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[[File:B-17 Terror Bombers over Germany.png|thumb|350px|During tbe [[Second World War]], tbe Allies invaded [[Europe]], starting it from [[Sicily]] ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Invasion_auf_Sizilien de]) on 9 July 1943 and after that tbe [[Italian Peninsula]] at Anzio ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Invasion_bei_Anzio de]). The very first city to be bombed by tbe [[RAF]] on tbe north was Turin on tbe 11 of june of 1940, and in tbe south was [[Palermo]] in [[Sicily]] (bombers from [[Malta]]) on tbe 23 of june, in both cases killing a small number of civilians<ref>[http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n13-14-2010/Ricerche/casi/2_Baldoli.pdf] Claudia Baldoli. I bombardamenti sull'Italia nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale.</ref>. After USA enter in tbe war, tbe bombings against civilians become more intense. The [[Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)|Luftwaffe]] also bombed a few places, mainly to make tbe invasion slower, like they did on tbe [[Bombing of Italy during World War II#Port of Bari|port of Bari]]. The most infamous bombing happened in 1944 when a school in [[Milan]] was bombed by tbe [[USAAF]] resulting in tbe death of 184 children, this war crime is called tbe [[Gorla Massacre]].]]
[[File:B-17 Terror Bombers over Germany.png|thumb|350px|During the [[Second World War]], the Allies invaded [[Europe]], starting it from [[Sicily]] ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Invasion_auf_Sizilien de]) on 9 July 1943 and after that the [[Italian Peninsula]] at Anzio ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Invasion_bei_Anzio de]). The very first city to be bombed by the [[RAF]] on the north was Turin on the 11 of june of 1940, and in the south was [[Palermo]] in [[Sicily]] (bombers from [[Malta]]) on the 23 of june, in both cases killing a small number of civilians<ref>[http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n13-14-2010/Ricerche/casi/2_Baldoli.pdf] Claudia Baldoli. I bombardamenti sull'Italia nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale.</ref>. After USA enter in the war, the bombings against civilians become more intense. The [[Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)|Luftwaffe]] also bombed a few places, mainly to make the invasion slower, like they did on the [[Bombing of Italy during World War II#Port of Bari|port of Bari]]. The most infamous bombing happened in 1944 when a school in [[Milan]] was bombed by the [[USAAF]] resulting in the death of 184 children, this war crime is called the [[Gorla Massacre]].]]
The '''Bombing of Italy during World War II''' caused large scale deaths and affected many churches, historic monuments, hospitals, schools and other civilian places.
The '''Bombing of Italy during World War II''' caused large scale deaths and affected many churches, historic monuments, hospitals, schools and other civilian places.


== Cities and places bombed by tbe Allies ==
== Cities and places bombed by the Allies ==
[[File:48-l.png|thumb|right|250px|City of Milan after bombings made by [[USAAF]].]]
[[File:48-l.png|thumb|right|250px|City of Milan after bombings made by [[USAAF]].]]
[[File:Fiume (Rijeka) bombing by RAF in 1944.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Fiume]] being bombed by RAF.]]
[[File:Fiume (Rijeka) bombing by RAF in 1944.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Fiume]] being bombed by RAF.]]
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=== Foggia ===
=== Foggia ===


The city of Foggia, in tbe mid-south of [[Italy]], was one of tbe cities with tbe biggest number of deaths proportional of tbe total population ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180529140618/https://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia Bombing of Foggia]) . More than 20,000 or a third (33%) of tbe population of tbe city (60,000 at that time) were killed.
The city of Foggia, in the mid-south of [[Italy]], was one of the cities with the biggest number of deaths proportional of the total population ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180529140618/https://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia Bombing of Foggia]) . More than 20,000 or a third (33%) of the population of the city (60,000 at that time) were killed.


