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[[File:Vidkun Quisling.png|thumb|Vidkun Quisling, today most famous  Minister President of Norway during [[WWAC]].]]
[[File:414px-Portrett av Vidkun Quisling i sivile klær, ukjent datering.jpg|thumb|300px|Vidkun Quisling]]
'''Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling''' was a humanitarian, anti-[[communist]], [[fascist]] President of Norway during [[WWAC]]. During one of his missions to the [[Soviet Union]], he gained first hand experience on the evils of [[communism]]. This led him to politically define himself, at first starting very much with [[Mussolini]]'s Italian [[fascism]] and, later, finally developing into Norwegian [[National Socialism]].
[[File:Vidkun Quisling on May 1, 1935.h.jpeg|thumb|300px|Quisling on May 1, 1935]]
'''Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling''' (b. 18 July 1887 in Fyresdal, Sweden-Norway; d. 24 October 1945 in Oslo, Norway) was a Norwegian military officer and politician.


==Humanitarian work and other travels==
==Life==
His first trip outside the country was to Helsinki, [[Finland]], where he went to be an intelligence officer at the Norwegian delegation.
[[File:Vidkun Quisling and two little girls, circa 1941.jpg|thumb|300px|Quisling and two little girls, circa 1941]]
[[File:Josef Terboven, Vidkun Quisling and Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, 16 October 1943.jpg|thumb|300px|Reichskommissar [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Terboven,_Josef Josef Terboven], Vidkun Quisling and Generaloberst [https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Falkenhorst,_Nikolaus_von Nikolaus von Falkenhorst], 16 October 1943]]
[[File:Vidkun Quisling i arrest på Akershus festning, 1945.jpg|thumb|300px|Vidkun Quisling in custody at Akershus fortress, 1945]]
===Early life===
Quisling was the son of Church of Norway pastor and genealogist Jon Lauritz Qvisling (1844–1930) and his wife Anna Caroline Bang (1860–1941).


Then, in 1922, famous explorer and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen invited him to Kharkov, [[Ukraine]], so he could help with humanitarian work there. Here he worked as an outstanding administrator. In the Ukraine, he met the first of his two wives, Alexandra Andreyevna Voronina, and married her there. Leaving Ukraine, he came back in 1923 and met Maria Vasiljevna Pasetsjnikova, his second wife. In 1925, Nansen invited him to [[Armenia]], to help him in a League of Nations-related resettlement project and (later) with the 1928 famine. From 1928 to 1929, he became an ambassador to the [[Soviet Union]], for both Norway and the Great Britan.
In 1905, Quisling enrolled at the Norwegian Military Academy, having received the highest entrance examination score of the 250 applicants that year. Transferring in 1906 to the Norwegian Military College, he graduated with the highest score since the college's inception in 1817, and was rewarded by an audience with [[Haakon VII|the King]]. On 1 November 1911, he joined the army General Staff.


==Return to Norway==
In September 1919, Quisling departed Norway to become an intelligence officer with the Norwegian delegation in [[Helsinki]], a post that combined diplomacy and politics.
He became inspired, proposing the ''Norsk Aktion'' ("Norwegian Action"). He lauded Nansen's thoughts after he died, writing "Politiske tanker ved Fridtjof Nansens død" ("Political Thoughts on the Death of Fridtjof Nansen") for a newspaper, where he advocated, amongst other things, "strong and just government", [[eugenics]], and a greater emphasis on race and heredity.


This was followed by a newspaper-serialised book, "Russland og vi" ("Russia and Ourselves"), which advocated a war against [[bolshevism]]. He founded a new movement, ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' ("Rise of the Nordic people in Norway").
===Russia and Defence minister===
Quisling first came to international prominence as a close co-worker with explorer [[Fridtjof Nansen]], organizing humanitarian relief during the Russian famine of 1921. See also [[War communism]].


