Roman salute - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 15:17, 29 July 2024

2024-07-29T15:17:17Z

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	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
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𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 15:13, 29 July 2024

2024-07-29T15:13:57Z

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	[[File:Trajantelief2.png\|thumb\|Another example from Trajan's column. There hundred of similar examples not just on Trajan's column, but in statues, frescos, base-reliefs and other art in ancient Roman archeology throughout the Mediterranean area.]]		[[File:Trajantelief2.png\|thumb\|Another example from Trajan's column. There hundred of similar examples not just on Trajan's column, but in statues, frescos, base-reliefs and other art in ancient Roman archeology throughout the Mediterranean area.]]

	The '''[[Roman]] salute''' is derived from ancient Rome. (Often considered the well-spring of [[fascism]], although[[fascism]] is actually older) The '''Roman salute''' ([[Italian]]: ''saluto romano'') is a gesture in which the right arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground.		The '''[[Roman]] salute''' is derived from ancient Rome. (Often considered the well-spring of [[fascism]], although [[fascism]] is actually older) The '''Roman salute''' ([[Italian]]: ''saluto romano'') is a gesture in which the right arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground.

	=Origins=		=Origins=

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 21:39, 20 February 2024

2024-02-20T21:39:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 20 February 2024
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	[[File:Trajantelief2.png\|thumb\|Another example from Trajan's column. There hundred of similar examples not just on Trajan's column, but in statues, frescos, base-reliefs and other art in ancient Roman archeology throughout the Mediterranean area.]]		[[File:Trajantelief2.png\|thumb\|Another example from Trajan's column. There hundred of similar examples not just on Trajan's column, but in statues, frescos, base-reliefs and other art in ancient Roman archeology throughout the Mediterranean area.]]

	The '''Roman salute''' is derived from ancient Rome. (Often considered the well-spring of [[fascism]], although[[fascism]] is actually older)		The '''[[Roman]] salute''' is derived from ancient Rome. (Often considered the well-spring of [[fascism]], although[[fascism]] is actually older) The '''Roman salute''' ([[Italian]]: ''saluto romano'') is a gesture in which the right arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground.

	=Origins=		=Origins=
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	Buildings and other ancient Roman structures (e.g., Arch of Titus, Arch of Constantine I, Trajan’s Column, and others) commemorating the Roman military victories are the best-known examples showing the '''Roman salute'''. Three such images were analyzed in Trajan’s Column. On “Table 99” six spectators raise their right hands up saluting in honour of Trajan. On “Table 167” three Dacians stretch their hands towards the [[emperor]] in salute. On “Tables 122-123” the emperor on horseback is greeted by a squad of legionaires. There are many other examples of the salute ''very clearly'' being used, in Roman art, created by Romans.		Buildings and other ancient Roman structures (e.g., Arch of Titus, Arch of Constantine I, Trajan’s Column, and others) commemorating the Roman military victories are the best-known examples showing the '''Roman salute'''. Three such images were analyzed in Trajan’s Column. On “Table 99” six spectators raise their right hands up saluting in honour of Trajan. On “Table 167” three Dacians stretch their hands towards the [[emperor]] in salute. On “Tables 122-123” the emperor on horseback is greeted by a squad of legionaires. There are many other examples of the salute ''very clearly'' being used, in Roman art, created by Romans.

	~~[[Category:Ancient Rome]]~~
	~~[[Category:History]]~~
	~~[[Category:Key Articles]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]~~

	=Forms of the Gesture=		=Forms of the Gesture=
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	An example of Roman salute as a symbol of imperial power is the statue “[[Augustus]] of Prima Porta”.<ref>Donald Graeme, Loose Cannons: 101 Myths, Mishaps and Misadventures of Military [[History]], Osprey Publishing, 2009</ref>		An example of Roman salute as a symbol of imperial power is the statue “[[Augustus]] of Prima Porta”.<ref>Donald Graeme, Loose Cannons: 101 Myths, Mishaps and Misadventures of Military [[History]], Osprey Publishing, 2009</ref>

	The '''Roman salute''' ([[Italian]]: ''saluto romano'') is a gesture in which the right arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground. Despite the gesture's [[name]], it is unclear whether the [[Roman]]s used it as a form of military courtesy; the current interpretation of a "salute" would seem to have evolved over [[time]], more substantially in recent periods. The politically correct view now is that Jacques-Louis David's painting ''The Oath of the Horatii'' (1784) wrongly created the impression that it was ~~used in [[Ancient Rome]].~~		It was used in Ancient Rome and therefore used by Italian [[fascists]] and later by other [[fascist]] movements more generally, including by [[National Socialists]] ([[German salute]]). In a interview in 1967 [[Oswald Mosley]], former leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], called the salute, the '''[[European]] salute''' and was used as a reaction against the clenched fist salute that was used by the [[Communist International]].<ref>Oswald Mosley Interview With David Frost (15th Nov 1967)</ref>

