en>Crusader: /* See also */

2023-07-27T22:49:57Z

See also

New page

{{Template:White flight}}

'''White flight''' is a term for the migration of [[European]] peoples away from areas with non-[[European]] populations. It can refer to migration both inside a country and between countries.

==United States==
[[File:White flight II.jpg|300px|right|310px]]
[[File:Detroit houses ruins.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Detroit is possibly the worst example of modern White Flight where the city became semi-ruinous and entire suburbs fell into ruins and vanished. As White Flight accellerated the homes of those who were still ''in situ'' became worthless. When they too finally departed, they left with only what moveables they possessed.]]
In the United States, large-scale White flight may have started with the mechanization of agriculture, which caused many blacks to move from southern rural districts to inner city areas. This was accompanied by a White migration to the suburbs. The patterns were strongest during the 1940s and the following decades. Studies have suggested that the White flight was caused by increased concentration of racial minorities and the poor, increased crime, and fiscal mismanagement. In some cases, those who migrated lived in all-White enclaves with little contact with the blacks in their immediate neighborhoods. These people may have been worried by changes in local politics caused by the changed electorate in the cities. During the 1960s and 1970s, [[desegregation]] of schools was another reason for leaving. Improved transportation due to road building and the automobile also contributed. A 2010 study found that each immigration of a black caused an emigration of 2.7 Whites.<ref>Leah Platt Boustan, 2010. "Was Postwar Suburbanization "White Flight"? Evidence from the Black Migration," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 125(1), pages 417-443, February. http://www.nber.org/papers/w13543</ref>

Another contributing cause to early black migration was the World Wars and military service, causing labor shortages in the North.<ref>Reckoning Without Race https://www.amren.com/features/2018/05/reckoning-without-race/</ref>

"Blockbusting" was a business practice of U.S. real estate agents and building developers meant to encourage White property owners to sell their houses at a loss, by implying that racial minorities were moving into their previously racially segregated neighborhood, thus depressing real estate property values. Blockbusting became possible after World War II, after the legislative and judicial dismantling of earlier legally protected racially segregated real estate practices. Regarding more recent developments:

: "''William Frey, a demographer at the Brookings Institution, is perhaps the leading expert on the increasingly regional nature of residential segregation. “In the past, people could move to a community five minutes away,” he explained. “Now, those communities aren’t very different from the places they are trying to get away from. So they have to move a much longer distance, even to another state. [...] When whites did not get out of Southern California entirely, they increasingly locked themselves in private, walled-off communities. During the early 1990s, an estimated one third of all new real estate developments in the area were gated, self-policing enclaves. Many Californians left the state entirely. [...] California used to be a magnet for Americans from other states, but no more. Even as immigrants poured in during the 1990s, the state lost more native-born Americans than it gained. Seventy percent of the people who left the state were white.[...] From the 1940s to the 1980s, rural America lost population, 1.4 million in the 1980s alone. Now it is gaining population. Between 1990 and 1995, there was net migration of more than 1.6 million people to rural areas and small towns. Most came from cities and suburbs, and almost all were white.''"<ref name=ihf2/>

Different mathematical models have been proposed to explain the patterns of racial/ethnic residential segregation and White flight. The "checkerboard model" is a spatial model which suggests that if there exists only modest average preferences for living with the own race/ethnicity, then this will in the end cause almost complete residential segregation – a "checkerboard" geographic pattern. The "tipping model" is a temporal model which suggests that if a disliked group in an area grows beyond a "tipping point", then this causes a relatively quick chain reaction which causes almost all of the other group to leave the area. Those most strongly objecting leave first, but this then makes the situation more difficult for those remaining, who therefore also leave after a while. It has been argued that the models can be combined.<ref>Zhang, J. (2011), TIPPING AND RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION: A UNIFIED SCHELLING MODEL. Journal of Regional Science, 51: 167–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00671.x</ref>

See the article on [[Detroit]] on an often mentioned example of White flight.

