Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck - Revision history

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	=== Peacetime ===		=== Peacetime ===
	[[File:General-Paul-von-Lettow-Vorbeck-speaking-at-an-election-rally-of-the-German National People's Party.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Generalleutnant a. D. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck speaking at an election rally of the German National People's Party (DNVP).]]		[[File:General-Paul-von-Lettow-Vorbeck-speaking-at-an-election-rally-of-the-German National People's Party.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Generalleutnant a. D. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck speaking at an election rally of the German National People's Party (DNVP).]]
	On returning to [[Germany]] in 1919 Lettow-Vorbeck was given a hero’s reception, leading his remaining officers and some of his best Askari, affectionately called "[[Reichsneger]]" ({{lang-en\|Imperial negroes}}) by the common people, on a victory parade through [[Berlin]]. During the early chaotic years of the [[Weimar Republic]] he took part in the [[Freikorps]]’ struggle against the communists in [[Hamburg]] and supported the right-wing [[Kapp Putsch]] (1920), a decision that led to his dismissal from the [[Reichswehr]]. He later served as a [[Reichstag]] deputy for the German ~~Nationalists~~ (1928-30).		On returning to [[Germany]] in 1919 Lettow-Vorbeck was given a hero’s reception, leading his remaining officers and some of his best Askari, affectionately called "[[Reichsneger]]" ({{lang-en\|Imperial negroes}}) by the common people, on a victory parade through [[Berlin]]. During the early chaotic years of the [[Weimar Republic]] he took part in the [[Freikorps]]’ struggle against the communists in [[Hamburg]] and supported the right-wing [[Kapp Putsch]] (1920), a decision that led to his dismissal from the [[Reichswehr]]. He later served as a [[Reichstag]] deputy for the German Fascists (1928-30).

	An inspirational leader, fluent in East African languages and respectful towards his men, Lettow-Vorbeck was able to maintain the loyalty of his Askaris, many of whom he promoted to officer rank. Although his discipline was harsh, the desertion rates of Africans in his army were lower than in Allied units. Lettow-Vorbeck was the only German commander to invade British territory during the war and one writer has called his campaign ‘the greatest single guerrilla operation in history’. He was also chivalrous towards his enemies, forming firm post-war friendships with many, including Jan Smuts.<ref>[http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/enemy-commanders-britains-greatest-foes/paul-von-lettow-vorbeck National Army Museum]</ref> He and Smuts formed a lasting friendship and he sat next to Smuts as guest of honour at the anniversary dinner of the East African Expeditionary Force. Smuts had even took time to congratulate him when he had received the Imperial order in 1916. At the beginning of December [[1929]], on invitation of general Smuts, von Lettow-Vorbeck participated in [[London]] as a guest in a festessen of the East Africa fighters. After [[World War II]], Smuts, on hearing of the plight of his former enemy, sent him regular food parcels.		An inspirational leader, fluent in East African languages and respectful towards his men, Lettow-Vorbeck was able to maintain the loyalty of his Askaris, many of whom he promoted to officer rank. Although his discipline was harsh, the desertion rates of Africans in his army were lower than in Allied units. Lettow-Vorbeck was the only German commander to invade British territory during the war and one writer has called his campaign ‘the greatest single guerrilla operation in history’. He was also chivalrous towards his enemies, forming firm post-war friendships with many, including Jan Smuts.<ref>[http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/enemy-commanders-britains-greatest-foes/paul-von-lettow-vorbeck National Army Museum]</ref> He and Smuts formed a lasting friendship and he sat next to Smuts as guest of honour at the anniversary dinner of the East African Expeditionary Force. Smuts had even took time to congratulate him when he had received the Imperial order in 1916. At the beginning of December [[1929]], on invitation of general Smuts, von Lettow-Vorbeck participated in [[London]] as a guest in a festessen of the East Africa fighters. After [[World War II]], Smuts, on hearing of the plight of his former enemy, sent him regular food parcels.
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	[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|General of the Infantry Dr. phil. h. c. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, the "Lion of Africa" ({{lang-de\|Löwe von Afrika}}); For four years in German East Africa, with a force that never exceeded about 14,000 (3,000 Germans and 11,000 ''[[Reichsneger]]''), he held in check a much larger force of 300,000 British, Belgian, and Portuguese troops. Essentially undefeated in the field, von Lettow-Vorbeck was the only German commander to successfully invade [[British Empire\|imperial British]] soil during [[World War I]]. His exploits in the campaign have come down "as the greatest single guerrilla operation in history, and the most successful." In Africa and around the world through media, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was known mystically as "''The Bush Ghost''" ({{lang-de\|Der Buschgeist}}).]]		[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck.png\|thumb\|300px\|General of the Infantry Dr. phil. h. c. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, the "Lion of Africa" ({{lang-de\|Löwe von Afrika}}); For four years in German East Africa, with a force that never exceeded about 14,000 (3,000 Germans and 11,000 ''[[Reichsneger]]''), he held in check a much larger force of 300,000 British, Belgian, and Portuguese troops. Essentially undefeated in the field, von Lettow-Vorbeck was the only German commander to successfully invade [[British Empire\|imperial British]] soil during [[World War I]]. His exploits in the campaign have come down "as the greatest single guerrilla operation in history, and the most successful." In Africa and around the world through media, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was known mystically as "''The Bush Ghost''" ({{lang-de\|Der Buschgeist}}).]]
	'''Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck''' (b. 20 March 1870 in Saarlouis; d. 9 March 1964 in Hamburg) was a [[Germans\|German]] officer of the [[Prussian Army]], the [[Imperial German Army]], commander of its forces (''[https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Schutztruppe Schutztruppe]'') in the [[German East Africa]] [[East African Campaign (World War I)\|campaign]]) and the [[Reichswehr\|Provisional Reichswehr]], and lastly honorary general (General der Infanterie) of the [[Wehrmacht]].		'''Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck''' (b. 20 March 1870 in Saarlouis; d. 9 March 1964 in Hamburg) was a [[Germans\|German]] officer of the [[Prussian Army]], the [[Imperial German Army]], commander of its forces (''[https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Schutztruppe Schutztruppe]'') in the [[German East Africa]] [[East African Campaign (World War I)\|campaign]]) and the [[Reichswehr\|Provisional Reichswehr]], and lastly honorary general (General der Infanterie) of the [[Wehrmacht]].

