Jozef Tiso - Revision history

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	[[File:Jozef Tiso 1.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|250px\|Jozef Tiso was a recipient of the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the German Eagle]] in Gold with Star.]]		[[File:Jozef Tiso 1.png\|thumb\|250px\|Jozef Tiso was a recipient of the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the German Eagle]] in Gold with Star.]]
	'''Jozef Gašpar Tiso''' (13 October 1887 – 18 April 1947) was a [[Slovaks\|Slovak]] politician and [[Roman Catholic]] priest and theologian who secured the independence of Slovakia as a sovereign state, and served as President of the [[Slovak Republic]]. In 1947, after [[World War II]], he was convicted of [[war crime]]s by the [[Czechoslovakia\|Czech]] communist regime, who hanged him in [[Bratislava]].		'''Jozef Gašpar Tiso''' (13 October 1887 – 18 April 1947) was a [[Slovaks\|Slovak]] politician and [[Roman Catholic]] priest and theologian who secured the independence of Slovakia as a sovereign state, and served as President of the [[Slovak Republic]]. In 1947, after [[World War II]], he was convicted of [[war crime]]s by the [[Czechoslovakia\|Czech]] communist regime, who hanged him in [[Bratislava]].

	==Life==		==Life==
	[[File:Jozef Tiso 2.~~jpg~~\|right\|260px]]		[[File:Jozef Tiso 2.png\|right\|260px]]
	===Early life===		===Early life===
	[[File:Slovakia Jozef Tiso (1941).png\|right\|260px]]		[[File:Slovakia Jozef Tiso (1941).png\|right\|260px]]
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	===Autonomous Slovak Region===		===Autonomous Slovak Region===
	[[File:Jozef Tiso 3.~~jpg~~\|right\|260px]]		[[File:Jozef Tiso 3.png\|right\|260px]]
	[[File:Jozef Tiso 4.~~jpg~~\|right\|260px]]		[[File:Jozef Tiso 4.png\|right\|260px]]
	[[File:Jozef Tiso 5.~~jpg~~\|right\|260px]]		[[File:Jozef Tiso 5.png\|right\|260px]]
	In October 1938, following the [[Munich Agreement]], the [[Sudetenland]], the main German-speaking parts of [[Czechoslovakia]], was detached from Czechoslovakia and ceded to Greater Germany. (Ethnic Germans had constituted 25% of Czechoslovakia's population.)		In October 1938, following the [[Munich Agreement]], the [[Sudetenland]], the main German-speaking parts of [[Czechoslovakia]], was detached from Czechoslovakia and ceded to Greater Germany. (Ethnic Germans had constituted 25% of Czechoslovakia's population.)

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	Tiso was initially Prime Minister from 14 March 1939 until 26 October 1939. He not only supported Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939 but contributed Slovak troops, which the Germans rewarded by allowing Slovakia to annex 300 square miles of Polish territory.<ref>Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'' (2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 52. [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-521-85316-8\|<bdi>0-521-85316-8</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)\|OCLC]] 986290507</ref> On 1 October 1939, Dr Tiso became President of the Slovak People's Party. On October 26th, he became President of the Slovak Republic, and appointed Tuka as Prime Minister. After 1942, President Tiso was also styled ''Vodca'' ("Leader").<ref name="Richard">Evans (2009) p. 395</ref>		Tiso was initially Prime Minister from 14 March 1939 until 26 October 1939. He not only supported Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939 but contributed Slovak troops, which the Germans rewarded by allowing Slovakia to annex 300 square miles of Polish territory.<ref>Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'' (2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 52. [[ISBN (identifier)\|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-521-85316-8\|<bdi>0-521-85316-8</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)\|OCLC]] 986290507</ref> On 1 October 1939, Dr Tiso became President of the Slovak People's Party. On October 26th, he became President of the Slovak Republic, and appointed Tuka as Prime Minister. After 1942, President Tiso was also styled ''Vodca'' ("Leader").<ref name="Richard">Evans (2009) p. 395</ref>
	[[File:Tiso on October 29, 1945 in Bratislava after his capture by communist forces.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|250px\|Tiso on October 29, 1945 in Bratislava after his capture by [[communist]] forces]]		[[File:Tiso on October 29, 1945 in Bratislava after his capture by communist forces.png\|thumb\|250px\|Tiso on October 29, 1945 in Bratislava after his capture by [[communist]] forces]]
	===WWII===		===WWII===