===Church White flight===
: "''During the civil rights era, churches made a passionately moral case for integration, but they have not practiced what they preached. Unlike schools or businesses, which must follow civil rights laws, congregations gather voluntarily, entirely free of government control. As a result, churches are some of the most racially exclusive institutions in the country. According to one study, nearly 95 percent of American churches have congregations that are at least 80 percent one race or ethnic group. A different study found this to be true of 96.5 percent of congregations.''"<ref name=ihf2/>

===Political White flight===
See [[Political_spectrum#Increasing_polarization|Political spectrum: Increasing polarization]].

===Retirement home White flight===
: "''There is a tendency to separation in retirement homes as well. Charlene Well, assistant administrator at Glen Elston Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Chicago, explained that she groups Hispanic and Polish residents separately because “you have to create an environment they’re used to living in.”''"

===School White flight===
A related behavior is White students leaving schools with large numbers of non-White students. This also regarding schools with many Asians (Chinese), despite the schools having excellent academic records.<ref name=ihf1>Integration Has Failed (Part I) https://www.amren.com/news/2008/10/integration_has/</ref><ref name=ihf2>Integration Has Failed, Part II https://www.amren.com/news/2008/10/integration_has_1/</ref>

Even in "integrated schools", the different races self-segregate. "''If a school has only a few minority students they have no choice but to mix with the majority. “When you get larger minority populations, they reach a size where you can have a viable single-race community,” explained James Moody of Ohio State University, who studies school integration. “At that point, students find enough friends within their own race and don’t tend to make cross-racial friendships.”''"<ref name=ihf1/>

A 2006 study found that the greater the education of White parents, the more likely they will remove their children from public schools as the percentage of black students increases. More-educated Whites also lived in more White neighborhoods than less-educated Whites.<ref>Surprise, Surprise! Highly educated white liberals are hypocrites https://isteve.blogspot.co.uk/2006/12/surprise-surprise-highly-educated.html</ref>

: "''At one time, “magnet schools” were supposed to solve the problem of white flight. The plan was to make urban public schools so attractive they would lure back whites who had fled to the suburbs. This policy has been an almost uniform failure, and Kansas City, Missouri, is only the most striking failure. A federal judge took over the school district in 1985, and imposed taxes to pay for the most grandiose public schools in America. Over the next 12 years, the city spent nearly $2 billion. Kansas City got 15 new schools with such things as an Olympic-sized swimming pool with an underwater viewing room, television and animation studios, a model United Nations with simultaneous interpreting equipment, a robotics lab, a planetarium, a mock court room with jury deliberation rooms, and field trips to Mexico and Senegal. A former Soviet Olympic fencing coach was recruited for a high school team. There was a $900,000 television campaign to alert whites to the remarkable new improvements. If white students were not on a bus route, the city sent taxis. It didn’t work. By 1997, when Kansas City finally gave up, it had the most extravagant schools in the country, but the percentage of white students was lower than ever and blacks’ scores had not budged.''"<ref name=ihf1/>

More generally, contrary to popular belief, spending per pupil is actually higher for black students than it is for White students.<ref>The BBC and the Myth of White Privilege http://thealternativehypothesis.org/index.php/2016/06/20/the-bbc-and-the-myth-of-white-privilege/</ref>

Regarding the motivations for the school desegregation, which was an important cause of White flight, one early view was that the US black-white measured IQ gap was caused by the segregated schools. Regarding this, see [[Race_and_intelligence:_The_genetics_or_not_debate#Socioeconomic_factors|Race and intelligence: The genetics or not debate: Socioeconomic factors]].

Regarding the expectation that the school desegregation and increased contact would improve race relations, see [[Contact_hypothesis#Real_world_applicability|Contact hypothesis: Real-world applicability]].