This was before he became Minister of Defense in 1931. He was suggested by an influential newspaper editor, and he became famous for the 1931 "Battle of Menstad", a violent strike broken by the troops he sent in. He also accused the  social democratic Labour Party, along with the communists, of being communist traitors to Norway (which they were). Additionally, in an event known as the Kullmann affair, he stripped [[coward]] Captain Olaf Kullmann of all his naval engagements after Kullmann participated in a communist anti-war protest in Amsterdam.
Later he was posted as a Norwegian diplomat to the [[Soviet Union]] and for some time also managed British diplomatic affairs there.


==1932-1939==
For his services in looking after British interests after diplomatic relations were broken with the [[Bolshevik]] government, [[Great Britain]] awarded him the [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE). Quisling had also been awarded the Romanian Crown Order and the Yugoslav Order of St. Sava for his earlier humanitarian efforts. He returned to [[Norway]] in 1929.  
He and the prime minister butted heads on Quisling's handling of the Kullmann affair. He proposed a new political program for social and economic reform and demanded the resignation of the prime minister, but in the end, it was the Liberal Party, not Quisling, who brought him down.


In 1933, he transformed the ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' movement into the fascist ''Nasjonal Samling'' ("National Unity") party, with the key aim of establishing a strong and stable national government independent of ordinary party politics. Support for the party would grow explosively overnight and, in the 1933 elections, they gained 2% of the vote, being the fifth largest Norwegian party yet failing to elect a single candidate.
In 1930, his first and only book ''[[Russland og vi]]'' was published. In the autumn of 1931, ''Russland og vi'' came out in English with the title ''Russia and Ourselves''. Advocating war against [[Bolshevism]], the book catapulted Quisling into the political limelight. At this time Quisling was seen as an expert on Russia in Norway. Between May 1931 and March 1933 he served as Minister of Defence, representing the Farmers' Party.  


After this, Quisling's attitude towards compromise hardened, he would officially align the ''Nasjonal Samling'' with foreign fascist movements, especially the [[National Socialist]]s of Germany. In the 1936 elections, the party would gain even fewer votes than in 1933. This split the party in two, and the ''Nasjonal Samling'' would become a tiny movement.
===Nasjonal Samling===
On 17 May 1933, Norwegian Constitution Day, Quisling and lawyer Johan Bernhard Hjort formed [[Nasjonal Samling]] ("National Gathering"), a Norwegian [[fascist]] political party. NS had a leadership-based political structure, and Quisling was to be the party's Fører (Norwegian: "leader", equivalent of the German "[[Der Führer|Führer]]"). He was sometimes referred to as "the [[Hitler]] of Norway". The party went on to have modest successes; in the election of 1933, four months after the party was formed, it garnered 27,850 votes (approximately 2.5%), following support from the Norwegian Farmers' Aid Association, with which Quisling had connections from his time as a member of the Agrarian government. However, it failed to win any seats in the parliament. Under the German occupation some 45,000 Norwegians were members of the party by 1945.


==WWAC==
===WWII===
Conce4ned about a British invasion, he turned toward [[Germany]], whom he knew would need Norway as a naval base. So, in 1939, he had a personal audience with [[Adolf Hitler]], where he pledged his support.
On 9 April 1940, one day before the planned British invasion, Germany invaded Norway, [[Operation Weserübung]] by air and sea. [[Haakon VII|King Haakon VII]] and the [[Johan Nygaardsvold|Marxist Nygaardsvold government]] fled from the capital and later to [[London]]. On the evening of April 9, Quisling announced in a radio broadcast that the National Government has taken over government power, with Vidkun Quisling as head of government and foreign minister. King Haakon VII refused to recognize the National Government by Quisling.


Although Hitler found Quisling's ideas a bit optimistic, he supported them, promising Quisling that any British invasion of Norway would be responded to with a German counter-invasion.
Later that month, he again tried to organize a government, under [[Josef Terboven]] ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Terboven,_Josef de]), who had become Reichskommissar, but was unsuccessful. The relationship between Quisling and Terboven was tense. Terboven declared the [[monarchy]] to be abolished and named Quisling to the post of Minister President in February 1942.