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	==Gallery==		==Gallery==
	<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">		<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">
	File:Jozef Tiso 6.~~jpg~~\|		File:Jozef Tiso 6.png\|
	File:President Jozef Tiso meeting with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof.~~jpg~~\|President Jozef Tiso meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]] at the [[Berghof]]		File:President Jozef Tiso meeting with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof.png\|President Jozef Tiso meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]] at the [[Berghof]]
	File:Tiso and Joachim von Ribbentrop.~~jpg~~\|Tiso and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]		File:Tiso and Joachim von Ribbentrop.png\|Tiso and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]
	File:Jozef Tiso decorates German soldiers in 1944.~~jpg~~\|Jozef Tiso decorates German soldiers in Banská Bystrica in Slovakia, who had fought the [[Slovak Communist Uprising 1944\|Slovak Communist Uprising]] in 1944		File:Jozef Tiso decorates German soldiers in 1944.png\|Jozef Tiso decorates German soldiers in Banská Bystrica in Slovakia, who had fought the [[Slovak Communist Uprising 1944\|Slovak Communist Uprising]] in 1944
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	In 1919, he founded a subsidiary of the party in Nitra, and he organized a gymnastic organization, Orol (Eagle), the counterweight of a similar Czech organization, Sokol. Tiso first ran for parliament in the 1920 Czechoslovak parliamentary elections. Although the electoral results from his district were bright spots in what was otherwise a disappointing election for the Ľudáks, the party did not reward him with a legislative seat. Tiso, however, easily claimed one in the 1925 election, which also resulted in a breakthrough victory for the party. Until 1938, he was a fixture in the [[Czechoslovakia]]n parliament in [[Prague]].		In 1919, he founded a subsidiary of the party in Nitra, and he organized a gymnastic organization, Orol (Eagle), the counterweight of a similar Czech organization, Sokol. Tiso first ran for parliament in the 1920 Czechoslovak parliamentary elections. Although the electoral results from his district were bright spots in what was otherwise a disappointing election for the Ľudáks, the party did not reward him with a legislative seat. Tiso, however, easily claimed one in the 1925 election, which also resulted in a breakthrough victory for the party. Until 1938, he was a fixture in the [[Czechoslovakia]]n parliament in [[Prague]].

	In 1921 Tiso was appointed [[Monsignor]] by the [[Vatican]], although this appointment is said to have lapsed with the later death of [[Pope Benedict XV]].<ref>Ward (2013) p. 74.</ref> From 1921 to 1923, he served as Secretary to the new Slovak Bishop of Nitra, Karol Kmeťko. During the same period, ~~nationalist~~ political agitation earned Tiso two convictions by the Czechoslovak courts for "incitement", one of which resulted in a short incarceration. Displeased, Kmeťko dropped him as Secretary in 1923, but retained him as a Professor of Theology. In 1924, Tiso left Nitra to become Dean of Bánovce nad Bebravou.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 80-4.</ref> He remained the Dean of Bánovce for the rest of his political career, returning there regularly every weekend also as a Czechoslovak Minister, and as later as President of [[Slovakia]].		In 1921 Tiso was appointed [[Monsignor]] by the [[Vatican]], although this appointment is said to have lapsed with the later death of [[Pope Benedict XV]].<ref>Ward (2013) p. 74.</ref> From 1921 to 1923, he served as Secretary to the new Slovak Bishop of Nitra, Karol Kmeťko. During the same period, fascist political agitation earned Tiso two convictions by the Czechoslovak courts for "incitement", one of which resulted in a short incarceration. Displeased, Kmeťko dropped him as Secretary in 1923, but retained him as a Professor of Theology. In 1924, Tiso left Nitra to become Dean of Bánovce nad Bebravou.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 80-4.</ref> He remained the Dean of Bánovce for the rest of his political career, returning there regularly every weekend also as a Czechoslovak Minister, and as later as President of [[Slovakia]].

