Operation Oak - Revision history

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	[[File:Mors, Skorzeny und Mussolini happy after the perfect operation on 12 September 1943.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|Major Mors, Otto Skorzeny and Italian leader Mussolini happy after the perfect freedom operation on 12 September 1943; even the Italian guards seem relaxed and relieved.]]		[[File:Mors, Skorzeny und Mussolini happy after the perfect operation on 12 September 1943.png\|thumb\|350px\|Major Mors, Otto Skorzeny and Italian leader Mussolini happy after the perfect freedom operation on 12 September 1943; even the Italian guards seem relaxed and relieved.]]
	'''Operation Oak''' ({{lang-de\|Unternehmen Eiche}}) was the daring raid of Gran Sasso and the rescue of [[Italian]] state leader [[Benito Mussolini]] by German special forces (Fallschirmjäger-Lehr-Bataillon of the [[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)\|2. Fallschirmjägerdivision]], 1/FJR 7 and the [[SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal]]) in [[World War II]]. It was ordered and planned by General [[Kurt Student]] and commanded by Major [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Mors,_Harald Otto-Harald Mors].		'''Operation Oak''' ({{lang-de\|Unternehmen Eiche}}) was the daring raid of Gran Sasso and the rescue of [[Italian]] state leader [[Benito Mussolini]] by German special forces (Fallschirmjäger-Lehr-Bataillon of the [[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)\|2. Fallschirmjägerdivision]], 1/FJR 7 and the [[SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal]]) in [[World War II]]. It was ordered and planned by General [[Kurt Student]] and commanded by Major [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Mors,_Harald Otto-Harald Mors].

	==Overview ==		==Overview ==
	[[File:Entspannte Fallschirmjäger nach dem Unternehmen Eiche.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|German [[Fallschirmjäger]] after the succesful operation]]		[[File:Entspannte Fallschirmjäger nach dem Unternehmen Eiche.png\|thumb\|350px\|German [[Fallschirmjäger]] after the succesful operation]]
	[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15420, Gran Sasso, Mussolini vor Hotel.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|[[Benito Mussolini]] leaves the Hotel ''Campo Imperatore''. To the right of him General Ferdinando Soleti, then Generalinspector of the Carabinieri Giuseppe Gueli (in civilian), and [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Radl,_Karl Karl Radl] (with suitcase).]]		[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15420, Gran Sasso, Mussolini vor Hotel.png\|thumb\|350px\|[[Benito Mussolini]] leaves the Hotel ''Campo Imperatore''. To the right of him General Ferdinando Soleti, then Generalinspector of the Carabinieri Giuseppe Gueli (in civilian), and [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Radl,_Karl Karl Radl] (with suitcase).]]
	Mussolini was being transported around [[Italy]] by his captors, whilst [[Otto Skorzeny]], selected personally by [[Hitler]] and [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] to carry out the mission, was tracking him.		Mussolini was being transported around [[Italy]] by his captors, whilst [[Otto Skorzeny]], selected personally by [[Hitler]] and [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] to carry out the mission, was tracking him.

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	==Awards==		==Awards==
	[[File:Ritterkreuzträger, Pilot und Held des Unternehmens Eiche Heinrich Gerlach mit seiner Gattin nach der Verleihungszeremonie.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|350px\|The flying hero of Gran Sasso Captain Heinrich Gerlach with his wife after receiving the Knight's Cross]]		[[File:Ritterkreuzträger, Pilot und Held des Unternehmens Eiche Heinrich Gerlach mit seiner Gattin nach der Verleihungszeremonie.png\|thumb\|350px\|The flying hero of Gran Sasso Captain Heinrich Gerlach with his wife after receiving the Knight's Cross]]
	Almost all of the members of the operation received an award. The most of them were awarded the [[Iron Cross]] (EK I or EK II), four were awarded the [[Knight's Cross]] and nine were awarded the [[German Cross]] in Gold.		Almost all of the members of the operation received an award. The most of them were awarded the [[Iron Cross]] (EK I or EK II), four were awarded the [[Knight's Cross]] and nine were awarded the [[German Cross]] in Gold.
	===Knight's Cross (4)===		===Knight's Cross (4)===

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	~~[[Category:Waffen-SS operations]]~~
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	==References==		==References==
	~~<references/>~~		{{Reflist\|2}}

	[[Category:Waffen-SS operations]]		[[Category:Waffen-SS operations]]

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[[File:Mors, Skorzeny und Mussolini happy after the perfect operation on 12 September 1943.jpg|thumb|350px|Major Mors, Otto Skorzeny and Italian leader Mussolini happy after the perfect freedom operation on 12 September 1943; even the Italian guards seem relaxed and relieved.]]
'''Operation Oak''' ({{lang-de|Unternehmen Eiche}}) was the daring raid of Gran Sasso and the rescue of [[Italian]] state leader [[Benito Mussolini]] by German special forces (Fallschirmjäger-Lehr-Bataillon of the [[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)|2. Fallschirmjägerdivision]], 1/FJR 7 and the [[SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal]]) in [[World War II]]. It was ordered and planned by General [[Kurt Student]] and commanded by Major [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Mors,_Harald Otto-Harald Mors].

