Maurice Bardèche - Revision history

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	~~[[de:Bardèche, Maurice]]~~
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	[[File:Maurice Bardèche.png\|right\|400px]]		[[File:Maurice Bardèche.png\|right\|400px]]
	'''Maurice Bardèche''' (b. 1 October 1907 in Dun-sur-Auron, France; d. 30 July 1998 in Canet-Plage, France) was a French essayist, literary and art critic, journalist, [[~~Holocaust~~ revisionist]], and a prominent [[fascist]].<ref name=Guardianobit>"French with tears," Obituary: Maurice Bardeche in ''[[The Guardian]]'', August 6, 1998 {{en icon}}</ref>		'''Maurice Bardèche''' (b. 1 October 1907 in Dun-sur-Auron, France; d. 30 July 1998 in Canet-Plage, France) was a French essayist, literary and art critic, journalist, [[Holohoax revisionist]], and a prominent [[fascist]].<ref name=Guardianobit>"French with tears," Obituary: Maurice Bardeche in ''[[The Guardian]]'', August 6, 1998 {{en icon}}</ref>

	==Life==		==Life==
	He was also the brother-in-law of the "collaborationist" novelist, poet and journalist [[Robert Brasillach]], executed in 1945. Leftist [[Wikipedia]] claims that Bardèche was "one of the leading exponents of [[neo-fascism]] in post–World War II Europe" and to have been involved in the founding of various organizations.		He was also the brother-in-law of the "collaborationist" novelist, poet and journalist [[Robert Brasillach]], executed in 1945. Leftist [[Wikipedia]] claims that Bardèche was "one of the leading exponents of [[neo-fascism]] in post–World War II Europe" and to have been involved in the founding of various organizations.

	In 1948, he wrote the book ''Nuremberg ou la Terre promise'' (''Nuremberg or the Promised Land''), critical of the [[Nuremberg trials]]. This has been claimed to be the origin of [[~~Holocaust~~ revisionism]] by some politically correct sources. Prominent ~~Holocaust~~ revisionist [[Carlo Mattogno]] has criticized this, stating that Bardèche has been "promoted for tactical purposes to the world's first revisionist", but that the book actually was not ~~Holocaust~~ revisionist.<ref>Denying the ~~Holocaust~~, The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. A Review https://codoh.com/library/document/688/?lang=en</ref> See also [[Paul Rassinier]].		In 1948, he wrote the book ''Nuremberg ou la Terre promise'' (''Nuremberg or the Promised Land''), critical of the [[Nuremberg trials]]. This has been claimed to be the origin of [[Holohoax revisionism]] by some politically correct sources. Prominent Holohoax revisionist [[Carlo Mattogno]] has criticized this, stating that Bardèche has been "promoted for tactical purposes to the world's first revisionist", but that the book actually was not Holohoax revisionist.<ref>Denying the Holohoax, The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. A Review https://codoh.com/library/document/688/?lang=en</ref> See also [[Paul Rassinier]].

	However, other aspects caused the book to banned in France, copies of it were seized, and Bardèche in 1952 was sentenced to a year in prison, although he spent only a few weeks there before being pardoned. Also in 1952, he founded the journal ''Défense de l'Occident'', where Paul Rassinier was a frequent contributor.<ref>Bardèche, Maurice https://codoh.com/library/categories/1098/</ref>		However, other aspects caused the book to banned in France, copies of it were seized, and Bardèche in 1952 was sentenced to a year in prison, although he spent only a few weeks there before being pardoned. Also in 1952, he founded the journal ''Défense de l'Occident'', where Paul Rassinier was a frequent contributor.<ref>Bardèche, Maurice https://codoh.com/library/categories/1098/</ref>
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	After the "Liberation", he was briefly arrested for "[[Collaborationism]]" but quickly released, while his brother-in-law, [[Robert Brasillach]], was executed. He considered this as criminal. <ref name=Guardianobit/> Bardèche was expelled from the [[Education in France\|National Education]], proscribed from giving courses in the public education system. He then founded his own literary publishing house, ''[[Les Sept Couleurs]]'' (The Seven Colours), and also founded a national journal titled ''Défense de l'Occident'' in 1952, dedicating himself to rehabilitating Brasillach's works and ideology <ref name=Guardianobit/>.		After the "Liberation", he was briefly arrested for "[[Collaborationism]]" but quickly released, while his brother-in-law, [[Robert Brasillach]], was executed. He considered this as criminal. <ref name=Guardianobit/> Bardèche was expelled from the [[Education in France\|National Education]], proscribed from giving courses in the public education system. He then founded his own literary publishing house, ''[[Les Sept Couleurs]]'' (The Seven Colours), and also founded a national journal titled ''Défense de l'Occident'' in 1952, dedicating himself to rehabilitating Brasillach's works and ideology <ref name=Guardianobit/>.