	In the interwar period, Tiso was a moderate politician. He used more radical rhetoric as a journalist, putting aside much of the anti-Jewish rhetoric, common in central and eastern Europe amongst all classes, of his earlier journalistic activities. Tiso sharply criticized the policies of the central government regarding Slovaks and Slovakia. While the party still operated within a democratic framework, Tiso's colleague and political rival Vojtech Tuka formed two internal movements to oppose the state and its Czech-dominated regime - the first collaborating with Hungarian [[revanchism]] and the second led by pro-fascist Rodobrana. Tiso did not participate in these.		In the interwar period, Tiso was a moderate politician. He used more radical rhetoric as a journalist, putting aside much of the anti-Jewish rhetoric, common in central and eastern Europe amongst all classes, of his earlier journalistic activities. Tiso sharply criticized the policies of the central government regarding Slovaks and Slovakia. While the party still operated within a democratic framework, Tiso's colleague and political rival Vojtech Tuka formed two internal movements to oppose the state and its Czech-dominated regime - the first collaborating with Hungarian [[revanchism]] and the second led by pro-fascist Rodobrana. Tiso did not participate in these.

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	Tiso was born in [[Bytča]] (then {{lang-hu\|Nagybiccse}}) to [[Slovaks\|Slovak]] parents, in Trencsén county, in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], part of the [[Austria-Hungary]]. He was raised in a religious family and studied at the local elementary school. Then, as a good student with a flair for languages, he studied at a Hungarian lower grammar school in Žilina. Here he began to use the Hungarian form of his name: Tiszó József. In 1902, he began to study at higher Piarist grammar school in Nitra. The Bishop of Nitra, Imre Bende, offered him a chance to study for the priesthood at the prestigious Pázmáneum in [[Vienna]].<ref>Ward (2013) p. 21,</ref> Tiso, taught by several elite professors, became familiar with various philosophies and the newest Papal Encyclicals. He also extended his language skills. Already speaking Hungarian, German and [[Latin]], he studied Hebrew, Aramaic dialects and Arabic. The school reports describe him as an "excellent", "exemplary", and "pious" student. Enrolling in the University of Vienna in 1906, he graduated as a [[Doctor of Theology]] in 1911.		Tiso was born in [[Bytča]] (then {{lang-hu\|Nagybiccse}}) to [[Slovaks\|Slovak]] parents, in Trencsén county, in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], part of the [[Austria-Hungary]]. He was raised in a religious family and studied at the local elementary school. Then, as a good student with a flair for languages, he studied at a Hungarian lower grammar school in Žilina. Here he began to use the Hungarian form of his name: Tiszó József. In 1902, he began to study at higher Piarist grammar school in Nitra. The Bishop of Nitra, Imre Bende, offered him a chance to study for the priesthood at the prestigious Pázmáneum in [[Vienna]].<ref>Ward (2013) p. 21,</ref> Tiso, taught by several elite professors, became familiar with various philosophies and the newest Papal Encyclicals. He also extended his language skills. Already speaking Hungarian, German and [[Latin]], he studied Hebrew, Aramaic dialects and Arabic. The school reports describe him as an "excellent", "exemplary", and "pious" student. Enrolling in the University of Vienna in 1906, he graduated as a [[Doctor of Theology]] in 1911.

	His early ministry was spent as an assistant priest in three parishes in today's [[Slovakia]]. Tiso was interested in public affairs and performed extensive educational and social work. During his fight against poverty and alcoholism, he ''may'' also have adopted some stereotypical views on Slovak-~~Jewish~~ relations. However, such views were not unusual in the contemporary society, including among priests or other people with higher education. He blamed the ~~Jewish~~ tavern owners for the rising alcoholism, and he was also a member of self-help association selling food and clothing cheaper than the local ~~Jewish~~ stores. Tiso became a member of Nép párt (Catholic People's Party) and contributed to its Slovak journal ''Kresťan'' (''Christian'').		His early ministry was spent as an assistant priest in three parishes in today's [[Slovakia]]. Tiso was interested in public affairs and performed extensive educational and social work. During his fight against poverty and alcoholism, he ''may'' also have adopted some stereotypical views on Slovak-jewish relations. However, such views were not unusual in the contemporary society, including among priests or other people with higher education. He blamed the jewish tavern owners for the rising alcoholism, and he was also a member of self-help association selling food and clothing cheaper than the local jewish stores. Tiso became a member of Nép párt (Catholic People's Party) and contributed to its Slovak journal ''Kresťan'' (''Christian'').

