Philippe Pétain - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 05:45, 14 March 2025

2025-03-14T05:45:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:45, 13 March 2025
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	Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of the installed government, no regime was willing to risk unpopularity with the communists by releasing him.		Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including Queen Mary and the Duke of Windsor, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of the installed government, no regime was willing to risk unpopularity with the communists by releasing him.

	Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, he suffered from memory lapses.~~<ref name=williams523/>~~ By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. On March 3, 1949, a meeting of the Council of Ministers (many of them [[self]]-proclaimed heroes of the Resistance had a fierce argument about a medical report recommending that he be moved to Val-de-Grâce (a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which Prime Minister Henri Queuille had previously been sympathetic. By May, Pétain required constant nursing care, and he was often [[suffering]] from hallucinations, e.g. that he was commanding armies in battle, etc. <ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 527–528.</ref> By the end of 1949, Pétain was almost completely senile, with only occasional moments of lucidity. He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Plans were made for his death and funeral.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 528–529.</ref>		Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, he suffered from memory lapses. By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. On March 3, 1949, a meeting of the Council of Ministers (many of them [[self]]-proclaimed heroes of the Resistance had a fierce argument about a medical report recommending that he be moved to Val-de-Grâce (a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which Prime Minister Henri Queuille had previously been sympathetic. By May, Pétain required constant nursing care, and he was often [[suffering]] from hallucinations, e.g. that he was commanding armies in battle, etc. <ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 527–528.</ref> By the end of 1949, Pétain was almost completely senile, with only occasional moments of lucidity. He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Plans were made for his death and funeral.<ref>Williams, 2005, pp. 528–529.</ref>

	On June 8, 1951, President Auriol, informed that Pétain did not have much longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 530.</ref>		On June 8, 1951, President Auriol, informed that Pétain did not have much longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris.<ref>Williams, 2005, p. 530.</ref>
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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Reverted edits by 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 (talk) to last revision by Robert Leiden

2025-03-14T05:38:29Z

Reverted edits by 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 (talk) to last revision by Robert Leiden

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 13 March 2025
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	Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].		Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].

	Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and ~~5he~~ surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".		Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and the surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".

	On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.		On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.
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	On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".		On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

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	===The Armistice===		===The Armistice===
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	~~[[Category:Political prisoners]]~~

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Reverted edits by Robert Leiden (talk) to last revision by 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹

2025-03-14T05:36:59Z

Reverted edits by Robert Leiden (talk) to last revision by 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:36, 13 March 2025
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	Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].		Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].

	Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and ~~the~~ surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".		Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and 5he surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".

	On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.		On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.
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	On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".		On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

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	===The Armistice===		===The Armistice===
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			[[Category:Political prisoners]]

	[[Category:Articles in need of citation]]		[[Category:Articles in need of citation]]
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Robert Leiden: fixed a small typo; changed:"5he" to "the."

2025-03-12T19:51:03Z

fixed a small typo; changed:"5he" to "the."

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:51, 12 March 2025
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	Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].		Like the rest of [[Europe]], France was under [[attack]] from [[communists]] attempting to subvert the country from within. With the [[Communism]] attempting to control France, French citizens desiring [[Germany]]'s help, and the Cabinet wanting to ask for an [[armistice]].

	Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and ~~5he~~ surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".		Churchill's man in Paris, Edward Spears, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain bomb them, and the surrounding civilian cities. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the [[fact]] that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in [[others]]." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us".

	On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.		On June 17, 1940 Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] resigned, recommending to President [[Albert Lebrun]] that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at Bordeaux.<ref>Werth, Alexander, ''France 1940-1955'', [[London]], 1957, p.30.</ref> The Cabinet then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and [[Italy]]. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the town of [[Vichy]] in central France. The government voted to transform the [[French Third Republic]] into the [[French State]] or [[Vichy France]], a [[Fascism\|Fascist]] state, and attempt to recover the remainder of France from the communists.
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	On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".		On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

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	===The Armistice===		===The Armistice===
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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist\|2}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* Return into government */

