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[[File:War Ensign of Germany (1919–1921).png|thumb|350px|War Ensign of the ''Vorläufige'' (preliminary or provisional) Reichswehr (1919–1921)]]
The '''Reichswehr''' (English: ''State Defence'') formed the [[German Army|military organisation]] of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when it was transformed into the new [[Wehrmacht]] (English: ''Defence Force''). The Ministry of the Reichswehr (German: ''Reichswehrministerium'') was the defence ministry (combining the existing Prussian War Ministry and ''Reichsmarineamt'') from October 1919 to 4 February 1938. The ''Wehrgesetz'' (Defence Law) of 21 May 1935 renamed it the Reich Ministry of War (German: ''Reichskriegsministerium''), which was then abolished in 1938 and replaced with the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]] ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht OKH]).

==History==
[[File:War Ensign of the Reichswehr, 1919 - 1935.png|thumb|350px|War Ensign of the Reichswehr after 1921]]
[[File:Die Reichswehr braucht Dich.jpg|thumb|350px|Advertising poster]]
[[File:Stahlhelm M18 der Reichswehr mit Landeswappen.png|thumb|350px|Young German soldier with [[Stahlhelm]] "M18" of the Reichswehr with federal state coat of arms]]
[[File:Uniform des Reichsheeres.jpg|right|360px]]
Due to the [[Versailles Treaty]], the Reichswehr was limited to a standing army of 100,000 men and a navy of 15,00. Heavy weapons such as armoured vehicles, submarines and capital ships were forbidden, as were aircraft of any kind.

The Reichswehr was a unified organization composed of the following (as was allowed by the [[Versailles Treaty]]):

*The Reichsheer, an army consisting of:
**seven infantry divisions, and
**three cavalry divisions.
*The [[Reichsmarine]], a navy with a limited number of certain types of ships and boats.

Despite the limitations, the Reichswehr conducted analysis for the loss of [[World War I]], research and development, and secret testing in and with the co-operation of the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>Dyck, Harvey Leonard, ''Weimar Germany and Soviet Russia 1926-1933''. Chatto & Windus, London, 1966</ref>. After the [[NSDAP]] came to power in 1933, the Reichswehr began a secret program of expansion, which became public in 1935.

===Truppenamt (troop office)===
According to the provisions of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the Reichswehr was not allowed to have a general staff. Article 160 of the treaty stated: ''"The German General Staff and all similar formations shall be dissolved and may not be re-formed under any guise."'' Apart from the troop office, there was a general staff in the two group commands and in the ten divisional headquarters. However, the general staff officers were no longer referred to as such, but were called "leader's staff officers". The general staff training was known as "leader's assistant training" (''Führergehilfenausbildung'') and was carried out decentrally in the military districts. In total, there were about 250 to 300 general staff officer posts during the Weimar Republic. With the rearmament of the Wehrmacht and the start of preparations for war, the Wehrmacht reopened the War Academy ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wehrmachtakademie ''Wehrmachtakademie'']) on 15 October 1935, and the guide's leader's assistant training was again referred to as general staff training. The General Staff of the Army (GenStdH) emerged from the General Troops Office (''Allgemeines Truppenamt'') in 1935.
==Development==
* 19 January 1919: Peace Force or ''Friedensheer'' (remains of the [[Imperial German Army]], which was in the process of demobilization)
* 6 March 1919: preliminary or provisional Reichswehr
* 16 April 1919: preliminary or provisional [[Reichsmarine]]
* 1 October 1919: Transitional Army (''Übergangsheer'')
* 1 January 1921: Reichswehr – divided into Reichsheer (“100,000-man army”) and Reichsmarine

==Leadership==
===''Reichswehrminister''===
Reichwehr Ministers (chiefly political office; [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Reichswehrministerium#Ressortchefs_.28Reichswehrminister.29 de]):

* Gustav Noske (SPD) 13 February 1919 to 22 March 1920
*Otto Geßler (DDP) 27 March 1920 to 19 Januay 1928
*Wilhelm Groener (Independent; [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Groener,_Wilhelm de]) 20 January 1928 to 30 May 1932
*Kurt von Schleicher (Independent) 1 Juni 1932 to 28 January 1933
* [[Werner von Blomberg]] (Independent; [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Blomberg,_Werner_von de]) 30 January 1933 to 27 January 1938 (as of 1935 ''Reichskriegsminister'' or Reich War Minister)

