Sudetenland - Revision history

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	The name is derived from the Sudeten mountains, though the Sudetenland itself extended beyond these mountains which run along the border to Silesia and contemporary [[Poland]]. The inhabitants were called ''Sudeten Germans'' (German: ''Sudetendeutsche'', Czech: ''Sudetští Němci''). The very small German minority in [[Slovakia]], the [[Carpathian Germans]], are not included in this category.		The name is derived from the Sudeten mountains, though the Sudetenland itself extended beyond these mountains which run along the border to Silesia and contemporary [[Poland]]. The inhabitants were called ''Sudeten Germans'' (German: ''Sudetendeutsche'', Czech: ''Sudetští Němci''). The very small German minority in [[Slovakia]], the [[Carpathian Germans]], are not included in this category.

	In 1934, the estimated population of [[Czechoslovakia]] stood at 14,729,536, of whom 7,300,000 were Czechs, 2,300,000 Slovaks, 3,231,688 Germans (22.02 per cent of the total population), 691,923 Magyars, 549,169 Ruthenians, Russians and Ukrainians, 186,642 ~~Jews~~ (by nationality), 81,737 Poles and 49,636 others. There were 249,971 persons not Czecho-Slovak citizens. The ethnic Germans largely inhabited the west and north of [[Bohemia]], and north [[Moravia]], forming about one-third of the populations of those two provinces.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1938'' (1937 reports), London, 1938, p.188.</ref> In addition there were huge German pockets in Bohemia proper, such as [[Brünn]].		In 1934, the estimated population of [[Czechoslovakia]] stood at 14,729,536, of whom 7,300,000 were Czechs, 2,300,000 Slovaks, 3,231,688 Germans (22.02 per cent of the total population), 691,923 Magyars, 549,169 Ruthenians, Russians and Ukrainians, 186,642 jews (by nationality), 81,737 Poles and 49,636 others. There were 249,971 persons not Czecho-Slovak citizens. The ethnic Germans largely inhabited the west and north of [[Bohemia]], and north [[Moravia]], forming about one-third of the populations of those two provinces.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1938'' (1937 reports), London, 1938, p.188.</ref> In addition there were huge German pockets in Bohemia proper, such as [[Brünn]].
	==History==		==History==

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	===Sudeten===		===Sudeten===
	Conflicts in the Sudetenland regions between Czech and German ~~nationalists~~ emerged in the 19th century, for instance in the [[Revolutions of 1848]]: while the German-speaking population wanted to participate in the building of a German national state, the minority Czech-speaking population insisted on keeping Bohemia out of such plans. In the wake of this growing nationalism, the name ''Sudetendeutsche'' (Sudeten Germans) emerged by the early 20th century. It originally constituted part of a larger classification of three groupings of Germans within the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], which also included ''Alpendeutsche'' (Alpine Germans) in what later became the Republic of Austria, and ''Balkandeutsche'' (Balkan Germans) in Hungary and the regions east of it. Of these three terms, only the term ''Sudetendeutsche'' survived, because of the ethnic and cultural conflicts within Bohemia.		Conflicts in the Sudetenland regions between Czech and German fascists emerged in the 19th century, for instance in the [[Revolutions of 1848]]: while the German-speaking population wanted to participate in the building of a German national state, the minority Czech-speaking population insisted on keeping Bohemia out of such plans. In the wake of this growing nationalism, the name ''Sudetendeutsche'' (Sudeten Germans) emerged by the early 20th century. It originally constituted part of a larger classification of three groupings of Germans within the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], which also included ''Alpendeutsche'' (Alpine Germans) in what later became the Republic of Austria, and ''Balkandeutsche'' (Balkan Germans) in Hungary and the regions east of it. Of these three terms, only the term ''Sudetendeutsche'' survived, because of the ethnic and cultural conflicts within Bohemia.