2024-04-19T02:39:52Z

Return into government

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:39, 18 April 2024
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	===Personal life===		===Personal life===
	Pétain was a bachelor until his 60s. After The Great War Pétain married his former girlfriend, Eugénie Hardon (1877–1962) on September 14, 1920; they remained married until the end of Pétain's life.<ref>Williams, Charles, ''Pétain'', London, 2005, p. 206, ISBN\|978-0-316-86127-4.</ref> After rejecting Pétain's first marriage proposal, Hardon had married and divorced François de Hérain by 1914 when she was 35. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun in 1916, Pétain is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew that he could be found with Eugénie Hardon.<ref>Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.</ref> She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage, Pierre de Hérain, whom Pétain strongly disliked.<ref [[name]]=williams523>Williams, 2005, p. 523.</ref>		Pétain was a bachelor until his 60s. After The [[Great war\|Great War]] Pétain married his former girlfriend, Eugénie Hardon (1877–1962) on September 14, 1920; they remained married until the end of Pétain's life.<ref>Williams, Charles, ''Pétain'', London, 2005, p. 206, ISBN\|978-0-316-86127-4.</ref> After rejecting Pétain's first marriage proposal, Hardon had married and divorced François de Hérain by 1914 when she was 35. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun in 1916, Pétain is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew that he could be found with Eugénie Hardon.<ref>Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.</ref> She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage, Pierre de Hérain, whom Pétain strongly disliked.<ref [[name]]=williams523>Williams, 2005, p. 523.</ref>

	==Early military career==		==Early military career==
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	===Battle of Verdun===		===Battle of Verdun===
	Pétain commanded the Second Army at the start of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front lines. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In effect, he applied the basic [[principle]] that was a mainstay of his teachings at the École de Guerre (War College) before The Great War: "''le feu tue!''" or "firepower kills!", in this case [[meaning]] French field artillery, which fired over 15 million shells on the Germans during the first five months of the battle. Although Pétain did say ''"On les aura!"'' (an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them!"), the other famous quotation often attributed to him – ''"Ils ne passeront pas!"'' ("[[They shall not pass]]"!).		Pétain commanded the Second Army at the start of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front lines. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In effect, he applied the basic [[principle]] that was a mainstay of his teachings at the École de Guerre (War College) before [[The Great war\|The Great War]]: "''le feu tue!''" or "firepower kills!", in this case [[meaning]] French field artillery, which fired over 15 million shells on the Germans during the first five months of the battle. Although Pétain did say ''"On les aura!"'' (an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them!"), the other famous quotation often attributed to him – ''"Ils ne passeront pas!"'' ("[[They shall not pass]]"!).

	===Mutiny===		===Mutiny===
	Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army Chief of Staff (from the end of April 1917). He then became Chief of the Defence Staff of the entire French army, replacing General Nivelle, whose Chemin des Dames offensive failed in April 1917, thereby provoking widespread mutinies in the French Army. they involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate [[discipline]]. 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted by him.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Nicola Barber\|title=The Great War: The Western Front\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y82WHKm2QBYC&pg=PA53\|year=2003\|publisher=Black Rabbit Books\|page=53\|isbn=9781583402689}}</ref> The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent and intensity were not revealed until decades later. The immediate causes were [[pacifism]], stimulated by the [[Russian Revolution]] and the trade-union movement, and disappointment at the nonarrival of [[American]] troops.<ref>Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917", ''Historian'' (1959) 22#1, pp. 24–41.</ref>		Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army Chief of Staff (from the end of April 1917). He then became Chief of the Defence Staff of the entire French army, replacing General Nivelle, whose Chemin des Dames offensive failed in April 1917, thereby provoking widespread mutinies in the French Army. they involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate [[discipline]]. 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted by him.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Nicola Barber\|title=The Great War: The Western Front\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y82WHKm2QBYC&pg=PA53\|year=2003\|publisher=Black Rabbit Books\|page=53\|isbn=9781583402689}}</ref> The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent and intensity were not revealed until decades later. The immediate causes were [[pacifism]], stimulated by the [[Russian Revolution]] and the trade-[[Union Movement\|union movement]], and disappointment at the nonarrival of [[American]] troops.<ref>Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917", ''Historian'' (1959) 22#1, pp. 24–41.</ref>

	Pétain conducted some successful but limited offensives in the latter part of 1917, unlike the British who stalled in an unsuccessful Battle of Passchendaele that autumn. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. He was also waiting for the new Renault FT tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time: "I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans."		Pétain conducted some successful but limited offensives in the latter part of 1917, unlike the British who stalled in an unsuccessful Battle of Passchendaele that autumn. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. He was also waiting for the new Renault FT tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time: "I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans."
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	==Battle of France==		==Battle of France==
	===Return into government===		===Return into government===
	[[File:Pétain-fascist.png\|thumb\|right\|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces.]]		[[File:Pétain-fascist.png\|thumb\|right\|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces. A [[labrys]].]]
	In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Fascist government of [[Spain]]. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html\|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos\|date=3 March 1939\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN\|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>		In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Fascist government of [[Spain]]. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html\|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos\|date=3 March 1939\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN\|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>
	However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>		However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>
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	On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".		On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General Charles de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment.<ref>Lacouture, 1991, p. 190.</ref> By June 8, the government was preparing to depart Paris, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it.".

