Slavophiles - Revision history

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	~~[[Category:Slavs]]~~
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	==Russian Kingdom of Poland==		==Russian Kingdom of Poland==
	Besides [[Ukraine\|Ukrainians]], the Russian Empire also included [[Poland\|Poles]], whose country had been [[Partitions of Poland\|partitioned]] by three neighboring states, including Russia, confirmed at the [[Congress of Vienna]]. Poles proved to be a problem for the ideology of Slavophilism. "For generations Poles had been a sort of embarrassment for Russian nationalism as the core of Russian nationalism since the middle of the nineteenth century was an idea of Slavophilism. This ideology (as with many others) was inconsistent. On the one hand their representatives emphasized [[Eastern Orthodoxy\|Orthodoxy]] as the essential characteristic of the Slav. On the other hand, the very term Slavophilism implied that benign characteristics of Slavs stemmed from their ethnicity which had nothing to do with Orthodoxy. This explanation also implied the political unity of the Slavs, or at least their mutual gravitation to each other, and here Poles were an endless embarrassment".<ref>''Reassessment of the Relationship: Polish History and the Polish Question'' in the "Imperial Duma Journal" article by Dmitry Shlapentokh; ''East European Quarterly'', Vol. 33, 1999 </ref> Slavophiles indicated that the characteristics of the Slavs stemmed from their original ethnicity, but at the same time Slavophiles believed that Orthodoxy equaled Slavdom. This belief was opposed by very existence of Poles within Russian Empire, who while having Slavic origins were also deeply [[Roman Catholic ]], this faith forming one of the core values of Polish national identity. "It was after the nineteenth century partitions that the Polish church became the symbol of Polishness in the eyes of practically all Poles. Massive Russification following the 1832 uprising practically eliminated all Polish institutions and made Russian dominance of public life in public life practically universal. What was left was the Roman Catholic church. It became the foremost symbol of Polishness and Polish resistance, with every move taken by [[St.Petersburg]] to weaken it interpreted by Poles as a further attempt to eradicate the Polish nation from the face of the earth. Under these circumstances being Roman Catholic was not only a religious but also ~~nationalistic~~ "duty"." <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0822308916&id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=polish+church+1863+symbol&sig=PdderXGDJHXAZ_64wvroPuAiUzU Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Page 51] by Pedro Ramet, Duke University Press 1989.</ref>		Besides [[Ukraine\|Ukrainians]], the Russian Empire also included [[Poland\|Poles]], whose country had been [[Partitions of Poland\|partitioned]] by three neighboring states, including Russia, confirmed at the [[Congress of Vienna]]. Poles proved to be a problem for the ideology of Slavophilism. "For generations Poles had been a sort of embarrassment for Russian nationalism as the core of Russian nationalism since the middle of the nineteenth century was an idea of Slavophilism. This ideology (as with many others) was inconsistent. On the one hand their representatives emphasized [[Eastern Orthodoxy\|Orthodoxy]] as the essential characteristic of the Slav. On the other hand, the very term Slavophilism implied that benign characteristics of Slavs stemmed from their ethnicity which had nothing to do with Orthodoxy. This explanation also implied the political unity of the Slavs, or at least their mutual gravitation to each other, and here Poles were an endless embarrassment".<ref>''Reassessment of the Relationship: Polish History and the Polish Question'' in the "Imperial Duma Journal" article by Dmitry Shlapentokh; ''East European Quarterly'', Vol. 33, 1999 </ref> Slavophiles indicated that the characteristics of the Slavs stemmed from their original ethnicity, but at the same time Slavophiles believed that Orthodoxy equaled Slavdom. This belief was opposed by very existence of Poles within Russian Empire, who while having Slavic origins were also deeply [[Roman Catholic ]], this faith forming one of the core values of Polish national identity. "It was after the nineteenth century partitions that the Polish church became the symbol of Polishness in the eyes of practically all Poles. Massive Russification following the 1832 uprising practically eliminated all Polish institutions and made Russian dominance of public life in public life practically universal. What was left was the Roman Catholic church. It became the foremost symbol of Polishness and Polish resistance, with every move taken by [[St.Petersburg]] to weaken it interpreted by Poles as a further attempt to eradicate the Polish nation from the face of the earth. Under these circumstances being Roman Catholic was not only a religious but also fascistic "duty"." <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0822308916&id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=polish+church+1863+symbol&sig=PdderXGDJHXAZ_64wvroPuAiUzU Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Page 51] by Pedro Ramet, Duke University Press 1989.</ref>

	Also while Slavophiles praised the leadership of Russia over other nations of Slavic origins, the Poles very identity was based on West European culture and values, because of the influence of their church, and resistance to Russia was seen by them as resistance to something representing alien way of life.		Also while Slavophiles praised the leadership of Russia over other nations of Slavic origins, the Poles very identity was based on West European culture and values, because of the influence of their church, and resistance to Russia was seen by them as resistance to something representing alien way of life.