	During [[World War I]], he served as a field Curate for the 71st infantry regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army which was recruited mostly from Slovakians. The regiment suffered heavy losses during the Russian assaults against [[Galicia]]. After a few months, his regiment was transferred to [[Slovenia]] where he met Slovenian politician Anton Korošec, who was also a Roman Catholic priest. Tiso became interested in the Slovenian national movement. Tiso's time in the military was ended by a serious kidney illness, and he was released from the service. He did not return to his parish in Bánovce, but was appointed as the Spiritual Director of the Nitra seminary by Bende's successor, Vilmos Batthyány.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 29-32.</ref> Tiso was also active at this time as a school teacher and journalist. He published his experiences during the war as ''The Diary of the Northern Frontline''. In other articles written in a patriotic style, he emphasized the need for good military morale and discipline. He also covered religious and educational topics, emphasizing a need for religious literature in Slovakian.		During [[World War I]], he served as a field Curate for the 71st infantry regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army which was recruited mostly from Slovakians. The regiment suffered heavy losses during the Russian assaults against [[Galicia]]. After a few months, his regiment was transferred to [[Slovenia]] where he met Slovenian politician Anton Korošec, who was also a Roman Catholic priest. Tiso became interested in the Slovenian national movement. Tiso's time in the military was ended by a serious kidney illness, and he was released from the service. He did not return to his parish in Bánovce, but was appointed as the Spiritual Director of the Nitra seminary by Bende's successor, Vilmos Batthyány.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 29-32.</ref> Tiso was also active at this time as a school teacher and journalist. He published his experiences during the war as ''The Diary of the Northern Frontline''. In other articles written in a patriotic style, he emphasized the need for good military morale and discipline. He also covered religious and educational topics, emphasizing a need for religious literature in Slovakian.
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	In 1921 Tiso was appointed [[Monsignor]] by the [[Vatican]], although this appointment is said to have lapsed with the later death of [[Pope Benedict XV]].<ref>Ward (2013) p. 74.</ref> From 1921 to 1923, he served as Secretary to the new Slovak Bishop of Nitra, Karol Kmeťko. During the same period, fascist political agitation earned Tiso two convictions by the Czechoslovak courts for "incitement", one of which resulted in a short incarceration. Displeased, Kmeťko dropped him as Secretary in 1923, but retained him as a Professor of Theology. In 1924, Tiso left Nitra to become Dean of Bánovce nad Bebravou.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 80-4.</ref> He remained the Dean of Bánovce for the rest of his political career, returning there regularly every weekend also as a Czechoslovak Minister, and as later as President of [[Slovakia]].		In 1921 Tiso was appointed [[Monsignor]] by the [[Vatican]], although this appointment is said to have lapsed with the later death of [[Pope Benedict XV]].<ref>Ward (2013) p. 74.</ref> From 1921 to 1923, he served as Secretary to the new Slovak Bishop of Nitra, Karol Kmeťko. During the same period, fascist political agitation earned Tiso two convictions by the Czechoslovak courts for "incitement", one of which resulted in a short incarceration. Displeased, Kmeťko dropped him as Secretary in 1923, but retained him as a Professor of Theology. In 1924, Tiso left Nitra to become Dean of Bánovce nad Bebravou.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 80-4.</ref> He remained the Dean of Bánovce for the rest of his political career, returning there regularly every weekend also as a Czechoslovak Minister, and as later as President of [[Slovakia]].

	In the interwar period, Tiso was a moderate politician. He used more radical rhetoric as a journalist, putting aside much of the anti-~~Jewish~~ rhetoric, common in central and eastern Europe amongst all classes, of his earlier journalistic activities. Tiso sharply criticized the policies of the central government regarding Slovaks and Slovakia. While the party still operated within a democratic framework, Tiso's colleague and political rival Vojtech Tuka formed two internal movements to oppose the state and its Czech-dominated regime - the first collaborating with Hungarian [[revanchism]] and the second led by pro-fascist Rodobrana. Tiso did not participate in these.		In the interwar period, Tiso was a moderate politician. He used more radical rhetoric as a journalist, putting aside much of the anti-jewish rhetoric, common in central and eastern Europe amongst all classes, of his earlier journalistic activities. Tiso sharply criticized the policies of the central government regarding Slovaks and Slovakia. While the party still operated within a democratic framework, Tiso's colleague and political rival Vojtech Tuka formed two internal movements to oppose the state and its Czech-dominated regime - the first collaborating with Hungarian [[revanchism]] and the second led by pro-fascist Rodobrana. Tiso did not participate in these.