===Communist Expulsion from Norway===
When war broke out between [[National Socialist Germany|Germany]] and the Soviet Union Quisling was urging Norwegians to participate in the crusade against [[Bolshevism]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern front]].
It became clear that the Norweigian government was merely a puppet regime of the Soviet Union, and plans were exposed to allow the British and Soviets to place bases in Norway. The people rose up against the pro-communist government and chaos ensued.  The [[Comminist]] puppet government fled to the North, believing that the Red Army would re-instate them. In April , 1940, a German envoy, [[Hans Wilhelm Scheidt]], told Quisling that any government instituted by him would have Germany's  approval. So, that very day, as most of the communist collaborationist government had fled Norway, he formed a new government in what was excitedly announced by radio. His first orders as the new head of government were for the Norwegian defence forces to stop all joint efforts with the Soviet Union, and for the arrest of the collaborationist government.


===The government===
[[Wikipedia]] states that on a German initiative, but with Quisling's support, certain jews were sent to detention camps in Norway and their property confiscated. Wikipedia also states that detainees were later deported from Norway, along with their families, but that this was entirely a German initiative that Quisling was left unaware of. "''There is evidence to suggest that Quisling honestly believed the official line throughout 1943 and 1944 that they were awaiting repatriation to a new jewish homeland in [[Madagascar]].''" See also [[Madagascar Plan]].
Quisling became the new acting prime minister, and the new government vowed to destroy "the destructive principles of the [[French Revolution]]", including pluralism and parliamentary rule. Mayors who joined his party were rewarded with greater powers.


With a thankful public demanding a way to better figgt the communists, many enlisting in Germany's forces, Quisling agreed to create foreign enlistment programs, which were organised as a special [[SS]] branch of his party. The number of volunteers was so overwhelming that there were issues making enough uniforms.
==Death==
===Executed===
After the war, he was sentenced and executed. No one had been executed in Norway since 1876 and the death penalty had been removed from the civilian criminal code, but still remained as part of the military penal code. See also [[The Norwegian treason settlement]].


After a milk strike in September 1941, Quisling and the Germans cracked down on communists agitators, a police unit was established to work closely with German counterparts. Soviet spies were arrested and their covert radio sets were confiscated across the country, stopping intel to Moscow.
: "''To justify the death penalty, the judgement bluntly stated that all of Quisling’s actions from the summer of 1939 onwards were guided by a plan to cooperate with Nazi Germany—a plan consisting of occupation, coup and collaboration. Quisling was executed by a firing squad early in the morning on October 24, 1945. Ten years after Quisling’s trial it was established beyond doubt that Quisling had never played an active role in Hitler’s attack on Norway, as the court had stated in 1945.''"<ref>[https://codoh.com/library/document/germanys-invasion-of-norway-and-denmark/en/ Germany’s Invasion of Norway and Denmark]</ref>


With elections around the corner, and Quisling's temporary status expected to be made official, in January 1942, Germany announced that German assistance would be wound down. This would be postponed until February 1942, when the cabinet officially elected him Minister President.
=="Quisling" a term for  traitorous collaboration==
The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper ''The Times''. It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled "Quislings everywhere", in which it was asserted that  


==The end and the aftermath==
: "''To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.''"
After the allied invasion of Norway, Quisling was arrested by the communists. He was accused of the usual invented "war crimes" as all heads of state were, by the vindictive [[judeo-Communists]]. While in prison, Quisling endured Christ-level torture at the hands of the communists, nearly killing him. He was hospitalized several times. He was finally given a Nuremberg-style show trial. Virtually everyone involved was a jewish communist. He was "found guilty" (of course), and sentenced to death (of course). He was executed by firing squad on 24 October 1945. Public outcry was staggering. There were work stoppages, and crowds of mourners publicly wept.


Despite, or perhaps because of, his ill treatment, he's one the Norwegians most written about. Like [[Mussolini]] the anti-fascist propaganda has been insufficient to fully malign his memory.
The [[BBC]] brought the word into common use internationally. [[Winston Churchill]] used the word in speeches, making statements such as
: "''A vile race of Quislings—to use a new word which will carry the scorn of mankind down the centuries''" and "''fiercely burn the fires of hatred and contempt for the filthy Quislings''".