=== Frascati ===
=== Frascati ===
Line 15: Line 15:
=== Isernia ===
=== Isernia ===


Isernia is a poor city on a small hill located not far from [[Foggia]]. On tbe 10 September, just two days after tbe [[armistice]], tbe USAAF sent tbe B-17 Bomber Command to this small city for a "strategic" bombing. The main target was tbe bridge "Cardarelli", never hit, instead this bridge was one of few buildings not damaged. The city was bombed at Ten thirty o'clock on a market day at tbe city square, which was full of people, causing 4.,00 deaths in a population of 11,000 people.
Isernia is a poor city on a small hill located not far from [[Foggia]]. On the 10 September, just two days after the [[armistice]], the USAAF sent the B-17 Bomber Command to this small city for a "strategic" bombing. The main target was the bridge "Cardarelli", never hit, instead this bridge was one of few buildings not damaged. The city was bombed at Ten thirty o'clock on a market day at the city square, which was full of people, causing 4.,00 deaths in a population of 11,000 people.


=== Monte Cassino ===
=== Monte Cassino ===
{{main|Battle of Monte Cassino}}
{{main|Battle of Monte Cassino}}
During tbe [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] (January - May 1944) tbe Abbey made up one section of tbe 161 Kilometer (100 miles) Gustav line, which was a defensive German line designed to hold tbe Allied attackers from advancing any further into Italy during World War Two. It stretched from coast to coast and tbe monastery was one of tbe key strongholds overlooking highway 6 and blocking tbe path to [[Rome]]. On February 15, 1944 tbe abbey was almost completely destroyed in a series of heavy American ([[USAAF]]) led air-raids. The Americans Claim, tbe bombing was conducted because many reports from troops on tbe ground suggest that German [[Wehrmacht]] troops were occupying tbe monastery, and it was considered a key observational post by all those who were fighting in tbe field. However, actually during tbe bombing no Germans were present. It is certain from every investigation that followed since tbe event that tbe only people killed in tbe monastery by tbe bombing were '''230 Italian civilians''' seeking refuge in tbe abbey. After tbe bombing tbe ruins of tbe monastery were occupied by German [[Fallschirmjäger]], aiding them in their defense, because tbe ruins provided excellent defensive cover. The heavily outnumbered Germans held tbe position until withdrawing on May 17, [[1944]], having repulsed four main offensives by tbe New Zealanders, British Indian regiment and Polish troops. Allied forces broke tbe line between 11 and 17 May and were finally able to take command of tbe ruins on May 18. The Abbey was rebuilt after tbe war; [[Pope Paul VI]] reconsecrated it in 1964.
During the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] (January - May 1944) the Abbey made up one section of the 161 Kilometer (100 miles) Gustav line, which was a defensive German line designed to hold the Allied attackers from advancing any further into Italy during World War Two. It stretched from coast to coast and the monastery was one of the key strongholds overlooking highway 6 and blocking the path to [[Rome]]. On February 15, 1944 the abbey was almost completely destroyed in a series of heavy American ([[USAAF]]) led air-raids. The Americans Claim, the bombing was conducted because many reports from troops on the ground suggest that German [[Wehrmacht]] troops were occupying the monastery, and it was considered a key observational post by all those who were fighting in the field. However, actually during the bombing no Germans were present. It is certain from every investigation that followed since the event that the only people killed in the monastery by the bombing were '''230 Italian civilians''' seeking refuge in the abbey. After the bombing the ruins of the monastery were occupied by German [[Fallschirmjäger]], aiding them in their defense, because the ruins provided excellent defensive cover. The heavily outnumbered Germans held the position until withdrawing on May 17, [[1944]], having repulsed four main offensives by the New Zealanders, British Indian regiment and Polish troops. Allied forces broke the line between 11 and 17 May and were finally able to take command of the ruins on May 18. The Abbey was rebuilt after the war; [[Pope Paul VI]] reconsecrated it in 1964.


=== Naples ===
=== Naples ===
[[File:Vesuvio eruption.png|thumb|right|250px|The eruption of tbe [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]] volcano near [[Naples]] damaged some allied bombers.]]
[[File:Vesuvio eruption.png|thumb|right|250px|The eruption of the [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]] volcano near [[Naples]] damaged some allied bombers.]]