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	== Post Serfdom ==		== Post Serfdom ==
	After serfdom was abolished in Russia and the end of the uprising in Poland, Slavophilism began to degenerate and turned into aggressive Russian nationalism and the promotion of [[Pan-Slavism]]. New Slavophile thinkers appeared in the 1870s and 1880s, represented by scholars such as Danilevsky and Leontiev. Danilevsky promoted autocracy and imperialistic expansion as part of the Russian national interest. Leontiev believed in a [[police state]] ideology aimed at preventing European influences from reaching Russia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415341116&id=OWjYS1n-EiMC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&vq=Leontiev&dq=The+Extreme+~~Nationalist~~+Threat+in+Russia&sig=ioEEMNDuMwgpgVN7wrJQYQgqBIE The Extreme Randy ~~Nationalist~~ Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas page 211] by Thomas Parland Routledge 2005</ref>		After serfdom was abolished in Russia and the end of the uprising in Poland, Slavophilism began to degenerate and turned into aggressive Russian nationalism and the promotion of [[Pan-Slavism]]. New Slavophile thinkers appeared in the 1870s and 1880s, represented by scholars such as Danilevsky and Leontiev. Danilevsky promoted autocracy and imperialistic expansion as part of the Russian national interest. Leontiev believed in a [[police state]] ideology aimed at preventing European influences from reaching Russia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415341116&id=OWjYS1n-EiMC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&vq=Leontiev&dq=The+Extreme+Fascist+Threat+in+Russia&sig=ioEEMNDuMwgpgVN7wrJQYQgqBIE The Extreme Randy Fascist Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas page 211] by Thomas Parland Routledge 2005</ref>

	==Pochvennichestvo==		==Pochvennichestvo==

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}

	==External links==		==External links==

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Doctrine

New page

{{Wikipedia PC}}
[[Image:Image-File 400px-Russian konung Oleg by Vasnetsov-2.jpg|thumb|200px|A Vasnetsov painting]]
[[Image:RussianChildren1909.jpg|thumb|200px|A group of Russian Children in 1909.]]

See also: ''[[Pan-Slavism]]''.

'''Slavophilia''' is a Russian movement originating in the 19th century that wanted the [[Russian Empire]] to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history. Slavophiles were especially opposed to the influences of Western Europe in Russia.<ref name=Brit> [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9068172/Slavophile Encyclopedia Britannica Slavophile article]</ref>

== History ==
As an intellectual movement, Slavophilism was developed in nineteenth century [[Russia]]. In a sense there was not one but many slavophile movements, or many branches of the same movement. Some were to the left of the political spectrum, noting that progressive ideas such as [[democracy]] were intrinsic to the Russian experience, as proved by what they considered to be the rough democracy of medieval [[Novgorod]]. Some were to the right of the spectrum and pointed to the centuries old tradition of the [[autocratic]] [[Tsar]] as being the essence of the Russian nature. The Slavophiles were determined to protect what they believed were unique Russian traditions and culture. In doing so they rejected [[individualism]]. The role of the [[Orthodox Church]] was seen by them as more significant than the role of the state. [[Socialism]] was opposed by Slavophiles as an alien concept, and Russian [[mysticism]] was preferred over "[[Western Europe|Western]] [[rationalism]]". Rural life was praised by the movement, which opposed [[industrialization]] as well as urban development, while protection of the "mir" (rural society) was seen as an important measure to prevent growth of the proletariat.<ref name=Nye>
[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1877864161&id=_e-eHEVlBJEC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&vq=slavophiles&dq=from+nyet+to+da&sig=rVaMbKlztRBZ04MQXdwAszBiQf8&hl=en From Nyet to Da: understanding the Russians, page 65] by Yale Richmond, Intercultural Press; 3rd edition (January 2003)</ref>

The movement originated in [[Moscow]] in the 1830s. Drawing on the works of Greek [[Church Fathers|patristics]], the poet [[Aleksey Khomyakov]] (1804-60) and his devoutly [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] colleagues elaborated a traditionalistic doctrine that claimed Russia has its own distinct way, which doesn't have to imitate and mimic "Western" institutions. The Russian Slavophiles denounced modernization by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] and [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great]], and some of them even adopted traditional pre-[[Petrine]] dress.