===Sports White flight===
An NBA team owner in 2014 announced his intent to sell his controlling interest after an "offensive" email which stated that "''When digging into why our season ticket base is so small, I was told it is because we can't get the 35-55 white males and corporations to buy season [tickets] and they are the primary [demographic] for season tickets around the league," he wrote in a message to other team executives back in August 2012. "My theory is that the black crowd scared away the whites and there are simply not enough affluent black fans to build a significant season ticket base.''"<ref>Bill Cohen and Chris Herring. Atlanta Hawks Owner to Sell After 'Offensive' Email. Updated Sept. 7, 2014 7:43 p.m. ET. Wall Street Journal. http://www.wsj.com/articles/atlanta-hawks-owner-to-sell-in-wake-of-offensive-email-1410107014</ref>

: "''Pop Warner football is a league for seven- to 14-year-olds. In 1993, the first black inner-city team joined the then all-suburban Bay State Conference. By 2005, there was only one suburban team left in the nine-team conference, and it appeared to be on its way out, too. Suburban teams were quitting en masse, citing “intimidating” rap music at games, unnecessary violence on the field, and questionable safety at some city-center playing fields. One black inner-city coach reportedly urged players to “go get some white [expletive]!” and another called a black on a suburban team a “traitor.” Black coaches said the mass defections to a reconstituted white league were “racism.”''"<ref name=ihf2/>

===Television White flight===
Mainstream television is extremely [[politically correct]], with one aspect being intentionally racially integrated televisions series. Advertising in particular is full of [[aliens]] at the expense of the indigenous White populations, so much so that one might think they were actually in a foreign non-European country watching them.<ref>https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/9247990/tv-ads-too-pc-jeremy-clarkson-opinion/</ref><ref>https://www.quora.com/Why-do-so-many-adverts-in-the-UK-have-mixed-race-families</ref><ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7111087/Advertisers-trying-hard-demonstrate-diversity.html</ref>

A 2017 article stated

: "''an increasing fragmentation among viewers of different races and ethnicities. [...] In a fragmented media environment with fewer hits, “If you can create a TV show that really resonates with a specific ethnic group, you can aggregate a large-enough audience within that group to make it a successful show” with help from social-media sharing''".<ref>Who's watching what: TV shows ranked by racial and ethnic groups https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2017/06/27/whos-watching-what-tv-shows-ranked-racial-and-ethnic-groups/103199848/</ref>

The very successfull Hallmark Channel has been criticized for having many White heterosexual characters.<ref>Critics Attack Hallmark’s Christmas Movies: ‘They Brim with White Heterosexuals’ https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/12/23/critics-attack-hallmarks-christmas-movies-brim-white-heterosexuals/</ref><ref>With Ratings Soaring, the Hallmark Channel Opts for Celebration Over a Hard Sell at Its Upfront https://www.adweek.com/tv-video/with-ratings-soaring-the-hallmark-channel-opts-for-celebration-over-spin-at-its-upfront/</ref> There seem to be no such criticisms regarding the many series and channels that target various non-White groups.

===Other forms of White flight and self-segregation by different races===
There are many other examples of various forms of White flight and more generally of various forms of self-segregation by different races.<ref name=ihf1/><ref name=ihf2/>

===Exaggerated claims of personal integration, virtue signalling, and "virtual integration"===
Whites have been argued to overstate their own personal contacts with Blacks. One reason for this may be [[virtue signalling]]. Another argued reason for this is "virtual integration", where people mistake what they see on politically correct TV with reality, such as by subconsciously mistaking "contacts" with blacks on TV with real-world contacts.<ref>The Future of an Illusion https://www.amren.com/news/2018/07/color-of-our-skin-leonard-steinhorn-barbara-diggs-brown/</ref>

==Other countries==
[[File:London births 2018.png|300px|thumb|right|Graph showing alien births in London (in yellow) in 2018.]]
[[File:London_riots_2011.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Race riots in London August 2011.]]
White flight is not limited to the [[United States]]. An early example is [[Haiti]], with many Whites fleeing a black [[slave]] revolution inspired by the [[French Revolution]]. In 1804, the remaining White population were massacred in a [[genocide]]. Today Haiti, which still has an unusually high black percentage of the population for a country outside of [[Africa]], is one of the world's poorest countries and the poorest in the Americas region.