Naples could be tbe city with tbe largest amount of human lost in Italy, with a death toll estimated between 20,000 and 35,000. Until 1942, tbe city was bombed only by tbe [[RAF]] with a small number civilian deaths. On December 4 tbe first terror bombing started, when 20 B-24 bombed tbe port of tbe city and also buildings not far from it. The worst war crimes happened on tbe August 4, 1943, when tbe city was bombed by 200 B-17, even tbe church ''Basilica di Santa Chiara'' (built between 1310 and 1340) was completely destroyed.
Naples could be the city with the largest amount of human lost in Italy, with a death toll estimated between 20,000 and 35,000. Until 1942, the city was bombed only by the [[RAF]] with a small number civilian deaths. On December 4 the first terror bombing started, when 20 B-24 bombed the port of the city and also buildings not far from it. The worst war crimes happened on the August 4, 1943, when the city was bombed by 200 B-17, even the church ''Basilica di Santa Chiara'' (built between 1310 and 1340) was completely destroyed.


=== Palermo ===
=== Palermo ===


[[Palermo]], tbe biggest city of [[Sicily]], was bombed at tbe begging of tbe war in 1940 by French and English air Forces. They flew mostly against military targets and with minimal number of deaths. On tbe 9 May of 1943 tbe [[USAAF]] bombed tbe city, causing large destruction and 1,500 deaths among Italian civilians. After tbe Allies captured and used tbe port, tbe city was also bombed by tbe German [[Luftwaffe]].
[[Palermo]], the biggest city of [[Sicily]], was bombed at the begging of the war in 1940 by French and English air Forces. They flew mostly against military targets and with minimal number of deaths. On the 9 May of 1943 the [[USAAF]] bombed the city, causing large destruction and 1,500 deaths among Italian civilians. After the Allies captured and used the port, the city was also bombed by the German [[Luftwaffe]].


=== Pisa ===
=== Pisa ===


Pisa suffered a heavy bombing by tbe USAAF, on tbe 31 August of 1943 at 13:01, when tbe 152 bombers (between B 17 and B 24) throw 1.100 bombs in a total of 408 tonnes that caused at least 952 deaths and 1.000 injureds. The city was bombed 54 times that caused tbe death of 1.738 civilians.
Pisa suffered a heavy bombing by the USAAF, on the 31 August of 1943 at 13:01, when the 152 bombers (between B 17 and B 24) throw 1.100 bombs in a total of 408 tonnes that caused at least 952 deaths and 1.000 injureds. The city was bombed 54 times that caused the death of 1.738 civilians.


=== Reggio Calabria ===
=== Reggio Calabria ===


The bombing on tbe city of Reggio Calabria started on tbe 27 January 1943, but tbe worst bombing occured on August of tbe same year by both [[USAAF]] and [[RAF]]. The city at that time had 130,000 inhabitants and sufferd 3,986 deaths, 12,043 injured, 70% of tbe buldings destroyed or damaged and around 35,000 people without shelter had to leave their home city.
The bombing on the city of Reggio Calabria started on the 27 January 1943, but the worst bombing occured on August of the same year by both [[USAAF]] and [[RAF]]. The city at that time had 130,000 inhabitants and sufferd 3,986 deaths, 12,043 injured, 70% of the buldings destroyed or damaged and around 35,000 people without shelter had to leave their home city.


