William Joyce - Revision history

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	He went to his death unrepentant and defiant.		He went to his death unrepentant and defiant.

	:“In death as in life, I defy the ~~Jews~~ who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words — you have conquered nevertheless. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why.”<ref>[https://dangerousminds.net/comments/hear_the_final_drunk_broadcast_of_lord_haw_haw_nazi_germanys Hear the final (drunk) broadcast of Lord Haw-Haw, Nazi Germany’s answer to Tokyo Rose]</ref>		:“In death as in life, I defy the jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words — you have conquered nevertheless. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why.”<ref>[https://dangerousminds.net/comments/hear_the_final_drunk_broadcast_of_lord_haw_haw_nazi_germanys Hear the final (drunk) broadcast of Lord Haw-Haw, Nazi Germany’s answer to Tokyo Rose]</ref>

	Joyce was executed on January 3, [[1946]], at Wandsworth Prison, aged 39. He was the second-to-last person to be hanged for a crime other than murder in the United Kingdom. The last was [[Theodore Schurch]] who was executed for treachery the following day at Pentonville. In both cases the hangman was [[Albert Pierrepoint]].		Joyce was executed on January 3, [[1946]], at Wandsworth Prison, aged 39. He was the second-to-last person to be hanged for a crime other than murder in the United Kingdom. The last was [[Theodore Schurch]] who was executed for treachery the following day at Pentonville. In both cases the hangman was [[Albert Pierrepoint]].

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[[File:William Joyce 1.jpg|thumb|300px|William Joyce, showing his fencing scar.]]
'''William Brooke Joyce '''(24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946), nicknamed '''Lord Haw-Haw''', was an American-born member of the [[British Union of Fascists]], the [[National Socialist League (UK)]], and the [[Nordic League]]. He moved to [[National Socialist Germany]] in 1939. He took German citizenship and became a propaganda broadcaster. Despite never being a British subject, Joyce was convicted of high [[treason]] in 1945 and sentenced to death.

The historian A.J.P. Taylor remarked in his book ''English History 1914–1945'' that ''"Technically, Joyce was hanged for making a false statement when applying for a passport, the usual penalty for which is a small fine.''"

Joyce's biographer Nigel Farndale suggests on the basis of documents made public for the first time between 2000 and 2005 that Joyce made a deal with his prosecutors not to reveal links he had to the [[MI5]], United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency. In return, his wife Margaret, known to radio listeners as "Lady Haw-Haw", was spared prosecution for high treason. "''Joyce had also been working as an undercover agent for B5(b), a semi-autonomous department within MI5, responsible for surveillance and infiltration of extremist political groups.''"<ref>Love and treachery https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3641790/Love-and-treachery.html</ref>

==Life==
[[File:William Joyce far right, sitting. Shortly after joining the British Union of Fascists in 1932.jpg|thumb|300px|Joyce far right, sitting. Shortly after joining the British Union of Fascists]]
[[File:William Joyce 2.png|right|310px|Joyce far right, sitting. Shortly after joining the British Union of Fascists]]
===Early life===
Joyce was born at 1906 Herkimer Street in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], to an English [[Protestant]] mother and an Irish [[Catholic]] father who had taken [[United States]] citizenship. A few years after his birth, the family returned to Galway, [[Ireland]]. He attended the Jesuit St Ignatius College (Galway) from 1915 to 1921. Unusually for Irish [[Roman Catholic]]s, both William Joyce and his father were strongly [[Unionist]].

Following a failed [[assassination]] attempt in 1921 (which only failed due to the 16-year old Joyce taking a different route home from school) he left for [[England]] where he would briefly attend King's College School, Wimbledon for a foreign exchange, followed two years later by his family. William Joyce applied to Birkbeck College of the University of London and to enter the Officer Training Corps. At Birkbeck, Joyce developed an interest in [[fascism]], and he joined the [[British Fascisti]] of [[Rotha Lintorn-Orman]].

In 1924, while stewarding a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] meeting, Joyce was attacked and received a deep razor slash that ran across his right cheek. It left a permanent scar which ran from the earlobe to the corner of the mouth.

===British Union of Fascists===
In 1932, Joyce joined the [[British Union of Fascists]] (BUF) under Sir [[Oswald Mosley]], and swiftly became a leading speaker. In 1934, Joyce was promoted to the BUF's director of [[propaganda]] and later appointed deputy leader. He was instrumental in changing the full name of the BUF to "British Union of Fascists and National Socialists" in 1936, and stood as a party candidate in the 1937 elections to London County Council.