==Overview ==
[[File:Entspannte Fallschirmjäger nach dem Unternehmen Eiche.jpg|thumb|350px|German [[Fallschirmjäger]] after the succesful operation]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15420, Gran Sasso, Mussolini vor Hotel.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Benito Mussolini]] leaves the Hotel ''Campo Imperatore''. To the right of him General Ferdinando Soleti, then Generalinspector of the Carabinieri Giuseppe Gueli (in civilian), and [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Radl,_Karl Karl Radl] (with suitcase).]]
Mussolini was being transported around [[Italy]] by his captors, whilst [[Otto Skorzeny]], selected personally by [[Hitler]] and [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] to carry out the mission, was tracking him.

Intercepting a coded Italian radio message, Skorzeny used his own reconnaissance (provided by the agents and informants of SS-Obersturmbannführer [[Herbert Kappler]]) to determine that Mussolini was being imprisoned at Campo Imperatore Hotel, a ski resort at Campo Imperatore in Italy's Gran Sasso, high in the Apennine Mountains. On 12 September 1943, Skorzeny joined the team of [[Fallschirmjäger]] to rescue Mussolini in a high-risk glider mission. The commandos crashed their gliders into the nearby mountains, then overwhelmed Mussolini's captors (200 well-equipped Carabinieri guards) without a single shot being fired, this was also due to the fact that Carabinieri-General Ferdinando (Fernando) Soleti, who flew in with Skorzeny, told them to stand down or be executed for treason. Skorzeny attacked the radio operator and his equipment, and formally greeted Mussolini with "Duce, the Führer has sent me to set you free!" to which Mussolini replied "I knew that my friend would not forsake me!" Mussolini was first flown by Captain Heinrich Gerlach from Campo Imperatore in a [[Luftwaffe]] Fieseler Fi 156 Storch liaison aircraft, then flown on to [[Vienna]] (where he stayed overnight at the Hotel Imperial) and given a hero's welcome.

The operation on the ground at ''Campo Imperatore'', accompanied by war correspondent [[Bruno von Kayser]], was in fact led by First Lieutenant Baron [[Georg Freiherr von Berlepsch]], commanded by Major [[Harald Mors|Otto-Harald Mors]] and under orders from General Kurt Student, all [[Fallschirmjäger]] (German Air Force Paratroopers) officers; but Skorzeny stewarded the Italian leader first into [[Rome]] and eventually into Berlin, right in front of the cameras. After a pro-SS propaganda coup at the behest of [[SS]] Reichsfuhrer [[Heinrich Himmler]] and propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]], Skorzeny and his Special Forces (SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. "Friedenthal") of the [[Waffen-SS]] were granted the majority of the credit for the operation. The "Friedenthaler" of the [[SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt]] were for the Waffen-SS what the [[Brandenburgers]] were for the [[Wehrmacht]] and [[Abwehr]].

==Aftermath==
The operation granted a rare late-war public relations opportunity to [[Hermann Göring]]. Mussolini was made leader of the [[Italian Social Republic]]. [[Otto Skorzeny]] gained a large amount of success from this mission; he received a promotion to [[Sturmbannführer]], the award of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] and fame that led to his "most dangerous man in Europe" image. Practically overnight, Skorzeny's reputation reached near-legendary proportions, and many regarded him as a national hero. The operation also brought Skorzeny to the attention of the Allies. [[Winston Churchill]] himself described the mission as "one of great daring."

