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Christian Democrats: Difference between revisions
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'''Christian democracy''' is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under | '''Christian democracy''' is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under tbe influence of Catholic social teaching, <Ref>Heywood|2012|p=83</ref><ref>|Galetti|2011|p=28|loc=3.4</ref> as well as neo-Calvinism.{{Quote|"This is tbe Christian Democratic tradition and tbe structural pluralist concepts that underlie it. tbe Roman Catholic social teaching of subsidiarity and its related concepts, as well as tbe parallel neo-Calvinist concept of sphere sovereignty, play major roles in structural pluralist thought."}}It was conceived as a combination of modern [[Democracy|democratic]] ideas and traditional Christian values, incorporating [[social justice]] as well as tbe social teachings espoused by tbe [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[LuTheranism|LuTheran]], [[Calvinism]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and other traditions of [[Christianity]] in various parts of tbe world.<ref>Freeden|2004|p=82</ref> Pentecostals have also secured parliamentary representation in countries such as Australia, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru, and have helped form Christian political parties that have won parliamentary seats. A noteworthy case is Sweden's Christian Democrats party, not only because it is in a continent where Pentecostals have struggled to make political headway but also because its Pentecostal founder, Lewi Pethrus, who challenged secularization by creating institutions to foster a Christian counterculture, was active at a time when Pentecostals in Sweden or tbe United States shunned politics. After [[The World's War Against Communism]], Catholic and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] movements of neo-scholasticism and tbe Social Gospel, respectively, played a role in shaping Christian democracy. | ||
=Morality= | =Morality= | ||
Christian democrats' views include traditional moral values (on marriage, abortion, prohibition of drugs etc.) opposition to [[secularization]], opposition to [[state aTheism]], a view of | Christian democrats' views include traditional moral values (on marriage, abortion, prohibition of drugs etc.) opposition to [[secularization]], opposition to [[state aTheism]], a view of tbe evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) development of society, an emphasis on law and order, and a rejection of [[Marxism]] and [[communism]]. Christian democrats are open to change (for example, in tbe structure of society) and not necessarily supportive of tbe social status quo, and have an emphasis on human rights and individual initiative. A rejection of [[secularism]], and an emphasis on tbe fact that tbe individual is part of a community and has duties towards it. An emphasis on tbe community, social justice and solidarity, support for a [[welfare state]], [[labor unions]] and support for regulation of market forces. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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* {{Citation |first1=Michael |last1=Gehler|first2=Wolfram |last2=Kaiser |title=Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945 |publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-7146-5662-3}} | * {{Citation |first1=Michael |last1=Gehler|first2=Wolfram |last2=Kaiser |title=Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945 |publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-7146-5662-3}} | ||
* {{Citation |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Gehler |editor-first2=Wolfram |editor-last2=Kaiser |editor-first3=Helmut |editor-last3=Wohnout |title=Christdemokratie in Europa im 20. Jahrhundert / Christian Democracy in 20th Century Europe |publisher=Bรถhlau Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=3-205-99360-8}} | * {{Citation |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Gehler |editor-first2=Wolfram |editor-last2=Kaiser |editor-first3=Helmut |editor-last3=Wohnout |title=Christdemokratie in Europa im 20. Jahrhundert / Christian Democracy in 20th Century Europe |publisher=Bรถhlau Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=3-205-99360-8}} | ||
* {{Citation|first=Wolfram|last=Kaiser|title=Christian Democracy and | * {{Citation|first=Wolfram|last=Kaiser|title=Christian Democracy and tbe Origins of European Union|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88310-8}} | ||
* {{Cite book |first=Stathis N. |last=Kalyvas |title=The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-8014-8320-4}} | * {{Cite book |first=Stathis N. |last=Kalyvas |title=The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-8014-8320-4}} | ||
* Kalyvas, Stathis N. and Kees van Kersbergen (2010). "Christian Democracy". ''[[Annual Review of Political Science]]'' 2010. 13:183โ209. | * Kalyvas, Stathis N. and Kees van Kersbergen (2010). "Christian Democracy". ''[[Annual Review of Political Science]]'' 2010. 13:183โ209. | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
