Treaty of Versailles - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 28 February 2024
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	[[Category:Diplomacy]]		[[Category:Diplomacy]]

	~~[[de:Versailler Vertrag]]~~
	[[es:Tratado de Versalles]]		[[es:Tratado de Versalles]]
	[[et:Versailles' leping]]		[[et:Versailles' leping]]
	[[pt:Tratado de Versalhes]]		[[pt:Tratado de Versalhes]]
	[[sv:Versaillesfördraget]]		[[sv:Versaillesfördraget]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:Peace treaties" to ""

2024-02-28T03:23:09Z

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	[[Category:The Great War]]		[[Category:The Great War]]
	~~[[Category:Peace treaties]]~~
	[[Category:Diplomacy]]		[[Category:Diplomacy]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "\[\[Category:Political(.*)\]\]" to ""

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	[[Category:history]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:Politics]]		[[Category:Politics]]
	~~[[Category:Political spectrum]]~~
	[[Category:The Great War]]		[[Category:The Great War]]
	[[Category:Peace treaties]]		[[Category:Peace treaties]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Jew" to "jew"

2024-02-25T12:11:42Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:55, 21 February 2024
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	~~[[Category:Treaty of Versailles]]~~
	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:World War I" to "Category:The Great War"

2024-02-18T01:46:23Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:46, 17 February 2024
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	[[Category:~~World~~ War I]]		[[Category:The Great War]]
	[[Category:Peace treaties]]		[[Category:Peace treaties]]
	[[Category:Diplomacy]]		[[Category:Diplomacy]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "nationalist" to "fascist"

2024-02-15T21:45:27Z

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	: ''No nation, even amongst the Allied and Associated Powers, can expect the German people to accept peace-terms which must detach vital members from the body-corporate of Germany without any consultation of the populations involved.''<ref>''The Eastern Frontiers of Germany'' by René Martel, London, 1930, p.66.</ref>		: ''No nation, even amongst the Allied and Associated Powers, can expect the German people to accept peace-terms which must detach vital members from the body-corporate of Germany without any consultation of the populations involved.''<ref>''The Eastern Frontiers of Germany'' by René Martel, London, 1930, p.66.</ref>

	Conservatives, [[~~nationalists~~]] and ex-military leaders began to speak critically about the peace, and Weimar politicians, socialists, communists, and Jews were viewed with suspicion due to their extra-national loyalties. Mainly because of that many who had not supported the war were accused of playing a role in selling out Germany to its enemies. Some blamed Germany's failure on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers without an adequate supply of materiéls. The 'November Criminals', and those who seemed to benefit from the newly formed Republic, were seen to have "stabbed Germany in the back" on the home front, by either criticizing German nationalism, by instigating unrest and strikes in the critical military industries, or profiteering. In essence the accusations were that the 'accused' committed treason against the "benevolent and righteous" common cause. These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany signed the Armistice in the West on 11 November 1918, its armies were still on French and Belgian territory. Not only had the German Army been in enemy territory the entire time on the [[Western Front]], but on the [[Eastern Front]], Germany had already won the war against Russia (and Romania), concluded with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.<ref>''Brest-Litovsk'' - The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, by Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, K.C.V.O., C.M.G., O.B.E., D.C.L., Macmillan, London & New York, 1966.</ref> In the West, Germany had seemed to come close to winning the war with the March Spring Offensive that year.		Conservatives, [[fascists]] and ex-military leaders began to speak critically about the peace, and Weimar politicians, socialists, communists, and Jews were viewed with suspicion due to their extra-national loyalties. Mainly because of that many who had not supported the war were accused of playing a role in selling out Germany to its enemies. Some blamed Germany's failure on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers without an adequate supply of materiéls. The 'November Criminals', and those who seemed to benefit from the newly formed Republic, were seen to have "stabbed Germany in the back" on the home front, by either criticizing German nationalism, by instigating unrest and strikes in the critical military industries, or profiteering. In essence the accusations were that the 'accused' committed treason against the "benevolent and righteous" common cause. These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany signed the Armistice in the West on 11 November 1918, its armies were still on French and Belgian territory. Not only had the German Army been in enemy territory the entire time on the [[Western Front]], but on the [[Eastern Front]], Germany had already won the war against Russia (and Romania), concluded with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.<ref>''Brest-Litovsk'' - The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, by Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, K.C.V.O., C.M.G., O.B.E., D.C.L., Macmillan, London & New York, 1966.</ref> In the West, Germany had seemed to come close to winning the war with the March Spring Offensive that year.
	[[File:Gustav Stresemann in colour.jpg\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Gustav Stresemann, German Foreign Minister.]]		[[File:Gustav Stresemann in colour.jpg\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Gustav Stresemann, German Foreign Minister.]]
	Domestic betrayal resonated within Germany, and its claims would add considerably to the public support for the emerging [[NSDAP]] and their nationalism. In a speech made on 12 April 1922 [[Adolf Hitler\|Hitler]] referred to the Treaty as "a crime". Anti-Semitism was intensified by Jewish communist agitators such as [[Rosa Luxemburg]] in Berlin, and the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]], a [[Communist]] government which ruled the city of Munich for two weeks before being crushed by the [[Freikorps]] militia. Many of the Bavarian Soviet Republic's leaders were Jewish, a fact that allowed anti-Semitic propagandists to make the connection with "Communist treason".		Domestic betrayal resonated within Germany, and its claims would add considerably to the public support for the emerging [[NSDAP]] and their nationalism. In a speech made on 12 April 1922 [[Adolf Hitler\|Hitler]] referred to the Treaty as "a crime". Anti-Semitism was intensified by Jewish communist agitators such as [[Rosa Luxemburg]] in Berlin, and the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]], a [[Communist]] government which ruled the city of Munich for two weeks before being crushed by the [[Freikorps]] militia. Many of the Bavarian Soviet Republic's leaders were Jewish, a fact that allowed anti-Semitic propagandists to make the connection with "Communist treason".
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	At the [[Treaty of Locarno]] (comprising five pacts), signed on 16 October 1925, Germany's western borders as laid down in the Versailles Treaty were confirmed (huge demonstrations against this in Berlin), but the question of the eastern border with Poland remained unresolved.<ref>Palmér and Neubauer, 2000, p.96-7.</ref> In addition, Stresemann proclaimed himself the leader of Germany in her passionate repudiation of the notorious War Guilt clause of the Treaty in a speech to the Reichstag on 14 December 1925.<ref>Cited in ''What They Said At The Time'' by K.Freeman, D.Litt., London, 1945, p.38.</ref>		At the [[Treaty of Locarno]] (comprising five pacts), signed on 16 October 1925, Germany's western borders as laid down in the Versailles Treaty were confirmed (huge demonstrations against this in Berlin), but the question of the eastern border with Poland remained unresolved.<ref>Palmér and Neubauer, 2000, p.96-7.</ref> In addition, Stresemann proclaimed himself the leader of Germany in her passionate repudiation of the notorious War Guilt clause of the Treaty in a speech to the Reichstag on 14 December 1925.<ref>Cited in ''What They Said At The Time'' by K.Freeman, D.Litt., London, 1945, p.38.</ref>