	In the late 1920s, Tiso became one of the party's leaders. When the President of the party [[Andrej Hlinka]] traveled in 1926 to the 28th International Eucharistic Congress in [[Chicago]], he delegated Tiso to represent him in the presidium of the party.{{sfn\|Kamenec\|2013\|p=59}} In his absence, Tiso led complicated negotiations about an entry of Ľudáks into the government. He was successful and thus strengthened his position. In January 1927, he became the Czechoslovakian Minister of Health and Physical Education. Since Ľudáks previously operated as an opposition party and was not able to fulfill all of its promises, the participation in the government became difficult. As a Minister, Tiso successfully achieved several important health service projects in Slovakia.{{sfn\|Kamenec\|2013\|p=59}} Surprisingly, he refused the government ministry flat, staying in one of [[Prague]] monasteries. In October 1929, Ľudáks left the government after the Tuka affair. Tiso was more inclined than Hlinka to find compromises with other parties to form alliances, but for a decade after 1929 his initiatives were not successful. In 1930, he became the official vice-president of the party and seemed destined to succeed Hlinka. He spent the 1930s competing for Hlinka's mantle with party radicals, most notably the rightist Karol Sidor; Tuka was in prison for much of this period for "treason".		In the late 1920s, Tiso became one of the party's leaders. When the President of the party [[Andrej Hlinka]] traveled in 1926 to the 28th International Eucharistic Congress in [[Chicago]], he delegated Tiso to represent him in the presidium of the party.{{sfn\|Kamenec\|2013\|p=59}} In his absence, Tiso led complicated negotiations about an entry of Ľudáks into the government. He was successful and thus strengthened his position. In January 1927, he became the Czechoslovakian Minister of Health and Physical Education. Since Ľudáks previously operated as an opposition party and was not able to fulfill all of its promises, the participation in the government became difficult. As a Minister, Tiso successfully achieved several important health service projects in Slovakia.{{sfn\|Kamenec\|2013\|p=59}} Surprisingly, he refused the government ministry flat, staying in one of [[Prague]] monasteries. In October 1929, Ľudáks left the government after the Tuka affair. Tiso was more inclined than Hlinka to find compromises with other parties to form alliances, but for a decade after 1929 his initiatives were not successful. In 1930, he became the official vice-president of the party and seemed destined to succeed Hlinka. He spent the 1930s competing for Hlinka's mantle with party radicals, most notably the rightist Karol Sidor; Tuka was in prison for much of this period for "treason".
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	One of his first tasks was to lead the Czechoslovak delegation during negotiations with Hungary in Komárno preceding the [[First Vienna Award]]. Prime Minister Tiso, who had never led a delegation in similar international negotiations, found himself in a difficult position. Tiso opposed the proposals of the Hungarian delegation, but acted as a flexible and patient negotiator. When the Hungarian delegation decided they would terminate the discussion, Tiso sought the diplomatic assistance of Germany.{{sfn\|Kamenec\|2013\|p=82}} This had already been promised by German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], if necessary. Subsequently, Tiso was shocked by the [[First Vienna Award]], so much so that he initially refused to sign the protocol. In a radio speech to Slovakia, Tiso blamed the Prague government and its "policies of the past twenty years" for the negative results.{{sfn\|Fabricius\|Hradská\|2007\|p=25}}		One of his first tasks was to lead the Czechoslovak delegation during negotiations with Hungary in Komárno preceding the [[First Vienna Award]]. Prime Minister Tiso, who had never led a delegation in similar international negotiations, found himself in a difficult position. Tiso opposed the proposals of the Hungarian delegation, but acted as a flexible and patient negotiator. When the Hungarian delegation decided they would terminate the discussion, Tiso sought the diplomatic assistance of Germany.{{sfn\|Kamenec\|2013\|p=82}} This had already been promised by German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], if necessary. Subsequently, Tiso was shocked by the [[First Vienna Award]], so much so that he initially refused to sign the protocol. In a radio speech to Slovakia, Tiso blamed the Prague government and its "policies of the past twenty years" for the negative results.{{sfn\|Fabricius\|Hradská\|2007\|p=25}}