	==Life ==		==Life ==
	[[File:Askari-on-March.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Loyal and brave [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Askari Askari] march to battle for Imperial Germany, the [[Wilhelm II Hohenzollern, German Emperor\|Kaiser]] and General von Lettow-Vorbeck in [[German East Africa]].]]		[[File:Askari-on-March.png\|thumb\|300px\|Loyal and brave [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Askari Askari] march to battle for Imperial Germany, the [[Wilhelm II Hohenzollern, German Emperor\|Kaiser]] and General von Lettow-Vorbeck in [[German East Africa]].]]
	[[File:The Battle of Ngomano in November 1917.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|The Battle of Ngomano in November 1917; A small force of Germans and Askaris (1,500–2,000 men) under Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a costly victory against the British at the Battle of Mahiwa,<ref>The Germans under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck and Kurt Wahle had hardly 3,000 men (with only about 1.600 to 1,000 engaged), the British under Sir Jacob van Deventer 6,000 men. The Germans inflicted substantial casualties upon Van Deventer's army, forcing it to withdraw. But the Germans lost a large percentage of their forces, and were ultimately forced to withdraw from their positions and continue their guerrilla war. The Battle of Mahiwa was noted as, by the British Official History, as the "Most disastrous day for the Nigerian Army since the formation of the force" and was called "The most savage battle in the history of African conflict-not excluding Omdurman or any engagement of the Boer War." The Germans had 500–600 killed and wounded, the British 2,700 killed and wounded.</ref> in present-day Tanzania and ran very short of food and other supplies. As a consequence, the Germans had to push into Portuguese East Africa to the south, both to supply themselves with captured Portuguese materiel and escape superior British forces to the north. The battle was the breakthrough of the Schutztruppe at the Rovuma. The German casualties were light, 200 Portuguese were killed and wounded, 700 were captured.]]		[[File:The Battle of Ngomano in November 1917.png\|thumb\|300px\|The Battle of Ngomano in November 1917; A small force of Germans and Askaris (1,500–2,000 men) under Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a costly victory against the British at the Battle of Mahiwa,<ref>The Germans under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck and Kurt Wahle had hardly 3,000 men (with only about 1.600 to 1,000 engaged), the British under Sir Jacob van Deventer 6,000 men. The Germans inflicted substantial casualties upon Van Deventer's army, forcing it to withdraw. But the Germans lost a large percentage of their forces, and were ultimately forced to withdraw from their positions and continue their guerrilla war. The Battle of Mahiwa was noted as, by the British Official History, as the "Most disastrous day for the Nigerian Army since the formation of the force" and was called "The most savage battle in the history of African conflict-not excluding Omdurman or any engagement of the Boer War." The Germans had 500–600 killed and wounded, the British 2,700 killed and wounded.</ref> in present-day Tanzania and ran very short of food and other supplies. As a consequence, the Germans had to push into Portuguese East Africa to the south, both to supply themselves with captured Portuguese materiel and escape superior British forces to the north. The battle was the breakthrough of the Schutztruppe at the Rovuma. The German casualties were light, 200 Portuguese were killed and wounded, 700 were captured.]]
	Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was born in [[Pomerania]] and followed his father into the army, joining the Potsdam cadet school before being commissioned as a lieutenant.		Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was born in [[Pomerania]] and followed his father into the army, joining the Potsdam cadet school before being commissioned as a lieutenant.