Joyce was sacked from his paid position when Mosley drastically reduced the BUF staff shortly after the elections, and Joyce went on to form a breakaway organisation, the [[National Socialist League (UK)]].

===Lord Haw-Haw===
In late August 1939, shortly before war was declared on [[National Socialist Germany]], Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to [[Germany]]. In [[Berlin]], Joyce could not find employment until a chance meeting with fellow Mosleyite sympathiser [[Dorothy Eckersley]] got him an audition at the Rundfunkhaus (radio centre). He was recruited immediately for radio announcements and script writing at German radio's English service.

The name "[[Lord Haw-Haw]] of Zeesen" was coined by the pseudonymous ''[[Daily Express]]'' radio critic Jonah Barrington in 1939, but this referred initially to [[Wolf Mitler]]. When Joyce became the best-known propaganda broadcaster, the nickname was transferred to him. Joyce's broadcasts initially came from studios in [[Berlin]], later transferring (due to heavy [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombing) to [[Luxembourg]] and finally to Apen near [[Hamburg]], and were relayed over a network of German controlled radio stations that included [[Hamburg]], [[Bremen]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Hilversum]], [[Calais]], [[Oslo]] and [[Zeesen]]. Joyce also broadcast on and wrote scripts for the German [[Büro Concordia]] organisation which ran several [[black propaganda]] stations.

Although listening to his broadcasts was officially discouraged (but not actually illegal), they became popular with the British public. The German broadcasts always began with the announcer's words "Germany calling, Germany calling, Germany calling".

Joyce recorded his final broadcast on April 30, [[1945]], during the [[Battle of Berlin]]. In an exhausted, possibly intoxicated voice, he chided Britain's role in Germany's imminent defeat and warned that the war would leave Britain poor and barren. (There are conflicting accounts as to whether this last programme was actually transmitted, even though a tape was found in the Radio Hamburg studios.) He signed off with a final defiant "Heil Hitler".

Besides broadcasting, Joyce's duties included distributing [[propaganda]] among British [[prisoners of war]], whom he tried to recruit into the [[British Free Corps]]. He wrote a book, ''Twilight Over England'', which was promoted by the German Ministry of Propaganda. [[Adolf Hitler]] awarded Joyce the [[War Merit Cross]] (First and Second Class) for his broadcasts, although they never met in person.

===Capture===
[[File:William joyce guarded by soldiers in germany in 1945.jpg|thumb|300px|Joyce guarded by Allied soldiers in germany in 1945]]
At the end of the war, Joyce was captured by British forces at [[Flensburg]] near the Germany-[[Denmark]] border. After which Joyce was arrested and taken back to Britain. He was charged with [[high treason]].

==Death==
===Execution===
He went to his death unrepentant and defiant.

:“In death as in life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words — you have conquered nevertheless. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why.”<ref>[https://dangerousminds.net/comments/hear_the_final_drunk_broadcast_of_lord_haw_haw_nazi_germanys Hear the final (drunk) broadcast of Lord Haw-Haw, Nazi Germany’s answer to Tokyo Rose]</ref>

Joyce was executed on January 3, [[1946]], at Wandsworth Prison, aged 39. He was the second-to-last person to be hanged for a crime other than murder in the United Kingdom. The last was [[Theodore Schurch]] who was executed for treachery the following day at Pentonville. In both cases the hangman was [[Albert Pierrepoint]].

==Joyce's family==
The Crown considered trying his wife Margaret as well. It is not entirely clear why no trial took place. A straightforward explanation is that her nationality status was much more complex and a conviction thought unlikely. Some also consider a deal for clemency was made on her behalf, perhaps recorded in a secret memo. Margaret Joyce died in [[Soho]] in 1972.

William Joyce had two daughters by his first wife, Hazel. Joyce was reinterred in 1976 at the New Cemetery in Bohermore, County Galway, Ireland.

==Works==
*[https://christiansfortruth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Twilight-Over-England.pdf ''Twilight Over England''] (1940)

==See also==
*[[John Amery]]
*[[Ilya Ehrenburg]]
*[[Sefton Delmer]]
*[[List of Axis broadcasters]]
*[[Allied psychological warfare]]

==External links==
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3641790/Love-and-treachery.html Love and treachery]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:British fascism]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Germany]]
[[Category:Opponents of Jewish supremacism]]

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