Friedrich Paulus

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Friedrich Paulus

Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (b. 23 September 1890 in Guxhagen, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire; d. 1 February 1957 in Dresden, East Germany) was a German Officer of the Prussian Army, the Imperial German Army, the Freikorps, the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht, finally Generalfeldmarschall and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. From 1953 to 1956, he lived in Dresden, East Germany, where he worked as the civilian chief of the East German Military History Research Institute.

Life

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Supreme commander Walter von Reichenau (left) and Generalmajor Friedrich Paulus (his chief of the general staff)

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Friedrich Paulus speaking at a press conference (GDR propaganda event) in East Berlin in 1954

Paulus had been a staff officer, doing paper work, having never even commanded a regiment, and appointing him as commander of the 6th Army has been described as a mistake. On the second to last day of the battle, Adolf Hitler promoted Paulus to the second highest military rank, field marshal. In his last message, Hitler stated that "not one German field marshal has ever been taken prisoner", expecting Paulus to commit suicide, but he instead surrendered.

After this, in Soviet captivity, Paulus first refused to collaborate with the Soviet Union, but changed his mind as Germany's situation worsened and a friend was executed after the July 20 plot. Paulus participated in Soviet anti-German propaganda. He was a prosecution witness during the Nuremburg Trials, testifying against Wilhelm Keitel and Alfred Jodl, who were executed. After the war, while other prisoners of war from Stalingrad died in the Gulag system, Paulus lived in relative comfort in a dacha near Moscow, continuing to contribute to Soviet propaganda. He moved to East Germany after Stalin's death.

WWII

Paulus is most known for commanding the 6th Army's assault on Stalingrad during Operation Blue in 1942. The battle ended in disaster for Germany when approximately 300,000 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, Axis allies, and Hilfswilligers were encircled and destroyed in a massive Soviet counter attack in November 1942. Paulus surrendered to Soviet forces in Stalingrad on 31 January 1943, a day after he was promoted to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall by Adolf Hitler. Hitler expected Paulus to commit suicide, citing that no German field marshall was ever captured by enemy forces.

While in Soviet captivity, he became a vocal critic of the National Socialist regime and joined the Communist-sponsored National Committee for a Free Germany. He was released in 1953, earlier than most other surviving German POWs.

Statements as Communist prisoner

Paulus while being a Communist prisoner made various statements supporting Communist views. He stated that "Communism was the best hope for post war Europe."

Only 6,000 (out of the 127,000 soldiers that were captured in Stalingrad) would make their way home after the War back to a de-Nazified and destroyed nation and Paulus happened to be one of them. After the capture at Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, Stalin gave special protection to Paulus.

After WW2, Paulus lived at a house in Moscow suburb with a servant and a cook for couple of years under Stalin’s rule . This is the same Stalin who is responsible for the death of 20 to 56 million (depending on the source) Russians and who rejected exchanging German prisoners for the return of his own son "Yakov Dzhugashvili" by reportedly stating "I have no son named Yakov."

On August 8, 1944, Paulus claimed that "This is a war started by Hitler in peacetime, a war of conquest and pillage the likes of which world has never seen, fought with methods which are unprecedented in World History." At Nuremberg trial, Paulus testified against his superiors - Goring, Keitel, and Jodl. When Paulus was asked how the prisoners were, knowing very well that over 90 % were already dead, he told a journalist in Nuremberg to tell the wives and mothers that the Stalingrad prisoners were well.

Death

In late 1956, Paulus developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and became progressively weaker. He died within a few months, in Dresden, on 1 February 1957, 14 years after the surrender at Stalingrad. As part of his last will and testament, his body was transported to Baden, West Germany, to be buried next to his wife, who had died eight years earlier in 1949, not having seen her husband since his departure for the Eastern Front in the summer of 1942. On one of the final Luftwaffe flights out of Stalingrad, Paulus had sent his wedding ring to his wife.

Family

Friedrich Paulus was the so of the accountant (later district administration inspector and penal institution official) Ernst Paulus and his wife Berta Elwira, née Nettelbeck. After the family's move to Kassel he visited the "Wilhelms-Gymnasium", where he graduated 1909 with Abitur. He tried, unsuccessfully, to secure a cadetship in the Imperial German Navy and briefly studied law at Marburg University from October 1909 until February 1910 before entering the Prussian Army on 18 February 1910.

Marriage

In 1912 Leutnant Paulus married his fiancée, the Romanian noble daughter Constance "Coco" Elena Rosetti-Solescu (b. 25. Januar 1889). Her brothers Effrem und Konstantin both served in the 3. Badisches Infanterie-Regiment „Markgraf Ludwig Wilhelm“ Nr. 111 at the same time as Paulus. Constance, after a serious illness, died on 9 November 1949 in Baden-Baden, where her son Ernst Alexander lovingly cared for her.