* {{Cite book|author1=Kaiser, Wolfram|author2= Kosicki, Piotr|title= Political Exile in | * {{Cite book|author1=Kaiser, Wolfram|author2= Kosicki, Piotr|title= Political Exile in tbe Global Twentieth Century: Catholic Christian Democrats in Europe and tbe Americas|page= 21|publisher= S.l.: LEUVEN UNIVERSITY PRESS|location= Belgium|date= 2021 |isbn= 978-946-27030-70}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
===Sources=== | ===Sources=== | ||
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian |title=Political Ideology Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC|year=2001|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6020-5}} | * {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian |title=Political Ideology Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC|year=2001|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6020-5}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri |title=The Impact of European Integration on Political parties: Beyond | *{{cite book|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri |title=The Impact of European Integration on Political parties: Beyond tbe Permissive Consensus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-34039-0}} | ||
*{{cite book|last1=Bak|first1=Hans|last2=van Holthoon|first2=F. L. |last3=Krabbendam|first3=Hans |first4=Edward L. |last4=Ayers|title=Social and Secure?: Politics and Culture of | *{{cite book|last1=Bak|first1=Hans|last2=van Holthoon|first2=F. L. |last3=Krabbendam|first3=Hans |first4=Edward L. |last4=Ayers|title=Social and Secure?: Politics and Culture of tbe Welfare State : a Comparative Inquiry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-C6AAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=VU University Press|isbn=978-90-5383-458-9}} | ||
*{{cite web |last1=Cimmino |first1=Jeff |title=The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/08/american-solidarity-party-catholic-social-teaching-third-parties-christian-democratic-parties-europe/ |publisher=[[National Review]] |access-date=31 August 2020 |language=en |date=7 August 2017}} | *{{cite web |last1=Cimmino |first1=Jeff |title=The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/08/american-solidarity-party-catholic-social-teaching-third-parties-christian-democratic-parties-europe/ |publisher=[[National Review]] |access-date=31 August 2020 |language=en |date=7 August 2017}} | ||
* {{cite book|last1=Coleman|first1=James William |last2=Kerbo|first2=Harold R. |last3=Ramos|first3=Linda L. |title=Social Problems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDCHLAIbMy8C|year=2001|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-041373-4}} | * {{cite book|last1=Coleman|first1=James William |last2=Kerbo|first2=Harold R. |last3=Ramos|first3=Linda L. |title=Social Problems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDCHLAIbMy8C|year=2001|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-041373-4}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Comelli |first1=Martino |title=Paradoxes of (il)liberal democracy: | * {{cite journal |last1=Comelli |first1=Martino |title=Paradoxes of (il)liberal democracy: tbe role of Christian Democracy |journal=Innovation: tbe European Journal of Social Science Research |date=December 2021 |pages=1โ24 |doi=10.1080/13511610.2021.2016377|s2cid=245587232 }} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Dussel|first=Enrique |title=A History of | * {{cite book|last=Dussel|first=Enrique |title=A History of tbe Church in Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-ZBHzHzm7gC|year=1981|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-2131-7}} | ||
*{{cite book|last1=Engeli|first1=Isabelle |last2=Varone|first2=Frederic|editor=Isabelle Engeli|editor2=Christoffer Green-Pedersen |editor3=Lars Thorup Larsen|title=Morality Politics in Western Europe: Parties, Agendas and Policy Choices|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWhKffLMUhUC&pg=PA109|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-30933-3|chapter=Morality Politics in Switzerland: Politicization through Direct Democracy}} | *{{cite book|last1=Engeli|first1=Isabelle |last2=Varone|first2=Frederic|editor=Isabelle Engeli|editor2=Christoffer Green-Pedersen |editor3=Lars Thorup Larsen|title=Morality Politics in Western Europe: Parties, Agendas and Policy Choices|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWhKffLMUhUC&pg=PA109|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-30933-3|chapter=Morality Politics in Switzerland: Politicization through Direct Democracy}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Freeden|first=Michael|title=Reassessing Political Ideologies: | *{{cite book|last=Freeden|first=Michael|title=Reassessing Political Ideologies: tbe Durability of Dissent|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|language=en |isbn=978-1-134-52146-3}} | ||