	He wrote a ''Lettre à [[François Mauriac]]'' in 1947, in which he attacked the ''[[épuration légale]]'' (legal purge) of Vichy supporters, defended [[Collaborationism]] and criticized [[French Resistance\|Resistance members]] whom he called "rebels against legality". His 1948 follow-up, ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', which was an attack on the [[Nuremberg trials]] and one of the earliest expression of [[~~Holocaust~~ revisionism]],<ref> See ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', 1948, p.133, concerning denial of real role of gaz chambers </ref> saw him sentenced to a year's imprisonment for "apology of war crimes", while the book was censored. This feat saw him become recognized as one of the leading fascists. However, Bardèche never served his prison term, as his sentence was commuted by President [[René Coty]], but he was imprisoned for a few weeks in [[Fresnes Prison\|Fresnes]].		He wrote a ''Lettre à [[François Mauriac]]'' in 1947, in which he attacked the ''[[épuration légale]]'' (legal purge) of Vichy supporters, defended [[Collaborationism]] and criticized [[French Resistance\|Resistance members]] whom he called "rebels against legality". His 1948 follow-up, ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', which was an attack on the [[Nuremberg trials]] and one of the earliest expression of [[Holohoax revisionism]],<ref> See ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', 1948, p.133, concerning denial of real role of gaz chambers </ref> saw him sentenced to a year's imprisonment for "apology of war crimes", while the book was censored. This feat saw him become recognized as one of the leading fascists. However, Bardèche never served his prison term, as his sentence was commuted by President [[René Coty]], but he was imprisoned for a few weeks in [[Fresnes Prison\|Fresnes]].

	He was a founder of the [[European Social Movement]] (MSE) in 1951 and became its vice-president, which brought him together with leaders such as [[Oswald Mosley]], [[Karl-Heinz Priester]] and [[Per Engdahl]]. He continued publishing his journal ''Défense de l'Occident'' from 1952-1982, in which ideas of a [[pan-European nationalism\|European nationalism]] were espoused.		He was a founder of the [[European Social Movement]] (MSE) in 1951 and became its vice-president, which brought him together with leaders such as [[Oswald Mosley]], [[Karl-Heinz Priester]] and [[Per Engdahl]]. He continued publishing his journal ''Défense de l'Occident'' from 1952-1982, in which ideas of a [[pan-European nationalism\|European nationalism]] were espoused.