===''Chef der Heeresleitung''===
'''Head of the Army Command (''Chef der Heeresleitung''):'''
* Generalmajor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Reinhardt,_Walther_(1872) Walther Reinhardt] – 13 September 1919 (with effect from 1 October) to 22 March 1920 (191 days)
* Generalmajor [[Hans von Seeckt]] – 26 March 1920 (official appointment on 5 June 1920) to 9 October 1926<ref>Some sources state with effect from 31 October 1926</ref> (6 years, 197 days)
* Generalleutnant [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Heye,_Wilhelm Wilhelm Heye] – 9 October 1926<ref>Some sources state with effect from 1 November 1926</ref> to 31 October 1930 (4 years, 22 days)
* General der Infanterie [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Hammerstein-Equord,_Kurt_von Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord] – 1 November 1930 to 31 January 1934 (3 years, 91 days)
* Generalleutnant [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Fritsch,_Werner_Freiherr_von Werner Freiherr von Fritsch] – 1 February 1934 to 1 June 1935 (1 year, 120 days)

'''Commander-in-chief of the Army/[[Wehrmacht]] (''Oberbefehlshaber des [[Heer (Wehrmacht)|Heeres]]'')''':

* General der Artillerie Werner Freiherr von Fritsch – 1 June 1935 to 4 February 1938 (2 years, 248 days)
===''Chef des Truppenamtes''===
'''Chief of the Troop Office (''Chef des Truppenamtes'')''', de facto the [[Treaty of Versailles|in Versailles]] forbidden German General Staff:
* Generalmajor [[Hans von Seeckt]] – 1 October 1919 to 27 March 1920 (de jure until 4 June 1920)
* Generalmajor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Heye,_Wilhelm Wilhelm Heye] – 5 June 1920 to 31 March 1922 (since 28 March 1920 commissioned with the duties)
* Generalmajor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Hasse,_Otto_(1871) Otto Hasse] – 1 April 1922 to 31 January 1926
* Generalmajor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wetzell,_Georg Georg Wetzell] – 1 February 1926 to 31 March 1927
* Generalmajor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Blomberg,_Werner_von Werner von Blomberg] – 1 April 1927 to 30 September 1929
* Generalleutnant [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Hammerstein-Equord,_Kurt_von Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord] – 1 October 1929 to 31 October 1930
* Generalmajor [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Adam,_Wilhelm_(1877) Wilhelm Adam] – 31 October 1930 to 30 September 1933

==Secret training facilities (excerpt)==
* [[Lipetsk fighter-pilot school]]
* [[Kama tank school]]
==See also==
*[[Freikorps]]
*[[German Army (German Empire)]]
* [[Army of the Holy Roman Empire]]
* [[Soviet offensive plans controversy]]
==Further reading==
*Karl Hoyer / Fritz Brennecke: ''Die Uniformen des Reichsheeres und der Reichsmarine nebst amtlichen Uniformtafeln'', Verlag „Offene Worte“, Charlottenburg 1925
*[https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Cochenhausen,_Friedrich_von_(1879) Friedrich von Cochenhausen]: [https://ia801205.us.archive.org/cors_get.php?path=/31/items/CochenhausenReichsheer/Cochenhausen%20Reichsheer.pdf ''Das Reichsheer''], Verlag von Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld

==External links==
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000542874 ''Rangliste des deutschen Reichsheeres'' (until 1932)]
* [https://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/results?q=Rangliste+des+deutschen+Reichsheeres&action=SimpleSearchAction&type=-6&p=0 ''Rangliste des deutschen Reichsheeres'' (1924–1928)], Silesian Digital Library
* [https://sbc.org.pl/Content/370076/rl-1914-02-0001.pdf ''Ehren-Rangliste des ehemaligen Deutschen Heeres auf Grund der Ranglisten von 1914 mit den inzwischen eingetretenen Veränderungen''], Deutscher Offizier-Bund (publisher), Berlin 1926

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Reichswehr| ]]
[[Category:German military units]]
[[Category:Wehrmacht]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Reichswehr personnel| ]]
[[Category:Generals of the Reichswehr| ]]
[[Category:German words]]
[[de:Reichswehr]]

Reichswehr - Revision history