Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Revision history

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	[[Image:Hschamberlain1886.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|250px\|Houston Stewart Chamberlain in 1886]]		[[Image:Hschamberlain1886.png\|thumb\|250px\|Houston Stewart Chamberlain in 1886]]

	'''Houston Stewart Chamberlain''' (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on [[Richard Wagner]], [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]]) as well as proponent of [[Nationalism\|fascist]] and [[Pan-Germanism\|Pan-Germanic]] ideas. His book ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (''[[The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century]]'') (1899) became one of the references on the [[Teutonic]] peoples and for the Pan-Germanic movement of the early 20th century, selling hundreds of thousands of copies in several languages.		'''Houston Stewart Chamberlain''' (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on [[Richard Wagner]], [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]]) as well as proponent of [[Nationalism\|fascist]] and [[Pan-Germanism\|Pan-Germanic]] ideas. His book ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (''[[The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century]]'') (1899) became one of the references on the [[Teutonic]] peoples and for the Pan-Germanic movement of the early 20th century, selling hundreds of thousands of copies in several languages.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	[[Image:Hschamberlain b1.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|250px\|''[[Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts]]'']]		[[Image:Hschamberlain b1.png\|thumb\|250px\|''[[Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts]]'']]
	Houston Stewart Chamberlain was born on September 9, 1855, in Southsea, [[England]]. His mother, Eliza Jane, a daughter of Captain Basil Hall, R.N., died before he was a year old, and he was raised by his grandmother in France.		Houston Stewart Chamberlain was born on September 9, 1855, in Southsea, [[England]]. His mother, Eliza Jane, a daughter of Captain Basil Hall, R.N., died before he was a year old, and he was raised by his grandmother in France.

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	In 1899 he published what many consider his most important work (he always said his ''tour de force'' was his work on Kant), ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'' ('''''Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'''''). The work focuses on the premise that Western European civilization is deeply and seriously marked by the influence of the Teutonic peoples. Chamberlain grouped all European peoples: Celts, Germans, Slavs, Greeks, and Latins—into the "Aryan race", a race built on ancient Proto-Indo-European culture. At the helm of the Aryan race were the Nordic or Teutonic peoples. Chamberlain's goal was to create a movement that would revive the recognition of a united Germanic people. To do this, he incorporated not just the German peoples but all tribes with northern origins into the Teutonic race.		In 1899 he published what many consider his most important work (he always said his ''tour de force'' was his work on Kant), ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'' ('''''Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'''''). The work focuses on the premise that Western European civilization is deeply and seriously marked by the influence of the Teutonic peoples. Chamberlain grouped all European peoples: Celts, Germans, Slavs, Greeks, and Latins—into the "Aryan race", a race built on ancient Proto-Indo-European culture. At the helm of the Aryan race were the Nordic or Teutonic peoples. Chamberlain's goal was to create a movement that would revive the recognition of a united Germanic people. To do this, he incorporated not just the German peoples but all tribes with northern origins into the Teutonic race.

	Chamberlain's book focused on the claim that the Teutonic peoples were the heirs to the empires of Greece and Rome, something which [[Charlemagne]] and some of his successors also believed. He argued that when the Germanic tribes destroyed the [[Roman Empire]], [[~~Jew~~]]s and other non-Europeans had already begun to dominate it. The Germans, therefore, saved Western civilization from alien and Semitic domination. Chamberlain's thoughts were influenced by the writings of [[Nietzsche]], and also [[Gobineau]] who had argued upon the superiority of the Aryan race, a term that was increasingly being used to describe white European/Caucasian peoples, excluding ~~Jews~~ (whose language implied origins other than the Proto-Indo-Europeans). For Chamberlain the concept of an Aryan race was not simply defined by ethno-linguistic origins. It was also an abstract ideal of a racial elite. The Aryan, or 'noble' race was always in the process of creation as superior peoples supplanted inferior ones in evolutionary struggles for survival. Chamberlain used an old biblical notion of the ethnic make-up of Galilee to argue that, while Jesus may have been ~~Jewish~~ by religion, he was not ~~Jewish~~ by race. Otherwise, he suggested, God must be a ~~Jew~~.		Chamberlain's book focused on the claim that the Teutonic peoples were the heirs to the empires of Greece and Rome, something which [[Charlemagne]] and some of his successors also believed. He argued that when the Germanic tribes destroyed the [[Roman Empire]], [[jew]]s and other non-Europeans had already begun to dominate it. The Germans, therefore, saved Western civilization from alien and Semitic domination. Chamberlain's thoughts were influenced by the writings of [[Nietzsche]], and also [[Gobineau]] who had argued upon the superiority of the Aryan race, a term that was increasingly being used to describe white European/Caucasian peoples, excluding jews (whose language implied origins other than the Proto-Indo-Europeans). For Chamberlain the concept of an Aryan race was not simply defined by ethno-linguistic origins. It was also an abstract ideal of a racial elite. The Aryan, or 'noble' race was always in the process of creation as superior peoples supplanted inferior ones in evolutionary struggles for survival. Chamberlain used an old biblical notion of the ethnic make-up of Galilee to argue that, while Jesus may have been jewish by religion, he was not jewish by race. Otherwise, he suggested, God must be a jew.