	===Post-World War I===		===Post-World War I===
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	During the [[Great Depression]] the mostly mountainous regions populated by the German minority, together with other peripheral regions of Czechoslovakia, were hurt by the economic depression more than the interior of the country. Unlike the less developed regions ([[Ruthenia]], Moravian Wallachia), the Sudetenland had a high concentration of vulnerable export-dependent industries (such as glass works, textile industries, paper-making and toy-making industries). 60 per cent of the costume jewellery and glass-making industry were located in the Sudetenland, and 69 per cent of the employees in this sector were Germans, and 95 per cent of the jewellery and 78 per cent of glassware was produced for export. The glass-making sector was affected by decreased spending power and also by protective import measures in other countries and many German workers lost their livelihoods.<ref>Kárník, Zdeněk. České země v éře první republiky (1918-1938). Díl 2. Praha 2002.</ref>		During the [[Great Depression]] the mostly mountainous regions populated by the German minority, together with other peripheral regions of Czechoslovakia, were hurt by the economic depression more than the interior of the country. Unlike the less developed regions ([[Ruthenia]], Moravian Wallachia), the Sudetenland had a high concentration of vulnerable export-dependent industries (such as glass works, textile industries, paper-making and toy-making industries). 60 per cent of the costume jewellery and glass-making industry were located in the Sudetenland, and 69 per cent of the employees in this sector were Germans, and 95 per cent of the jewellery and 78 per cent of glassware was produced for export. The glass-making sector was affected by decreased spending power and also by protective import measures in other countries and many German workers lost their livelihoods.<ref>Kárník, Zdeněk. České země v éře první republiky (1918-1938). Díl 2. Praha 2002.</ref>

	The high unemployment made people more disillusioned and open to populist and extremist movements ([[Communism]], [[Fascism]] and German [[irredentism]]). In these years, the parties of German ~~nationalists~~ and later the Sudeten German National Socialist Party (SdP) with its radical demands gained immense popularity among Germans in Czechoslovakia.		The high unemployment made people more disillusioned and open to populist and extremist movements ([[Communism]], [[Fascism]] and German [[irredentism]]). In these years, the parties of German fascists and later the Sudeten German National Socialist Party (SdP) with its radical demands gained immense popularity among Germans in Czechoslovakia.

	===Sudetenland Crisis===		===Sudetenland Crisis===
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	===Expulsions and resettlement after World War II===		===Expulsions and resettlement after World War II===

	Following the end of [[World War II]], the [[Stalin]] falsely announced that most of the German populations in Eastern Europe had "fled" and that those who had not would be expelled. This was announced to the Western [[Plutocracy\|plutocratic]] Allies at the [[Potsdam Conference]] in 1945, who, helpless to intervene, merely acquiesced while expressing their disgust. Czech communists and fanatical ~~nationalists~~ now proceeded to expel and murder as many Germans, immaterial of age, as they could find.<ref>App, Dr.Austin J., M.A., PhD., ''The Sudeten-German Tragedy'', Md., 1979.</ref><ref>Schieder, Professor Theodor, ''et al'', ''The Expulsion of the German Population from Czecho-Slovakia'', vol.iv., published by the Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, West Germany, 1960.</ref><ref>de Zayas, Alfred Maurice, Secretary of the [[United Nations]] Human Rights Committee, ''A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of East Europea Germans'', USA and UK 1994 and 2006. ISBN 10-1-4039-7308-3</ref><ref>Douglas, Professor R.M., ''Orderley and Humane'':The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War, Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-300-19820-1</ref>		Following the end of [[World War II]], the [[Stalin]] falsely announced that most of the German populations in Eastern Europe had "fled" and that those who had not would be expelled. This was announced to the Western [[Plutocracy\|plutocratic]] Allies at the [[Potsdam Conference]] in 1945, who, helpless to intervene, merely acquiesced while expressing their disgust. Czech communists and fanatical fascists now proceeded to expel and murder as many Germans, immaterial of age, as they could find.<ref>App, Dr.Austin J., M.A., PhD., ''The Sudeten-German Tragedy'', Md., 1979.</ref><ref>Schieder, Professor Theodor, ''et al'', ''The Expulsion of the German Population from Czecho-Slovakia'', vol.iv., published by the Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, West Germany, 1960.</ref><ref>de Zayas, Alfred Maurice, Secretary of the [[United Nations]] Human Rights Committee, ''A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of East Europea Germans'', USA and UK 1994 and 2006. ISBN 10-1-4039-7308-3</ref><ref>Douglas, Professor R.M., ''Orderley and Humane'':The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War, Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-300-19820-1</ref>

	The number of expelled Germans in the early phase alone (spring-summer 1945) is estimated to be around 500,000 people. Many were brutally murdered. It has been said that some 244,000 Germans, who had to prove that they were never "Nazi" sympathisers, were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia, but there remains some considerable doubt about these claims. German refugees from Czechoslovakia are now represented by the [[Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft]].		The number of expelled Germans in the early phase alone (spring-summer 1945) is estimated to be around 500,000 people. Many were brutally murdered. It has been said that some 244,000 Germans, who had to prove that they were never "Nazi" sympathisers, were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia, but there remains some considerable doubt about these claims. German refugees from Czechoslovakia are now represented by the [[Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft]].