	In 1952, he wrote another ~~Holocaust~~ revisionist book, basing it on [[Paul Rassinier]]'s arguments. Bardèche self-described himself as a fascist, in the introduction to his 1961 work ''Qu'est-ce que le fascisme?'' "I am a fascist writer". He was particularly attracted to the [[Italian Social Republic]] and sought to use that model as the basis for a more contemporary [[ideology]] that he termed ''fascisme amélioré'' ("improved fascism"). Bardèche also became a leading ~~Holocaust~~ revisionist and wrote extensively on the subject in his later life.		In 1952, he wrote another Holohoax revisionist book, basing it on [[Paul Rassinier]]'s arguments. Bardèche self-described himself as a fascist, in the introduction to his 1961 work ''Qu'est-ce que le fascisme?'' "I am a fascist writer". He was particularly attracted to the [[Italian Social Republic]] and sought to use that model as the basis for a more contemporary [[ideology]] that he termed ''fascisme amélioré'' ("improved fascism"). Bardèche also became a leading Holohoax revisionist and wrote extensively on the subject in his later life.
	==Death==		==Death==
	He died in Paris in 1998. He was described as "a prophet of a European renaissance for which he had long hoped" by [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] [http://www.offbeat-paris.org/20arr.htm], leader of the [[National Front (France)\|National Front]] party.		He died in Paris in 1998. He was described as "a prophet of a European renaissance for which he had long hoped" by [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] [http://www.offbeat-paris.org/20arr.htm], leader of the [[National Front (France)\|National Front]] party.
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	[[de:Bardèche, Maurice]]		[[de:Bardèche, Maurice]]
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	[[File:Maurice Bardèche.png\|right\|400px]]		[[File:Maurice Bardèche.png\|right\|400px]]
	'''Maurice Bardèche''' (b. 1 October 1907 in Dun-sur-Auron, France; d. 30 July 1998 in Canet-Plage, France) was a French essayist, literary and art critic, journalist, [[Holocaust revisionist]], and a prominent [[~~nationalist~~]].<ref name=Guardianobit>"French with tears," Obituary: Maurice Bardeche in ''[[The Guardian]]'', August 6, 1998 {{en icon}}</ref>		'''Maurice Bardèche''' (b. 1 October 1907 in Dun-sur-Auron, France; d. 30 July 1998 in Canet-Plage, France) was a French essayist, literary and art critic, journalist, [[Holocaust revisionist]], and a prominent [[fascist]].<ref name=Guardianobit>"French with tears," Obituary: Maurice Bardeche in ''[[The Guardian]]'', August 6, 1998 {{en icon}}</ref>

	==Life==		==Life==
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	Bardèche was born in a modest family of [[Dun-sur-Auron]] in the [[Cher (department)\|Cher]] department on 1 October 1907. A product of the educational opportunities of the [[French Third Republic\|Third Republic]], Bardèche had received a [[scholarship]], and completed ''[[Khâgne\|hypokhâgne]]'' at the prestigious [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] in Paris.<ref name=Guardianobit/> There, he met [[Thierry Maulnier]] and his future brother-in-law [[Robert Brasillach]], establishing lifelong connections. In 1928, he entered the ''[[École Normale Supérieure]]'' (ENS), where he met with the philosopher [[Simone Weil]] (whom he nicknamed the "Red Virgin", after [[Louise Michel]]), [[Claude Jamet]], [[Jacques Soustelle]], [[Roger Vailland]] and [[Georges Pompidou]], future President of France. He was received at the ''[[Agrégation]]'' (literary section) in 1932, and started teaching at the [[Sorbonne University]]. A year later, he described himself as "a snail withdrawn into its shell".<ref name=Guardianobit/>.		Bardèche was born in a modest family of [[Dun-sur-Auron]] in the [[Cher (department)\|Cher]] department on 1 October 1907. A product of the educational opportunities of the [[French Third Republic\|Third Republic]], Bardèche had received a [[scholarship]], and completed ''[[Khâgne\|hypokhâgne]]'' at the prestigious [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] in Paris.<ref name=Guardianobit/> There, he met [[Thierry Maulnier]] and his future brother-in-law [[Robert Brasillach]], establishing lifelong connections. In 1928, he entered the ''[[École Normale Supérieure]]'' (ENS), where he met with the philosopher [[Simone Weil]] (whom he nicknamed the "Red Virgin", after [[Louise Michel]]), [[Claude Jamet]], [[Jacques Soustelle]], [[Roger Vailland]] and [[Georges Pompidou]], future President of France. He was received at the ''[[Agrégation]]'' (literary section) in 1932, and started teaching at the [[Sorbonne University]]. A year later, he described himself as "a snail withdrawn into its shell".<ref name=Guardianobit/>.