===Britain===
In the '''[[United Kingdom]]''' ethnic Britons are leaving areas containing [[Aliens]] behind and moving away, often emigrating.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2320002/How-rise-white-flight-areas-dominated-ethnic-minorities-creating-segregated-UK.html</ref>
[[Britain]]'s largest foreign visa consultancy firm released figures in 2007 stating that as many as 4,000 Britons per week were applying for foreign visas. Ten years earlier the figure was only 300 per week. Almost all were young professionals and skilled workers in the age group 20-40. Many cited as their reason the [[mass immigration]] and the burden it was placing on their communities and local authorities. The dearth of good schools, spiraling house prices, rising crime and tax increases were also driving people away.<ref>Michael Knapp. "4,000 People a Week Trying to Leave UK" ''Daily Express'',UK News, August 5, 2007. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/15642/4,000-people-a-week-trying-to-leave-UK</ref> In 2013 across England and Wales, 38 Local Authorities simultaneously made the top 50 list for greatest decline in white British numbers and largest increase in ethnic minorities during 2001-11. The capital, London, in 2019, had only 43.4% White British people resident there, the rest having fled from the metropolis.<ref>https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/populationestimatesbyethnicgroupandreligionenglandandwales/2019</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21511904</ref> Of Birmingham's 2,665,100 population more than half are non-ethnic Britons today<ref>https://www.birminghamworld.uk/news/ethnic-minorities-represent-over-50-of-birminghams-population-3935994</ref>. Basically this means that ethnic Britons have deserted the city to make way for aliens.<ref>https://www.patrioticalternative.org.uk/white_flight</ref>

In [[Leicester]], Luton [Bedfordshire], and Slough [Berkshire], ethnic Britons today constitute less than 50% of the population.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2260067/White-Britons-minority-Leicester-Luton-Slough-Birmingham-set-follow-end-decade.html</ref>

A 2016 report stated that, despite the mass immigration, White and minority groups in the UK were more isolated from each other than ever before and that racial segregation had risen 'strikingly' in just 10 years. White populations in towns and cities were decreasing at record levels and in several cases had halved in a decade.<ref>Britain's white flight: Report reveals how racial segregation has risen 'strikingly' in just 10 years - with numbers of whites in some areas down by up to HALF http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3895772/White-ethnic-communities-growing-apart-towns-cities.html</ref>

===Others===
[[File:French being expelled from Algeria 1962.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Expellees arriving in [[France]] from [[Algeria]] in 1962.]]
[[File:ANC Communist filth.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Whites who are not fleeing South Africa are slowly being murdered.]]
Another example is White flight (and East Asian flight) from '''[[Brazil]]''' in response to widespread crime. There is also widespread racial segregation regarding neighborhoods. This also applies to persons having similar incomes and also between [[negroes]] and [[mulattoes]].<ref name=TGB>Richard Lynn, ''The Global Bell Curve''', 2008. Washington Summit Publishers.</ref> [[The South is My Country]] movement is one example of support for the independence of Brazil's southern, wealthier, and more White states. This can be seen as attempted White flight.<ref>Brazil Runs into the Reality of Race https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2015/05/brazil_runs_into_the_reality_of_race.html</ref>

The term has also been applied to the large-scale migrations of European people from Africa. One million Whites ("[[Pied-Noir]]s") were either expelled or left '''[[Algeria]]''' after it became independence in 1962. After the independence of '''[[Angola]]''' and [[Mozambique]], 95% of the Whites in both countries left. '''[[Kenya]]''' became independent in 1963. By the end of the decade, more than half the original White population of sixty thousand had left. The White population in '''[[Zimbabwe]]''' have dropped from 296,000 in 1975 to 30,000 in 2010.<ref name=Hammer2010>(Almost) Out of Africa: The White Tribes, ''World Affairs Journal'', Joshua Hammer, May/June 2010. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/almost-out-africa-white-tribes</ref>

In 1959, before independence, there were around 90,000 Belgians in the [[Belgian Congo]]. nearly all have left. In some cases they had to be evacuated by the Belgian military and a [[United Nations]] intervention force due to anti-White violence.<ref>Belgian Congo https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Congo&oldid=771846288</ref>