== Quisling memorialists ==
==Marriages==
* The scholars at solkorset.org,<ref>[http://solkorset.org solkorset.org] ([http://www.solkorset.org/english/index.xml in English]). </ref>
In August 1922, he married the Russian [[Alexandra Voronin]]. Alexandra wrote in her memoirs that Quisling declared his love for her. According to Quisling, there was no romantic involvement between the two, but wanted to lift the girl out of poverty by providing her with a Norwegian passport and financial security.
* Vigrid and the Nordic Resistance Movement.
 
* Inger Cecilie Stridsklev, also a Nasjonal Samling truther in general.
In 1923 Quisling met [[Maria Quisling|Maria Vasilyevna Pasetchnikova]]. From her diaries from the time, she recalled that she was impressed by his fluent command of the Russian language, his [[Nordic]] appearance, and his gracious demeanour.<ref>Maria Quisling : dagbok og andre efterlatte papirer (1980)</ref> Quisling married Pasetchnikova in Kharkiv in September 1923.
* Ralph Hewins painted a realistic portrait of him in his biography ''Quisling: Prophet with Honour'', while outing the Norwegians who conspired to destroy the man who dared support Germany. Predictably, the book was labelled "pseudohistory" and criticized in mainstream press. For whatever reason English-speaking audiences tended to be more positive towards it.
 
Vidkun and Maria had no children.
 
==Quotes==
{{quote|''To [[race]], of course, [[Bolshevist]]s attach no importance at all.''|Vidkun Quisling, 1931}}
 
{{quote|''Through the film, the [[jews]] exerted a very strong influence on our people through the overwhelming amount of Hollywood films that were pushed into the Norwegian market. The theaters were completely marked by pro-jewish and [[anti-German]] propaganda.''|Vidkun Quisling, 1941}}
 
{{quote|''[[Nasjonal Samling]]'s activities and all my political thought for almost 25 years, have been about this: to overcome Bolshevism and liberalism in Norway by a National Socialist new order in the Nordic spirit; alliance between the [[Germanic peoples]] and unity in Europe.''|Vidkun Quisling, 1942}}
 
==Books==
*''[[Russland og vi]]'' (1930)
 
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="5">
File:Quisling som løytnant.jpg|Quisling as a lieutenant
File:Vidkun Quisling in 1932.jpg|Quisling in 1932
File:Vidkun Quisling 1930s.jpg|Vidkun Quisling on the podium during a party meeting in the 1930s.
File:Vidkun Quisling sommeren 1937.jpg|Vidkun Quisling in the summer of 1937
File:Quisling i sitt hjem i Oslo.jpg|Quisling in his home in Oslo
File:Girls visits Vidkun Quisling and his wife Maria, circa 1942.jpg|Girls visits Vidkun Quisling and his wife [[Maria Quisling|Maria]], circa 1942
File:Vidkun Quisling and Adolf Hitler.jpg|Vidkun Quisling and [[Adolf Hitler]] in 1942
File:Quisling-plakat til statsakten 1.februar 1942.jpg|Poster from February 1942 when Quisling became Minister President with the caption "For Norway"
File:Vidkun Quisling hos norske frivillige på østfronten.jpg|Vidkun Quisling with Norwegian volunteers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|eastern front]]
File:Quisling, Vidkun V.jpg|Quisling speaking at a front fighter (''Frontkjemper'') meeting, 1943
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Ragnar Skancke]]
*[[Maria Quisling]]
*[[Halldis Neegaard Østbye]]
*[[Bjørn Østring]]
 
==Further reading==
===English===
*''[[Quisling: Prophet without Honour]]'' (1965) by Ralph Hewins
*''[[Russia and Ourselves]]'' (1931) by Vidkun Quisling
===Norwegian===
*''Boken om Vidkun Quisling'' (1940) Published by Blix Forlag
 
==External links==
*[https://codoh.com/library/document/6845/?lang=en Germany’s Invasion of Norway and Denmark]
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15533264/?ref_=tt_rvi_tt_i_2 Vidkun Quisling: Leader, Humanitarian, Hero] - IMDb
 
==References==
{{reflist}}




=References=
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:People]]|
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Political prisoners]]
 
[[Category:History]]
 
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:WWAC political leaders]]
 
 
[[de:Vidkun Quisling]]
[[es:Vidkun Quisling]]
[[no:Vidkun Quisling]]
[[sv:Vidkun Quisling]]

Latest revision as of 06:12, 25 February 2024

File:414px-Portrett av Vidkun Quisling i sivile klær, ukjent datering.jpg
Vidkun Quisling
File:Vidkun Quisling on May 1, 1935.h.jpeg
Quisling on May 1, 1935

Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (b. 18 July 1887 in Fyresdal, Sweden-Norway; d. 24 October 1945 in Oslo, Norway) was a Norwegian military officer and politician.