			[[Category:Fascists]]
			[[Category:Great articles]]
			[[Category:Pages with reference errors]]
			[[Category:People]]
			[[Category:Political prisoners]]
			[[Category:Politicians]]

	===The Armistice===		===The Armistice===
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	Pétain, a life-long fascist, created a national motto: ''"[[Travail, famille, patrie]]"'' ("Work, family, [[fatherland]]").<ref>Shields, James (2007). ''The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen'', pp. 15–17. Routledge. {{ISBN\|0-415-09755-X}}.</ref> The [[constitution]] gave him power to restructure government, and pass laws through the Council of Ministers and designate a successor (he chose Laval). Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a [[Caesar]],"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19450616&id=z6kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2250,77656&hl=en 'Not a Caesar,' Petain asserts]. Associated Press, 1945-06-16.</ref> by January 1941, Pétain had broad powers, though not as much as say, [[George Washington]].{{r\|jackson2001}} Fascist and revolutionary conservative factions within the government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the "[[Révolution nationale]]", which rejected much of the former Third [[Republic]]'s [[secular]] and [[liberal]] traditions in favour of an [[authoritarian]], paternalist, Catholic [[society]]. Pétain, amongst others, took exception to the use of the term "[[revolution]]" because the communists were using the exact same word. He added that the France would be "a natural-law hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural [[equality]] of men."<ref>Mark Mazower: ''Dark Continent'' (p. 73), Penguin books</ref>		Pétain, a life-long fascist, created a national motto: ''"[[Travail, famille, patrie]]"'' ("Work, family, [[fatherland]]").<ref>Shields, James (2007). ''The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen'', pp. 15–17. Routledge. {{ISBN\|0-415-09755-X}}.</ref> The [[constitution]] gave him power to restructure government, and pass laws through the Council of Ministers and designate a successor (he chose Laval). Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a [[Caesar]],"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19450616&id=z6kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2250,77656&hl=en 'Not a Caesar,' Petain asserts]. Associated Press, 1945-06-16.</ref> by January 1941, Pétain had broad powers, though not as much as say, [[George Washington]].{{r\|jackson2001}} Fascist and revolutionary conservative factions within the government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the "[[Révolution nationale]]", which rejected much of the former Third [[Republic]]'s [[secular]] and [[liberal]] traditions in favour of an [[authoritarian]], paternalist, Catholic [[society]]. Pétain, amongst others, took exception to the use of the term "[[revolution]]" because the communists were using the exact same word. He added that the France would be "a natural-law hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural [[equality]] of men."<ref>Mark Mazower: ''Dark Continent'' (p. 73), Penguin books</ref>

	The French government immediately used its new powers to order necessary anti-communist measures, including the dismissal of civil servants, re-juristictions (to focus on communist hot-spots), the proclamation of citizenship laws, and the containment of communists and non citizens. Resurrecting older laws, the press was held accountable for its actions, with reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion." Fake News became a crime again.		The French government immediately used its new powers to order necessary anti-communist measures, including the dismissal of civil servants, re-juristictions (to focus on communist hot-spots), the proclamation of citizenship laws, and the containment of communists and non citizens. Resurrecting older laws, the press was held accountable for its actions, with reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion." [[Fake news\|Fake News]] became a crime again.

	The administration organised a "''Légion Française des Combattants,''" which included "Friends of the [[Legion]]" and "Cadets of the Legion", akin to Ameri a's Boy Scouts, and Veteran's groups. Pétain championed a rural, Catholic France that spurned [[internationalism]]. For the first time in a long time, France was a wonderful, beautiful place again.		The administration organised a "''Légion Française des Combattants,''" which included "Friends of the [[Legion]]" and "Cadets of the Legion", akin to Ameri a's Boy Scouts, and Veteran's groups. Pétain championed a rural, Catholic France that spurned [[internationalism]]. For the first time in a long time, France was a wonderful, beautiful place again.