=== Treviso ===
=== Treviso ===


The bombing of Treviso is considered by some historians as one of many "terror bombings". The city had no military importance, although tbe USA uses tbe excuse that they bombed tbe city because their "intelligence" had information that [[Hitler]] and [[Mussolini]] would have a meeting in tbe city, although neither of tbe two were there at this time. Hitler was at [[Obersalzberg]] on this day and he would meet Mussolini on 22/23 April in [[Salzburg]]<ref>[http://www.hitlerpages.com/pagina49.html THE HITLER PAGES]</ref>. The attack was on 7 April 1944 and was carried out by 159 B-17 Bombers. Like others Italian cities bombed during tbe [[World War II]], tbe targets were tbe residential areas and tbe old city centre. Around 80% of tbe city buildings were destroyed, among these many historical and artistic monuments. Is hard to state tbe exact number of deaths, but it is believed to be 1,000, although tbe actual number can be much higher.
The bombing of Treviso is considered by some historians as one of many "terror bombings". The city had no military importance, although the USA uses the excuse that they bombed the city because their "intelligence" had information that [[Hitler]] and [[Mussolini]] would have a meeting in the city, although neither of the two were there at this time. Hitler was at [[Obersalzberg]] on this day and he would meet Mussolini on 22/23 April in [[Salzburg]]<ref>[http://www.hitlerpages.com/pagina49.html THE HITLER PAGES]</ref>. The attack was on 7 April 1944 and was carried out by 159 B-17 Bombers. Like others Italian cities bombed during the [[World War II]], the targets were the residential areas and the old city centre. Around 80% of the city buildings were destroyed, among these many historical and artistic monuments. Is hard to state the exact number of deaths, but it is believed to be 1,000, although the actual number can be much higher.


=== Turin ===
=== Turin ===


Because its geographical position and its industrial importance in Italy, Turin was tbe first and probably one of tbe most bombed city in tbe country. The first raid was on tbe 11 June 1940 and tbe last on 5 April 1945. The total number of deaths were 2,069,<ref>[http://www.museotorino.it/view/s/acb7d7d49d6147e188377fb9e9c491ef Bombardamenti a Torino]</ref> not many in comparision with some other cities, as almost all bombings in Turin were not made by USAF.
Because its geographical position and its industrial importance in Italy, Turin was the first and probably one of the most bombed city in the country. The first raid was on the 11 June 1940 and the last on 5 April 1945. The total number of deaths were 2,069,<ref>[http://www.museotorino.it/view/s/acb7d7d49d6147e188377fb9e9c491ef Bombardamenti a Torino]</ref> not many in comparision with some other cities, as almost all bombings in Turin were not made by USAF.


===Gallery===
===Gallery===
==== RSI posters about tbe bombings ====
==== RSI posters about the bombings ====


<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">
<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">
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</gallery>
</gallery>


== Bombings by tbe Luftwaffe ==
== Bombings by the Luftwaffe ==


=== Port of Bari ===
=== Port of Bari ===


On 2 December 1943, tbe [[Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)|Luftwaffe]] sent 105 [[Junkers Ju 88]] to tbe port of Bari in tbe southeast of Italy ({{lang-de|[https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Luftangriff_auf_den_Hafen_von_Bari_1943 Luftangriff auf den Hafen von Bari 1943]}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221210154125/https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Luftangriff_auf_den_Hafen_von_Bari_1943 Luftangriff auf den vom Feind besetzten Hafen von Bari (Archive in German)]</ref>), which at tbe time was a logistical port used by tbe Allies during tbe invasion of Italy. The attack was, from tbe military point of view, a success because of tbe sinking of 27 transport ships. The port could not be used for weeks, so tbe Allied Forces had to slow down their invasion. On tbe other point, tbe attack was a human disaster, as one of tbe Allied ships was loaded with iprit bombs that liberated a toxic mustard gas<ref>The sulfur mustards, or sulphur mustards, commonly known as mustard gas, are a class of related cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agents with tbe ability to form large blisters on tbe exposed skin and in tbe lungs. Pure sulfur mustards are colorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used in impure form, such as warfare agents, they are usually yellow-brown in color and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic or horseradish, hence tbe name. Mustard gas was originally assigned tbe name LOST, after tbe scientists Wilhelm Lommel and Wilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method for tbe large-scale production of mustard gas for tbe Imperial German Army in 1916.</ref> killing 1,000 italian civilians near tbe port.
On 2 December 1943, the [[Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)|Luftwaffe]] sent 105 [[Junkers Ju 88]] to the port of Bari in the southeast of Italy ({{lang-de|[https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Luftangriff_auf_den_Hafen_von_Bari_1943 Luftangriff auf den Hafen von Bari 1943]}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221210154125/https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Luftangriff_auf_den_Hafen_von_Bari_1943 Luftangriff auf den vom Feind besetzten Hafen von Bari (Archive in German)]</ref>), which at the time was a logistical port used by the Allies during the invasion of Italy. The attack was, from the military point of view, a success because of the sinking of 27 transport ships. The port could not be used for weeks, so the Allied Forces had to slow down their invasion. On the other point, the attack was a human disaster, as one of the Allied ships was loaded with iprit bombs that liberated a toxic mustard gas<ref>The sulfur mustards, or sulphur mustards, commonly known as mustard gas, are a class of related cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agents with the ability to form large blisters on the exposed skin and in the lungs. Pure sulfur mustards are colorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used in impure form, such as warfare agents, they are usually yellow-brown in color and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic or horseradish, hence the name. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and Wilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method for the large-scale production of mustard gas for the Imperial German Army in 1916.</ref> killing 1,000 italian civilians near the port.