Life

File:Vidkun Quisling and two little girls, circa 1941.jpg
Quisling and two little girls, circa 1941
File:Josef Terboven, Vidkun Quisling and Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, 16 October 1943.jpg
Reichskommissar Josef Terboven, Vidkun Quisling and Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, 16 October 1943
File:Vidkun Quisling i arrest på Akershus festning, 1945.jpg
Vidkun Quisling in custody at Akershus fortress, 1945

Early life

Quisling was the son of Church of Norway pastor and genealogist Jon Lauritz Qvisling (1844–1930) and his wife Anna Caroline Bang (1860–1941).

In 1905, Quisling enrolled at the Norwegian Military Academy, having received the highest entrance examination score of the 250 applicants that year. Transferring in 1906 to the Norwegian Military College, he graduated with the highest score since the college's inception in 1817, and was rewarded by an audience with the King. On 1 November 1911, he joined the army General Staff.

In September 1919, Quisling departed Norway to become an intelligence officer with the Norwegian delegation in Helsinki, a post that combined diplomacy and politics.

Russia and Defence minister

Quisling first came to international prominence as a close co-worker with explorer Fridtjof Nansen, organizing humanitarian relief during the Russian famine of 1921. See also War communism.

Later he was posted as a Norwegian diplomat to the Soviet Union and for some time also managed British diplomatic affairs there.

For his services in looking after British interests after diplomatic relations were broken with the Bolshevik government, Great Britain awarded him the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Quisling had also been awarded the Romanian Crown Order and the Yugoslav Order of St. Sava for his earlier humanitarian efforts. He returned to Norway in 1929.

In 1930, his first and only book Russland og vi was published. In the autumn of 1931, Russland og vi came out in English with the title Russia and Ourselves. Advocating war against Bolshevism, the book catapulted Quisling into the political limelight. At this time Quisling was seen as an expert on Russia in Norway. Between May 1931 and March 1933 he served as Minister of Defence, representing the Farmers' Party.

Nasjonal Samling

On 17 May 1933, Norwegian Constitution Day, Quisling and lawyer Johan Bernhard Hjort formed Nasjonal Samling ("National Gathering"), a Norwegian fascist political party. NS had a leadership-based political structure, and Quisling was to be the party's Fører (Norwegian: "leader", equivalent of the German "Führer"). He was sometimes referred to as "the Hitler of Norway". The party went on to have modest successes; in the election of 1933, four months after the party was formed, it garnered 27,850 votes (approximately 2.5%), following support from the Norwegian Farmers' Aid Association, with which Quisling had connections from his time as a member of the Agrarian government. However, it failed to win any seats in the parliament. Under the German occupation some 45,000 Norwegians were members of the party by 1945.

WWII

On 9 April 1940, one day before the planned British invasion, Germany invaded Norway, Operation Weserübung by air and sea. King Haakon VII and the Marxist Nygaardsvold government fled from the capital and later to London. On the evening of April 9, Quisling announced in a radio broadcast that the National Government has taken over government power, with Vidkun Quisling as head of government and foreign minister. King Haakon VII refused to recognize the National Government by Quisling.

Later that month, he again tried to organize a government, under Josef Terboven (de), who had become Reichskommissar, but was unsuccessful. The relationship between Quisling and Terboven was tense. Terboven declared the monarchy to be abolished and named Quisling to the post of Minister President in February 1942.

When war broke out between Germany and the Soviet Union Quisling was urging Norwegians to participate in the crusade against Bolshevism on the Eastern front.