	~~Regardless, it was earlier widely believed to have been~~ used in Ancient Rome and therefore used by Italian [[fascists]] and later by other [[fascist]] movements more generally, including by [[National Socialists]] ([[German salute]]). In a interview in 1967 [[Oswald Mosley]], former leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], called the salute, the '''[[European]] salute''' and was used as a reaction against the clenched fist salute that was used by the [[Communist International]].<ref>Oswald Mosley Interview With David Frost (15th Nov 1967)</ref>

	==In art==		==In art==
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	A picture from the Illustrated Exhibitor (1852) depicting the installation of an medieval [[German]] king is well known. This and other early images of the gesture are strictly speaking salutes, and most depict the swearing of oaths. It was with this function, al9ng with [[George Washington]]'s habit of throwing Romans, that the [[Bellamy salute]] was adopted in the [[United States]] in 1892 as part of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], a Fascist ritual.		A picture from the Illustrated Exhibitor (1852) depicting the installation of an medieval [[German]] king is well known. This and other early images of the gesture are strictly speaking salutes, and most depict the swearing of oaths. It was with this function, al9ng with [[George Washington]]'s habit of throwing Romans, that the [[Bellamy salute]] was adopted in the [[United States]] in 1892 as part of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], a Fascist ritual.

	It is unclear precisely when the oath gesture became transformed into a quasi-military salute, though it appears in this role in some Davidian paintings, most famously Jean-Léon Gérôme's popular Ave [[Caesar]]! Morituri te salutant (Hail Caesar! They Who Are About to Die Salute You) of 1859. At the same time research by Augustin Thierry into the rituals of Gallic and Germanic tribes led to the claim that such gestures were associated with ancient "Aryan" peoples for whom [[monarchy]] was said to be defined more by charismatic prowess than simple inheritance.		It is unclear precisely when the oath gesture became transformed into a quasi-military salute, though it appears in this role in some Davidian paintings, most famously Jean-Léon Gérôme's popular Ave [[Caesar]]! Morituri te salutant (Hail Caesar! They Who Are About to Die Salute You) of 1859. At the same [[time]] research by Augustin Thierry into the rituals of Gallic and Germanic tribes led to the claim that such gestures were associated with ancient "Aryan" peoples for whom [[monarchy]] was said to be defined more by charismatic prowess than simple inheritance.

	Nordic [[ideology]], which was later embraced by the National [[Socialists]], claimed that the leading classes of ancient [[Greek]] and Roman culture had originated among [[Germanic peoples]], who had migrated south. In consequence it was argued that the gesture was [[Nordic]] in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.		Nordic [[ideology]], which was later embraced by the National [[Socialists]], claimed that the leading classes of ancient [[Greek]] and Roman culture had originated among [[Germanic peoples]], who had migrated south. In consequence it was argued that the gesture was [[Nordic]] in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.
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	On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian fascists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain fascist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>		On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian fascists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain fascist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>

	~~[[Category:Ancient Rome]]~~
	~~[[Category:History]]~~
	~~[[Category:Key Articles]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]~~

	== Uses in fiction ==		== Uses in fiction ==
	The salute appears in [[science]] fiction dramas, usually to suggest either fascist or imperial Roman characteristics in fictional cultures. The Romulans in the original Star Trek television series (1966–69) are depicted, as their name suggests, as a Roman-like culture. They use an upraised arm, palm down salute in several episodes, such as "The Enterprise Incident".		The salute appears in [[science]] fiction dramas, usually to suggest either fascist or imperial Roman characteristics in fictional cultures. The Romulans in the original Star Trek television series (1966–69) are depicted, as their [[name]] suggests, as a Roman-like culture. They use an upraised arm, palm down salute in several episodes, such as "The Enterprise Incident".

	In the video game, Mega Man X4, the fictional military organization, known as the Repliforce, can be seen giving the Roman salute during the early cinematics of the game.		In the video game, Mega Man X4, the fictional military organization, known as the Repliforce, can be seen giving the Roman salute during the early cinematics of the game.
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	~~[[Category:Ancient Rome]]~~
	~~[[Category:History]]~~
	~~[[Category:Key Articles]]~~

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
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	[[Category:Key Articles]]		[[Category:Key Articles]]
			[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* Political Correctness */

2024-02-20T21:34:15Z

Political Correctness

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:34, 20 February 2024
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	=Political Correctness=		=Political Correctness=
	[[File:Octavianprimaporta.png\|thumb\|Statue of Octavian from Prima Porta.]]		[[File:Octavianprimaporta.png\|thumb\|Statue of Octavian from Prima Porta.]]
	The judeo-[[Marxists]] and [[others]] have made very broad attempts to seperate[[fascism]]from this ancient salute by claiming something, anything really, else was happening. For example, attempting to claim that [[Mussolini]] based the Salute on a painting in spite of him very specifically stating otherwise, that he hoped to literally re-create ancient Rome.		The judeo-[[Marxists]] and [[others]] have made very broad attempts to seperate [[fascism]] from this ancient salute by claiming something, anything really, else was happening. For example, attempting to claim that [[Mussolini]] based the Salute on a painting in spite of him very specifically stating otherwise, that he hoped to literally re-create ancient Rome.

