution Site of 20 July 1944 Plot (National Socialist Germany Resistance)}}		\|death_place=[[Flossenbürg concentration camp]], [[National Socialist Germany]]<br />{{Coord\|49.734958\|12.35577\|display=inline\|region:DE-BY_type:landmark\|name=Execution Site of 20 July 1944 Plot (National Socialist Germany Resistance)}}
	\|image=[[file:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2004-0007, Hans Oster.~~jpg~~\|250px]]		\|image=[[file:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2004-0007, Hans Oster.png\|250px]]
	\|image_size=200		\|image_size=200
	\|caption=Hans Oster in 1939		\|caption=Hans Oster in 1939
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	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Hans Paul Oster.~~jpg~~\|right\|315px]]		[[File:Hans Paul Oster.png\|right\|315px]]
	[[Image:Flossenbürg April 9 1945 Memorial.JPG\|thumb\|305px\|Memorial]]		[[Image:Flossenbürg April 9 1945 Memorial.JPG\|thumb\|305px\|Memorial]]
	Oster entered, after his ''Abitur'' at a ''[[Gymnasium]]'', the artillery (''4. Königlich Sächsisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 48'') in 1907. In [[World War I]], he served with the ''Reserve-Feld-Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 53'' of the ''53. Reserve-Division (3. Königlich Sächsische)'' on the [[Western Front (World War I)\|Western Front]]. On 23 May 1915 he would become regiment adjutant and on 28 November 1916 battery leader (Batterie-Führer). On 15 January 1917 he was commanded to the Generalkommando XXVII. Armeekorps, on 1 March 1917 then commanded to general staff training at the same army corps. On 25 May 1917 he was transfered to the staff of the 23. Infanterie-Division.		Oster entered, after his ''Abitur'' at a ''[[Gymnasium]]'', the artillery (''4. Königlich Sächsisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 48'') in 1907. In [[World War I]], he served with the ''Reserve-Feld-Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 53'' of the ''53. Reserve-Division (3. Königlich Sächsische)'' on the [[Western Front (World War I)\|Western Front]]. On 23 May 1915 he would become regiment adjutant and on 28 November 1916 battery leader (Batterie-Führer). On 15 January 1917 he was commanded to the Generalkommando XXVII. Armeekorps, on 1 March 1917 then commanded to general staff training at the same army corps. On 25 May 1917 he was transfered to the staff of the 23. Infanterie-Division.

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	[[Category:Lutherans]]		[[Category:Lutherans]]
	[[Category:traitors]]		[[Category:traitors]]
	~~[[Category:People condemned by National Socialist courts]]~~
	[[Category:People executed by hanging]]		[[Category:People executed by hanging]]

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	===Opposition to Hitler===		===Opposition to Hitler===
	Like many other army officers, Oster initially welcomed the [[National Socialist Germany\|National Socialist regime]], but his opinion soon soured after the 1934 "[[Night of the Long Knives]]", in which the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) extra-judicially murdered many of the leaders of the rival ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) and their political opponents, including General [[Kurt von Schleicher]], last [[Chancellor of Germany\|Chancellor]] of the [[Weimar Republic]], and Major-General [[Ferdinand von Bredow]], former head of the ''Abwehr''. In 1935, Oster was allowed to re-enlist in the army, but never on the [[German General Staff\|General Staff]]. By 1938, the [[Blomberg-Fritsch Affair]] and ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (the alleged state-sanctioned pogrom against ~~Jews~~ in Germany), turned his antipathy into a hatred of National Socialism. In the course of the Fritsch crisis, Oster met General [[Ludwig Beck]], Chief of the General Staff, for the first time.<ref>Michael Balfour, ''Withstanding Hitler'', p161</ref>		Like many other army officers, Oster initially welcomed the [[National Socialist Germany\|National Socialist regime]], but his opinion soon soured after the 1934 "[[Night of the Long Knives]]", in which the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) extra-judicially murdered many of the leaders of the rival ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) and their political opponents, including General [[Kurt von Schleicher]], last [[Chancellor of Germany\|Chancellor]] of the [[Weimar Republic]], and Major-General [[Ferdinand von Bredow]], former head of the ''Abwehr''. In 1935, Oster was allowed to re-enlist in the army, but never on the [[German General Staff\|General Staff]]. By 1938, the [[Blomberg-Fritsch Affair]] and ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (the alleged state-sanctioned pogrom against jews in Germany), turned his antipathy into a hatred of National Socialism. In the course of the Fritsch crisis, Oster met General [[Ludwig Beck]], Chief of the General Staff, for the first time.<ref>Michael Balfour, ''Withstanding Hitler'', p161</ref>