	The day before the Award, police arrested several ~~Jews~~ creating a disturbance at a demonstration of the Hungarian Youth Organization calling for the cession of Komárno to Hungary. On 4 November 1938 Tiso ordered the deportation of [[~~Jews~~]] "without property", and later those without citizenship, to the territory now being annexed by Hungary. However, on November 7th, he cancelled the action.		The day before the Award, police arrested several jews creating a disturbance at a demonstration of the Hungarian Youth Organization calling for the cession of Komárno to Hungary. On 4 November 1938 Tiso ordered the deportation of [[jews]] "without property", and later those without citizenship, to the territory now being annexed by Hungary. However, on November 7th, he cancelled the action.

	As Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior of the autonomous government, Tiso had extensive powers. In October–December 1938, his government did not share power with any other Slovak public body, because the autonomous parliament was elected only thereafter. During this period, his party forbade activities of all political parties except those that agreed to join the governing coalition "voluntarily" and two parties representing minority populations, the "German Party" and the "Unified Hungarian Party". The Assembly then organized parliamentary elections. Even before the official announcement of the elections, Tiso told the German newspaper ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'' that there would be only one united ballot and ~~Jews~~ could not be elected.{{sfn\|Nižňanský\|2010\|p=75}}		As Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior of the autonomous government, Tiso had extensive powers. In October–December 1938, his government did not share power with any other Slovak public body, because the autonomous parliament was elected only thereafter. During this period, his party forbade activities of all political parties except those that agreed to join the governing coalition "voluntarily" and two parties representing minority populations, the "German Party" and the "Unified Hungarian Party". The Assembly then organized parliamentary elections. Even before the official announcement of the elections, Tiso told the German newspaper ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'' that there would be only one united ballot and jews could not be elected.{{sfn\|Nižňanský\|2010\|p=75}}

	===President of the Slovak Republic===		===President of the Slovak Republic===
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	===WWII===		===WWII===

	Tiso was obliged to collaborate with [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]] in the deportations of Slovak ~~Jews~~ to [[concentration camp]]s in Germany and [[Poland]]. An [[anti-fascist]] partisan insurgency was waged, culminating in the so-called [[Slovak National Uprising]] in summer 1944, which was suppressed by the German military authorities with many of its leaders executed.		Tiso was obliged to collaborate with [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]] in the deportations of Slovak jews to [[concentration camp]]s in Germany and [[Poland]]. An [[anti-fascist]] partisan insurgency was waged, culminating in the so-called [[Slovak National Uprising]] in summer 1944, which was suppressed by the German military authorities with many of its leaders executed.

	When the Soviet [[Red Army]] conquered the last parts of western Slovakia in April 1945, Tiso fled first to [[Austria]], then to a Capuchin monastery in Altötting, [[Bavaria]]. In June 1945, he was arrested by the [[United States\|Americans]] and [[extradition\|extradited]] to the [[communist]] reconstituted [[Czechoslovakia]] to stand trial in October.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 258-9.</ref> In this show trial the court concluded that Tiso's government in [[Slovakia]] had been responsible for the break-up of [[Czechoslovakia]], despite the democratic vote to secede; despite the previous award of the [[Sudetenland]] to Greater Germany; and the activities of the Ruthenians as well as the [[Hungary\|Hungarians]] in Carpatho-Ruthenia.		When the Soviet [[Red Army]] conquered the last parts of western Slovakia in April 1945, Tiso fled first to [[Austria]], then to a Capuchin monastery in Altötting, [[Bavaria]]. In June 1945, he was arrested by the [[United States\|Americans]] and [[extradition\|extradited]] to the [[communist]] reconstituted [[Czechoslovakia]] to stand trial in October.<ref>Ward (2013) pp. 258-9.</ref> In this show trial the court concluded that Tiso's government in [[Slovakia]] had been responsible for the break-up of [[Czechoslovakia]], despite the democratic vote to secede; despite the previous award of the [[Sudetenland]] to Greater Germany; and the activities of the Ruthenians as well as the [[Hungary\|Hungarians]] in Carpatho-Ruthenia.