	Buildings and other ancient Roman structures (e.g., Arch of Titus, Arch of Constantine I, Trajan’s Column, and others) commemorating the Roman military victories are the best-known examples showing the '''Roman salute'''. Three such images were analyzed in Trajan’s Column. On “Table 99” six spectators raise their right hands up saluting in honour of Trajan. On “Table 167” three Dacians stretch their hands towards the [[emperor]] in salute. On “Tables 122-123” the emperor on horseback is greeted by a squad of legionaires. There are many other examples of the salute ''very clearly'' being used, in Roman art, created by Romans.		Buildings and other ancient Roman structures (e.g., Arch of Titus, Arch of Constantine I, Trajan’s Column, and others) commemorating the Roman military victories are the best-known examples showing the '''Roman salute'''. Three such images were analyzed in Trajan’s Column. On “Table 99” six spectators raise their right hands up saluting in honour of Trajan. On “Table 167” three Dacians stretch their hands towards the [[emperor]] in salute. On “Tables 122-123” the emperor on horseback is greeted by a squad of legionaires. There are many other examples of the salute ''very clearly'' being used, in Roman art, created by Romans.

			[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
			[[Category:History]]
			[[Category:Key Articles]]
			[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

	=Forms of the Gesture=		=Forms of the Gesture=

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* References */

2024-02-20T21:30:17Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 20 February 2024
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	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist\|2}}

			[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:Key Articles]]		[[Category:Key Articles]]
	~~[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]~~
	~~[[Category:Ancient Rome]]~~

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* Gallery */

2024-02-20T21:27:17Z

Gallery

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 20 February 2024
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	In the video game, Mega Man X4, the fictional military organization, known as the Repliforce, can be seen giving the Roman salute during the early cinematics of the game.		In the video game, Mega Man X4, the fictional military organization, known as the Repliforce, can be seen giving the Roman salute during the early cinematics of the game.

	~~==Gallery==~~
	~~<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">~~
	~~File:Adolf-[[hitler]]-with-benito-[[MussolinI\|mussolini]]-roman-salute-at-parade.jpg\|[[Benito Mussolini]] and~~ [[~~Adolf Hitler]]~~		[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
	~~File~~:~~Sir-Oswald-Mosley in [[London]], 1 May 1938.jpg\|[[Oswald Mosley~~]] ~~in London, 1 May 1938~~		[[Category:History]]
	~~File:Vidkun Quisling in Trondheim 1941.jpg\|~~[[~~Vidkun Quisling]] in 1941~~		[[Category:Key Articles]]
	~~File~~:~~Leon degrelle 5.jpg\|[[Léon Degrelle~~]]
	~~File:Francisco-Franco-and-[~~[~~Adolf]]-Hitler-in-1940.jpg\|Adolf Hitler and~~ [~~[Francisco Franco]] in 1940~~
	~~File:Jacques Doriot 3.jpg\|[[Jacques Doriot]]~~
	~~File~~:~~Corneliu Zelea [[Codreanu]] inspects members of the Legionary Movement, circa 1934.jpg\|[[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu~~]] ~~inspects members of the [[Legionary Movement]], circa 1934~~
	~~File:1958 Press Photo Poet Ezra Pound arrived at Naples, Italy via SS Cristoforo.jpg\|Poet and [[philosopher]] [[Ezra Pound]] at Naples, Italy in 1958 giving the Roman salute~~
	~~</gallery>~~

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* In art */

2024-02-20T21:16:33Z

In art

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:16, 20 February 2024
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	==In art==		==In art==
	[[File:~~Painted in 1784,~~ the Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|280px\|Painted in 1784, the "Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques-Louis David led to the popularization of the Roman salute~~.]]~~		[[File:the Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David.png\|thumb\|280px\|Painted in 1784, the "Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques-Louis David led to the popularization of the Roman salute.]]
	~~[[File:Mussolini und Hitler in München, September 1937.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Roman salute from [[Benito Mussolini]], standing beside him is host [[Adolf Hitler]], 1 September 1937 in [[München]]~~.]]
	[[File:Hundreds of Roman salutes, 7 January 2024 in Rome.png\|thumb\|280px\|Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'')<ref>Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'') on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]] in front of the former MSI headquarters commemorating three young patriots of the Youth Front murdered there in January 1978 during the "Ambush in Acca Larenzia": Franco Bigonzetti, Francesco Ciavatta and Stefano Recchioni. Vincenzo Segneri was wounded, but survived. One of the weapons used in the 1978 ambush by [[communists]], a Skorpion machine gun, was later found in a [[Red Brigades]] hideout on Via Dogali in Milan in 1988. Ballistic tests revealed that the same weapon was used in three other Red Brigades murders: that of economist Ezio Tarantelli in 1985, former mayor of [[Florence]] Lando Conti in 1986, and [[Christian]] Democrat senator Roberto Ruffilli in 1988.</ref> on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]]<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2024/01/08/news/acca_larentia_saluti_romani-421828013/ Acca Larentia, centinaia di saluti romani], la Repubblica</ref>]]		[[File:Hundreds of Roman salutes, 7 January 2024 in Rome.png\|thumb\|280px\|Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'')<ref>Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'') on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]] in front of the former MSI headquarters commemorating three young patriots of the Youth Front murdered there in January 1978 during the "Ambush in Acca Larenzia": Franco Bigonzetti, Francesco Ciavatta and Stefano Recchioni. Vincenzo Segneri was wounded, but survived. One of the weapons used in the 1978 ambush by [[communists]], a Skorpion machine gun, was later found in a [[Red Brigades]] hideout on Via Dogali in Milan in 1988. Ballistic tests revealed that the same weapon was used in three other Red Brigades murders: that of economist Ezio Tarantelli in 1985, former mayor of [[Florence]] Lando Conti in 1986, and [[Christian]] Democrat senator Roberto Ruffilli in 1988.</ref> on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]]<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2024/01/08/news/acca_larentia_saluti_romani-421828013/ Acca Larentia, centinaia di saluti romani], la Repubblica</ref>]]

