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Final ranks

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[[File:SA-Logo.png|right|310px]]
The '''Sturmabteilung''' or '''SA/SA.''' (German for "Storm Detachment", usually translated as '''Stormtroopers''') functioned as a [[paramilitary]] organization of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (NSDAP) which played a key role in the party's rise to power, until they were superseded by the SS after the [[Night of the Long Knives]].

== History ==
[[File:So war SA (Thus the SA) by Elk Eber, 1938.jpg|thumb|300px|SA men were often called "'''brown shirts'''", (in German "''Braunhemden''") for the color of their uniforms, and to distinguish them from the [[Schutzstaffel]] (SS), who wore black and brown uniforms (compare the Italian [[Blackshirts]]). Brown-colored shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large batch of them was cheaply available after [[World War I]], having originally been ordered for German troops (''[[Schutztruppe]]'') serving in [[Africa]].]]
[[File:Junge SA-Manner nach einer Straßenschlacht mit kommunistischen Banden.jpg|thumb|300px|Young SA men after a street fight with communists]]
[[File:SA marschiert durch das Brandenburger Tor, 30. Januar 1933.jpg|thumb|300px|German SA marching through the [[Brandenburg Gate]] on 30 January 1933]]
The term ''Sturmabteilung'' predates the founding of the [[NSDAP]] in 1919. It originally comes from the specialized assault troops ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Sturm-Bataillon ''Sturmbataillone'']) used by the [[Imperial German Army]] in 1918 in [[World War I]] utilizing Hutier infiltration tactics. Instead of a large mass assault, the Sturmabteilung was organized into small squads of a few soldiers each. First applied during the German Eighth Army's siege of [[Riga]], then again at the [[Battle of Caporetto]], their wider use in March 1918 allowed the [[Germans]] to push back British and French lines tens of kilometers.

In [[Munich]] in January 1920, Hitler created the ''Ordnertruppen'' (order troop) or ''Saalschutz-Abteilung'' (meeting hall protection detachment), a strong group of former WW-I- and Freikorps-soldiers (but also soldiers of the [[Bavarian]] [[Reichswehr]]) and beer hall brawlers in order to protect gatherings of the party from disruptions from [[Social Democrats]]- and [[Communists]] riot groups. On 12 November 1920, the ''Saalschutz'' (short: S.S.) was re-named ''Turn- und Sportabteilung der NSDAP'' with it's leader [[Emil Maurice]].

On 4 November 1921, the National Socialist party held a large public meeting in the Munich Hofbräuhaus. After Hitler had spoken for some time the meeting erupted into a melee in which a small company of ''Ordnertruppen'' distinguished itself by thrashing the opposition. After this the organisation came to be called the SA (other sources claim the re-naming on 5 October 1921). Under their popular leader [[Ernst Röhm]], the SA grew in importance within the Party's power structure, initially growing in size to thousands of members.

From April 1924 until late February 1925 the outlawed SA was known as the ''[[Frontbann]]'' ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Frontbann de]) to avoid the temporary ban on the party. The SA fought [[communist]] groups throughout the 1920s, typically in minor street-fights called ''Zusammenstösse'' (clashes).

===Youth===
In 1922, the Party created a youth section, the ''[[Jugendbund]]'', for male youngster between the ages of 14 and 18 years. Its successor, the [[Hitler Youth]], remained under SA command until May 1932.

== Leaders ==
[[File:SA-Stabschef.jpg|thumb|300px|SA-Stabschef command flag, earlier version left, 1938–1945 right.]]
===Oberster SA-Führer===
The leader of the SA was known as the [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Oberste_SA-F%C3%BChrung ''Oberster SA-Führer''] or ''Oberster Führer der SA'', translated as Supreme SA Leader, a titular position. The following men held this position throughout the existence of the SA:

* [[Emil Maurice|Emil Jules Wilhelm “Moritzl” Maurice]] (1920–1921); unofficially; officially leader of the ''Saalschutz-Abteilung'', since November 1920 ''Organisator und Führer der “Turn- und Sportabteilung” der NSDAP'' and since autumn 1921 ''Organisator der SA'' [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Maurice,_Emil (de)]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Klintzsch,_Hans_Ulrich Julius Johann “Hans” Ulrich Klintzsch] (''Ausbilder der Turn- und Sportabteilungen der NSDAP'' since 20 July 1921; ''Führer der Sturmabteilung'' from November 1921 to February 1923)
* [[Hermann Wilhelm Göring]] (1 March to 9 November 1923)
* '''None''' (1923–1925); SA ''officially'' abolished after the failure of the [[Munich Putsch]]; Ernst Röhm remained the link between Hitler and the dispersed SA (→ [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Frontbann ''Frontbann'']).
** [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Buch,_Walter Walter Hans Buch] (13 November 1923 to January 1924) was shortly commisioned with the leadership of the ''illegal SA'' (“mit der Führung der illegalen SA beauftragt”); Kapitänleutnant a. D. Alfred Max Ludwig Hoffmann was named his deputy, therefore ''stellvertretender Kommandeur der SA'' from 16 November 1923 to 31 January 1924)
** Wilhelm Pleickart Ludwig Adolf Arthur Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, [[Rittmeister]] a. D. (flew over 300 combat missions during the Great War), commisioned with the leadership of the ''illegal SA'' until May 1924
* [[Ernst Julius Günther Röhm]] (March to 1 May 1925), Hauptmann a. D., ''Führer der SA''
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Pfeffer_von_Salomon,_Franz Franz Felix Pfeffer von Salomon] (1 November 1926 to 29 August 1930), Hauptmann i. G. a. D., ''Oberster SA-Führer (Reichs-SA-Führer)''; his deputy was the very influential [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Stennes,_Walther Walther Stennes]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wagener,_Otto Otto Wilhelm Heinrich Wagener] (29 August to 31 December 1930); Hauptmann a. D. (at last SA-Gruppenführer, since 1937, and Generalmajor z. V. of the Heer as well as [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]]), Dr. phil. h. c., entrusted with conducting the daily business of the position of the ''Oberster SA-Führer'' (''mit der Wahrung der Geschäfte beauftragt'')
* [[Adolf Hitler]] (1 January 1931 to 30 April 1945)

To centralize the loyalty of the SA, Adolf Hitler assumed command of the entire organization and remained ''Oberster SA-Führer'' for the remainder of the group's existence to 1945. The day to day running of the SA was conducted by the Stabschef SA (SA Chief of Staff). After 1931, it was the Stabschef who was generally accepted as the Commander of the SA, acting in Hitler's name.

===SA-Stabschef===
The following personnel held the position of Chief of Staff ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Chef_des_Stabes_der_SA ''Chef des Stabes''] or ''Stabschef'') of the SA (officially '''''Der Stabschef der SA.'''''), who oversaw the day-to-day operations of the ''Gruppe'' (consisting of multiple brigades) and was therefore considered the actual leader of the SA:
* Otto Wilhelm Heinrich Wagener (1888–1971) – 1. Oktober 1929 bis 31. Dezember 1930; title [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Wagener,_Otto (de)]
** Wagener held the title of ''Stabschef der SA'', with the rank created by Ernst Röhm. Initial insignia for the ''Stabschef'' consisted of an oak leaf patch worn on the collar of the stormtrooper uniform.
* [[Ernst Julius Günther Röhm]] (1887–1934) – 5 January 1931 to 1 July 1934; rank from 1931 on [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6hm,_Ernst (de)]
* [[Viktor Lutze]] (1890–1943) – 1 July 1934 to 2 May 1943 [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Lutze,_Viktor (de)]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCttner,_Max Max Paul Wilhelm Werner Jüttner] (1888–1963) – 2 May to 8 August 1943; acting Stabschef (''mit der Wahrnehmung der Geschäfte des Stabschefs der SA beauftragt'')
** November 1944 to May 1945 ''Mit Führungsaufgaben beim Aufbau des Volkssturms beauftragt'' (Charged with managerial responsibilities for the creation of the German People’s Army); April 1945 ''Führer'' of the Volkssturm-Kampfgruppe “Jüttner”, numbering approximately 160 men, in [[München]]. Arrested by American troops while commanding his Volkssturm unit in the Oberhaushammer Hütte south of Schliersee, then held successively in the camps of Bad Aibling, Neu-Ulm, Heilbronn, Ludwigsburg, Camp 74, Seckenheim and Kornwestheim (Camp 75). He lost 65 lbs while in U.S. custody. Appeared before the International Military Tribunal at Nürnberg in 1946 as a defense witness on the subject of the SA.
* [[Wilhelm Schepmann]] (1894–1970), Major z. V. – 16/18 August to 9 November 1943 acting Stabschef, 9 November 1943 to [[8 May 1945]] ''Der Stabschef der SA.''