	In 1929 the ~~nationalist~~ parties in the Reichstag forced a referendum to be held on the Young Plan, item (1) being "The Government is to advise the foreign Powers that the forced acknowledgement of war guilt in the Versailles Treaty is contrary to historical truth, is based on false premises, and is not binding in international law." Only 14.59 per cent voted instead of the more than half required by Article 75 of the Constitition, and the proposal in the referendum therefore failed.<ref>''Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815-1939'' edited by G. A. Kertesz, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1969, p.417.</ref>		In 1929 the fascist parties in the Reichstag forced a referendum to be held on the Young Plan, item (1) being "The Government is to advise the foreign Powers that the forced acknowledgement of war guilt in the Versailles Treaty is contrary to historical truth, is based on false premises, and is not binding in international law." Only 14.59 per cent voted instead of the more than half required by Article 75 of the Constitition, and the proposal in the referendum therefore failed.<ref>''Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815-1939'' edited by G. A. Kertesz, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1969, p.417.</ref>

	A year after Stresemann's death, [[Adolf Hitler\|Hitler]] contributed an article to the London newspaper ''The Sunday Express'' in September 1930, in part of which he stated: "We, the National Socialists, demand the revision of the Versailles Treaty; we demand the revision of the Young Plan; we demand the return to Germany of the Polish Corridor, which is like a strip of flesh cut from our body as it cuts Germany in two. It is a national wound that bleeds continuously, and will continue to bleed till the land is returned to us. We will rouse all Germans against this [the Versailles Treaty] injustice."<ref>Baynes, 1969, vol.ii, p.994-5.</ref>		A year after Stresemann's death, [[Adolf Hitler\|Hitler]] contributed an article to the London newspaper ''The Sunday Express'' in September 1930, in part of which he stated: "We, the National Socialists, demand the revision of the Versailles Treaty; we demand the revision of the Young Plan; we demand the return to Germany of the Polish Corridor, which is like a strip of flesh cut from our body as it cuts Germany in two. It is a national wound that bleeds continuously, and will continue to bleed till the land is returned to us. We will rouse all Germans against this [the Versailles Treaty] injustice."<ref>Baynes, 1969, vol.ii, p.994-5.</ref>

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: Text replacement - "Category:German " to "Category:"

2024-02-08T02:40:37Z

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	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:European history]]		[[Category:European history]]
	[[Category:~~German~~ history]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:Politics]]		[[Category:Politics]]
	[[Category:Political spectrum]]		[[Category:Political spectrum]]

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

2024-02-05T21:33:47Z

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en>Matt58: /* Further reading */ add

2024-01-06T12:45:37Z