	According to a study for The Distribution of the Eagle Standards, by J-L David, the gesture with Roman [[republican]] [[culture]] gained prominence in 18th century [[France]] with revolutionary and anti-monarchist movements of the era. Several paintings in the Neoclassical [[style]] depict Roman heroes adopting variants of the gesture. The most famous and influential of these is Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), which illustrates a pledge of loyalty to the Roman republic.		According to a study for The Distribution of the Eagle Standards, by J-L David, the gesture with Roman [[republican]] [[culture]] gained prominence in 18th century [[France]] with revolutionary and anti-monarchist movements of the era. Several paintings in the Neoclassical [[style]] depict Roman heroes adopting variants of the gesture. The most famous and influential of these is Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), which illustrates a pledge of loyalty to the [[Roman Republic\|Roman republic]].

	After the [[French]] [[Revolution]] of 1789, David was commissioned to depict the formation of the revolutionary [[government]] in a similar style. In the Tennis Court Oath (1792) the National Assembly are all depicted with their arms outstretched as they swear to create a new [[constitution]]. After the republican government was replaced by Napoleon's imperial régime, David further deployed the gesture in images of Napoleon receiving the acclamation and loyalty of his soldiers. These consciously imitated ancient Roman ad locutio scenes. The most important of these paintings is The Distribution of the Eagle Standards (1810).		After the [[French]] [[Revolution]] of 1789, David was commissioned to depict the formation of the revolutionary [[government]] in a similar style. In the Tennis Court Oath (1792) the National Assembly are all depicted with their arms outstretched as they swear to create a new [[constitution]]. After the republican government was replaced by Napoleon's imperial régime, David further deployed the gesture in images of Napoleon receiving the acclamation and loyalty of his soldiers. These consciously imitated ancient Roman ad locutio scenes. The most important of these paintings is The Distribution of the Eagle Standards (1810).
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	It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their revitalised [[Italy]] on the model of ancient Rome. In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other fascist groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German [[National Socialist Party]], in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. In [[Germany]] the salute was known as as the ''[[Deutscher Gruß]]'' (German salute).		It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their revitalised [[Italy]] on the model of ancient Rome. In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other fascist groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German [[National Socialist Party]], in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. In [[Germany]] the salute was known as as the ''[[Deutscher Gruß]]'' (German salute).

	Because of the similarity between the [[Bellamy salute]] and the [[National Socialist salute]], President Franklin D. [[Roosevelt]] (Rosenfelt) threw Washington and Bellamy's salute out, and instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture (a [[Communist]] gesture) as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute. This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on 22 June 1942.		Because of the similarity between the [[Bellamy salute]] and the [[National Socialist salute]], President Franklin D. [[Roosevelt]] (Rosenfelt) threw Washington and Bellamy's salute out, and instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture (a [[Communist]] gesture) as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the [[Bellamy Salute\|Bellamy salute]]. This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on 22 June 1942.

	A similar form of an elevated right arm prevailed among certain [[Catholic]] youth organisations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and Germany, e.g. the salute of the members of the Grail Movement. Their using the Roman salute was however ended in the mid-1930s, as confusion far too often arose over whether their salute form in public was an act of tacit support for [[Fascist Italy]] and National [[Socialist]] Germany, or not. Anti-clerical [[left]]-wing publications often used 1920s and early 1930s pictures of bishops and other clergy saluting these Catholic youth movements with the Roman salute, as to imply a "[[National Socialist]]" or "Fascist" orientation of these bishops and priests, or even the [[Catholic Church]] in general.		A similar form of an elevated right arm prevailed among certain [[Catholic]] youth organisations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and Germany, e.g. the salute of the members of the Grail Movement. Their using the Roman salute was however ended in the mid-1930s, as confusion far too often arose over whether their salute form in public was an act of tacit support for [[Fascist Italy]] and National [[Socialist]] Germany, or not. Anti-clerical [[left]]-wing publications often used 1920s and early 1930s pictures of bishops and other clergy saluting these Catholic youth movements with the Roman salute, as to imply a "[[National Socialist]]" or "Fascist" orientation of these bishops and priests, or even the [[Catholic Church]] in general.
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	====Authorization 2024 (Italy)====		====Authorization 2024 (Italy)====
	On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian fascists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain fascist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>		On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian fascists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain fascist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>

