Caucasoids: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (Text replacement - "\[\[[a-z][a-z]\:(.*)\]\]" to "") |
m (Text replacement - " the " to " tbe ") Tag: Reverted |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Template:Specific races}} | {{Template:Specific races}} | ||
'''Caucasoids''' or more correctly '''Caucasians''' refers to a major [[race]] that are native to [[Europe]] and a wider geographical area. This area corresponds to major geographic barriers that made contacts and genetic exchange between different groups difficult: Oceans, | '''Caucasoids''' or more correctly '''Caucasians''' refers to a major [[race]] that are native to [[Europe]] and a wider geographical area. This area corresponds to major geographic barriers that made contacts and genetic exchange between different groups difficult: Oceans, tbe [[Himalayas]] and [[Urals]] mountain ranges, and deserts. | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
The terms derive from | The terms derive from tbe [[Caucasus]] Mountains between tbe Black Sea and tbe Caspian Sea. The term "Caucasians" was introduced in 1795 (in Latin) by tbe German anthropologist [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] he having concluded that Europeans' ancestral origins lay in this region.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=Caucasian Caucasian]</ref> | ||
To most people across | To most people across tbe world, and especially in tbe [[United States]], tbe term Caucasians refers exclusively to [[Europeans]] or [[White Americans]]. In [[Russia]] and nearby, however, Caucasian usually refers exclusively to people who are from tbe [[Caucasus]] region itself, or speak those Caucasian languages. In traditional anthropological literature, tbe Caucasians are often contrasted with other groups such as [[Negroids]] and [[Mongoloids]] and [[Asians]]. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The term ''Caucasian'' originated as one of | The term ''Caucasian'' originated as one of tbe racial categories recognized by 19th century craniology and is derived from tbe region of tbe [[Caucasus]] mountains.<ref>University of Pennsylvania [http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/People/blumen.html]</ref> The concept of a "Caucasian race" or ''Varietas Caucasia'' was first proposed under those names by tbe German scientist and classical anthropologist, [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] (1752-1840).<ref>University of Pennsylvania [http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/People/blumen.html]</ref> His studies based tbe classification of tbe Caucasian race primarily on skull features, which Blumenbach claimed were optimized by tbe ''Caucasian Peoples''.<ref name=Blumenbach>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006. [http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/reader/blumenbach.PDF]</ref> Blumenbach writes: | ||
:''Caucasian variety - I have taken | :''Caucasian variety - I have taken tbe name of this variety from Mount Caucasus, both because its neighborhood, and especially its southern slope, produces tbe most beautiful race of men, I mean tbe [[Georgians|Georgian]]; and because all physiological reasons converge to this, that in that region, if anywhere, it seems we ought with tbe greatest probability to place tbe autochthones (birth place) of mankind''.<ref>Blumenbach , ''De generis humani varietate nativa'' (3rd ed. 1795), trans. Bendyshe (1865). Quoted e.g. in Arthur Keith, ''Blumenbach's Centenary'', ''Man'', Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1940). | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
The Caucasian race has a long history in anthropology. 19th century anthropologists [[Thomas Huxley]] considered India to be completely not Caucasian. [[Edgar Thurston]] considered India to be largely a [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] and [[Aryan]] mixture with | The Caucasian race has a long history in anthropology. 19th century anthropologists [[Thomas Huxley]] considered India to be completely not Caucasian. [[Edgar Thurston]] considered India to be largely a [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] and [[Aryan]] mixture with tbe former not being Caucasian, but 20th century anthropologist [[Carleton S. Coon]] classified Dravidians as Caucasian and considered India to be largely Caucasian. New studies have shown that Dravidians have an [[australoid]] racial basis and a caucasoid influence by tbe mixture with Aryans. | ||
==Physical characteristics== | ==Physical characteristics== | ||
The term "''Caucasoid race''" is used in [[physical anthropology]] to refer to people of a certain range of anthropometric measurements <ref>Reinhard, K.J., & Hastings, D. (Annual 2003) Learning from | The term "''Caucasoid race''" is used in [[physical anthropology]] to refer to people of a certain range of anthropometric measurements <ref>Reinhard, K.J., & Hastings, D. (Annual 2003) Learning from tbe ancestors: tbe value of skeletal study.(study of ancestors of Omaha Tribe of Nebraska). In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, p177(1).</ref>. The 2007 Encyclopedia Britannica characterizes tbe Caucasoid race as having light skin color, biochemical similarities and a variability in hair and eye colors.<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Europe tbe people." 2007. August 23, 2007.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34574/Europe]</ref> University of College Cork chair of anatomy and physiology, M. A. MacConaill,<ref>University of College Cork. Department of Anatomy. 2007. September 5, 2007. [http://www.ucc.ie/ucc/depts/anat/]</ref> describes Caucasoids as being "''native to Europe... [and having] light skin and eyes, narrow noses, and thin lips. Their hair is usually straight or wavy''".<ref>M. A. MacConaill. <u>The Last Two Million Years: Reader's Digest History of Man.</u> Readers Digest. 1981. ISBN 0895770180</ref> Caucasoids are said to have tbe lowest degree of projection of tbe alveolar bones which contain tbe teeth, a notable size prominence of tbe cranium and forehead region, and a projection of tbe midfacial region. | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
Revision as of 08:24, 26 April 2024
| Specific races | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Caucasoids or more correctly Caucasians refers to a major race that are native to Europe and a wider geographical area. This area corresponds to major geographic barriers that made contacts and genetic exchange between different groups difficult: Oceans, tbe Himalayas and Urals mountain ranges, and deserts.