Children

Friedrich and Coco had three children (a daughter and twin sons):

• Olga Berta (b. 5. Januar 1914; d. 15. Juni 2003)
  • Olga married Sonderführer (K) Achim Baron von Kutzschenbach (b. 10. Mai 1905 in Bogas), who survived Stalingrad (Lc-Abteilung of the 6th Army; interpreter of Russian and Caucasian languages), but fell (⚔) on 19 September 1944 near Kielce. Their son Achim Ernst Baron von Kutzschenbach was since 2011 president of the Lions-Clubs in Murnau-Staffelsee. Their daughter Alexandra (b. 3 February 1942) was a victim of allied terror bombing on 22 July 1944. Achims brother Walter Baron von Kutzschenbach (b. 6 September 1900 in Tiflis) was highly decorated in WWI and was also a Sonderführer in WWII as interpreter for Theodor Oberländer (de) in the Bergmann Battalion.
• Friedrich (b. 11. April 1918 in Baden-Baden)
  • Hauptmann of the Heer, ⚔ on 29 February 1944 near Ponte Rotto during the Battle of Anzio (de)
• Ernst Alexander (b. 11. April 1918 in Baden-Baden; d. 19 June 1970 in Straelen, Düsseldorf) ∞ 26 March 1943 Lore Elisabeth Dinsing
  • Hauptmann of the Heer, severly wounded in the Stalingrad Pocket and flown out

Promotions

• 18 February 1910 Fahnenjunker
  • joined 3. Badisches Infanterie-Regiment „Markgraf Ludwig Wilhelm“ Nr. 111 in Rastatt
• 18 October 1910 Fähnrich
• 18 August 1911 Leutnant (with commission/patent from 20 August 1909)
• 18 August 1915 Oberleutnant
• 20 September 1918 Hauptmann
• 1 February 1931 Major (patent with effect from 1 February 1929)
• 1 June 1933 Oberstleutnant
• 1 June 1935 Oberst
• 1 January 1939 Generalmajor
• 1 August 1940 Generalleutnant
• 1 January 1942 General der Panzertruppe
• 1 January 1943 Generaloberst with rank seniority from 20 November 1942
• 31 January 1943 Generalfeldmarschall with effect from 30 January 1943

Awards and decorations

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• Iron Cross of 1914, 2nd and 1st Class
• Military Merit Order (Bavaria), 4th Class with Swords
• Knight's Cross Second Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion with swords
• Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 2nd and 1st Class
• Cross for Merit in War (Saxe-Meiningen)
• Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary), 3rd Class with War Decoration
• Baltenkreuz (de)
• Ehrenkreuz für Frontkämpfer
• Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st Class
• Anschluss Medal (Medaille zur Erinnerung an den 13. März 1938)
• Sudetenland Medal with the Prague Castle Bar (Medaille zur Erinnerung an den 1. Oktober 1938 mit Spange „Prager Burg“)
• Wound Badge (1939) in Black
• Repetition Clasp 1939 to the Iron Cross 1914, 2nd and 1st Class
  • 1st Class (21 September 1939){{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}|preview=Page using Template:Sfn with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}
  • 2nd Class (27 September 1939){{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}|preview=Page using Template:Sfn with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}
• Eastern Front Medal
• Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class with Oak Leaves and Swords (Finland)
• Military Order of the Iron Trefoil, First Class with Oak Leaves on 1 January 1943 (Independent State of Croatia)
• Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd to 1st Class (Romania)
  • 1st Class on 5 February 1943 (Königliches Dekret Nr. 312)
• Namentliche Nennung im Wehrmachtbericht (5 references in the Wehrmachtbericht) on 30 May 1942, 11 August 1942, 31 January 1943, 1 February 1943 and 3 February 1943
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
  • Knight's Cross on 26 August 1942 as General der Panzertruppe and Commander-in-chief of the 6. Armee{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}|preview=Page using Template:Sfn with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}|preview=Page using Template:Sfn with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}
  • 178th Oak Leaves on 15 January 1943 as Generaloberst and Commander-in-chief of the 6. Armee{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}|preview=Page using Template:Sfn with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}|preview=Page using Template:Sfn with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}

Further reading

• Franz Thomas: Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945, Band 1: A–K (in German), Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1998, ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6
• Walther-Peer Fellgiebel: Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German), Podzun-Pallas, Wölfersheim 2000, ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6
  • English: The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches, expanded edition, 2000
• Patzwall, Klaus D. / Scherzer, Veit (2001): Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber, Band II (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8
• Scherzer, Veit (2007): Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2