Hugh Johnson

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class="fn" colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | Hugh Samuel Johnson
colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" |
colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;" | 1933 Time Man of the Year cover.jpg
Hugh S. Johnson on the cover of Time
Nickname Iron Pants
Birth date August 5, 1881(1881-08-05)[1]
Place of birth Fort Scott, Kansas, United States
Death date April 15, 1942 (aged 60)[2]
Place of death Washington, D.C., United States
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1903-1919
Rank Brigadier General

Hugh Samuel "Iron Pants" Johnson (August 5, 1881 – April 15, 1942) American Army officer, businessman, speech writer, government official, radio broadcaster, and newspaper columnist. He is best known as a member of the Brain Trust of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932-34. He wrote numerous speeches for FDR and helped plan the New Deal. Appointed head of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) in 1933, he was highly energetic in his "blue eagle" campaign to reorganize American business to reduce competition and raise wages and prices. Schlesinger (1958) and Ohl (1985) conclude that he was an excellent organizer, but that he was also domineering, abusive, outspoken, and unable to work harmoniously with his peers. The NRA was terminated by a ruling of the Supreme Court, and Johnson left the administration after a little more than a year.[3] In later years he became an newspaper columnist and an outspoken citric of those pushing for the US to enter WWII. He became an isolationist and an authored the book Hell-Bent for War.

Early life and military career

File:Distservmedal.png
The Army Distinguished Service Medal, awarded to Brig. Gen. Hugh S. Johnson.

He was born in Fort Scott, Kansas in 1881Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name[4] to Samuel L. and Elizabeth (Mead) Johnson.[5] His paternal grandparents, Samuel and Matilda (MacAlan) Johnson, emigrated to the United States from Ireland in 1837 and originally settled in Brooklyn, New York.[5] Hugh's father was a lawyer, and he attended public school in Wichita, Kansas, before the family moved to Alva, Oklahoma Territory.[5] He attempted to run away from home to join the Oklahoma state militia at the age of 15, but he was apprehended by his family before he left town.[6] His father promised to try to secure him an appointment to the United States Military Academy (West Point), and was successful in obtaining an alternate appointment.[1][4][6] Johnson himself discovered that the individual who was first in line for the appointment was too old, and convinced him to step aside so that Johnson could enter the Academy.[6]

Johnson entered West Point in 1899,[1][4][7] and graduated and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 1st Cavalry on June 11, 1903.[1][7] Douglas MacArthur was one of his West Point classmates.[4] From 1907 to 1909 he was stationed at Pampanga, Philippines, but later was transferred to California.[1][7] In the early years of the 20th century, most national parks in the United States were administered by units of the United States Army.[8] Johnson was subsequently stationed at Yosemite and Sequoia national parks.[1] He was promoted to 1st Lieutenant on March 11, 1911, and was named Superintendent of Sequoia National Park in 1912.[1]

Wishing to follow in his father's footsteps, Johnson won permission from General Enoch Crowder[6] to attend the University of California (at Berkeley) where he received his Bachelor of Laws degree (with honors) in 1915 and his Juris Doctor in 1916 (doubling up on courses to graduate in half the time required).[1][6] Transferring to the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG), from May to October 1916 he served under General John J. Pershing in Mexico with the Pancho Villa Expedition.[1] promoted to Captain on July 1, 1916, he transferred to the JAG headquarters in Washington, D.C., in October 1916.[1][7] He was promoted to Major on May 15, 1917, and to Lieutenant Colonel on August 5, 1917.[1][7] He was named Deputy Provost Marshal General in October 1917,[1][9] and the same month was named to a Department of War committee on military training (the U.S. had entered World War I on April 6, 1917).[1][10] As a Captain, Johnson helped co-author the regulations implementing the Selective Service Act of 1917.[4] Without Congressional authorization, he ordered completed several of the initial first steps needed to implement the draft.[6] The action could have led to his court-martial had Congress not acted (a month later) to pass the conscription law.[6] He was promoted to Colonel on January 8, 1918, and to Brigadier General on April 15, 1918.[1][7][11] At the time of his promotion, he was the youngest person to reach the rank of Brigadier General since the Civil War, and the youngest West Point graduate to remain continuously in the service who had ever reached the rank.[6] Ohl (1985) finds that Johnson was an excellent second-in-command during the war in the Office of the Provost Marshal under Brigadier General Enoch H. Crowder as long as he was closely watched and tightly supervised. His considerable talents were effectively drawn upon in the planning and implementation of the registration and draft before and during the conflict. However he was never able to work smoothly with others.[12]

As a Brigadier General, Johnson was appointed Director of the Purchase and Supply Branch of the General Staff in April 1918,[1][6] and was promoted to Assistant Director of the Purchase, Storage and Traffic Division of the General Staff in October 1918.[1] In this capacity, he worked closely with the War Industries Board.[4] He favorably impressed many businessmen, including Bernard Baruch (head of the War Industries Board).[4] These contacts later proved critical in winning Johnson a position with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.[4] He was put in command of the 15th Infantry Brigade, but the unit did not deploy to Europe because the war had ended. [dubious – discuss][13] Johnson resigned from the U.S. Army on February 25, 1919.[13] For his service in the Provost Marshal's office and in executing the draft, he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal in 1926.[13]