			[[Category:Ancient Rome]]
			[[Category:History]]
			[[Category:Key Articles]]
			[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

	== Uses in fiction ==		== Uses in fiction ==
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	==Gallery==		==Gallery==
	<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">		<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">
	File:Adolf-[[hitler]]-with-benito-mussolini-roman-salute-at-parade.jpg\|[[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]		File:Adolf-[[hitler]]-with-benito-[[MussolinI\|mussolini]]-roman-salute-at-parade.jpg\|[[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]
	File:Sir-Oswald-Mosley in [[London]], 1 May 1938.jpg\|[[Oswald Mosley]] in London, 1 May 1938		File:Sir-Oswald-Mosley in [[London]], 1 May 1938.jpg\|[[Oswald Mosley]] in London, 1 May 1938
	File:Vidkun Quisling in Trondheim 1941.jpg\|[[Vidkun Quisling]] in 1941		File:Vidkun Quisling in Trondheim 1941.jpg\|[[Vidkun Quisling]] in 1941

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹 at 21:09, 20 February 2024

2024-02-20T21:09:47Z

Show changes

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-15T21:54:40Z

Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 15 February 2024
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	The '''Roman salute''' (Italian: ''saluto romano'') is a gesture in which the right arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground. Despite the gesture's name, it is unclear whether the [[Roman]]s used it as a form of military courtesy; the current interpretation of a "salute" would seem to have evolved over time, more substantially in recent periods. The politically correct view now is that Jacques-Louis David's painting ''The Oath of the Horatii'' (1784) wrongly created the impression that it was used in [[Ancient Rome]].		The '''Roman salute''' (Italian: ''saluto romano'') is a gesture in which the right arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground. Despite the gesture's name, it is unclear whether the [[Roman]]s used it as a form of military courtesy; the current interpretation of a "salute" would seem to have evolved over time, more substantially in recent periods. The politically correct view now is that Jacques-Louis David's painting ''The Oath of the Horatii'' (1784) wrongly created the impression that it was used in [[Ancient Rome]].

	Regardless, it was earlier widely believed to have been used in Ancient Rome and therefore used by Italian [[fascists]] and later by other [[~~nationalist~~]] movements more generally, including by [[National Socialists]] ([[German salute]]). In a interview in 1967 [[Oswald Mosley]], former leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], called the salute, the '''European salute''' and was used as a reaction against the clenched fist salute that was used by the [[Communist International]].<ref>Oswald Mosley Interview With David Frost (15th Nov 1967)</ref>		Regardless, it was earlier widely believed to have been used in Ancient Rome and therefore used by Italian [[fascists]] and later by other [[fascist]] movements more generally, including by [[National Socialists]] ([[German salute]]). In a interview in 1967 [[Oswald Mosley]], former leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], called the salute, the '''European salute''' and was used as a reaction against the clenched fist salute that was used by the [[Communist International]].<ref>Oswald Mosley Interview With David Frost (15th Nov 1967)</ref>

	==In art==		==In art==
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	Nordic ideology, which was later embraced by the National Socialists, claimed that the leading classes of ancient Greek and Roman culture had originated among [[Germanic peoples]], who had migrated south. In consequence it was argued that the gesture was [[Nordic]] in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.		Nordic ideology, which was later embraced by the National Socialists, claimed that the leading classes of ancient Greek and Roman culture had originated among [[Germanic peoples]], who had migrated south. In consequence it was argued that the gesture was [[Nordic]] in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.

	By the end of the 19th century, the gesture was recognised as a symbol of communal acclamation, appropriate as a sign of allegiance to be used in several mass movements. A version was adopted as the Olympic salute, with arms raised to the side of the body, as in The Oath of the Horatii. The gesture was also portrayed as a salute in a number of early films about ancient Rome, such as Ben Hur (1907), Nerone (1908), Spartaco (1914) and Cabiria (1914). The Italian ~~nationalist~~ writer and adventurer [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], who had scripted Cabiria, used the salute with a neo-Imperial meaning when he liberated Rijeka in 1919.		By the end of the 19th century, the gesture was recognised as a symbol of communal acclamation, appropriate as a sign of allegiance to be used in several mass movements. A version was adopted as the Olympic salute, with arms raised to the side of the body, as in The Oath of the Horatii. The gesture was also portrayed as a salute in a number of early films about ancient Rome, such as Ben Hur (1907), Nerone (1908), Spartaco (1914) and Cabiria (1914). The Italian fascist writer and adventurer [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], who had scripted Cabiria, used the salute with a neo-Imperial meaning when he liberated Rijeka in 1919.