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	=== Peacetime ===		=== Peacetime ===
	[[File:General-Paul-von-Lettow-Vorbeck-speaking-at-an-election-rally-of-the-German National People's Party.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Generalleutnant a. D. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck speaking at an election rally of the German National People's Party (DNVP).]]		[[File:General-Paul-von-Lettow-Vorbeck-speaking-at-an-election-rally-of-the-German National People's Party.png\|thumb\|300px\|Generalleutnant a. D. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck speaking at an election rally of the German National People's Party (DNVP).]]
	On returning to [[Germany]] in 1919 Lettow-Vorbeck was given a hero’s reception, leading his remaining officers and some of his best Askari, affectionately called "[[Reichsneger]]" ({{lang-en\|Imperial negroes}}) by the common people, on a victory parade through [[Berlin]]. During the early chaotic years of the [[Weimar Republic]] he took part in the [[Freikorps]]’ struggle against the communists in [[Hamburg]] and supported the right-wing [[Kapp Putsch]] (1920), a decision that led to his dismissal from the [[Reichswehr]]. He later served as a [[Reichstag]] deputy for the German Fascists (1928-30).		On returning to [[Germany]] in 1919 Lettow-Vorbeck was given a hero’s reception, leading his remaining officers and some of his best Askari, affectionately called "[[Reichsneger]]" ({{lang-en\|Imperial negroes}}) by the common people, on a victory parade through [[Berlin]]. During the early chaotic years of the [[Weimar Republic]] he took part in the [[Freikorps]]’ struggle against the communists in [[Hamburg]] and supported the right-wing [[Kapp Putsch]] (1920), a decision that led to his dismissal from the [[Reichswehr]]. He later served as a [[Reichstag]] deputy for the German Fascists (1928-30).

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	==Promotions==		==Promotions==
	[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck bei einem Besuch des Infanterie-Regiments 69 der Wehrmacht im Jahre 1939.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|300px\|Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck visits the Infanterie-Regiment 69 of the Wehrmacht in 1939]]		[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck bei einem Besuch des Infanterie-Regiments 69 der Wehrmacht im Jahre 1939.png\|thumb\|300px\|Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck visits the Infanterie-Regiment 69 of the Wehrmacht in 1939]]
	[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, awards, decorations and honors.png\|thumb\|300px\|Awards, decorations and honors]]		[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, awards, decorations and honors.png\|thumb\|300px\|Awards, decorations and honors]]
	[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in Deutsch-Ostafrika.~~jpg~~\|right\|310px]]		[[File:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck in Deutsch-Ostafrika.png\|right\|310px]]
	*7 February 1888 Fähnrich (possibly Portepee-Fähnrich)		*7 February 1888 Fähnrich (possibly Portepee-Fähnrich)
	*15 January 1889 Sekondeleutnant (patent/commission backdated to 7 February 1888)		*15 January 1889 Sekondeleutnant (patent/commission backdated to 7 February 1888)