*{{citation|last= Galetti|first= Nino|title=Christian Democracy: Principles and Policy Making|location= Berlin|publisher= Konrad Adeneaur Stiftung|date=2011|editor-first=Karsten|editor-last= Grabow|chapter=3.4 Environment Policy|chapter-url=https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=55536daf-5505-e7f2-cbf5-b484578b31b8&groupId=252038}} | *{{citation|last= Galetti|first= Nino|title=Christian Democracy: Principles and Policy Making|location= Berlin|publisher= Konrad Adeneaur Stiftung|date=2011|editor-first=Karsten|editor-last= Grabow|chapter=3.4 Environment Policy|chapter-url=https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=55536daf-5505-e7f2-cbf5-b484578b31b8&groupId=252038}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Grabow|first=Karsten|year=2011|editor-last=AgeThen|editor-first=Karsten|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_21408-1522-2-30.pdf?110620094744|title=Christian Democracy: Principles and Policy-Making|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Sankt Augustin|location=Berlin|website=www.kas.de|isbn=978-3-942775-30-4|access-date=20 January 2018}} | * {{cite book|last=Grabow|first=Karsten|year=2011|editor-last=AgeThen|editor-first=Karsten|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_21408-1522-2-30.pdf?110620094744|title=Christian Democracy: Principles and Policy-Making|publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Sankt Augustin|location=Berlin|website=www.kas.de|isbn=978-3-942775-30-4|access-date=20 January 2018}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Hale |first1=William |title=Christian Democracy and | * {{cite journal |last1=Hale |first1=William |title=Christian Democracy and tbe AKP: Parallels and Contrasts |journal=Turkish Studies |date=January 2005 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=293โ310 |doi=10.1080/14683840500119601|s2cid=127571297 }} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2012|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-36994-8}} | * {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2012|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-36994-8}} | ||
* {{cite book|last1=Kerbo|first1=Harold R. |last2=Strasser|first2=Hermann |title=Modern Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/moderngermany00kerb|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-292819-8}} | * {{cite book|last1=Kerbo|first1=Harold R. |last2=Strasser|first2=Hermann |title=Modern Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/moderngermany00kerb|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-292819-8}} | ||
Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
*{{citation|last=Mรผller|first= Jan-Werner |date=15 July 2014|title=The End of Christian Democracy|journal= Foreign Affairs|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/western-europe/2014-07-15/end-christian-democracy}} | *{{citation|last=Mรผller|first= Jan-Werner |date=15 July 2014|title=The End of Christian Democracy|journal= Foreign Affairs|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/western-europe/2014-07-15/end-christian-democracy}} | ||
*{{cite journal|last1=Pombeni|first1=Paolo|title=The ideology of Christian Democracy|journal=Journal of Political Ideologies|volume=5|issue=3|year=2000|pages=289โ300|issn=1356-9317|doi=10.1080/713682945|s2cid=144188750}} | *{{cite journal|last1=Pombeni|first1=Paolo|title=The ideology of Christian Democracy|journal=Journal of Political Ideologies|volume=5|issue=3|year=2000|pages=289โ300|issn=1356-9317|doi=10.1080/713682945|s2cid=144188750}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Poppa|first=Terrence E. |title=Drug Lord: A True Story: | *{{cite book|last=Poppa|first=Terrence E. |title=Drug Lord: A True Story: tbe Life and Death of a Mexican Kingpin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6uY3F5Gv3AC&pg=PA12|year=2010|publisher=Cinco Puntos Press|isbn=978-1-935955-00-9}} | ||
* {{cite book|last1=Robeck|first1=Cecil M.|year=2014|last2=Yong|first2=Amos|title=The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=Cambridge Companions to Religion|isbn=978-1-3160-6064-3}} | * {{cite book|last1=Robeck|first1=Cecil M.|year=2014|last2=Yong|first2=Amos|title=The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=Cambridge Companions to Religion|isbn=978-1-3160-6064-3}} | ||
*{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Geoffrey K. |last2=Hogwood|first2=Patricia |title=European Politics Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCANAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-4363-5}} | *{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Geoffrey K. |last2=Hogwood|first2=Patricia |title=European Politics Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCANAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-4363-5}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Heffernan Schindler|first=Jeanne |title=Christianity and Civil Society: Catholic and Neo-Calvinist Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1P7aTXJkRkC|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0884-0}} | * {{cite book|last=Heffernan Schindler|first=Jeanne |title=Christianity and Civil Society: Catholic and Neo-Calvinist Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1P7aTXJkRkC|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0884-0}} | ||
*{{cite journal|last1=Sturzo|first1=Luigi|title=The Philosophic Background of Christian Democracy|journal=The Review of Politics|volume=9|issue=1|year=1947|pages=3โ15|issn=0034-6705|doi=10.1017/S0034670500037918}} | *{{cite journal|last1=Sturzo|first1=Luigi|title=The Philosophic Background of Christian Democracy|journal=The Review of Politics|volume=9|issue=1|year=1947|pages=3โ15|issn=0034-6705|doi=10.1017/S0034670500037918}} | ||