	It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their revitalised Italy on the model of ancient Rome. In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other fascist groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German [[National Socialist Party]], in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. In Germany the salute was known as as the ''[[Deutscher Gruß]]'' (German salute).		It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their revitalised Italy on the model of ancient Rome. In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other fascist groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German [[National Socialist Party]], in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. In Germany the salute was known as as the ''[[Deutscher Gruß]]'' (German salute).
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	====Authorization 2024 (Italy)====		====Authorization 2024 (Italy)====
	On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian ~~nationalists~~ were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain ~~nationalist~~ Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>		On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian fascists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain fascist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>

	== Uses in fiction ==		== Uses in fiction ==

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: /* History */

2024-02-05T22:27:30Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 5 February 2024
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	Regardless, it was earlier widely believed to have been used in Ancient Rome and therefore used by Italian [[fascists]] and later by other [[nationalist]] movements more generally, including by [[National Socialists]] ([[German salute]]). In a interview in 1967 [[Oswald Mosley]], former leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], called the salute, the '''European salute''' and was used as a reaction against the clenched fist salute that was used by the [[Communist International]].<ref>Oswald Mosley Interview With David Frost (15th Nov 1967)</ref>		Regardless, it was earlier widely believed to have been used in Ancient Rome and therefore used by Italian [[fascists]] and later by other [[nationalist]] movements more generally, including by [[National Socialists]] ([[German salute]]). In a interview in 1967 [[Oswald Mosley]], former leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]], called the salute, the '''European salute''' and was used as a reaction against the clenched fist salute that was used by the [[Communist International]].<ref>Oswald Mosley Interview With David Frost (15th Nov 1967)</ref>

	==~~History~~==		==In art==
	[[File:Painted in 1784, the Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Painted in 1784, the "Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques-Louis David led to the popularization of the Roman salute.]]		[[File:Painted in 1784, the Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Painted in 1784, the "Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques-Louis David led to the popularization of the Roman salute.]]
	[[File:Mussolini und Hitler in München, September 1937.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Roman salute from [[Benito Mussolini]], standing beside him is host [[Adolf Hitler]], 1 September 1937 in [[München]].]]		[[File:Mussolini und Hitler in München, September 1937.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Roman salute from [[Benito Mussolini]], standing beside him is host [[Adolf Hitler]], 1 September 1937 in [[München]].]]
	[[File:Hundreds of Roman salutes, 7 January 2024 in Rome.png\|thumb\|280px\|Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'')<ref>Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'') on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]] in front of the former MSI headquarters commemorating three young patriots of the Youth Front murdered there in January 1978 during the "Ambush in Acca Larenzia": Franco Bigonzetti, Francesco Ciavatta and Stefano Recchioni. Vincenzo Segneri was wounded, but survived. One of the weapons used in the 1978 ambush by [[communists]], a Skorpion machine gun, was later found in a Red Brigades hideout on Via Dogali in Milan in 1988. Ballistic tests revealed that the same weapon was used in three other Red Brigades murders: that of economist Ezio Tarantelli in 1985, former mayor of Florence Lando Conti in 1986, and Christian Democrat senator Roberto Ruffilli in 1988.</ref> on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]]<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2024/01/08/news/acca_larentia_saluti_romani-421828013/ Acca Larentia, centinaia di saluti romani], la Repubblica</ref>]]		[[File:Hundreds of Roman salutes, 7 January 2024 in Rome.png\|thumb\|280px\|Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'')<ref>Hundreds of Roman salutes (''saluti romani'') on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]] in front of the former MSI headquarters commemorating three young patriots of the Youth Front murdered there in January 1978 during the "Ambush in Acca Larenzia": Franco Bigonzetti, Francesco Ciavatta and Stefano Recchioni. Vincenzo Segneri was wounded, but survived. One of the weapons used in the 1978 ambush by [[communists]], a Skorpion machine gun, was later found in a Red Brigades hideout on Via Dogali in Milan in 1988. Ballistic tests revealed that the same weapon was used in three other Red Brigades murders: that of economist Ezio Tarantelli in 1985, former mayor of Florence Lando Conti in 1986, and Christian Democrat senator Roberto Ruffilli in 1988.</ref> on 7 January 2024 in [[Rome]]<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2024/01/08/news/acca_larentia_saluti_romani-421828013/ Acca Larentia, centinaia di saluti romani], la Repubblica</ref>]]
	~~===Origins===~~
	The salute was supposed to have been used in the Roman Republic, but there is no clear evidence of this. Indeed it is not known whether salutes as military courtesy existed at all in Roman culture. However, a number of images showing similar gestures exist from the Imperial era. These depict Roman leaders addressing their troops ("adlocutio" scenes). Usually the leader has his arm raised in a rhetorical gesture. In some images a few troops are also depicted with raised arms, possibly suggesting acclamation of the leader. Several such scenes appear on Trajan's Column.