	He was heavily influenced by the ~~nationalist~~ [[intellectual]] [[Maurice Barrès]] and the leader of the monarchist ''[[Action Française]]'' (AF), [[Charles Maurras]] <ref>"Action man; Known to thousands as 'Le Maitre', Charles Maurras was an intellectual giant of the French canon." By Carmen Callil, ''[[New Statesman]]'', April 9, 2001 {{en icon}}</ref>		He was heavily influenced by the fascist [[intellectual]] [[Maurice Barrès]] and the leader of the monarchist ''[[Action Française]]'' (AF), [[Charles Maurras]] <ref>"Action man; Known to thousands as 'Le Maitre', Charles Maurras was an intellectual giant of the French canon." By Carmen Callil, ''[[New Statesman]]'', April 9, 2001 {{en icon}}</ref>

	Bardèche initially came to prominence as an associate of Brasillach and Maulnier, writing in their journals from 1933 to 1935, essentially as a literary chroniquer. During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936-1939), he traveled several times to the country and wrote with Brasillach a ''History of the Spanish War'', in which he supported the Spanish Fascists. His support of [[fascism (broad sense)]] may be dated to this period. Bardèche also co-authored with Brasillach a ''[[History of Cinema]]'' (1935), a work that influenced cinema history for years. <ref>"Killed for His Words; A bold new study exhumes the case of Robert Brasillach, executed by the French in 1945", in ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' magazine, May 15, 2000 {{en icon}}; David Bordwell, On the history of film style, Harvard University Press, 1997, at p. 40 and 42</ref>.		Bardèche initially came to prominence as an associate of Brasillach and Maulnier, writing in their journals from 1933 to 1935, essentially as a literary chroniquer. During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936-1939), he traveled several times to the country and wrote with Brasillach a ''History of the Spanish War'', in which he supported the Spanish Fascists. His support of [[fascism (broad sense)]] may be dated to this period. Bardèche also co-authored with Brasillach a ''[[History of Cinema]]'' (1935), a work that influenced cinema history for years. <ref>"Killed for His Words; A bold new study exhumes the case of Robert Brasillach, executed by the French in 1945", in ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' magazine, May 15, 2000 {{en icon}}; David Bordwell, On the history of film style, Harvard University Press, 1997, at p. 40 and 42</ref>.
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	After the "Liberation", he was briefly arrested for "[[Collaborationism]]" but quickly released, while his brother-in-law, [[Robert Brasillach]], was executed. He considered this as criminal. <ref name=Guardianobit/> Bardèche was expelled from the [[Education in France\|National Education]], proscribed from giving courses in the public education system. He then founded his own literary publishing house, ''[[Les Sept Couleurs]]'' (The Seven Colours), and also founded a national journal titled ''Défense de l'Occident'' in 1952, dedicating himself to rehabilitating Brasillach's works and ideology <ref name=Guardianobit/>.		After the "Liberation", he was briefly arrested for "[[Collaborationism]]" but quickly released, while his brother-in-law, [[Robert Brasillach]], was executed. He considered this as criminal. <ref name=Guardianobit/> Bardèche was expelled from the [[Education in France\|National Education]], proscribed from giving courses in the public education system. He then founded his own literary publishing house, ''[[Les Sept Couleurs]]'' (The Seven Colours), and also founded a national journal titled ''Défense de l'Occident'' in 1952, dedicating himself to rehabilitating Brasillach's works and ideology <ref name=Guardianobit/>.

	He wrote a ''Lettre à [[François Mauriac]]'' in 1947, in which he attacked the ''[[épuration légale]]'' (legal purge) of Vichy supporters, defended [[Collaborationism]] and criticized [[French Resistance\|Resistance members]] whom he called "rebels against legality". His 1948 follow-up, ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', which was an attack on the [[Nuremberg trials]] and one of the earliest expression of [[Holocaust revisionism]],<ref> See ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', 1948, p.133, concerning denial of real role of gaz chambers </ref> saw him sentenced to a year's imprisonment for "apology of war crimes", while the book was censored. This feat saw him become recognized as one of the leading ~~nationalists~~. However, Bardèche never served his prison term, as his sentence was commuted by President [[René Coty]], but he was imprisoned for a few weeks in [[Fresnes Prison\|Fresnes]].		He wrote a ''Lettre à [[François Mauriac]]'' in 1947, in which he attacked the ''[[épuration légale]]'' (legal purge) of Vichy supporters, defended [[Collaborationism]] and criticized [[French Resistance\|Resistance members]] whom he called "rebels against legality". His 1948 follow-up, ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', which was an attack on the [[Nuremberg trials]] and one of the earliest expression of [[Holocaust revisionism]],<ref> See ''Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise'', 1948, p.133, concerning denial of real role of gaz chambers </ref> saw him sentenced to a year's imprisonment for "apology of war crimes", while the book was censored. This feat saw him become recognized as one of the leading fascists. However, Bardèche never served his prison term, as his sentence was commuted by President [[René Coty]], but he was imprisoned for a few weeks in [[Fresnes Prison\|Fresnes]].