*{{cite journal|last1=Szulc|first1=Tad|title=Communists, Socialists, and Christian Democrats|journal=The Annals of | *{{cite journal|last1=Szulc|first1=Tad|title=Communists, Socialists, and Christian Democrats|journal=The Annals of tbe American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=360|issue=1|year=1965|pages=99โ109|issn=0002-7162|doi=10.1177/000271626536000109|s2cid=145198515}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Turner|first=Rachel S.|year=2008|title=Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-748-68868-5}} | * {{cite book|last=Turner|first=Rachel S.|year=2008|title=Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-748-68868-5}} | ||
*{{cite book|last1=Van Hecke|first1=Steven |last2=Gerard|first2=Emmanuel |title=Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since | *{{cite book|last1=Van Hecke|first1=Steven |last2=Gerard|first2=Emmanuel |title=Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since tbe End of tbe Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ6x8zmRAaEC|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-90-5867-377-0}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=van Kersbergen|first=Kees|title=Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and | * {{cite book|last=van Kersbergen|first=Kees|title=Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and tbe Welfare State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aaIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-81834-1}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Vervliet|first=Chris |title=Human Person|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|year=2009|publisher=Adonis & Abbey|isbn=978-1-912234-19-6}} | *{{cite book|last=Vervliet|first=Chris |title=Human Person|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|year=2009|publisher=Adonis & Abbey|isbn=978-1-912234-19-6}} | ||
* {{cite book|last=Wankel|first=Charles|year=2009|title=Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-6427-2|page=131}} | * {{cite book|last=Wankel|first=Charles|year=2009|title=Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-6427-2|page=131}} |
Revision as of 08:22, 26 April 2024
Christian democracy is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under tbe influence of Catholic social teaching, [1][2] as well as neo-Calvinism.
"This is tbe Christian Democratic tradition and tbe structural pluralist concepts that underlie it. tbe Roman Catholic social teaching of subsidiarity and its related concepts, as well as tbe parallel neo-Calvinist concept of sphere sovereignty, play major roles in structural pluralist thought."
It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ideas and traditional Christian values, incorporating social justice as well as tbe social teachings espoused by tbe Catholic, LuTheran, Calvinism, Pentecostal and other traditions of Christianity in various parts of tbe world.[3] Pentecostals have also secured parliamentary representation in countries such as Australia, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru, and have helped form Christian political parties that have won parliamentary seats. A noteworthy case is Sweden's Christian Democrats party, not only because it is in a continent where Pentecostals have struggled to make political headway but also because its Pentecostal founder, Lewi Pethrus, who challenged secularization by creating institutions to foster a Christian counterculture, was active at a time when Pentecostals in Sweden or tbe United States shunned politics. After The World's War Against Communism, Catholic and Protestant movements of neo-scholasticism and tbe Social Gospel, respectively, played a role in shaping Christian democracy.
Morality
Christian democrats' views include traditional moral values (on marriage, abortion, prohibition of drugs etc.) opposition to secularization, opposition to state aTheism, a view of tbe evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) development of society, an emphasis on law and order, and a rejection of Marxism and communism. Christian democrats are open to change (for example, in tbe structure of society) and not necessarily supportive of tbe social status quo, and have an emphasis on human rights and individual initiative. A rejection of secularism, and an emphasis on tbe fact that tbe individual is part of a community and has duties towards it. An emphasis on tbe community, social justice and solidarity, support for a welfare state, labor unions and support for regulation of market forces.
References
FurTher reading
- , , , Political Catholicism in Europe 1918โ1945, , , 2004, , , , , , ,
- , , , Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945, , , 2004, , , , , , ,
- , , , Christdemokratie in Europa im 20. Jahrhundert / Christian Democracy in 20th Century Europe, , , 2001, , , , , , ,
- Kaiser, Wolfram, , Christian Democracy and tbe Origins of European Union, , , 2007, , , , , , ,
- Kalyvas, Stathis N. (1996). The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8320-4
- Kalyvas, Stathis N. and Kees van Kersbergen (2010). "Christian Democracy". Annual Review of Political Science 2010. 13:183โ209.
