Semantic view of theories - Revision history

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Rightof Genghiskhan at 05:53, 27 February 2023

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	The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of ~~Science [[Category:Science]]~~ that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>		The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of science that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>

	==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==		==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==
	The semantic view is typically contrasted with the '''syntactic view of theories''' of the logical positivists and logical empiricists, especially Carl Gustav Hempel and Rudolf Carnap. On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes:		The semantic view is typically contrasted with the '''syntactic view of theories''' of the logical positivists and logical empiricists, especially Carl Gustav Hempel and Rudolf Carnap. On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes:

	<blockquote>The syntactic picture of a [[theory]] identifies it with a body of theorems, stated in one particular language chosen for the expression of that [[theory]]. This should be contrasted with the alternative of presenting a [[theory]] in the first instance by identifying a class of structures as its models. In this second, semantic, approach the language used to express the [[theory]] is neither basic nor unique; the same class of structures could well be described in radically different ways, each with its own limitations. The models occupy central stage.<ref>van Fraassen B. 1980. ''The Scientific Image''. Oxford University Press, p. 44.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>The syntactic picture of a [[theory]] identifies it with a body of theorems, stated in one particular language chosen for the expression of that [[theory]]. This should be contrasted with the alternative of presenting a [[theory]] in the first instance by identifying a class of structures as its models. In this second, semantic, approach the language used to express the [[theory]] is neither basic nor unique; the same class of structures could well be described in radically different ways, each with its own limitations. The models occupy central stage.<ref>van Fraassen B. 1980. ''The Scientific Image''. Oxford University Press, p. 44.</ref></blockquote>

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	The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of Science [[Category:Science]]]] that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>		The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of Science [[Category:Science]] that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>

	==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==		==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==

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	The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of ~~science~~]] that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>		The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of Science [[Category:Science]]]] that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>

	==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==		==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==

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	The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of science]] that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the theory is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>		The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of science]] that holds that a scientific [[theory]] can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism\|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the [[theory]] is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>

	==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==		==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==
	The semantic view is typically contrasted with the '''syntactic view of theories''' of the logical positivists and logical empiricists, especially Carl Gustav Hempel and Rudolf Carnap. On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes:		The semantic view is typically contrasted with the '''syntactic view of theories''' of the logical positivists and logical empiricists, especially Carl Gustav Hempel and Rudolf Carnap. On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes:

	<blockquote>The syntactic picture of a theory identifies it with a body of theorems, stated in one particular language chosen for the expression of that theory. This should be contrasted with the alternative of presenting a theory in the first instance by identifying a class of structures as its models. In this second, semantic, approach the language used to express the theory is neither basic nor unique; the same class of structures could well be described in radically different ways, each with its own limitations. The models occupy central stage.<ref>van Fraassen B. 1980. ''The Scientific Image''. Oxford University Press, p. 44.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>The syntactic picture of a [[theory]] identifies it with a body of theorems, stated in one particular language chosen for the expression of that [[theory]]. This should be contrasted with the alternative of presenting a [[theory]] in the first instance by identifying a class of structures as its models. In this second, semantic, approach the language used to express the [[theory]] is neither basic nor unique; the same class of structures could well be described in radically different ways, each with its own limitations. The models occupy central stage.<ref>van Fraassen B. 1980. ''The Scientific Image''. Oxford University Press, p. 44.</ref></blockquote>

	In this same book, van Fraassen, a key founder of the semantic view of theories, critiques the syntactic view in very strong terms:		In this same book, van Fraassen, a key founder of the semantic view of theories, critiques the syntactic view in very strong terms:

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The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the [[philosophy of science]] that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–301.</ref> as a reaction against the [[received view of theories]] popular among the [[Logical positivism|logical positivists]]. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,<ref>Suppes, P. (1960) and da Costa, Newton C. A., and Steven French (1990), “The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science”, Philosophy of Science 57: 248–265.</ref> while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the theory is a member.<ref>van Fraassen, Bas C. (1980), The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon. and Suppe, Frederick (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</ref>

==Semantic vs. syntactic views of theories==
The semantic view is typically contrasted with the '''syntactic view of theories''' of the logical positivists and logical empiricists, especially Carl Gustav Hempel and Rudolf Carnap. On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes:

<blockquote>The syntactic picture of a theory identifies it with a body of theorems, stated in one particular language chosen for the expression of that theory. This should be contrasted with the alternative of presenting a theory in the first instance by identifying a class of structures as its models. In this second, semantic, approach the language used to express the theory is neither basic nor unique; the same class of structures could well be described in radically different ways, each with its own limitations. The models occupy central stage.<ref>van Fraassen B. 1980. ''The Scientific Image''. Oxford University Press, p. 44.</ref></blockquote>

In this same book, van Fraassen, a key founder of the semantic view of theories, critiques the syntactic view in very strong terms:

<blockquote>Perhaps the worst consequence of the syntactic approach was the way it focused attention on philosophically irrelevant technical questions. It is hard not to conclude that those discussions of axiomatizability in restricted vocabularies, 'theoretical terms', Craig’s theorem, 'reduction sentences', 'empirical languages', Ramsey and Carnap sentences, were one and all off the mark—solutions to purely self-generated problems, and philosophically irrelevant. (p. 56)</blockquote>

The semantic view of theories has been extended to other domains, including population genetics.<ref>Elisabeth Lloyd, EA. 1994. ''The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory. Princeton University Press.</ref>

==External links==
* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.7077&rep=rep1&type=pdf "The Semantic View of Theories: Models and Misconceptions"]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

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