	According to a study for The Distribution of the Eagle Standards, by J-L David, ~~the association of~~ the gesture with Roman republican culture ~~seems to have emerged~~ in 18th century France with revolutionary and anti-monarchist movements of the era. Several paintings in the Neoclassical style depict Roman heroes adopting variants of the gesture. The most famous and influential of these is Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), which illustrates a pledge of loyalty to the Roman republic.		According to a study for The Distribution of the Eagle Standards, by J-L David, the gesture with Roman republican culture gained prominence in 18th century France with revolutionary and anti-monarchist movements of the era. Several paintings in the Neoclassical style depict Roman heroes adopting variants of the gesture. The most famous and influential of these is Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), which illustrates a pledge of loyalty to the Roman republic.

	After the French Revolution of 1789, David was commissioned to depict the formation of the revolutionary government in a similar style. In the Tennis Court Oath (1792) the National Assembly are all depicted with their arms outstretched as they swear to create a new constitution. After the republican government was replaced by Napoleon's imperial régime, David further deployed the gesture in images of Napoleon receiving the acclamation and loyalty of his soldiers. These consciously imitated ancient Roman ad locutio scenes. The most important of these paintings is The Distribution of the Eagle Standards (1810).		After the French Revolution of 1789, David was commissioned to depict the formation of the revolutionary government in a similar style. In the Tennis Court Oath (1792) the National Assembly are all depicted with their arms outstretched as they swear to create a new constitution. After the republican government was replaced by Napoleon's imperial régime, David further deployed the gesture in images of Napoleon receiving the acclamation and loyalty of his soldiers. These consciously imitated ancient Roman ad locutio scenes. The most important of these paintings is The Distribution of the Eagle Standards (1810).
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	=== From oath to salute ===		=== From oath to salute ===
	A picture from the Illustrated Exhibitor (1852) depicting the installation of an medieval German king is well known. This and other early images of the gesture are ~~not~~ strictly speaking salutes, ~~since~~ most ~~actually~~ depict the swearing of oaths. It was with this function that the ~~so-called~~ Bellamy salute was adopted in the United States in 1892 as part of the Pledge of Allegiance~~. This required that participants should initially bend their right arm with the hand held against the forehead~~, ~~as in~~ a ~~conventional military salute.~~		A picture from the Illustrated Exhibitor (1852) depicting the installation of an medieval German king is well known. This and other early images of the gesture are strictly speaking salutes, and most depict the swearing of oaths. It was with this function, al9ng with George Washington's habit of throwing Romans, that the [[Bellamy salute]] was adopted in the United States in 1892 as part of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]], a Fascist ritual.

	The arm should then be "extended gracefully, palm upward, toward the flag." Similar gestures were adopted elsewhere in the late-19th century among both nationalist and socialist movements. In the modern USA, when swearing legal oaths and oaths of government office, the affirmant uses the gesture of an upraised arm, bent at the elbow, palm facing outward, which bears resemblance to the Roman Salute.

	It is unclear precisely when the oath gesture became transformed into a quasi-military salute, though it appears in this role in some Davidian paintings, most famously Jean-Léon Gérôme's popular Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant (Hail Caesar! They Who Are About to Die Salute You) of 1859. At the same time research by Augustin Thierry into the rituals of Gallic and Germanic tribes led to the claim that such gestures were associated with ancient "Aryan" peoples for whom monarchy was said to be defined more by charismatic prowess than simple inheritance.		It is unclear precisely when the oath gesture became transformed into a quasi-military salute, though it appears in this role in some Davidian paintings, most famously Jean-Léon Gérôme's popular Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant (Hail Caesar! They Who Are About to Die Salute You) of 1859. At the same time research by Augustin Thierry into the rituals of Gallic and Germanic tribes led to the claim that such gestures were associated with ancient "Aryan" peoples for whom monarchy was said to be defined more by charismatic prowess than simple inheritance.
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	Nordic ideology, which was later embraced by the National Socialists, claimed that the leading classes of ancient Greek and Roman culture had originated among [[Germanic peoples]], who had migrated south. In consequence it was argued that the gesture was [[Nordic]] in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.		Nordic ideology, which was later embraced by the National Socialists, claimed that the leading classes of ancient Greek and Roman culture had originated among [[Germanic peoples]], who had migrated south. In consequence it was argued that the gesture was [[Nordic]] in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.

	By the end of the 19th century, the gesture was recognised as a symbol of communal acclamation, appropriate as a sign of allegiance to be used in several mass movements. A version was adopted as the Olympic salute, with arms raised to the side of the body, as in The Oath of the Horatii. The gesture was also portrayed as a salute in a number of early films about ancient Rome, such as Ben Hur (1907), Nerone (1908), Spartaco (1914) and Cabiria (1914). The Italian nationalist writer and adventurer [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], who had scripted Cabiria, ~~appropriated~~ the salute with a neo-Imperial meaning when he ~~occupied~~ Rijeka in 1919.		By the end of the 19th century, the gesture was recognised as a symbol of communal acclamation, appropriate as a sign of allegiance to be used in several mass movements. A version was adopted as the Olympic salute, with arms raised to the side of the body, as in The Oath of the Horatii. The gesture was also portrayed as a salute in a number of early films about ancient Rome, such as Ben Hur (1907), Nerone (1908), Spartaco (1914) and Cabiria (1914). The Italian nationalist writer and adventurer [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], who had scripted Cabiria, used the salute with a neo-Imperial meaning when he liberated Rijeka in 1919.