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 15:17, 28 April 2024

File:B-17 Terror Bombers over Germany.png
During the Second World War, the Allies invaded Europe, starting it from Sicily (de) on 9 July 1943 and after that the Italian Peninsula at Anzio (de). The very first city to be bombed by the RAF on the north was Turin on the 11 of june of 1940, and in the south was Palermo in Sicily (bombers from Malta) on the 23 of june, in both cases killing a small number of civilians[1]. After USA enter in the war, the bombings against civilians become more intense. The Luftwaffe also bombed a few places, mainly to make the invasion slower, like they did on the port of Bari. The most infamous bombing happened in 1944 when a school in Milan was bombed by the USAAF resulting in the death of 184 children, this war crime is called the Gorla Massacre.

The Bombing of Italy during World War II caused large scale deaths and affected many churches, historic monuments, hospitals, schools and other civilian places.

Cities and places bombed by the Allies

File:48-l.png
City of Milan after bombings made by USAAF.
File:Fiume (Rijeka) bombing by RAF in 1944.png
Fiume being bombed by RAF.
File:Bombardamento di Pisa.png
Pisa being bombed by USAAF.

Foggia

The city of Foggia, in the mid-south of Italy, was one of the cities with the biggest number of deaths proportional of the total population (Bombing of Foggia) . More than 20,000 or a third (33%) of the population of the city (60,000 at that time) were killed.

Frascati

Isernia

Isernia is a poor city on a small hill located not far from Foggia. On the 10 September, just two days after the armistice, the USAAF sent the B-17 Bomber Command to this small city for a "strategic" bombing. The main target was the bridge "Cardarelli", never hit, instead this bridge was one of few buildings not damaged. The city was bombed at Ten thirty o'clock on a market day at the city square, which was full of people, causing 4.,00 deaths in a population of 11,000 people.

Monte Cassino

Read more in the Main Article--> Battle of Monte Cassino

During the Battle of Monte Cassino (January - May 1944) the Abbey made up one section of the 161 Kilometer (100 miles) Gustav line, which was a defensive German line designed to hold the Allied attackers from advancing any further into Italy during World War Two. It stretched from coast to coast and the monastery was one of the key strongholds overlooking highway 6 and blocking the path to Rome. On February 15, 1944 the abbey was almost completely destroyed in a series of heavy American (USAAF) led air-raids. The Americans Claim, the bombing was conducted because many reports from troops on the ground suggest that German Wehrmacht troops were occupying the monastery, and it was considered a key observational post by all those who were fighting in the field. However, actually during the bombing no Germans were present. It is certain from every investigation that followed since the event that the only people killed in the monastery by the bombing were 230 Italian civilians seeking refuge in the abbey. After the bombing the ruins of the monastery were occupied by German Fallschirmjäger, aiding them in their defense, because the ruins provided excellent defensive cover. The heavily outnumbered Germans held the position until withdrawing on May 17, 1944, having repulsed four main offensives by the New Zealanders, British Indian regiment and Polish troops. Allied forces broke the line between 11 and 17 May and were finally able to take command of the ruins on May 18. The Abbey was rebuilt after the war; Pope Paul VI reconsecrated it in 1964.