	===Cooperation with Germany===		===Cooperation with Germany===
	Within months, Pétain signed critically important ordinances. (Important because the leaders of the communist cells were almost completely jewish) This included the [[Law on the status of jews]], prohibiting[[jews]]from exercising munitions professions, and the [[Law regarding foreign nationals]], authorizing the detention or deportation of all foreigners, who were mostly jews. These laws are often cited as examples of anti-semitism, but they were absolutely critical.		Within months, Pétain signed critically important ordinances. (Important because the leaders of the communist cells were almost completely jewish) This included the [[Law on the status of jews]], prohibiting[[jews]]from exercising munitions professions, and the [[Law regarding foreign nationals]], authorizing the detention or deportation of all foreigners, who were mostly jews. These laws are often cited as examples of [[Anti-Semitism\|anti-semitism]], but they were absolutely critical.

	Pétain's government was internationally recognised, most notably by the U.S. Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]], or Admiral [[François Darlan]], gave resistance to requests by the Germans to indirectly aid the Axis powers. However, when [[Hitler]] met Pétain at [[Montoire]] in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the "[[European]] Union", the handshake he offered to Hitler caused much uproar in London, and probably influenced Britain's decision to lend [[Communist France\|Free France]] (Communist France) naval support for their operations in Gabon.<ref>Jennings, Eric T. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzzCQAAQBAJ ''Free French [[Africa]] in The [[World's War Against Communism]]'', p. 44.</ref> Furthermore, France even remained formally at war with Germany, albeit opposed to the "Free French". Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 ([[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kébir\|Mers el Kébir]], [[Battle of Dakar\|Dakar]]), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to assist Germany. Pétain accepted the government's creation of an armed [[militia]] (the ''[[Milice]]'') under the command of Joseph Darnand, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of suppression against the [[French resistance]] and other communists.		Pétain's government was internationally recognised, most notably by the U.S. Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, [[Pierre-Étienne Flandin]], or Admiral [[François Darlan]], gave resistance to requests by the Germans to indirectly aid the Axis powers. However, when [[Hitler]] met Pétain at [[Montoire]] in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the "[[European]] Union", the handshake he offered to Hitler caused much uproar in London, and probably influenced Britain's decision to lend [[Communist France\|Free France]] (Communist France) naval support for their operations in Gabon.<ref>Jennings, Eric T. https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzzCQAAQBAJ ''Free French [[Africa]] in The [[World's War Against Communism]]'', p. 44.</ref> Furthermore, France even remained formally at war with Germany, albeit opposed to the "Free French". Following the British attacks of July and September 1940 ([[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kébir\|Mers el Kébir]], [[Battle of Dakar\|Dakar]]), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to assist Germany. Pétain accepted the government's creation of an armed [[militia]] (the ''[[Milice]]'') under the command of Joseph Darnand, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of suppression against the [[French resistance]] and other communists.

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 08:49, 26 February 2024

2024-02-26T08:49:55Z

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category:Political(.*)\]\]" to ""

2024-02-25T22:50:43Z

Text replacement - "\[\[Category:Political(.*)\]\]" to ""

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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

2024-02-15T21:12:00Z

Text replacement - "Nationalist" to "Fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 15 February 2024
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	===Return into government===		===Return into government===
	[[File:Pétain-fascist.png\|thumb\|right\|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces.]]		[[File:Pétain-fascist.png\|thumb\|right\|Pétain's symbol was a double-bladed fasces.]]
	In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized ~~Nationalist~~ government of Spain. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html\|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos\|date=3 March 1939\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN\|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>		In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Fascist government of Spain. Pétain had taught the Spanish benifactor [[Francisco Franco]] "many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil over to assist"<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/petain-appointed-envoy-to-burgos-83yearold-hero-of-verdun-to-go-to.html\|title=Petain appointed envoy to Burgos\|date=3 March 1939\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> When Germany finally joined the [[World's War Agaist Communism]], Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. Franco, always a freind, had advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice".<ref>John D. Bergamini. ''The Spanish Bourbons''. {{ISBN\|0-399-11365-7}}. p. 378.</ref>
	However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>		However, after the [[Battle of France]], Pétain joined the legal government of Paul Reynaud on May 18, 1940 as Deputy Prime Minister. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army.<ref name="jackson2001">Jackson 2001</ref>

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-06T21:40:44Z

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← Older revision	Revision as of 12:40, 6 February 2024
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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* References */

2024-02-04T03:55:35Z

References

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