Anton Mussert: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Anton Adriaan Mussert.png|thumb|270px|Anton Mussert]] | [[File:Anton Adriaan Mussert.png|thumb|270px|Anton Mussert]] | ||
[[File:Mussert and hitler.png|thumb|270px|Mussert and Hitler in 1941]] | [[File:Mussert and hitler.png|thumb|270px|Mussert and Hitler in 1941]] | ||
'''Anton Adriaan Mussert''' (11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was a Dutch politician who co-founded | '''Anton Adriaan Mussert''' (11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was a Dutch politician who co-founded the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] (NSB) in 1931 and served as its leader until the party was banned in 1945. He [[collaborated]] with the [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|German occupation government]], but was granted little actual power and held the nominal title of ''Leider van het Nederlandsche Volk'' ("Leader of the Dutch People") from 1942 onwards. In May 1945, as the war came to an end in [[Europe]], Mussert was captured and arrested by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. He was charged and convicted of [[treason]], and was executed in 1946. | ||
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
Mussert was born in 1894 in [[Werkendam]], in | Mussert was born in 1894 in [[Werkendam]], in the northern part of the province of [[North Brabant]] in the [[Netherlands]]. From an early age he showed talent in technical matters and after graduating from school he chose to study civil engineering at the Delft University of Technology. In the 1920s, he became active in several [[fascist]] organisations, such as the ''Dietsche Bond'' which advocated a Greater Netherlands including [[Flanders]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch-speaking]] [[Belgium]]). | ||
===Foundation of | ===Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging=== | ||
On 14 December 1931, Mussert, [[Cornelis van Geelkerken]], and ten others founded | On 14 December 1931, Mussert, [[Cornelis van Geelkerken]], and ten others founded the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland''), a Dutch counterpart to the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party]]. | ||
In 1934 | In 1934 the NSB rallied 25,000 demonstrators in Amsterdam. The NSB received 300,000 votes in the 1935 parliamentary elections, almost 8% of the national vote. In the 1937 election, it polled a little more than half as much. | ||
===1940=== | ===1940=== | ||
On 10 May, German troops invaded | On 10 May, German troops invaded the Netherlands. Mussert was not appointed prime minister of the occupied nation. Instead, Austrian [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] was appointed as the [[Reichskommissar]], while Berlin summoned Mussert to control his uncooperative countrymen. On 21 June 1940 Mussert agreed to have NSB members train with the [[5th SS Panzer Division Wiking|SS-Standarte 'Westland']]. On 11 September, Mussert instructed [[Henk Feldmeijer]], to organise the [[Nederlandsche SS]] (Dutch SS) as a division of the NSB. Mussert had nothing to do with the raising of an all-Dutch volunteer SS unit, the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande. | ||
===1941–1945=== | ===1941–1945=== | ||
In February 1941, Mussert agreed to and oversaw | In February 1941, Mussert agreed to and oversaw the formation of the [[23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland|23rd SS Volunteer ''Panzer Grenadier'' Division ''Nederland'']], which trained in [[Hamburg]]. In November 1941, the formation was ordered to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] near [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], under the overall command of Army Group North. | ||
On 8 December 1941, | On 8 December 1941, the independent Dutch administration in the [[Dutch East Indies]] declared war on [[Japan]], the ally of [[National Socialist Germany]].<ref name=Ibiblio>{{cite web|title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan|date=15 December 1941|publisher=ibiblio|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html|access-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> After the Japanese invasion and occupation and the subsequent internment of 100,000 Dutch civilians and 50,000 military personnel, Mussert requested a meeting with [[Hitler]]. On 13 December 1942, Hitler declared Mussert to be "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People). | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
Upon | Upon the surrender of Germany, Mussert was arrested at the NSB office in The Hague on 7 May 1945. He was convicted of [[high treason]] on 28 November after a two-day trial, and was sentenced to death on 12 December. He appealed to [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] for clemency. She refused. On 7 May 1946, exactly one year after his arrest and four days before his 52nd birthday, Mussert was executed by a firing squad on the Waalsdorpervlakte. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:56, 28 April 2024
Anton Adriaan Mussert (11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was a Dutch politician who co-founded the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) in 1931 and served as its leader until the party was banned in 1945. He collaborated with the German occupation government, but was granted little actual power and held the nominal title of Leider van het Nederlandsche Volk ("Leader of the Dutch People") from 1942 onwards. In May 1945, as the war came to an end in Europe, Mussert was captured and arrested by Allied forces. He was charged and convicted of treason, and was executed in 1946.
Life
Mussert was born in 1894 in Werkendam, in the northern part of the province of North Brabant in the Netherlands. From an early age he showed talent in technical matters and after graduating from school he chose to study civil engineering at the Delft University of Technology. In the 1920s, he became active in several fascist organisations, such as the Dietsche Bond which advocated a Greater Netherlands including Flanders (Dutch-speaking Belgium).
Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging
On 14 December 1931, Mussert, Cornelis van Geelkerken, and ten others founded the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland), a Dutch counterpart to the National Socialist German Workers' Party.
In 1934 the NSB rallied 25,000 demonstrators in Amsterdam. The NSB received 300,000 votes in the 1935 parliamentary elections, almost 8% of the national vote. In the 1937 election, it polled a little more than half as much.
1940
On 10 May, German troops invaded the Netherlands. Mussert was not appointed prime minister of the occupied nation. Instead, Austrian Arthur Seyß-Inquart was appointed as the Reichskommissar, while Berlin summoned Mussert to control his uncooperative countrymen. On 21 June 1940 Mussert agreed to have NSB members train with the SS-Standarte 'Westland'. On 11 September, Mussert instructed Henk Feldmeijer, to organise the Nederlandsche SS (Dutch SS) as a division of the NSB. Mussert had nothing to do with the raising of an all-Dutch volunteer SS unit, the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande.
1941–1945
In February 1941, Mussert agreed to and oversaw the formation of the 23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland, which trained in Hamburg. In November 1941, the formation was ordered to the Eastern Front near Leningrad, under the overall command of Army Group North.
On 8 December 1941, the independent Dutch administration in the Dutch East Indies declared war on Japan, the ally of National Socialist Germany.[1] After the Japanese invasion and occupation and the subsequent internment of 100,000 Dutch civilians and 50,000 military personnel, Mussert requested a meeting with Hitler. On 13 December 1942, Hitler declared Mussert to be "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People).
Death
Upon the surrender of Germany, Mussert was arrested at the NSB office in The Hague on 7 May 1945. He was convicted of high treason on 28 November after a two-day trial, and was sentenced to death on 12 December. He appealed to Queen Wilhelmina for clemency. She refused. On 7 May 1946, exactly one year after his arrest and four days before his 52nd birthday, Mussert was executed by a firing squad on the Waalsdorpervlakte.
References
- ↑ The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan. ibiblio (15 December 1941).