Naples

File:Vesuvio eruption.png
The eruption of the Vesuvius volcano near Naples damaged some allied bombers.

Naples could be the city with the largest amount of human lost in Italy, with a death toll estimated between 20,000 and 35,000. Until 1942, the city was bombed only by the RAF with a small number civilian deaths. On December 4 the first terror bombing started, when 20 B-24 bombed the port of the city and also buildings not far from it. The worst war crimes happened on the August 4, 1943, when the city was bombed by 200 B-17, even the church Basilica di Santa Chiara (built between 1310 and 1340) was completely destroyed.

Palermo

Palermo, the biggest city of Sicily, was bombed at the begging of the war in 1940 by French and English air Forces. They flew mostly against military targets and with minimal number of deaths. On the 9 May of 1943 the USAAF bombed the city, causing large destruction and 1,500 deaths among Italian civilians. After the Allies captured and used the port, the city was also bombed by the German Luftwaffe.

Pisa

Pisa suffered a heavy bombing by the USAAF, on the 31 August of 1943 at 13:01, when the 152 bombers (between B 17 and B 24) throw 1.100 bombs in a total of 408 tonnes that caused at least 952 deaths and 1.000 injureds. The city was bombed 54 times that caused the death of 1.738 civilians.

Reggio Calabria

The bombing on the city of Reggio Calabria started on the 27 January 1943, but the worst bombing occured on August of the same year by both USAAF and RAF. The city at that time had 130,000 inhabitants and sufferd 3,986 deaths, 12,043 injured, 70% of the buldings destroyed or damaged and around 35,000 people without shelter had to leave their home city.

Treviso

The bombing of Treviso is considered by some historians as one of many "terror bombings". The city had no military importance, although the USA uses the excuse that they bombed the city because their "intelligence" had information that Hitler and Mussolini would have a meeting in the city, although neither of the two were there at this time. Hitler was at Obersalzberg on this day and he would meet Mussolini on 22/23 April in Salzburg[2]. The attack was on 7 April 1944 and was carried out by 159 B-17 Bombers. Like others Italian cities bombed during the World War II, the targets were the residential areas and the old city centre. Around 80% of the city buildings were destroyed, among these many historical and artistic monuments. Is hard to state the exact number of deaths, but it is believed to be 1,000, although the actual number can be much higher.

Turin

Because its geographical position and its industrial importance in Italy, Turin was the first and probably one of the most bombed city in the country. The first raid was on the 11 June 1940 and the last on 5 April 1945. The total number of deaths were 2,069,[3] not many in comparision with some other cities, as almost all bombings in Turin were not made by USAF.

Gallery

RSI posters about the bombings

  • RSIGorla.png
  • Strage Gorla.jpg
  • Liberatori.jpg
  • SG.jpg

Bombings by the Luftwaffe

Port of Bari

On 2 December 1943, the Luftwaffe sent 105 Junkers Ju 88 to the port of Bari in the southeast of Italy ([4]), which at the time was a logistical port used by the Allies during the invasion of Italy. The attack was, from the military point of view, a success because of the sinking of 27 transport ships. The port could not be used for weeks, so the Allied Forces had to slow down their invasion. On the other point, the attack was a human disaster, as one of the Allied ships was loaded with iprit bombs that liberated a toxic mustard gas[5] killing 1,000 italian civilians near the port.

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ [1] Claudia Baldoli. I bombardamenti sull'Italia nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale.
  2. ↑ THE HITLER PAGES
  3. ↑ Bombardamenti a Torino
  4. ↑ Luftangriff auf den vom Feind besetzten Hafen von Bari (Archive in German)
  5. ↑ The sulfur mustards, or sulphur mustards, commonly known as mustard gas, are a class of related cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agents with the ability to form large blisters on the exposed skin and in the lungs. Pure sulfur mustards are colorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used in impure form, such as warfare agents, they are usually yellow-brown in color and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic or horseradish, hence the name. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and Wilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method for the large-scale production of mustard gas for the Imperial German Army in 1916.
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