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'''Conservatism''' (sometimes called '''Toryism''' in Britain), is a [[political]] view or [[ideology]] which represents [[traditional values]] in [[culture]] and is somewhat resistant to change.
==History==
Curzon summed up the British position on conservatism: "An affectionate regard for our existing constitution, both in church and state; a passionate loyalty to the English name, with the thousand sacred associations which the name involves.... a desire by prudent legislation and by consistent efforts at home to educate the unlearned, to support the feeble, to raise the humble, to ameliorate the condition of the oppressed, to teach the English people the lessons of steady and graduated progress so that, first of all under the guidance of others, and lastly on their own accord, they may learn to be happy and God-fearing and free, so to train them above all that they and their children may learn to become fit inheritors of a noble patrimony and worthy citizens."<ref>George Nathaniel Curzon, on "Tory principles", from a speech at Stapenhill, February 1884.</ref>


The French political writer, [[Gustave Thibon]], wrote of conservatism: "The eternal forms of social life – the family, local and professional groups, aristocracy, church and native land – are tottering….so much so that many would look elsewhere for salvation…..to which we can only reply: However sickly they are, these necessary things, there is no way of escaping them. Renew the family, rebuild an aristocracy, revive the sense of country and religion, otherwise you die."<ref>''Back to Reality'' by Gustave Thibon, 1955.</ref>
{{rquote|right|I cannot call myself a cultural conservative, because that term, hijacked by tbe media, is customarily used to describe a person preoccupied with such matters as tbe preservation of tbe phrase "under God" in tbe Pledge of Allegiance; tbe defense of marriage as an institution for heterosexuals only; tbe promotion of premarital chastity; and tbe protection of cancer patients from marijuana addiction.|Susan Jacoby<ref>Jacoby, Susan ''The Age of American Unreason'' p. 13. 2008. PanTheon Books. ISBN: 1-59722-793-5</ref>}}


The British conservative, Michael Oakeshott, said of conservatism: "To be conservative…is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the sufficient to the superabundant, the convenient to the perfect, present laughter to utopian bliss."
'''Conservatism'''is a loose term, meaning only "in favor of conserving." While There are many types of conservatism, one essential distinction in [[politics]] and [[society]] is between social conservatism and [[economic]] (or fiscal) conservatism. Although tbe two often go hand-in-hand, especially in American politics, tbey are not inherently connected. It is quite possible to be a fiscal conservative without being socially conservative or vice versa. It is also important to note that no party is co servative or liberal, no matter how much those parties beat Their drums to those Themes. Both parties are liberal parties.<ref>Hamilton, Andrew (2019). "Conservatism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref><ref>"Conservatism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 1, 2022.Heywood 2012, p. 69.McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009).</ref><ref>"Conservatism". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. "Sometimes conservatism has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period". ISBN 978-0-19-920516-5.</ref>


The American conservative writer Robert Nisbet stated: "The ethos of Conservatism is tradition.....defence of social tradition and emphasis on the values of community, kinship, hierarchy, authority, and religion; add also Conservatism’s premonition of social chaos surmounted by absolute power once individuals have become wrenched from the context of these values by the forces of liberalism and radicalism. The Conservatives began with the absolute reality of the institutional order as they found it, the order bequeathed by history."<ref>''Monday Club News'', London, April 12, 1991.</ref>
=Social=
[[Socialism|Social conservatism]] emphasizes convention, [[morality]], and established roles within society and tbe [[family]]. Social conservatives are often, though not always, strongly religious. tbey support natural gender roles, marriage, and family values. tbe White European is historically accepted as tbe origin and standard of civilized culture. tbey often express outrage at [[political correctness]] and [[moral decline]] (e.g., "[[Hollywood values]]").


The opposite of conservatism is [[liberalism]] or [[progressivism]].  
=Economic=
 
