Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß - Revision history

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	[[File:Prof. Dr. phil. Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß in einer Aufnahme aus dem Jahr 1936.png\|thumb\|300px\|Prof. Dr. phil. Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß in 1936]]		[[File:Prof. Dr. phil. Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß in einer Aufnahme aus dem Jahr 1936.png\|thumb\|300px\|Prof. Dr. phil. Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß in 1936]]
	'''Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß''' (b. 8 February 1892 in Offenburg, Grand Duchy of Baden, [[German Empire]]; d. 13 January 1974 in Huppert, Hesse) was a German philosopher, anthropologist, psychologist, [[Nordicist]] and race theorist who was influential in the [[Third Reich]]. His racial writings and theories gave him some influence, although sources disagree on the extent of this and what his views were. He may even be claimed to be one of the "fathers of Nazi [[racism]]", despite that, for example, in an article entitled “Are the ~~Jews~~ an inferior race?” Clauss concluded in 1933 that “There are no inferior races for science.” The leftist [[Wikipedia]], which usually has negative articles on everything remotely "Nazi", unusually has no English article on him, despite his claimed influence. In the postwar period, he was banned from the "denazified" academia, but to some degree continued with research.		'''Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß''' (b. 8 February 1892 in Offenburg, Grand Duchy of Baden, [[German Empire]]; d. 13 January 1974 in Huppert, Hesse) was a German philosopher, anthropologist, psychologist, [[Nordicist]] and race theorist who was influential in the [[Third Reich]]. His racial writings and theories gave him some influence, although sources disagree on the extent of this and what his views were. He may even be claimed to be one of the "fathers of Nazi [[racism]]", despite that, for example, in an article entitled “Are the jews an inferior race?” Clauss concluded in 1933 that “There are no inferior races for science.” The leftist [[Wikipedia]], which usually has negative articles on everything remotely "Nazi", unusually has no English article on him, despite his claimed influence. In the postwar period, he was banned from the "denazified" academia, but to some degree continued with research.

	==Biography==		==Biography==
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	Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß was born 1892 in Offenburg in the Taunus region. He grew up in Freiburg, where he also studied philosophy, psychology and English and Scandinavian philology.		Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß was born 1892 in Offenburg in the Taunus region. He grew up in Freiburg, where he also studied philosophy, psychology and English and Scandinavian philology.

	He was a student of ~~Jewish~~ philosopher [[Edmund Husserl]] and utilized his theory of phenomenology and applied to the study of [[race psychology]], advancing a new theory and practice of the psychological study by observing gestures, movements, facial expressions, etc. to determine racial style (he simultaneously preached a rejection of [[Liberalism]] and [[egalitarianism]], which he argued were foreign to the [[Germanic people]]). Clauß became a member of several [[völkisch]] organizations. He held his first lectures on the psychology of race in 1921-1922. The habilitation thesis of Clauß had stated anti-~~Jewish~~ criticisms and caused a falling out with Husserl.		He was a student of jewish philosopher [[Edmund Husserl]] and utilized his theory of phenomenology and applied to the study of [[race psychology]], advancing a new theory and practice of the psychological study by observing gestures, movements, facial expressions, etc. to determine racial style (he simultaneously preached a rejection of [[Liberalism]] and [[egalitarianism]], which he argued were foreign to the [[Germanic people]]). Clauß became a member of several [[völkisch]] organizations. He held his first lectures on the psychology of race in 1921-1922. The habilitation thesis of Clauß had stated anti-jewish criticisms and caused a falling out with Husserl.

	Clauss traveled to the Middle East with Margarete Landé from 1927 to 1931 disguised as a nomadic sheik to study the racial-psychological form of the Bedouins, reporting his finds in ''Als Beduine unter Beduinen''. They ostensibly converted to [[Islam]], possibly in order to gain the absolute trust of the Arabs.		Clauss traveled to the Middle East with Margarete Landé from 1927 to 1931 disguised as a nomadic sheik to study the racial-psychological form of the Bedouins, reporting his finds in ''Als Beduine unter Beduinen''. They ostensibly converted to [[Islam]], possibly in order to gain the absolute trust of the Arabs.

	In 1933, Clauss became a lecturer at the University of Berlin and also attempted to introduce his version of racial psychology into German education, both at the higher and lower levels. In 1933, he also became a member of the [[NSDAP]] and the [[German Faith Movement]]. His was only partly successful due to opposition from certain scientists within the [[NSDAP]] to his theories (although his work was very popular generally). By 1943 Clauss lost his job and was expelled from the NSDAP due to the fact that he had employed Margarete Landé, a research assistant of partial ~~Jewish~~ descent. His support of her is stated to have helped her survive the war. For this, he was named "[[Righteous Among the Nations]]". After his involvement with the NSDAP became known, this was withdrawn.		In 1933, Clauss became a lecturer at the University of Berlin and also attempted to introduce his version of racial psychology into German education, both at the higher and lower levels. In 1933, he also became a member of the [[NSDAP]] and the [[German Faith Movement]]. His was only partly successful due to opposition from certain scientists within the [[NSDAP]] to his theories (although his work was very popular generally). By 1943 Clauss lost his job and was expelled from the NSDAP due to the fact that he had employed Margarete Landé, a research assistant of partial jewish descent. His support of her is stated to have helped her survive the war. For this, he was named "[[Righteous Among the Nations]]". After his involvement with the NSDAP became known, this was withdrawn.

	After the Third Reich fell Clauss continued his work, although he never achieved any significant amount of notice and support.<ref>Richard T. Gray, ''About Face: German Physiognomic Thought from Lavater to Auschwitz'', Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004. Gray is a liberal who occasionally makes negative comments about the physiognomic racial theories he discusses and even tries to "disprove" racialist physiognomic theory by proposing the use of inherently anti-racialist physiognomies which he also describes (Gray's egalitarian endeavor is unsuccessful to a highly-educated modern racialist). He also expresses his concern over Clauss's theory, that it is more "insidious" and "ominous" that Gunther's theory because of its more advanced psychological nature; this could signify the theory's usefulness to modern racialism. Gray provides lengthy descriptions of the theories of Clauss which may be used as a tool to study Cluass's racial psychology while ignoring his bias. See Google Books [http://books.google.com/books/about/About_face.html?id=NWaxXRILGjYC ''About Face'']. Another source on Clauss's racial theory in English is Eric Voegelin's ''Race and State - Collected Works, Vol. 2'' (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997). </ref>		After the Third Reich fell Clauss continued his work, although he never achieved any significant amount of notice and support.<ref>Richard T. Gray, ''About Face: German Physiognomic Thought from Lavater to Auschwitz'', Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004. Gray is a liberal who occasionally makes negative comments about the physiognomic racial theories he discusses and even tries to "disprove" racialist physiognomic theory by proposing the use of inherently anti-racialist physiognomies which he also describes (Gray's egalitarian endeavor is unsuccessful to a highly-educated modern racialist). He also expresses his concern over Clauss's theory, that it is more "insidious" and "ominous" that Gunther's theory because of its more advanced psychological nature; this could signify the theory's usefulness to modern racialism. Gray provides lengthy descriptions of the theories of Clauss which may be used as a tool to study Cluass's racial psychology while ignoring his bias. See Google Books [http://books.google.com/books/about/About_face.html?id=NWaxXRILGjYC ''About Face'']. Another source on Clauss's racial theory in English is Eric Voegelin's ''Race and State - Collected Works, Vol. 2'' (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997). </ref>

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