Munich Agreement - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==
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	[[File:Mussolini and Chamberlain.~~jpg~~\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Goering and [[Hitler]] (partly obscured), (unknown), Count [[Ciano]], [[Mussolini]], [[Édouard Daladier]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] concur after signing the Agreement. Neville Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, on right.]]		[[File:Mussolini and Chamberlain.png\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Goering and [[Hitler]] (partly obscured), (unknown), Count [[Ciano]], [[Mussolini]], [[Édouard Daladier]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] concur after signing the Agreement. Neville Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, on right.]]
	The '''Munich Agreement''' ({{lang-de\|Münchener Abkommen}}) was concluded during the night of '''29/30 September 1938''', by the political leaders of [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and [[Italy]], the 'four powers bloc'. The UK and France were the leading members of the [[League of Nations]].		The '''Munich Agreement''' ({{lang-de\|Münchener Abkommen}}) was concluded during the night of '''29/30 September 1938''', by the political leaders of [[National Socialist Germany\|Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and [[Italy]], the 'four powers bloc'. The UK and France were the leading members of the [[League of Nations]].

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History

New page

[[File:Mussolini and Chamberlain.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Goering and [[Hitler]] (partly obscured), (unknown), Count [[Ciano]], [[Mussolini]], [[Édouard Daladier]] and [[Neville Chamberlain]] concur after signing the Agreement. Neville Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, on right.]]
The '''Munich Agreement''' ({{lang-de|Münchener Abkommen}}) was concluded during the night of '''29/30 September 1938''', by the political leaders of [[National Socialist Germany|Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and [[Italy]], the 'four powers bloc'. The UK and France were the leading members of the [[League of Nations]].

: ''Chamberlain knows that the time has come to act [on Czechoslovakia] because the [[Versailles Treaty]] is on its deathbed....'' ~ [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]], former French Premier, in a speech in the French Parliament, February 1938.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France and Munich'', Hamish Hamilton, 1939; reprint by Howard Fertig, New York, 1969, pps:55-4, 56-7.</ref>

==History==
Disputes had arisen between the Czechs, who constituted just 43 per cent of the population of [[Czechoslovakia]]<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1938'' (for 1937), London, 1938, p.188.</ref> and the other minority populations in that country, whom the Czechs had oppressed, almost since the establishment of this new artificial State<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of the Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> in 1919. Its almost arbitrary borders, mostly those of the Austrian Crown Lands, had been handed down at the [[Treaty of Versailles|Paris Peace Conference]] following the end of [[The Great War]] and the collapse of the [[Central Powers]].

Alexander Powell, the famous English writer, said in 1928: "that of all the countries of eastern Europe, [[Czechoslovakia]] was the best risk [of trouble]. This lies in the selfishness displayed by the Czechs of [[Bohemia]] in their relations with others." He continues: "the Czechs have stubbornly refused to listen to reason, even when arguments for a change in their attitude have been advanced by friends. Their frontiers were fixed at [[Treaty of Trianon| Trianon]] 'for all time', they assert, and in their refusal to consider any revision they are adamant. Their uncompromising attitude is doubtless attributable to the fact that just at present they are [feeling] considerably 'above themselves'. But such a frame of mind is hardly surprising in a people who obtained their independence so recently, so suddenly, who have had good fortune literally thrust upon them."<ref>Powell, E. Alexander, ''Embattled Borders'', London, 1928, p.227 and chapter VI.</ref> [[Hitler]] described Czechoslovakia as "a structure manufactured at Versailles....an untenable situation"<ref>Speech by German Chancellor [[Hitler]] at the [[National Socialist Party]] Congress, Nuremberg, Germany, 12th September 1938.</ref>.

Czechoslovakia had for centuries been part of Austria and Hungary. In particular, the ethnic Germans, who had lived there for up to 900 years and formed 25% of the population, were singled out for especially poor treatment by the Czechs, and great unrest began to forment in the [[Sudetenland]] region, where ethnic Germans constituted the majority. The British sent a special commission headed by Lord Runciman to investigate and examine the overall situation, and to speak to all the leading actors in this matter. He recommended partition.

'''Article 19 of the [[League of Nations]]' Covenant''', which was incorporated in the [[Versailles Treaty]], said:
: ''The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of Treaties which have become inapplicable, and the consideration of international conditions which might endanger the peace of the world.''<ref>Newman, Bernard, ''Danger Spots of Europe'', London, 1938, p.20.</ref>

It was therefore agreed by the four European Great Powers (three of whom drew up the offending 1919 treaties) that adjustments to the borders would have to be made. The '''Agreement''' by the four European Great Powers was to award the full annexation by [[National Socialist Germany|Germany]] of the borderland areas in [[Czechoslovakia]] named the [[Sudetenland]], where more than three and a half million mainly ethnic Germans lived (equating to the entire population of [[Ireland]]), and which had before 1919 been part of Austrian Crown lands. From a German and moreso an Austrian perspective this was simply peaceful ''revanchism''.

Most of Europe celebrated the Munich Agreement, which was presented as a way to prevent a major war on the continent (as per Article 19, above). The famous French author [[Alfred Fabre-Luce]] gave it his "rapturous approval"<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', London, 1957, p.8-9.</ref> and the former French Prime Minister [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]] sent Hitler a telegram of congratulations<ref>Werth, 1957, p.92n.</ref>. The British Ambassador in Berlin, writing the following March, stated "the incorporation of Austrians and Sudeten Germans into the Reich was in principle not an unnatural development, was not an ignoble aspiration for Germans, and was not even ethically immoral. Both the Ostmark [Austria] and [[Sudetenland]] were inhabited by populations almost entirely German living on the frontiers of Germany and their incorporation was in conformity with rights of self-determination."<ref>Woodward, Prof. E.L., Butler, Rohan, & Lambert, Margaret, ''Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939'', Third Series, vol.iv, His Majesty's Stationary Office, London, 1951, p.279.</ref>

==See also==
* [[First Vienna Award]]
* [[Second Vienna Award]]
* [[Czechoslovakia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Revanchism]]
[[Category:Europe]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:Peace treaties]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:Czechoslovakia]]

[[de:Münchener Abkommen]]