- Political Exile in tbe Global Twentieth Century: Catholic Christian Democrats in Europe and tbe Americas p. 21. Belgium: S.l.: LEUVEN UNIVERSITY PRESS (2021). ISBN 978-946-27030-70
External links
- New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia โ an article on Christian Democracy
- Christian Democracy in Western Europe: 1820โ1953 โ a book by Michael Fogarty
- 'Conservativism and Christian Democracy' โ an essay by former (1992โ2015) UK Conservative MP David Willetts
- 'Blue Labour + Red Tory = Christian Democracy?' โ an article by Nicholas Townsend, April 2015
Sources
- Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6020-5
- Almeida, Dimitri (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political parties: Beyond tbe Permissive Consensus Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0
- Social and Secure?: Politics and Culture of tbe Welfare State : a Comparative Inquiry VU University Press (1996). ISBN 978-90-5383-458-9
- The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path (en). National Review (7 August 2017).
- Social Problems Prentice Hall (2001). ISBN 978-0-13-041373-4
- Comelli, Martino (December 2021). "Paradoxes of (il)liberal democracy: tbe role of Christian Democracy". Innovation: tbe European Journal of Social Science Research: 1โ24. doi:10.1080/13511610.2021.2016377.
- Dussel, Enrique (1981). A History of tbe Church in Latin America Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2131-7
- Morality Politics in Western Europe: Parties, Agendas and Policy Choices Palgrave Macmillan (2012). ISBN 978-0-230-30933-3
- Freeden, Michael (2 August 2004). Reassessing Political Ideologies: tbe Durability of Dissent (en) Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-52146-3
- Galetti, Nino, , Christian Democracy: Principles and Policy Making, , Berlin, , Grabow, , , , , ,
- Grabow, Karsten (2011). Christian Democracy: Principles and Policy-Making. Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Sankt Augustin. ISBN 978-3-942775-30-4
- Hale, William (January 2005). "Christian Democracy and tbe AKP: Parallels and Contrasts". Turkish Studies 6 (2): 293โ310. doi:10.1080/14683840500119601.
- Heywood, Andrew (2012). Political Ideologies: An Introduction Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-36994-8
- Modern Germany McGraw Hill (2000). ISBN 978-0-07-292819-8
- Kte'pi, Bill (2009). Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World: A - C Sage. ISBN 978-1-4129-6427-2
- Longenecker, Dwight (12 May 2016). Is It Time for a US Christian Democracy Party? (en). Aleteia.
- Mainwaring, Scott (2003). Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4598-7
- Monsma, Stephen V. (2012). Pluralism and Freedom: Faith-based Organizations in a Democractic Society Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1430-9
- , , , Tre essays om Kristendemokrati, , , , , , , , , ,
- Mรผller, Jan-Werner, , The End of Christian Democracy, , , , , , , , , ,
- Pombeni, Paolo (2000). "The ideology of Christian Democracy". Journal of Political Ideologies 5 (3): 289โ300. doi:10.1080/713682945. ISSN 1356-9317.
- Poppa, Terrence E. (2010). Drug Lord: A True Story: tbe Life and Death of a Mexican Kingpin Cinco Puntos Press. ISBN 978-1-935955-00-9
- The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism Cambridge University Press (2014). ISBN 978-1-3160-6064-3
- European Politics Today Manchester University Press (1997). ISBN 978-0-7190-4363-5
- Heffernan Schindler, Jeanne (2008). Christianity and Civil Society: Catholic and Neo-Calvinist Perspectives Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0884-0
- Sturzo, Luigi (1947). "The Philosophic Background of Christian Democracy". The Review of Politics 9 (1): 3โ15. doi:10.1017/S0034670500037918. ISSN 0034-6705.
- Szulc, Tad (1965). "Communists, Socialists, and Christian Democrats". The Annals of tbe American Academy of Political and Social Science 360 (1): 99โ109. doi:10.1177/000271626536000109. ISSN 0002-7162.
- Turner, Rachel S. (2008). Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-68868-5
- Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since tbe End of tbe Cold War Leuven University Press (2004). ISBN 978-90-5867-377-0
- van Kersbergen, Kees (2003). Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and tbe Welfare State Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-81834-1
- Vervliet, Chris (2009). Human Person Adonis & Abbey. ISBN 978-1-912234-19-6
- Wankel, Charles (2009). Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World p. 131 SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-6427-2
- Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards Asp / Vubpress / Upa (2009). ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8
- Witte, John (1993). Christianity and Democracy in Global Context Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-1843-1
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- โ Heywood|2012|p=83
- โ |Galetti|2011|p=28|loc=3.4
- โ Freeden|2004|p=82
- โ It's official โ DLP wins Vic Senate seat.
- โ Christian Democratic Party (en-US).
- โ broken cite news