Of a Europeans' population of five million Whites well over 1,615,000 have left '''[[South Africa]]''' since 1995. The primary driver was fear of general crime and discrimination directed against them. Other causes included [[South African farm attacks‎|attacks against White farmers]], [[affirmative action]] programs, mismanagement of the energy sector that has caused rolling brownouts, and worries about corruption and autocratic political tendencies. Also many people from other racial groups were expressing a desire to leave. Since many of those who leave are highly educated, this has caused shortages of skilled personal and fear of long-term consequences.<ref>Fleeing From South Africa, Newsweek, Scott Johnson February 14, 2009 http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/02/13/fleeing-from-south-africa.html</ref> South African organizations such as the [[Suidlanders]] expect a catastrophic situation in the near future for Whites as well as associated large-scale White flight.

Regarding the effect of the White flight, see also [[Colonialism#White_flight|Colonialism: White flight]].

==See also==
*[[Detroit]]
*[[Race and crime]]
* [[Great Replacement]]
* [[White privilege]]

==External links==
*[https://altright.com/2017/07/06/white-flight-nationalism-is-a-dead-end/ White Flight Nationalism Is A Dead End]

===Australia===
*[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/03/09/1204998283744.html White flight leaves system segregated by race]
*[http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/308634/White-flight-from-Aussie-public-schools 'White flight' from Aussie public schools]

===Ireland===
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071024022221/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/19/europe/EU-GEN-Ireland-White-Flight.php Report finds evidence of 'white flight' from immigrants in northwest Dublin]

===Netherlands===
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3348562/Dutch-desert-their-changing-country.html Dutch desert their changing country]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/international/europe/27dutch.html? More Dutch Plan to Emigrate as Muslim Influx Tips Scales]

===New Zealand===
*[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10813743 Claim of 'white flight' from low decile schools]
*[http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/108575/some-pakeha-parents-stereotyping-maori-pupils-principals Some Pakeha parents stereotyping Maori pupils - principals]
*[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/warriors-still/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501094&objectid=10392647 'White flight' threatens school]

===Norway===
*[https://www.amren.com/news/2018/01/the-islamization-of-oslo/ The Islamization of Oslo]

===Sweden===
*[https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2015/05/30/swedishsurveyor-white-flight-in-sweden/ SwedishSurveyor: White Flight in Sweden]

===United Kingdom===
*[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2281941/600-000-decade-white-flight-London-White-Britons-minority-capital.html 600,000 move out in decade of 'white flight' from London: White Britons are now in minority in the capital]
*[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2320002/How-rise-white-flight-areas-dominated-ethnic-minorities-creating-segregated-UK.html How rise of 'white flight' is creating a segregated UK: Study reveals white Britons are 'retreating' from areas dominated by ethnic minorities]
*[http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/15642/4,000-people-a-week-trying-to-leave-UK 4,000 people a week trying to leave UK]

===United States===
*[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2032314/White-flight-U-S-cities-minorities-dominate-countrys-biggest-metro-areas.html 'White flight' from U.S. cities as minorities now dominate eight of the country's biggest metro areas]
*[http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/01/how-white-flight-ruined-the-mississippi-delta/384227/ How White Flight Ravaged the Mississippi Delta]
*[http://www.amren.com/news/2012/05/escape-from-detroit-the-collapse-of-americas-black-metropolis-by-paul-kersey/ Escape From Detroit: The Collapse of America’s Black Metropolis, by Paul Kersey]
*[https://www.amren.com/news/2013/11/the-maps-that-show-how-60-years-of-white-flight-and-brain-drain-have-sucked-the-population-from-the-midwest/ The Maps That Show How 60 Years of White Flight and Brain Drain Have Sucked the Population from the Midwest]
*[https://www.amren.com/news/2021/01/the-truth-about-white-flight/ The Truth About White Flight]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Race relations]]
[[Category:Europeans]]

[[el:White flight]]
[[sv:White Flight]]
[[es:Vuelo blanco]]

White flight - Revision history

𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹: 1 revision imported

en>Crusader: /* See also */

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:40, 6 February 2024
(No difference)