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	* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger_des_Sudetenlandes Ritterkreuzträger des Sudetenlandes (German)]		* [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger_des_Sudetenlandes Ritterkreuzträger des Sudetenlandes (German)]
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|2}}
	[[Category:Bohemia]]		[[Category:Bohemia]]
	[[Category:National Socialist Germany]]		[[Category:National Socialist Germany]]

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	[[File:Sudetenland.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|''Reichsgau Sudetenland'', also short ''Sudetengau'', and the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] from 1938/39 until 1945]]		[[File:Sudetenland.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|''Reichsgau Sudetenland'', also short ''Sudetengau'', and the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] from 1938/39 until 1945]]
	[[File:Austria-Hungary ethnic groups in 1910.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The Austro-Hungarian 1910 Census showed clearly the ethnic German parts of the Austrian Crown Lands. The politicians at [[Treaty of Versailles\|Versailles]] ignored this as well as the initially promised self-determination, creating future problems.]]		[[File:Austria-Hungary ethnic groups in 1910.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The Austro-Hungarian 1910 Census showed clearly the ethnic German parts of the Austrian Crown Lands. The politicians at [[Treaty of Versailles\|Versailles]] ignored this as well as the initially promised self-determination, creating future problems.]]
	The '''Sudetenland''' is the German-language name used primarily between the two world wars to describe what became regions of the new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of the Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czechoslovakia]] which regions had been inhabited ovrwhelmingly by ethnic [[Germans]] for at least 800 years in the borderlands of Habsburg [[Silesia]], [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]].		The '''Sudetenland''' is the German-language name used primarily between the two world wars to describe what became regions of the new artificial state<ref>''The Tragedy of Trianon'' by Sir Robert Donald, G.B.E., LL.B., London, 1928, pps: 25-6, 57-8.</ref><ref>''Czecho-Slovakia Within'' by Count Bertram de Colonna, London, 1938, p.9.</ref><ref>''The Origins of the Second World War'' by A. J. P. Taylor, London, 1961, p.201.</ref> of [[Czechoslovakia]] which regions had been inhabited ovrwhelmingly by ethnic [[Germans]] for at least 800 years in the borderlands of Habsburg [[Silesia]], [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]].