New Deal career

Johnson was named assistant general manager of the Moline Plow Company on September 1, 1919.[13] Moline Plow's president, George Peek, and Johnson were both supporters of the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill, a proposed federal law which would have established the first farm price supports in U.S. history.[4]

Johnson left Moline Plow in 1927 to become an adviser to Bernard Baruch. He joined the Brain Trust of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. His major role was drafting speeches, most notably one that FDR delivered in Pittsburgh denouncing the reckless spending of the Hoover administration and calling for a very conservative fiscal policy.[14]

NRA

Johnson played a major role in the New Deal. In 1933 Roosevelt appointed Johnson to administer the National Recovery Administration (NRA). One author claims Johnson looked on Italian Fascist corporativism as a kind of model.[15] He distributed copies of a fascist tract called "The Corporate State" by one of Mussolini's favorite economists, including giving one to Labor Secretary Frances Perkins and asking her give copies to her cabinet.[16] The NRA involved organizing thousands of businesses under codes drawn up by trade associations and industries. He was recognized for his efforts when Time named him Man of the Year of 1933—choosing him instead of FDR.

File:Front view - Hugh S Johnston headstone - Arlington National Cemetery.JPG
Grave of Hugh S. Johnson in Arlington National Cemetery.

He was faltering badly by 1934, which historians ascribe to the profound contradictions in NRA policies, compounded by heavy drinking on the job. The NRA continued to deteriorate—it was abolished in 1935—and he came under attack by Labor Secretary Frances Perkins for having Fascist inclinations. Therefore Roosevelt fired Johnson in September 1934 [17]

The Business Plot

Johnson was implicated by retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler in the Business Plot, an alleged political conspiracy in 1933 to overthrow United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in testimony before the McCormack-Dickstein Committee, whose deliberations began on November 20, 1934 and culminated in the Committee's report to the United States House of Representatives on February 15, 1935. Johnson was not called before the committee because "The committee will not take cognizance of names brought into the testimony which constitute mere hearsay." Supposedly General Johnson would be the new American dictator.

Journalism, later life and death

Upon leaving the Roosevelt administration, Johnson, who had long been a successful essay writer for national magazines, now became a syndicated newspaper columnist specializing in political commentary. He supported Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election, but when the Court-packing plan was announced in 1937 he denounced Roosevelt as a would-be dictator. In 1939 he endorsed isolationism—staying out of World War II; he endorsed Wendell Willkie the Republican candidate in the 1940 presidential election.[12] In addition to being a columnist he gave anti-Roosevelt radio broadcasts over the CBS network which were published in the isolationist magazine Scribner's Commentator.[18]

Johnson wrote a number of articles and stories. One future history piece, The Dam, was written in 1911 and appears in the Sam Moskowitz anthology, Science Fiction by Gaslight. In the story, Japan invades and conquers California.

General Hugh S. Johnson died in Washington, D.C., in April 1942 from pneumonia.[2] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Footnotes

File:United States Army Biography portal
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates..., 1920, p. 1044.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Hugh S. Johnson Dies in Capital," New York Times, April 16, 1942.
  3. ↑ Schlesinger (1958) pp 105-6; Ohl (1985)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Hamby, For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s, 2004, p. 144.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 White, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1967, p. 5.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Crawford, "He Risked Disgrace to Speed the Draft," New York Times, June 9, 1918.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Howard, "Our Twenty-one Generals of Forty Years and Under," New York Times, August 24, 1919.
  8. ↑ See, generally: Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks, 1971.
  9. ↑ "Col. H. S. Johnson Deputy Provost Marshal," New York Times, January 25, 1918.
  10. ↑ "Plans to Mobilize Schools to Aid War," New York Times, February 17, 1918.
  11. ↑ "Promotes 10 Brigadiers," New York Times, April 17, 1918.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ohl (1985)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates..., 1920, p. 1045.
  14. ↑ Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph (1956) 361-63
  15. ↑ Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945, 1996, p. 230.
  16. ↑ Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins, 1976, p. 335.
  17. ↑ Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins, 1976, p. 337.
  18. ↑ Roosevelt, Churchill, and the World War II Opposition, by George T. Eggleston, page 73


References

  • Cullum, George Washington. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.: From Its Establishment, in 1802, to 1890. 3d ed. New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1920.
  • Hampton, H. Duane. How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-253-13885-X
  • Hamby, Alonzo L. For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-684-84340-4
  • Hawley, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Money: A Study in Economic Ambivalence (1966) on NRA
  • Ohl, John Kennedy. Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois Univ Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87580-110-2, standard scholarly biography
  • Ohl, John Kennedy. "Tales Told by a New Dealer: General Hugh S. Johnson," Montana: The Magazine Of Western History 1975 25(4): 66-77
  • Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal (1958), extensive coverage of Johnson's NRA
  • White, James Terry. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1967.

Primary sources

External links

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