== Doctrine ==
The doctrines of [[Aleksey Khomyakov]], [[Ivan Kireevsky]] (1806-56), [[Konstantin Aksakov]] (1817-60) and other Slavophiles had a deep impact on Russian culture, including the [[Russian Revival]] school of architecture, some Russian composers, the novelist [[Nikolai Gogol]], the poet [[Fyodor Tyutchev]], the lexicographer [[Vladimir Dahl]], and others. Their struggle for purity of the [[Russian language]] had something in common with ascetic views of [[Leo Tolstoy]]. The doctrine of Sobornost, the term for organic unity, intregration, was coined by Ivan Kireevsky and Aleksey Khomyakov. This was to underline the need for cooperation between people, at the expense of individualism on the basis that the opposing groups focus on what is common between them.

In the sphere of practical politics, the Slavophilism manifested itself as a [[Pan-Slavism|pan-Slavic movement]] for the unification of all Slavic people under leadership of the Russian [[tsar]] and for the liberation of the [[Balkan]] Slavs from the Ottoman yoke. The [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78]] is usually considered a high point of this militant Slavophilism, as expounded by the charismatic commander Mikhail Skobelev.
The attitude towards other nations with Slavic origins varied, depending on the group involved. Classical Slavophiles believed that "Slavdom", that is the alleged by Slavophile movement common identity to all people of Slavic origin, was based on [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] religion.<ref name=Meta>"Classical Russian Slavophiles often conflated language and religion, equating Slavdom with Orthodoxy"
[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0520207432&id=C2as0sWxFBAC&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=classical+slavophiles&sig=G0yBSghXMl9oIJxi1XMrFte8fLY The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography page 230] by Martin W. Lewis, Kären E. Wigen, University of California Press; 1 edition (August 11, 1997)</ref>
Russian Empire besides containing Russians, ruled over millions of Ukrainians, Poles and Belarussians, that had their own national identities, traditions and religions. Towards Ukrainians and Belarussians, the Slavophiles developed the view that they are part of the same "Great Russian" nation, Belarussians being the "White Russians" Ukrainians "Little Russians". Slavophile thinkers such as Mikhail Katkov believed that both nations should be ruled under Russian leadership and are essential part of Russian state.<ref name=Volod>[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/16/volodymyr/volodymyr-1.html The Image of Ukraine and the Ukrainians in Russian Political Thought (1860-1945)] by Volodymyr A. Potulnytskyi, ACTA SLAVICA IAPONICA, Volume 16 (1998) Journal of Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University</ref> At the same time they denied the separate cultural identity of Ukrainian and Belarussian people,<ref name="Volod"/> believing their national as well as language and literary aspirations are result of "Polish intrigue" that aims at separating them from Russians.<ref name=Tow>
[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0838630138&id=1JGTkzEk79oC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=polish+intrigue&sig=B_9NfVr1oTTKJQJLOJzF0lCV_Yk Toward a United States of Russia: Plans and Projects of Federal Reconstruction of Russia in the Nineteenth Century page 137]
by Dimitri Von Mohrenschildt, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press 1981</ref> Other Slavophiles like Ivan Aksakov recognized the right of Ukrainians to use Ukrainian language, however seeing it as completely unnecessary and harmful.<ref name=Leto>Sovremennaia Letopis', No. XVII, 1861, pp. 124-125. "I do not believe in a possibility of creating a Malorussian common literary language, except for purely popular works of art, and I do not see any possibility of that, and I do not want and I cannot want any artificial attempts to destroy the wholeness of common Russian development, the attempts to lead the Malorussian artists away from writing in the Russian language. Thank God, that Gogol' had lived and worked before these demands appeared: we would have no "Mertvye Dushi"; you, or Kulish, would have fettered him with a tribal egoism and would have narrowed his horizon with the outlook of a single tribe! But, of course, no one of us has ever wanted or intended to stand in your way. Write as much as you please, translate Shakespeare and Schiller into the Malorussian dialect, dress Homer's characters and Greek gods in a Malorussian free-and-easy sheepskin coat (kozhukh)!"</ref>
Aksakov however did see some use of "Malorussian" language as practical, it would be beneficial in struggle against "Polish civilizational element in the western provinces"<ref name="Volod"/>