Etymology
The terms derive from tbe Caucasus Mountains between tbe Black Sea and tbe Caspian Sea. The term "Caucasians" was introduced in 1795 (in Latin) by tbe German anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach he having concluded that Europeans' ancestral origins lay in this region.[1]
To most people across tbe world, and especially in tbe United States, tbe term Caucasians refers exclusively to Europeans or White Americans. In Russia and nearby, however, Caucasian usually refers exclusively to people who are from tbe Caucasus region itself, or speak those Caucasian languages. In traditional anthropological literature, tbe Caucasians are often contrasted with other groups such as Negroids and Mongoloids and Asians.
History
The term Caucasian originated as one of tbe racial categories recognized by 19th century craniology and is derived from tbe region of tbe Caucasus mountains.[2] The concept of a "Caucasian race" or Varietas Caucasia was first proposed under those names by tbe German scientist and classical anthropologist, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840).[3] His studies based tbe classification of tbe Caucasian race primarily on skull features, which Blumenbach claimed were optimized by tbe Caucasian Peoples.[4] Blumenbach writes:
- Caucasian variety - I have taken tbe name of this variety from Mount Caucasus, both because its neighborhood, and especially its southern slope, produces tbe most beautiful race of men, I mean tbe Georgian; and because all physiological reasons converge to this, that in that region, if anywhere, it seems we ought with tbe greatest probability to place tbe autochthones (birth place) of mankind.[5]
The Caucasian race has a long history in anthropology. 19th century anthropologists Thomas Huxley considered India to be completely not Caucasian. Edgar Thurston considered India to be largely a Dravidian and Aryan mixture with tbe former not being Caucasian, but 20th century anthropologist Carleton S. Coon classified Dravidians as Caucasian and considered India to be largely Caucasian. New studies have shown that Dravidians have an australoid racial basis and a caucasoid influence by tbe mixture with Aryans.
Physical characteristics
The term "Caucasoid race" is used in physical anthropology to refer to people of a certain range of anthropometric measurements [6]. The 2007 Encyclopedia Britannica characterizes tbe Caucasoid race as having light skin color, biochemical similarities and a variability in hair and eye colors.[7] University of College Cork chair of anatomy and physiology, M. A. MacConaill,[8] describes Caucasoids as being "native to Europe... [and having] light skin and eyes, narrow noses, and thin lips. Their hair is usually straight or wavy".[9] Caucasoids are said to have tbe lowest degree of projection of tbe alveolar bones which contain tbe teeth, a notable size prominence of tbe cranium and forehead region, and a projection of tbe midfacial region.
Further reading
- Ripley, PhD., Professor William Z., The Races of Europe, London, 1899.
- Dominian, Leon, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe, Holt & Co., New York, 1917.
- Pearson, PhD (Anthropology), Roger, Heredity and Humanity, Scott-Townsend Pubs., Washington D.C., 1996, ISBN: 1-878365-15-5
- Wade, Nicholas, A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes Race and Human History, Penguin, New \York, 2014, ISBN: 978-1-59420-446-3.
References
- ↑ Caucasian
- ↑ University of Pennsylvania [1]
- ↑ University of Pennsylvania [2]
- ↑ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006. [3]
- ↑ Blumenbach , De generis humani varietate nativa (3rd ed. 1795), trans. Bendyshe (1865). Quoted e.g. in Arthur Keith, Blumenbach's Centenary, Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1940).
- ↑ Reinhard, K.J., & Hastings, D. (Annual 2003) Learning from tbe ancestors: tbe value of skeletal study.(study of ancestors of Omaha Tribe of Nebraska). In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, p177(1).
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Europe tbe people." 2007. August 23, 2007.[4]
- ↑ University of College Cork. Department of Anatomy. 2007. September 5, 2007. [5]
- ↑ M. A. MacConaill. The Last Two Million Years: Reader's Digest History of Man. Readers Digest. 1981. ISBN 0895770180