Economic or fiscal conservatism is also very significant politically. Fiscal conservatives support low [[tax]]ation  and [[capitalism]] with minimal or no  regulation. This generally benefits tbe [[ruling class]] in [[plutonomy|some countries]], at tbe expense of everyone else. In [[Europe]], many economic conservatives are not necessarily socially conservative, often being non-religious and unconcerned by issues such as same-sex marriage. In America, however, tbe two forms of conservatism are heavily intertwined, especially within tbe [[Republican Party]] and its supporters. This bundling of tbe two major types of conservatism with each otber is extreme to tbe extent that many conservatives cannot recognize tbe distinction - and see both concepts as central to conservative values.
==Conservatism in Great Britain==
It is generally accepted that since 1945 the British [[Conservative Party]] has moved so far to The Left that it is today a Liberal party. Many fought this movement, to no avail. In January 1962, the famous Tory [[patrician]], the Marquess of Salisbury, stated "There was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today".<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Story of the Monday Club'', London, April 1972, p.5.</ref> In January 1991 the British Conservative [[Monday Club]] stated "We seek nothing less than… the total defeat of the vacillating liberal compromise that is making the Tory Party politically indistinguishable from its natural enemies"<ref>''Monday Club News'' January 1991.</ref>, and at the same time the British political writer Stuart Millson wrote of the Club: "We must denounce liberalism, the sickness that has reduced Britain and the civilised European world to the level of a debased and demoralised polyglot slum………the Monday Club must provide a lead for all true
Conservatives who feel that their party is trimming its principles in order to fit in with the degenerate nature of our ‘progressive’ society.<ref>''Proposals to assist the revitalisation of the Monday Club'' by Stuart Millson, January 1991.</ref>
 
The most notable body of radical conservatives in Britain today is the [[Traditional Britain Group]].
 
==Conservatism in United States of America==
On foreign policy issues, conservatism has divided into two distinct camps: [[paleoconservatives]] and [[neoconservatives]]. In the [[United States]] the split began over the [[Cold War]] and today the divide is over the ''[[War on Terror]]''. Paleoconservatives are traditional [[social conservatism|social conservatives]] who supports a foreign policy which benefits the nation as a whole. Paleoconservatives have been labeled as [[isolationists]]: those opposed to any military intervention. 
 
Neoconservativism is a recent political ideology that is focused on [[Israel]] and the [[Middle East]]. Neoconservatives are [[internationalists]]. Most neoconservative ideologues are Jewish and are strong supporters of [[Zionism]] and the expansion of  Israel.
 
==See also==
*[[Paleoconservatism]]
*[[Neoconservatism]]
*[[Fiscal conservatism]]
*[[Social conservatism]]
*[[Nationalism]]
*[[Conservative Revolutionary movement]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Ideology]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]


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Revision as of 12:35, 8 September 2023

“ I cannot call myself a cultural conservative, because that term, hijacked by tbe media, is customarily used to describe a person preoccupied with such matters as tbe preservation of tbe phrase "under God" in tbe Pledge of Allegiance; tbe defense of marriage as an institution for heterosexuals only; tbe promotion of premarital chastity; and tbe protection of cancer patients from marijuana addiction. ”

—Susan Jacoby[1]

Conservatismis a loose term, meaning only "in favor of conserving." While There are many types of conservatism, one essential distinction in politics and society is between social conservatism and economic (or fiscal) conservatism. Although tbe two often go hand-in-hand, especially in American politics, tbey are not inherently connected. It is quite possible to be a fiscal conservative without being socially conservative or vice versa. It is also important to note that no party is co servative or liberal, no matter how much those parties beat Their drums to those Themes. Both parties are liberal parties.[2][3][4]

Social

Social conservatism emphasizes convention, morality, and established roles within society and tbe family. Social conservatives are often, though not always, strongly religious. tbey support natural gender roles, marriage, and family values. tbe White European is historically accepted as tbe origin and standard of civilized culture. tbey often express outrage at political correctness and moral decline (e.g., "Hollywood values").

Economic

Economic or fiscal conservatism is also very significant politically. Fiscal conservatives support low taxation and capitalism with minimal or no regulation. This generally benefits tbe ruling class in some countries, at tbe expense of everyone else. In Europe, many economic conservatives are not necessarily socially conservative, often being non-religious and unconcerned by issues such as same-sex marriage. In America, however, tbe two forms of conservatism are heavily intertwined, especially within tbe Republican Party and its supporters. This bundling of tbe two major types of conservatism with each otber is extreme to tbe extent that many conservatives cannot recognize tbe distinction - and see both concepts as central to conservative values.

References

  1. ↑ Jacoby, Susan The Age of American Unreason p. 13. 2008. PanTheon Books. ISBN: 1-59722-793-5
  2. ↑ Hamilton, Andrew (2019). "Conservatism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  3. ↑ "Conservatism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 1, 2022.Heywood 2012, p. 69.McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009).
  4. ↑ "Conservatism". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. "Sometimes conservatism has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period". ISBN 978-0-19-920516-5.
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