	Oster's position in the ''Abwehr'' was invaluable to the conspiracy. The ''Abwehr'' could provide false papers and restricted materials, provide cover by disguising conspiratorial activities as intelligence work, link various resistance cells that were otherwise disparate, and supply intelligence to the conspirators. He also played a central role in the first military conspiracy to overthrow Hitler, which was rooted in Hitler's intention to invade [[Czechoslovakia]]. In August 1938, Beck spoke openly at a meeting of army generals in Berlin about his opposition to a war with the western powers over Czechoslovakia. When Hitler was informed of this, he demanded and received Beck’s resignation. Beck was highly respected in the army and his removal shocked the officer corps. His successor as Chief of Staff, [[Franz Halder]], remained in touch with him and also with Oster. Privately, he said that he considered Hitler “the incarnation of evil.”<ref>Joachim Fest, ''Plotting Hitler’s Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945'', 86</ref> During September, plans for a move against Hitler were formulated, involving Field Marshal [[Erwin von Witzleben]], the army commander of the Berlin Military Region, and thus well-placed to stage a coup.		Oster's position in the ''Abwehr'' was invaluable to the conspiracy. The ''Abwehr'' could provide false papers and restricted materials, provide cover by disguising conspiratorial activities as intelligence work, link various resistance cells that were otherwise disparate, and supply intelligence to the conspirators. He also played a central role in the first military conspiracy to overthrow Hitler, which was rooted in Hitler's intention to invade [[Czechoslovakia]]. In August 1938, Beck spoke openly at a meeting of army generals in Berlin about his opposition to a war with the western powers over Czechoslovakia. When Hitler was informed of this, he demanded and received Beck’s resignation. Beck was highly respected in the army and his removal shocked the officer corps. His successor as Chief of Staff, [[Franz Halder]], remained in touch with him and also with Oster. Privately, he said that he considered Hitler “the incarnation of evil.”<ref>Joachim Fest, ''Plotting Hitler’s Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945'', 86</ref> During September, plans for a move against Hitler were formulated, involving Field Marshal [[Erwin von Witzleben]], the army commander of the Berlin Military Region, and thus well-placed to stage a coup.
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	Meanwhile, in an act that even other conspirators would have regarded as treason, Oster informed his friend [[Bert Sas]], the Netherlands' military attaché in Berlin, more than twenty times of the exact date of the repeatedly delayed [[Battle of the Netherlands\|invasion of the Netherlands]]. Sas passed the information to his government, but was not believed. Oster calculated that his "treason" could cost the lives of 40,000 German soldiers and wrestled with his decision, but concluded that it was necessary to prevent millions of deaths that would occur in what would be undoubtedly a protracted war should Germany achieve an early victory.<ref>Peter Hoffmann, ''The history of the German resistance, 1933–1945''(p171)</ref>		Meanwhile, in an act that even other conspirators would have regarded as treason, Oster informed his friend [[Bert Sas]], the Netherlands' military attaché in Berlin, more than twenty times of the exact date of the repeatedly delayed [[Battle of the Netherlands\|invasion of the Netherlands]]. Sas passed the information to his government, but was not believed. Oster calculated that his "treason" could cost the lives of 40,000 German soldiers and wrestled with his decision, but concluded that it was necessary to prevent millions of deaths that would occur in what would be undoubtedly a protracted war should Germany achieve an early victory.<ref>Peter Hoffmann, ''The history of the German resistance, 1933–1945''(p171)</ref>

	The period between 1940 and 1942 was the nadir of German resistance. Some officers were pleased to be wrong to have feared military disaster. Others still opposed Hitler and the National Socialist regime, but felt that his enormous popularity with the people made any action impossible. Tireless, Oster nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. In 1941, when the systematic extermination of European ~~Jews~~ began with the invasion of the Soviet Union, his ''Abwehr'' group established contact with [[Henning von Tresckow]]'s resistance group in [[Army Group Center]]. In 1942, his most important recruit was General [[Friedrich Olbricht]], head of the General Army Office headquartered at the [[Bendlerblock]] in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units all over Germany. Oster's ''Abwehr'' group supplied British-made bombs to Tresckow's group for their various attempts to assassinate Hitler in 1943.		The period between 1940 and 1942 was the nadir of German resistance. Some officers were pleased to be wrong to have feared military disaster. Others still opposed Hitler and the National Socialist regime, but felt that his enormous popularity with the people made any action impossible. Tireless, Oster nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. In 1941, when the systematic extermination of European jews began with the invasion of the Soviet Union, his ''Abwehr'' group established contact with [[Henning von Tresckow]]'s resistance group in [[Army Group Center]]. In 1942, his most important recruit was General [[Friedrich Olbricht]], head of the General Army Office headquartered at the [[Bendlerblock]] in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units all over Germany. Oster's ''Abwehr'' group supplied British-made bombs to Tresckow's group for their various attempts to assassinate Hitler in 1943.

	However, later in 1943, the ''Abwehr'' group's efforts to rescue ~~Jews~~ were discovered by the ''Gestapo'' and Oster was dismissed from his post. [[Hans von Dohnanyi]], who joined the ''Abwehr'' shortly before the war, and [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], the famous [[Lutheran]] theologian and [[Hans Dohnanyi\|Dohnanyi]]'s brother-in-law, helped 14 ~~Jews~~ to flee to Switzerland disguised as ''Abwehr'' agents in Operation U-7. Dohnanyi and Bonhoeffer were arrested on charges of alleged breach of monetary exchange laws, amongst others with the leading German insurance brokers [[Jauch & Hübener]], Captain Walter Jauch of the [[Jauch family]], being a first cousin-in-law of Oster, and [[Otto Hübener]] later being hanged. Oster was placed under house arrest. Their involvement in the German resistance was discovered after the failure of the 20 July Plot.		However, later in 1943, the ''Abwehr'' group's efforts to rescue jews were discovered by the ''Gestapo'' and Oster was dismissed from his post. [[Hans von Dohnanyi]], who joined the ''Abwehr'' shortly before the war, and [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], the famous [[Lutheran]] theologian and [[Hans Dohnanyi\|Dohnanyi]]'s brother-in-law, helped 14 jews to flee to Switzerland disguised as ''Abwehr'' agents in Operation U-7. Dohnanyi and Bonhoeffer were arrested on charges of alleged breach of monetary exchange laws, amongst others with the leading German insurance brokers [[Jauch & Hübener]], Captain Walter Jauch of the [[Jauch family]], being a first cousin-in-law of Oster, and [[Otto Hübener]] later being hanged. Oster was placed under house arrest. Their involvement in the German resistance was discovered after the failure of the 20 July Plot.

	==Death==		==Death==

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Hans Oster - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 09:50, 8 March 2024

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