==SA ranks (descending)==
[[File:Hermann Göring als SA-Führer, November 1923, Bild von Heinrich Hoffmann.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hermann Göring]] as ''SA-Führer'' in November 1923 ready for the [[Munich Putsch]]; Picture: [[Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer)|Heinrich Hoffmann]]]]
[[File:Rank insignia, Sturmabteilung (SA), here shoulder boards and collar patches (1944).jpg|thumb|300px|Rank insignia of the SA, here shoulder boards and collar patches (1944)]]
[[File:ORGANISATIONSBUCH DER NSDAP 1943.jpg|right|310px]]
The SA ranks would be adopted by several other Party groups, chief among them the [[SS]]. At the start of the detachment's existence, the SA had four primary titles:

*Oberster SA-Führer (Supreme SA-Leader)
*SA-Oberführer (SA-Senior Leader)
*SA-Führer (SA-Leader)
*SA-Mann (SA-Trooper)

SA ranks by the close of the 1920s with [[Reichswehr]] and UK equivalent:

*SA-Gruppenführer (SA-Group leader) – Generalleutnant – Lieutenant general
*SA-Untergruppenführer (SA-Junior group leader) – Generalmajor – Major general
*SA-Oberführer (SA-Senior leader) – no equivalent
*SA-Standartenführer (SA-Standard leader) – Oberst – Colonel
*SA-Sturmbannführer (SA-Storm unit leader) – Major – Major
*SA-Sturmhauptführer (SA-Chief storm leader) – Hauptmann/[[Rittmeister]] – Captain
*SA-Sturmführer (SA-Storm leader) – Leutnant – Lieutenant
*SA-Truppführer (SA-Troop leader) – Feldwebel – Sergeant
*SA-Scharführer (SA-Squad leader) – Unteroffizier/Unterfeldwebel – Corporal
*SA-Mann (SA-Man/SA-Trooper) – Soldat – Private

===Final ranks ===
Final SA ranks (1942 to 1945) with [[Wehrmacht]] and UK military equivalent;

'''General officer ranks:'''
* Oberster Führer der SA – [[Reichsmarschall]] – '''''none'''''
* Chef des Stabes der SA – [[Generalfeldmarschall]]– Field Marshal
* '''''none''''' – [[Generaloberst]] – General
* SA-Obergruppenführer – General der Waffengattung – Lieutenant-general
* SA-Gruppenführer – Generalleutnant – Major-general
* SA-Brigadeführer – Generalmajor – Brigadier

'''Staff officer (''Stabsoffiziere'') ranks:'''
*SA-Oberführer – '''none''' – Colonel
* SA-Standartenführer – Oberst – Colonel
* SA-Obersturmbannführer – Oberstleutnant – Lieutenant colonel
*SA-Sturmbannführer – Major – Major

'''Officer ranks:'''
* SA-Hauptsturmführer – Hauptmann/Rittmeister – Captain
* SA-Obersturmführer – Oberleutnant – Lieutenant
* SA-Sturmführer – Leutnant – Second lieutenant

'''Non-Commissioned Officer ranks:'''

* SA-Haupttruppführer – Stabsfeldwebel – Sergeant major
* SA-Obertruppführer – Oberfeldwebel – Sergeant major
*SA-Truppführer – Feldwebel – Staff sergeant
* SA-Oberscharführer – Unterfeldwebel – Sergeant
* SA-Scharführer – Unteroffizier – Corporal

'''Enlisted ranks:'''
* '''''none''''' – Stabsgefreiter – Lance corporal
* SA-Rottenführer – Obergefreiter – Lance corporal
* SA-Obersturmmann – Gefreiter – Corporal
* SA-Sturmmann – Oberschütze – Senior Private
* SA-Mann – Soldat – Private
* SA-Anwärter (candidate)

==Further reading==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/organisationsbuc00nati_0/mode/2up Organisationsbuch der NSDAP]'' by ''Reichsorganisationsleiter'' [[Robert Ley]], published 1943 ("Herausgeber: Robert Ley"; "7 Auflage: 301-400 Tausend"). Publisher : Zentralverlag der NSDAP, Franz Eher Nachf., München. 856 pages.
* Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: ''Leaders of the Storm Troops Volume I – Oberster SA-Führer & SA-Stabschef and SA-Obergruppenführer (B – J)'', 2015

==See also==
* [[Brown-baiting]]
* [[Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5]]

== External links ==
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/SA-Ehrendolch SA-Ehrendolch]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/SA-Wehrabzeichen SA-Wehrabzeichen]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415075609/https://altright.com/2017/04/20/the-peaceful-origins-of-nazi-violence/ The Peaceful Origins of Nazi Violence]
* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Eber,_Elk SA painter Prof. Wilhelm Emil „Elk“ Eber]

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