	===Aryan World View===		===Aryan World View===

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	[[Image:Hschamberlain1886.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Houston Stewart Chamberlain in 1886]]		[[Image:Hschamberlain1886.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Houston Stewart Chamberlain in 1886]]

	'''Houston Stewart Chamberlain''' (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on [[Richard Wagner]], [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]]) as well as proponent of [[Nationalism\|~~nationalist~~]] and [[Pan-Germanism\|Pan-Germanic]] ideas. His book ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (''[[The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century]]'') (1899) became one of the references on the [[Teutonic]] peoples and for the Pan-Germanic movement of the early 20th century, selling hundreds of thousands of copies in several languages.		'''Houston Stewart Chamberlain''' (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on [[Richard Wagner]], [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]]) as well as proponent of [[Nationalism\|fascist]] and [[Pan-Germanism\|Pan-Germanic]] ideas. His book ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (''[[The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century]]'') (1899) became one of the references on the [[Teutonic]] peoples and for the Pan-Germanic movement of the early 20th century, selling hundreds of thousands of copies in several languages.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
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	Chamberlain's father, Rear-Admiral William Charles Chamberlain, had planned a military career for his son and at 11 he was sent to a public school for future army and navy officers. But the young Chamberlain was more interested in studying music, literature and astronomy, and the prospect of serving as an officer in [[India]] or elsewhere in the British Empire held no attraction for him. In addition he was a delicate child and early health concerns put an end to Chamberlain's military prospects.		Chamberlain's father, Rear-Admiral William Charles Chamberlain, had planned a military career for his son and at 11 he was sent to a public school for future army and navy officers. But the young Chamberlain was more interested in studying music, literature and astronomy, and the prospect of serving as an officer in [[India]] or elsewhere in the British Empire held no attraction for him. In addition he was a delicate child and early health concerns put an end to Chamberlain's military prospects.

	At the age of 14 he began to suffer from seriously poor health, and travelled to various spas around Europe accompanied by a Prussian tutor who taught him German and interested him in German culture and history. He then moved to Germany, becoming an important member of the "[[Bayreuth]] Circle" of German ~~nationalist~~ intellectuals influenced by the ideas of [[Richard Wagner]]. His second wife was Eva Wagner, the daughter of the composer.		At the age of 14 he began to suffer from seriously poor health, and travelled to various spas around Europe accompanied by a Prussian tutor who taught him German and interested him in German culture and history. He then moved to Germany, becoming an important member of the "[[Bayreuth]] Circle" of German fascist intellectuals influenced by the ideas of [[Richard Wagner]]. His second wife was Eva Wagner, the daughter of the composer.

	==Writings==		==Writings==
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	During his lifetime, Chamberlain's works became widely popular throughout Europe, and especially in Germany, where he was invited to stay at the court of [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]. Chamberlain was at ease in the German language and wrote in it. Angered by Britain's declaration of war in 1914 against the [[Central Powers]], which he saw as fratricidal murder, he published several propaganda texts against Britain and became a citizen of [[Germany]] in 1916.		During his lifetime, Chamberlain's works became widely popular throughout Europe, and especially in Germany, where he was invited to stay at the court of [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]. Chamberlain was at ease in the German language and wrote in it. Angered by Britain's declaration of war in 1914 against the [[Central Powers]], which he saw as fratricidal murder, he published several propaganda texts against Britain and became a citizen of [[Germany]] in 1916.

	During the inter-war period certain pro-[[National Socialist]] theologians also developed some of their racial theories along similar lines to Chamberlain's theories. It was said that his works would later have a marked effect upon German ~~nationalist~~ movements, such as National Socialism. [[Adolf Hitler]] was an avid student of his "Foundations", and praised him as "The Prophet of the Third Reich", although by the advent of the Nazis Chamberlain was long retired and had suffered a paralysing stroke prior to the end of [[The Great War]].		During the inter-war period certain pro-[[National Socialist]] theologians also developed some of their racial theories along similar lines to Chamberlain's theories. It was said that his works would later have a marked effect upon German fascist movements, such as National Socialism. [[Adolf Hitler]] was an avid student of his "Foundations", and praised him as "The Prophet of the Third Reich", although by the advent of the Nazis Chamberlain was long retired and had suffered a paralysing stroke prior to the end of [[The Great War]].

	Chamberlain, however, as an author and writer long pre-dates the Nazis.		Chamberlain, however, as an author and writer long pre-dates the Nazis.

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