==Russian Kingdom of Poland==
Besides [[Ukraine|Ukrainians]], the Russian Empire also included [[Poland|Poles]], whose country had been [[Partitions of Poland|partitioned]] by three neighboring states, including Russia, confirmed at the [[Congress of Vienna]]. Poles proved to be a problem for the ideology of Slavophilism. "For generations Poles had been a sort of embarrassment for Russian nationalism as the core of Russian nationalism since the middle of the nineteenth century was an idea of Slavophilism. This ideology (as with many others) was inconsistent. On the one hand their representatives emphasized [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodoxy]] as the essential characteristic of the Slav. On the other hand, the very term Slavophilism implied that benign characteristics of Slavs stemmed from their ethnicity which had nothing to do with Orthodoxy. This explanation also implied the political unity of the Slavs, or at least their mutual gravitation to each other, and here Poles were an endless embarrassment".<ref>''Reassessment of the Relationship: Polish History and the Polish Question'' in the "Imperial Duma Journal" article by Dmitry Shlapentokh; ''East European Quarterly'', Vol. 33, 1999 </ref> Slavophiles indicated that the characteristics of the Slavs stemmed from their original ethnicity, but at the same time Slavophiles believed that Orthodoxy equaled Slavdom. This belief was opposed by very existence of Poles within Russian Empire, who while having Slavic origins were also deeply [[Roman Catholic ]], this faith forming one of the core values of Polish national identity. "It was after the nineteenth century partitions that the Polish church became the symbol of Polishness in the eyes of practically all Poles. Massive Russification following the 1832 uprising practically eliminated all Polish institutions and made Russian dominance of public life in public life practically universal. What was left was the Roman Catholic church. It became the foremost symbol of Polishness and Polish resistance, with every move taken by [[St.Petersburg]] to weaken it interpreted by Poles as a further attempt to eradicate the Polish nation from the face of the earth. Under these circumstances being Roman Catholic was not only a religious but also nationalistic "duty"." <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0822308916&id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=polish+church+1863+symbol&sig=PdderXGDJHXAZ_64wvroPuAiUzU Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Page 51] by Pedro Ramet, Duke University Press 1989.</ref>

Also while Slavophiles praised the leadership of Russia over other nations of Slavic origins, the Poles very identity was based on West European culture and values, because of the influence of their church, and resistance to Russia was seen by them as resistance to something representing alien way of life.
"From its beginning, Poland drew its primary inspiration from Western Europe and developed a closer affinity with the French and Italians, for example, than with nearer Slavic neighbors of Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine heritage. This western orientation, which in some ways has made Poland the easternmost outpost of Latinate and Catholic tradition, helps to explain the Poles' tenacious sense of belonging to the "West" and their deeply rooted antagonism toward Russia."<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/poland/5.htm U.S. Library of Congress, Country Study Poland]</ref> As a result Slavophiles were particularly hostile to the Polish nation, often emotionally attacking it in their writings."The Slavophiles were quite virulent in their attacks on the Poles. According to Iurii F. Samarin, Poland was transformed into a "sharp wedge driven by Latinism" into the very heart of the Slavonic soul with the aim of "splitting it into fragments." Nikolai I. Danilevsky, a Slavophile, dubbed Poland the "Jesuitical gentry state of Poland" and that "Judas of Slavdom," which he compared to a hideous tarantula greedily devouring its eastern neighbour but unaware that its own body is being eaten by its western neighbors. Fedor I. Tiutchev, a leading Russian poets, also called Poles "Judas of Slavdom."<ref>Shlapentokh, 1999.</ref>