==Awards==
[[File:Ritterkreuzträger, Pilot und Held des Unternehmens Eiche Heinrich Gerlach mit seiner Gattin nach der Verleihungszeremonie.jpg|thumb|350px|The flying hero of Gran Sasso Captain Heinrich Gerlach with his wife after receiving the Knight's Cross]]
Almost all of the members of the operation received an award. The most of them were awarded the [[Iron Cross]] (EK I or EK II), four were awarded the [[Knight's Cross]] and nine were awarded the [[German Cross]] in Gold.
===Knight's Cross (4)===
*Skorzeny, Otto, 13 September 1943, SS-Hauptsturmführer d.R., Kdr SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal
*Meyer, Elimar 17 September 1943 Leutnant (Kr.O.) Pilot eines Lastenseglers i. d. III./LL-Geschw 1
*Gerlach, Heinrich, 19 September 1943, Hauptmann, Flugzeugführer beim K.G. XI. Flieger-Korps [pilot Fieseler Storch (Fi 156)]
*Student, Kurt, 27 September 1943 (305. EL/Oak Leaves), General der Fallschirmtruppe, K.G. XI. Flieger-Korps [LL-Korps]

===German Cross in Gold (10)===
*Neitzel, Robert, 15 September 1943, SS-Unterscharführer, SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal
*Holzer, Hans, 15 September 1943, SS- Rottenführer , SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal
*Heidenreich, Johannes, 26 September 1943, Oberleutnant, Staffelkapitän 12.[III.]/LL-Geschw 1
*Neelmeyer, Hans, 26 September 1943, Oberfeldwebel, Pilot eines Lastenseglers i. d. 12.[III.]/LL-Geschw 1
*Lohrmann, Heiner, 26 September 1943, Feldwebel, Pilot eines Lastenseglers i. d. 12.[III.]/LL-Geschw 1
*Thielmann, Gustav, 26 September 1943, Unteroffizier, Pilot eines Lastenseglers i. d. 12.[III.]/LL-Geschw 1
*Freiherr von Berlepsch, Georg, 1 November 1943, Oberleutnant, Chef 1./Fsch.Jäg.Rgt 7 [1./Fsch.Jäg-Lehr.Btl]
*Mors, Otto-Harald, 1 November 1943, Major i.G., Kdr I./Fsch.Jäg.Rgt 7 [Fsch.Jäg-Lehr.Btl]
*Langguth, Gerhard, 1 November 1943, Hauptmann, Ic/XI. Flieger-Korps [Verbandsführer/flight leader]
* [[Bruno von Kayser]], 26 November 1943, Leutnant, Kriegsberichter, Propaganda-Kompanie-Zug/XI. Fliegerkorps
==Literature==
*{{cite book | title = Fallschirmjager at the Gran Sasso: The Liberation of Mussolini by the German Parachutist on the 12th September 1943 | first= Oscar |last=Gonzalez Lopez }}
*{{cite book | title = Liberate il Duce | first= Marco |last=Patricelli | year = 2001 | editor = Mondadori | series = Le Scie | language = Italian | isbn=88-04-48860-3}}
*Forczyk, Robert (2010); ''Rescuing Mussolini – Gran Sasso 1943'', Osprey Raid Series #9; Osprey Publishing; ISBN 978-1-84603-462-6
* Antonio Munoz: ''Forgotten Legions: Obscure Combat Formations of the Waffen-SS'',<ref>This history of obscure Waffen-SS units has all the elements of a war novel: ambushes, glider assaults, rescues, courage, betrayal. Included are Turkic, Hungarian, Serbian, Czech and Russian formations, as well as never-before-seen photos, diagrams, maps and first-hand accounts from diaries and survivors.</ref> Axis Europa Inc (1991), ISBN 978-0739408179

==See also==
* [[SS-Jagdverband Mitte]]
* [[Brandenburgers]]
* [[Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts]]

==External links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7puo4S6mZyo The History Channel: Operations of Skorzeny und the ''SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. „Friedenthal“'']
* [http://homepages.ius.edu/RVEST/SkorzenyDr2.htm Otto Skorzeny: The Scar-Faced Commando]
* [http://www.axishistory.com/component/content/article/122-germany-waffen-ss/germany-waffen-ss-minor-units/1442-sonderlehrgang-zbv-oranienburg Sonderlehrgang z.b.V. Oranienburg]
* [http://www.axishistory.com/component/content/article/122-germany-waffen-ss/germany-waffen-ss-minor-units/1441-sonderverband-zbv-friedenthal SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal]
* [http://www.axishistory.com/component/content/article/122-germany-waffen-ss/germany-waffen-ss-minor-units/1433-ss-jaeger-bataillon-502?highlight=WyJzcy1qXHUwMGU0Z2VyLWJhdGFpbGxvbiIsNTAyLCJzcy1qXHUwMGU0Z2VyLWJhdGFpbGxvbiA1MDIiXQ== SS-Jäger-Bataillon 502]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu1lXFvq31U The rescue of Mussolini (original footage)]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Waffen-SS operations]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:German WWII operations]]

[[de:Unternehmen Eiche]]
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