	He was a founder of the [[European Social Movement]] (MSE) in 1951 and became its vice-president, which brought him together with leaders such as [[Oswald Mosley]], [[Karl-Heinz Priester]] and [[Per Engdahl]]. He continued publishing his journal ''Défense de l'Occident'' from 1952-1982, in which ideas of a [[pan-European nationalism\|European nationalism]] were espoused.		He was a founder of the [[European Social Movement]] (MSE) in 1951 and became its vice-president, which brought him together with leaders such as [[Oswald Mosley]], [[Karl-Heinz Priester]] and [[Per Engdahl]]. He continued publishing his journal ''Défense de l'Occident'' from 1952-1982, in which ideas of a [[pan-European nationalism\|European nationalism]] were espoused.

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	He was heavily influenced by the nationalist [[intellectual]] [[Maurice Barrès]] and the leader of the monarchist ''[[Action Française]]'' (AF), [[Charles Maurras]] <ref>"Action man; Known to thousands as 'Le Maitre', Charles Maurras was an intellectual giant of the French canon." By Carmen Callil, ''[[New Statesman]]'', April 9, 2001 {{en icon}}</ref>		He was heavily influenced by the nationalist [[intellectual]] [[Maurice Barrès]] and the leader of the monarchist ''[[Action Française]]'' (AF), [[Charles Maurras]] <ref>"Action man; Known to thousands as 'Le Maitre', Charles Maurras was an intellectual giant of the French canon." By Carmen Callil, ''[[New Statesman]]'', April 9, 2001 {{en icon}}</ref>

	Bardèche initially came to prominence as an associate of Brasillach and Maulnier, writing in their journals from 1933 to 1935, essentially as a literary chroniquer. During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936-1939), he traveled several times to the country and wrote with Brasillach a ''History of the Spanish War'', in which he supported the Spanish ~~Nationalists~~. His support of [[fascism (broad sense)]] may be dated to this period. Bardèche also co-authored with Brasillach a ''[[History of Cinema]]'' (1935), a work that influenced cinema history for years. <ref>"Killed for His Words; A bold new study exhumes the case of Robert Brasillach, executed by the French in 1945", in ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' magazine, May 15, 2000 {{en icon}}; David Bordwell, On the history of film style, Harvard University Press, 1997, at p. 40 and 42</ref>.		Bardèche initially came to prominence as an associate of Brasillach and Maulnier, writing in their journals from 1933 to 1935, essentially as a literary chroniquer. During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936-1939), he traveled several times to the country and wrote with Brasillach a ''History of the Spanish War'', in which he supported the Spanish Fascists. His support of [[fascism (broad sense)]] may be dated to this period. Bardèche also co-authored with Brasillach a ''[[History of Cinema]]'' (1935), a work that influenced cinema history for years. <ref>"Killed for His Words; A bold new study exhumes the case of Robert Brasillach, executed by the French in 1945", in ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' magazine, May 15, 2000 {{en icon}}; David Bordwell, On the history of film style, Harvard University Press, 1997, at p. 40 and 42</ref>.

	Bardèche completed his thesis on [[Balzac]] in 1940, titled ''La formation de l’art du roman chez Balzac jusqu’à la publication du Père Goriot'', from which he would publish a biography, ''Balzac romancier''. He continued to teach at the Sorbonne, moving to the [[Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille]] from 1942-4. He then became recognized for his critical works.		Bardèche completed his thesis on [[Balzac]] in 1940, titled ''La formation de l’art du roman chez Balzac jusqu’à la publication du Père Goriot'', from which he would publish a biography, ''Balzac romancier''. He continued to teach at the Sorbonne, moving to the [[Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille]] from 1942-4. He then became recognized for his critical works.

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