Wikipedia states that on a German initiative, but with Quisling's support, certain jews were sent to detention camps in Norway and their property confiscated. Wikipedia also states that detainees were later deported from Norway, along with their families, but that this was entirely a German initiative that Quisling was left unaware of. "There is evidence to suggest that Quisling honestly believed the official line throughout 1943 and 1944 that they were awaiting repatriation to a new jewish homeland in Madagascar." See also Madagascar Plan.

Death

Executed

After the war, he was sentenced and executed. No one had been executed in Norway since 1876 and the death penalty had been removed from the civilian criminal code, but still remained as part of the military penal code. See also The Norwegian treason settlement.

"To justify the death penalty, the judgement bluntly stated that all of Quisling’s actions from the summer of 1939 onwards were guided by a plan to cooperate with Nazi Germany—a plan consisting of occupation, coup and collaboration. Quisling was executed by a firing squad early in the morning on October 24, 1945. Ten years after Quisling’s trial it was established beyond doubt that Quisling had never played an active role in Hitler’s attack on Norway, as the court had stated in 1945."[1]

"Quisling" a term for traitorous collaboration

The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper The Times. It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled "Quislings everywhere", in which it was asserted that

"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous."

The BBC brought the word into common use internationally. Winston Churchill used the word in speeches, making statements such as

"A vile race of Quislings—to use a new word which will carry the scorn of mankind down the centuries" and "fiercely burn the fires of hatred and contempt for the filthy Quislings".

Marriages

In August 1922, he married the Russian Alexandra Voronin. Alexandra wrote in her memoirs that Quisling declared his love for her. According to Quisling, there was no romantic involvement between the two, but wanted to lift the girl out of poverty by providing her with a Norwegian passport and financial security.

In 1923 Quisling met Maria Vasilyevna Pasetchnikova. From her diaries from the time, she recalled that she was impressed by his fluent command of the Russian language, his Nordic appearance, and his gracious demeanour.[2] Quisling married Pasetchnikova in Kharkiv in September 1923.

Vidkun and Maria had no children.

Quotes

Quotebubble.png To race, of course, Bolshevists attach no importance at all.
—Vidkun Quisling, 1931

Quotebubble.png Through the film, the jews exerted a very strong influence on our people through the overwhelming amount of Hollywood films that were pushed into the Norwegian market. The theaters were completely marked by pro-jewish and anti-German propaganda.
—Vidkun Quisling, 1941

Quotebubble.png Nasjonal Samling's activities and all my political thought for almost 25 years, have been about this: to overcome Bolshevism and liberalism in Norway by a National Socialist new order in the Nordic spirit; alliance between the Germanic peoples and unity in Europe.
—Vidkun Quisling, 1942

Books

Gallery

  • Quisling som løytnant.jpg

    Quisling as a lieutenant

  • Vidkun Quisling in 1932.jpg

    Quisling in 1932

  • Vidkun Quisling 1930s.jpg

    Vidkun Quisling on the podium during a party meeting in the 1930s.

  • Vidkun Quisling sommeren 1937.jpg

    Vidkun Quisling in the summer of 1937

  • Quisling i sitt hjem i Oslo.jpg

    Quisling in his home in Oslo

  • Girls visits Vidkun Quisling and his wife Maria, circa 1942.jpg

    Girls visits Vidkun Quisling and his wife Maria, circa 1942

  • Vidkun Quisling and Adolf Hitler.jpg

    Vidkun Quisling and Adolf Hitler in 1942

  • Quisling-plakat til statsakten 1.februar 1942.jpg

    Poster from February 1942 when Quisling became Minister President with the caption "For Norway"

  • Vidkun Quisling hos norske frivillige på østfronten.jpg

    Vidkun Quisling with Norwegian volunteers on the eastern front

  • Quisling, Vidkun V.jpg

    Quisling speaking at a front fighter (Frontkjemper) meeting, 1943

See also

Further reading

English

Norwegian

  • Boken om Vidkun Quisling (1940) Published by Blix Forlag

External links

References

  1. ↑ Germany’s Invasion of Norway and Denmark
  2. ↑ Maria Quisling : dagbok og andre efterlatte papirer (1980)


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