	It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their ~~claim to have~~ revitalised Italy on the model of ancient Rome. In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other ~~nationalist~~ groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German [[National Socialist Party]], in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. In Germany the salute was known as ~~the ''Hitlergruß'' (Hitler salute) and later~~ as the ''[[Deutscher Gruß]]'' (German salute).		It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their revitalised Italy on the model of ancient Rome. In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other fascist groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German [[National Socialist Party]], in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. In Germany the salute was known as as the ''[[Deutscher Gruß]]'' (German salute).

	Because of the similarity between the [[Bellamy salute]] and the [[National Socialist salute]], President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute. This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on 22 June 1942.		Because of the similarity between the [[Bellamy salute]] and the [[National Socialist salute]], President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Rosenfelt) threw Washington and Bellamy's salute out, and instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture (a Communist gesture) as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute. This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on 22 June 1942.

	A similar form of an elevated right arm prevailed among certain Catholic youth organisations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and Germany, e.g. the salute of the members of the Grail Movement. Their using the Roman salute was however ended in the mid-1930s, as confusion far too often arose over whether their salute form in public was an act of tacit support for Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany, or not. Anti-clerical left-wing publications often used 1920s and early 1930s pictures of bishops and other clergy saluting these Catholic youth movements with the Roman salute, as to imply a "National Socialist" or "Fascist" orientation of these bishops and priests, or even the Catholic Church in general.		A similar form of an elevated right arm prevailed among certain Catholic youth organisations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and Germany, e.g. the salute of the members of the Grail Movement. Their using the Roman salute was however ended in the mid-1930s, as confusion far too often arose over whether their salute form in public was an act of tacit support for Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany, or not. Anti-clerical left-wing publications often used 1920s and early 1930s pictures of bishops and other clergy saluting these Catholic youth movements with the Roman salute, as to imply a "National Socialist" or "Fascist" orientation of these bishops and priests, or even the Catholic Church in general.
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	The association with National Socialism has been so strong that the salute has rarely been used by non-National Socialist organizations since the end of [[World War II]]. There are several exceptions: in Portugal, Mexico and the Republic of China (Taiwan), the salute is still used during the swearing of oaths in inaugurations.		The association with National Socialism has been so strong that the salute has rarely been used by non-National Socialist organizations since the end of [[World War II]]. There are several exceptions: in Portugal, Mexico and the Republic of China (Taiwan), the salute is still used during the swearing of oaths in inaugurations.

	The salute is also still used by some Palestinian and Arab ~~militant~~ groups such as [[Hamas]]— a use particularly controversial because of the ~~Arab–Israeli~~ conflict.		The salute is also still used by some Palestinian and Arab groups such as [[Hamas]]— a use particularly controversial because of the Israeli instigated conflict.

	It is also known to be used by the Tamil separatist organization, the LTTE, while saluting their leader Velupillai Prabhakaran.		It is also known to be used by the Tamil separatist organization, the LTTE, while saluting their leader Velupillai Prabhakaran.

	In 2005, Italian footballer Paolo Di Canio created controversy by using the gesture on several occasions to salute hardcore S.S. Lazio fans. Di Canio has also expressed admiration for [[Mussolini]].		In 2005, Italian footballer Paolo Di Canio created controversy by using the gesture on several occasions to salute hardcore S.S. Lazio fans. Di Canio has also expressed admiration for [[Mussolini]]. Good man.

	The salute ~~continued to be~~ portrayed ~~as a real feature of Ancient Roman culture~~ in some historical dramas about Rome, such as the 1951 film Quo Vadis and the 1960 film Spartacus. It has been used as such as recently as the 2005 TV series Empire and the HBO TV series Rome.		The salute jas also been portrayed in some historical dramas about Rome, such as the 1951 film Quo Vadis and the 1960 film Spartacus. It has been used as such as recently as the 2005 TV series Empire and the HBO TV series Rome.

	====Authorization 2024 (Italy)====		====Authorization 2024 (Italy)====
	On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the ~~fascist~~ salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian nationalists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain nationalist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>		On 18 January 2024, the Roman Court of Cassation, the third and highest instance of Italian jurisdiction, ruled that showing the Roman salute in Italy at commemorative events is largely legitimate and not punishable by law. The court ruled in favour of the accused in a case in which eight Italian nationalists were convicted in the second instance for showing the Roman salute. In 2016, they showed the salute at a memorial event in [[Milan]] for the slain nationalist Sergio Rampelli and were therefore convicted.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/panorama/italien-erlaubt-den-r%C3%B6mischen-gru%C3%9F/ar-BB1gXmGB?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=66441f01d90d4bd6855fd4ca375ed7ab&ei=13 ''Italien erlaubt den römischen Gruß''], RP, 19 January 2024</ref>

	== Uses in fiction ==		== Uses in fiction ==