When the Polish uprising of 1861 commenced, Slavophiles used anti-Polish sentiment to create feelings of national unity in Russian people. The popular anti-Polish and anti-European feelings were enhanced by Slavophile writers such as Katkov, to create national solidarity. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275953378&id=Lvjw9K8zRwIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=anti-Polish+and+anti-European+feelings&sig=gvdZKKiJ6app_WJmYLpKzPUVZ8c Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis page 54]by Ariel Cohen, Praeger Publishers (August 30, 1996)</ref> and the idea of a cultural union of all Slavs was abandoned.<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19990301facomment963/charles-clover/dreams-of-the-eurasian-heartland-the-reemergence-of-geopolitics.html Dreams of the Eurasian Heartland: The Reemergence of Geopolitics Charles Clover March/April 1999]</ref> With that Poland became firmly established to Slavophiles as symbol of Roman Catholicism and [[Western Europe]], that they detested.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00467165&id=h4HY3nt1fCoC&q=slavophiles+Poland&dq=slavophiles+Poland&pgis=1 Impressions of Russia] by Georg Morris Cohen Brandes, T. Y. Crowell & co 1889</ref> and as Poles were never assimiliated within the Russian Empire, constantly resisting Russian occupation of their country, in the end Slavophiles came to belief that annexation of Poland was a mistake due to fact that Polish nation couldn't be [[Russification|russified]].</ref> "Of course, the Poles were never really integrated into Russia, and were a constant thorn in the side for St. Petersburg. Regular uprisings and revolutions made Russian control of the Vistula provinces tenuous at best. True Slavophiles like Nikolai Danilevsky regarded the annexation of Poland as a mistake, saddling Russia with a powerful and hostile element, never to be truly Russified."<ref>[http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/2129dt0103all.pdf The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization] by Dmitri Trenin,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</ref> "After the struggle with Poles, Slavophiles expressed their belief, that notwithstanding the goal of conquering Constantinople, the future conflict would be made between the "Teutonic race" and the "Slavs", and the movement gradually turned into [[Germanophobia]]. "Once the Polish threat was over, the Slavophiles formulated another set of goals. Without renouncing the 300-year-long objective of seizing Constantinople and the Straits, they argued that the coming clash would be between the Slavs and Teutons."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275953378&id=Lvjw9K8zRwIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&vq=teutons&dq=russian+imperialism&sig=gvdZKKiJ6app_WJmYLpKzPUVZ8c Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis page 54],
"Thus Slavophilia transformed itself into Germanophobia."[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275953378&id=Lvjw9K8zRwIC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&vq=germanophobia&dq=russian+imperialism&sig=gKpbFW4PUBmuYU7dd9IeFao5Qx0 page 55] by Ariel Cohen, Praeger Publishers 1996</ref>

It should be noted that most Slavophiles were [[Liberalism|liberals]] and ardently supported the emancipation of serfs, which was finally realized in 1861. Press [[censorship]], [[serfdom]], and [[capital punishment]] were viewed as baneful influences of Western Europe<ref>History of Russian Philosophy by Nikolai Lossky ISBN 978-0823680740 p. 87</ref>. Their political ideal was a [[parliamentary monarchy]], as represented by the medieval [[Zemsky Sobor]]s.

== Post Serfdom ==
After serfdom was abolished in Russia and the end of the uprising in Poland, Slavophilism began to degenerate and turned into aggressive Russian nationalism and the promotion of [[Pan-Slavism]]. New Slavophile thinkers appeared in the 1870s and 1880s, represented by scholars such as Danilevsky and Leontiev. Danilevsky promoted autocracy and imperialistic expansion as part of the Russian national interest. Leontiev believed in a [[police state]] ideology aimed at preventing European influences from reaching Russia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415341116&id=OWjYS1n-EiMC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&vq=Leontiev&dq=The+Extreme+Nationalist+Threat+in+Russia&sig=ioEEMNDuMwgpgVN7wrJQYQgqBIE The Extreme Randy Nationalist Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas page 211] by Thomas Parland Routledge 2005</ref>

==Pochvennichestvo==
Later writers [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Konstantin Leontyev]], and [[Nikolay Danilevsky]] also developed a peculiar conservative version of Slavophilism called ''[[pochvennichestvo]]'' (from the Russian word for soil). This teaching, as articulated by [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]] (secular head of the [[Russian Orthodox church]]), was adopted as the official imperial [[ideology]] in the reigns of [[Alexander III of Russia]] and [[Nicholas II of Russia]]. Even after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], it was further developed by [[émigré]] religious philosophers such as [[Ivan Ilyin]] (1883-1954).

Many of the Slavophiles influenced prominent [[Cold War]] thinkers such as [[George F. Kennan]], instilling in them a love for "Old" Russia as opposed to Soviet Russia. This in turn influenced their foreign policy ideas, such as Kennan's belief that the revival of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in WWII would lead to the reform or overthrow of the Soviet Union.

==See also==
* [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]
* [[Vladimir Avdeyev]]
* [[Aleksandr Dugin]]
* [[Anglophile]]
* [[Anti-Slavism|Slavophobia]]
* [[Francophile]]
* [[Germanophile]]
* [[Hellenophile]]
* [[Russian philosophy]]
* [[List of Slavophiles]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Pan-Slavism]]
* [[Russification]]
* [[Romantic Nationalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Slavophilism http://stgeorgefarm.blogspot.com/2008/08/slavophilism_6345.html
* An Interpretation of Slavophilism http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/russian/AnInterpretationOfSlavophilism/Chap1.html
* Slavophile http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548498/Slavophile
*

{{Wikipedia}}
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[[Category:Russian]]
[[Category:Slavs]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]