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	===Bohemia===		===Bohemia===
	[[File:Austrian Bohemia (north) Gablonz an der Neiße, ca. 1895.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Gablonz-an-der-Neiße in the very north of the Sudetenland, was a German town from its foundation.]]		[[File:Austrian Bohemia (north) Gablonz an der Neiße, ca. 1895.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Gablonz-an-der-Neiße in the very north of the Sudetenland, was a German town from its foundation.]]
	[[File:Austrian Bohemia Aussig c1915 showing Theatre.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The Habsburg State Theatre in Aussig, Sudetenland.]]		[[File:Austrian Bohemia Aussig c1915 showing Theatre.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The Habsburg State Theatre in Aussig, Sudetenland.]]
	[[File:Austrian Bohemia Eger the Altstadt..~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The ancient Austro-German city of Eger, showing the ''Altstadt'', Sudetenland.]]		[[File:Austrian Bohemia Eger the Altstadt..png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|The ancient Austro-German city of Eger, showing the ''Altstadt'', Sudetenland.]]
	[[File:Austrian Bohemia Egerland 1871.~~jpg~~\|250px\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Bohemia, Austrian Crown Lands - Egerland, in Sudetenland]]		[[File:Austrian Bohemia Egerland 1871.png\|250px\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Bohemia, Austrian Crown Lands - Egerland, in Sudetenland]]
	[[File:Austrian Bohemia Marienbad & Hotel Leipzig.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Austrian Bohemia, the famous spa town of Marienbad; natural hot springs or mineral waters baths by the Hotel Leipzig, Sudetenland.]]		[[File:Austrian Bohemia Marienbad & Hotel Leipzig.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Austrian Bohemia, the famous spa town of Marienbad; natural hot springs or mineral waters baths by the Hotel Leipzig, Sudetenland.]]
	[[File:Sudetenland ist frei.~~jpg~~\|right\|300px]]		[[File:Sudetenland ist frei.png\|right\|300px]]
	[[File:Sudetenland ist frei (1).png\|right\|300px]]		[[File:Sudetenland ist frei (1).png\|right\|300px]]
	[[File:Sudetenland ist frei (2).png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Unification of Germany\|Day of unification]] (''Tag der Vereinigung'')]]		[[File:Sudetenland ist frei (2).png\|thumb\|300px\|[[Unification of Germany\|Day of unification]] (''Tag der Vereinigung'')]]
	[[File:Austrian Bohemia Asch, 3 Oct 1938, after Munich Agreement..~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Joyful celebrations as the ethnic-German city of Asch returns to the fatherland, 3 October 1938, following the [[Munich Agreement]].]]		[[File:Austrian Bohemia Asch, 3 Oct 1938, after Munich Agreement..png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Joyful celebrations as the ethnic-German city of Asch returns to the fatherland, 3 October 1938, following the [[Munich Agreement]].]]
	[[File:Germans being expelled from the Sudetenland by the Czechs 1945-6.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Ethnic Germans being expelled from their homes by the Czechs 1945-6. Many were simply murdered.<ref>[[Documents on the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans]]</ref>.]]		[[File:Germans being expelled from the Sudetenland by the Czechs 1945-6.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Ethnic Germans being expelled from their homes by the Czechs 1945-6. Many were simply murdered.<ref>[[Documents on the Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans]]</ref>.]]
	[[File:Germany_memorial_to_Sudetan_dead.~~jpg~~\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Memorial in Germany to the murdered German population of the Sudetenland]]		[[File:Germany_memorial_to_Sudetan_dead.png\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Memorial in Germany to the murdered German population of the Sudetenland]]
	[[File:German Sudetenlanders meet in Berlin 1963.jpeg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|In 1963, Sudetenland expellees and their families gathered in [[Berlin]] for a rally celebrating the 'Day of the Homeland' (''Tag der Heimat'')]]		[[File:German Sudetenlanders meet in Berlin 1963.jpeg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|In 1963, Sudetenland expellees and their families gathered in [[Berlin]] for a rally celebrating the 'Day of the Homeland' (''Tag der Heimat'')]]
	After the extinction of the [[Přemyslid dynasty]], the kingdom of [[Bohemia]] was ruled by the [[House of Luxembourg]] and then, by inheritance, by the [[Habsburg]]s. By the second half of the 13th century (1200s) onwards the Sudetenland was already settled by ethnic [[Germans]], many of whom were invited in by the Bohemian kings – especially by [[Přemysl Otakar II]] and [[Wenceslaus II]]. These borderlands were grey areas as far as sovereignty was concerned. In the Peace of Eger on 25 April 1459, the treaty established a formal border between the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony on the main ridge of the Ore Mountains stretching from Eger to the River Elbe. The border remains largely unchanged up to today, separating the Czech Republic and Germany, and is thus one of the oldest still extant borders in Europe. With the establishment of this border a great number of ethnic Germans now found themselves inside Bohemia. From 1620 onwards the Habsburgs gradually integrated the Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.		After the extinction of the [[Přemyslid dynasty]], the kingdom of [[Bohemia]] was ruled by the [[House of Luxembourg]] and then, by inheritance, by the [[Habsburg]]s. By the second half of the 13th century (1200s) onwards the Sudetenland was already settled by ethnic [[Germans]], many of whom were invited in by the Bohemian kings – especially by [[Přemysl Otakar II]] and [[Wenceslaus II]]. These borderlands were grey areas as far as sovereignty was concerned. In the Peace of Eger on 25 April 1459, the treaty established a formal border between the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony on the main ridge of the Ore Mountains stretching from Eger to the River Elbe. The border remains largely unchanged up to today, separating the Czech Republic and Germany, and is thus one of the oldest still extant borders in Europe. With the establishment of this border a great number of ethnic Germans now found themselves inside Bohemia. From 1620 onwards the Habsburgs gradually integrated the Kingdom of Bohemia into their monarchy.

Sudetenland - Revision history

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